Lu was the home state of Confucius as well as Mozi, and as such has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history. The Annals of Spring and Autumn, for instance, was written with the Lu rulers' years as their basis. Another great work of Chinese history, the Zuo Zhuan or Commentary of Zuo, was also written in Lu by Zuo Qiuming.
The state's capital was in Qufu and its territory mainly covered the central and southwest regions of what is now Shandong Province. It was bordered to the north by the powerful state of Qi and to the south by the powerful state of Chu. The position of Lu on the eastern frontiers of the Western Zhou state, facing the non-Zhou peoples in states such as Lai and Xu, was an important consideration in its foundation.
Etymology
William H. Baxter (apud Matisoff, 1995) suggests a semantic connection between the toponym 魯 Lǔ and its homophone 鹵 lŭ "salty, rock salt" (< OC *C-rāɁ) since that region was a salt marsh in ancient times.[2]
History
Lu was one of several states founded in eastern China at the very beginning of the Zhou dynasty, in order to extend Zhou rule far from its capital at Zongzhou and power base in the Guanzhong region. Throughout Western Zhou times, it played an important role in stabilising Zhou control in modern-day Shandong.
During the early Spring and Autumn period, Lu was one of the strongest states and a rival of Qi to its north. Under Duke Yin and Duke Huan of Lu, Lu defeated both Qi and Song on several occasions. At the same time, it undertook expeditions against other minor states.
This changed by the middle of the period, as Lu's main rival, Qi, grew increasingly dominant. Although a Qi invasion was defeated in the Battle of Changshao in 684 BC, Lu would never regain the upper hand against its neighbour. Meanwhile, the power of the dukes of Lu was eventually undermined by the powerful feudal clans of Jisun 季孫, Mengsun 孟孫, and Shusun 叔孫 (called the Three Huan because they were descendants of Duke Huan of Lu). The domination of the Three Huan was such that Duke Zhao of Lu, in attempting to regain power, was exiled by them and never returned. It would not be until Duke Mu of Lu's reign, in the early Warring States period, that power eventually returned to the dukes again.
In 249 BC King Kaolie of the state of Chu invaded and annexed Lu. Duke Qing, the last ruler of Lu, became a commoner.[1][3]
The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the State of Lu ruler Bo Qin's third son Yu (魚) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye (東野). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[4][5]
東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese
Duke Huan of Lu's son through Qingfu (慶父) was the ancestor of Mencius. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree (孟子世家大宗世系).[6][7][8]
^Matisoff, James A. (1995). “Sino-Tibetan Palatal Suffixes Revisited”. In: Nishi, Y., Matisoff, J. A. and Nagano, Y. (editors), Senri Ethnological Studies. 41: p. 52, n. 40 of 35–91.
^ abHan, Zhaoqi (2010). "House of Duke of Zhou of Lu". Annotated Shiji (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. p. 2691. ISBN978-7-101-07272-3.
^H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN978-1-135-79795-9.
^王士禎 (3 September 2014). 池北偶談. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT.
Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao)0. 1818. p. 1084.
不詳 (21 August 2015). 新清史. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4.
"曝書亭集 : 卷三十三 – 中國哲學書電子化計劃". ctext.org. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
. www.taodabai.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
王士禎 (3 September 2014). 池北偶談. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT.
徐錫麟; 錢泳 (10 September 2014). 熙朝新語. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:J62ZFNAA1NF.
