Title "Urakagina king of Girsu" (𒌷𒅗𒄀𒈾 𒈗𒄈𒋢𒆠), Urukagina lugal Girsu-ki), in the "Lamentation for the destruction of Umma".[2]
He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, which are sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history. Although the actual text has not been discovered, much of its content may be surmised from other references to it that have been found. In it, he exempted widows and orphans from taxes; compelled the city to pay funeral expenses (including the ritual food and drink libations for the journey of the dead into the lower world); and decreed that the rich must use silver when purchasing from the poor, and if the poor does not wish to sell, the powerful man (the rich man or the priest) cannot force him to do so.[4]
Urukagina's code has been widely hailed as the first recorded example of government reform, seeking to achieve a higher level of freedom and equality.[6] It limited the power of the priesthood and large property owners, and took measures against usury, burdensome controls, hunger, theft, murder, and seizure (of people's property and persons); as he states, "The widow and the orphan were no longer at the mercy of the powerful man". Here, the word "freedom" ("ama-gi"), appears for the first time in recorded history.[7]
Despite these apparent attempts to curb the excesses of the elite class, it seems elite or royal women enjoyed even greater influence and prestige in his reign than previously. Urukagina greatly expanded the royal "Household of Women" from about 50 persons to about 1500 persons, renamed it the "Household of goddess Bau", gave it ownership of vast amounts of land confiscated from the former priesthood, and placed it under the supervision of his wife, Shasha (or Shagshag).[8] In his second year of reign, Shasha presided over the lavish funeral of his predecessor's queen, Baranamtarra, who had been an important personage in her own right.
In addition to such changes, two of his other surviving decrees, first published and translated by Samuel Kramer in 1964, have attracted controversy in recent decades. First, he seems to have abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with rocks upon which her crime is written.[9] Second is a statute stating that "if a woman says [text illegible...] to a man, her mouth is crushed with burnt bricks." No comparable laws from Urukagina addressing penalties for adultery by men have survived. The discovery of these fragments has led some modern critics to assert that they provide "the first written evidence of the degradation of women".[10]
Excerpt of some regulations from the Reform document
Cone of Urukagina (transcription). Here Urukagina appears as "King of Lagash" Â
From the border territory of Ningirsu to the sea, no person shall serve as officers.
For a corpse being brought to the grave, his beer shall be 3 jugs and his bread 80 loaves. One bed and one lead goat shall the undertaker take away, and 3 ban (18 l.) of barley shall the person(s) take away.
When to the reeds of Enki a person has been brought, his beer will be 4 jugs, and his bread 420 loaves. One barig (36 l.) of barley shall the undertaker take away, and 3 ban of barley shall the persons of ... take away. One woman's headband, and one sila (1 l.) of princely fragrance shall the eresh-dingir priestess take away. 420 loaves of bread that have sat are the bread duty, 40 loaves of hot bread are for eating, and 10 loaves of hot bread are the bread of the table. 5 loaves of bread are for the persons of the levy, 2 mud vessels and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the lamentation singers of Girsu. 490 loaves of bread, 2 mud vessels and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the lamentation singers of Lagash. 406 loaves of bread, 2 mud vessels, and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the other lamentation singers. 250 loaves of bread and one mud vessel of beer are for the old wailing women. 180 loaves of bread and 1 mud vessel of beer are for the men of Nigin.
The blind one who stands in ..., his bread for eating is one loaf, 5 loaves of bread are his at midnight, one loaf is his bread at midday, and 6 loaves are his bread in the evening.
60 loaves of bread, 1 mud vessel of beer, and 3 ban of barley are for the person who is to perform as the sagbur priest, king, or god.
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Cone fragment inscribed with part of the text of the reforms of Uruinimgina (Urukagina) - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
Transcription of cone AO3149. Urkagina appears as "King of Lagash".Â
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The Reforms of Urukagina. 20th century reconstitution.
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Reform text of Urukagina, king of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq. 24th century BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
Praise poem of Urukagina
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An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in Cuneiform on clay tablet, written in year 4 of King Urukagina (circa 2350 BC). From Girsu, Iraq. British Museum, London.[13]
Some insight into Sumerian values can be gained from praise poems written for kings. While the kings may not always live up to this praise they show the type of achievements that they wished to be remembered by. Extracts below praise Urukagina who appears as a social reformer, getting rid of gross abuses of power that had taken hold in Lagash.
Since time immemorial, since life began, in those days, the head boatman appropriated boats, the livestock official appropriated asses, the livestock official appropriated sheep, and the fisheries inspector appropriated.... The shepherds of wool sheep paid a duty in silver on account of white sheep, and the surveyor, chief lamentation-singer, supervisor, brewer and foremen paid a duty in silver on account of young lambs. . . These were the conventions of former times!
When Ningirsu, warrior of Enlil, granted the kingship of Lagash to Urukagina, selecting him from among the myriad people, he replaced the customs of former times, carrying out the command that Ningirsu, his master, had given him.
He removed the head boatman from control