"【从世袭翰林院五经博士到奉祀官】_三民儒家_新浪博客". blog.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</ref>
January 19, 2023
state, confused, with, state, chinese, 1042, vassal, state, during, zhou, dynasty, ancient, china, located, around, modern, shandong, province, founded, 11th, century, rulers, were, from, cadet, branch, house, that, ruled, zhou, dynasty, first, duke, boqin, du. Not to be confused with Lu state Lu Chinese 魯 c 1042 249 BC was a vassal state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China located around modern Shandong province Founded in the 11th century BC its rulers were from a cadet branch of the House of Ji 姬 that ruled the Zhou dynasty The first duke was Boqin a son of the Duke of Zhou who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou 1 State of Lu魯國c 1042 BC 249 BCLu is a state in the east near QiCapitalQufuReligionChinese folk religion ancestor worship TaoismGovernmentMonarchyDuke History Establishedc 1042 BC Annexed by Chu249 BCLu Lu in seal script top Traditional middle and Simplified bottom Chinese charactersTraditional Chinese魯Simplified Chinese鲁TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLǔWade GilesLu3IPA lu WuSuzhouneseLouYue CantoneseYale RomanizationLouhJyutpingLou5IPA lo u Southern MinTai loLooMiddle ChineseMiddle Chinese luoX Old ChineseBaxter Sagart 2014 r ŋˤaʔZhengzhang raːʔLu was the home state of Confucius as well as Mozi and as such has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history The Annals of Spring and Autumn for instance was written with the Lu rulers years as their basis Another great work of Chinese history the Zuo Zhuan or Commentary of Zuo was also written in Lu by Zuo Qiuming Contents 1 Geography 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Rulers 4 1 Rulers family tree 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksGeography EditThe state s capital was in Qufu and its territory mainly covered the central and southwest regions of what is now Shandong Province It was bordered to the north by the powerful state of Qi and to the south by the powerful state of Chu The position of Lu on the eastern frontiers of the Western Zhou state facing the non Zhou peoples in states such as Lai and Xu was an important consideration in its foundation Etymology EditWilliam H Baxter apud Matisoff 1995 suggests a semantic connection between the toponym 魯 Lǔ and its homophone 鹵 lŭ salty rock salt lt OC C raɁ since that region was a salt marsh in ancient times 2 History EditLu was one of several states founded in eastern China at the very beginning of the Zhou dynasty in order to extend Zhou rule far from its capital at Zongzhou and power base in the Guanzhong region Throughout Western Zhou times it played an important role in stabilising Zhou control in modern day Shandong During the early Spring and Autumn period Lu was one of the strongest states and a rival of Qi to its north Under Duke Yin and Duke Huan of Lu Lu defeated both Qi and Song on several occasions At the same time it undertook expeditions against other minor states This changed by the middle of the period as Lu s main rival Qi grew increasingly dominant Although a Qi invasion was defeated in the Battle of Changshao in 684 BC Lu would never regain the upper hand against its neighbour Meanwhile the power of the dukes of Lu was eventually undermined by the powerful feudal clans of Jisun 季孫 Mengsun 孟孫 and Shusun 叔孫 called the Three Huan because they were descendants of Duke Huan of Lu The domination of the Three Huan was such that Duke Zhao of Lu in attempting to regain power was exiled by them and never returned It would not be until Duke Mu of Lu s reign in the early Warring States period that power eventually returned to the dukes again In 249 BC King Kaolie of the state of Chu invaded and annexed Lu Duke Qing the last ruler of Lu became a commoner 1 3 The main line of the Duke of Zhou s descendants came from his firstborn son the State of Lu ruler Bo Qin s third son Yu 魚 whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye 東野 The Duke of Zhou s offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi 五经博士 五經博士 Wǔjing Boshi 4 5 東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in ChineseDuke Huan of Lu s son through Qingfu 慶父 was the ancestor of Mencius The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree 孟子世家大宗世系 6 7 8 Rulers Edit The Chinese Plain 5th century BC A remnant of the city wall of Lu s capital city surviving on the outskirts of Qufu List of Lu rulers based on the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian 1 3 Title Given name Reign RelationshipDuke Tai Boqin c 1042 997 BC son of Duke of ZhouDuke Kao You 998 995 BC son of BoqinDuke Yang Xi or Yi 994 989 BC brother of Duke KaoDuke You Zai or Yu 988 975 BC son of Duke YangDuke Wei Fei 974 925 BC brother of Duke YouDuke Li Zhuo or Di 924 888 BC son of Duke WeiDuke Xian Ju 887 856 BC brother of Duke LiDuke Shen Bi or Zhi 855 826 BC son of Duke XianDuke Wu Ao 825 816 BC brother of Duke ShenDuke Yi Xi 815 807 BC son of Duke Wunone Boyu 806 796 BC nephew of Duke YiDuke Xiao Cheng 795 769 BC brother of Duke YiDuke Hui Fuhuang or Fusheng 768 723 BC son of Duke XiaoDuke Yin Xigu 722 712 BC son of Duke HuiDuke Huan Yun 711 694 BC brother of Duke YinDuke Zhuang Tong 693 662 BC son of Duke HuanZiban Ban 662 BC son of Duke ZhuangDuke Min Qi 661 660 BC son of Duke ZhuangDuke Xi Shen 659 627 BC son of Duke ZhuangDuke Wen I Xing 626 609 BC son of Duke XiDuke Xuan Wo 608 591 BC son of Duke Wen IDuke Cheng Heigong 590 573 BC son of Duke XuanDuke Xiang Wu 572 542 BC son of Duke ChengZiye Ye 542 BC son of Duke XiangDuke Zhao Chou 541 510 BC son of Duke XiangDuke Ding Song 509 495 BC brother of Duke ZhaoDuke Ai Jiang 494 467 BC son of Duke DingDuke Dao Ning 466 429 BC son of Duke AiDuke Yuan Jia 428 408 BC son of Duke DaoDuke Mu Xian 407 377 BC son of Duke YuanDuke Gong Fen 376 353 BC son of Duke MuDuke Kang Tun 352 344 BC son of Duke GongDuke Jing Yan 343 323 BC son of Duke KangDuke Ping Shu 322 303 BC son of Duke JingDuke Wen II Jia 302 278 BC son of Duke PingDuke Qing Chou 277 249 BC son of Duke Wen IIRulers family tree Edit Lu stateThree HuanDuke of Zhou周公旦Bo Qin伯禽Duke Kao鲁考公Duke Yang鲁炀公Duke You鲁幽公Duke Wei鲁魏公Duke Li鲁厉公Duke Xian鲁献公Duke Zhen鲁真公 855 825BCDuke Wu鲁武公 825 816BC括Duke Yi鲁懿公 816 807BCDuke Xiao鲁孝公 796 769BCBo Yu伯御 807 796BCDuke Hui鲁惠公 769 723BC公子益师衆氏 722BC公子展展氏郈惠伯郈氏公子彄臧孙氏 718BCDuke Yin鲁隐公 723 712BCDuke Huan鲁桓公 712 694BC施父施氏Qingfu庆父孟孙氏 660BCDuke Zhuang鲁莊公706 694 662BCShuya叔牙叔孙氏 662BCJiyou季友季孙氏 644BCZi Ban子般 662BCDuke Xi鲁僖公 660 627BCDuke Min鲁闵公670 662 660BC公子遂东门氏 601BCDuke Wen鲁文公 627 609BC恶 609BC视 609BCDuke Xuan鲁宣公 609 591BC叔肹子叔氏 592BCDuke Cheng鲁成公 591 573BC公子偃 575BC公子鉏Duke Xiang鲁襄公575 573 542BC公衡Zi Ye子野 542BCDuke Zhao鲁昭公560 542 510BCDuke Ding鲁定公 510 495BC公衍公为 484公果公贲Duke Ai鲁哀公 495 468BCDuke Dao鲁悼公 468 437BC公子荆孺子𪏆Duke Yuan鲁元公 437 416BCDuke Mu鲁穆公 416 383BCDuke Gong鲁共公 383 353BCDuke Kang鲁康公 353 344BCDuke Jing鲁景公 344 323BCDuke Ping鲁平公 323 303BCDuke Wen鲁文公 303 280BCDuke Qing鲁顷公 280 256 249BCSee also EditLu CommanderyReferences Edit a b c Sima Qian 鲁周公世家 House of Duke of Zhou of Lu Records of the Grand Historian in Chinese Retrieved 15 April 2012 Matisoff James A 1995 Sino Tibetan Palatal Suffixes Revisited In Nishi Y Matisoff J A and Nagano Y editors Senri Ethnological Studies 41 p 52 n 40 of 35 91 a b Han Zhaoqi 2010 House of Duke of Zhou of Lu Annotated Shiji in Chinese Zhonghua Book Company p 2691 ISBN 978 7 101 07272 3 H S Brunnert V V Hagelstrom 2013 Present Day Political Organization of China Routledge pp 493 494 ISBN 978 1 135 79795 9 王士禎 3 September 2014 池北偶談 朔雪寒 GGKEY ESB6TEXXDCT 三遷志 清 孟衍泰續修 孟子世家譜 清 孟廣均主編 1824年 孟子與孟氏家族 孟祥居編 2005年External links Edit Media related to Lu state at Wikimedia Commons Qin ding da Qing hui dian Jiaqing chao 0 1818 p 1084 不詳 21 August 2015 新清史 朔雪寒 GGKEY ZFQWEX019E4 曝書亭集 卷三十三 中國哲學書電子化計劃 ctext org Retrieved 17 April 2018 什么是 五经博士 意思详解 淘大白 www taodabai com Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2018 王士禎 3 September 2014 池北偶談 朔雪寒 GGKEY ESB6TEXXDCT 徐錫麟 錢泳 10 September 2014 熙朝新語 朔雪寒 GGKEY J62ZFNAA1NF 从世袭翰林院五经博士到奉祀官 三民儒家 新浪博客 blog sina com cn Retrieved 17 April 2018 lt ref gt Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lu state amp oldid 1117909194, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
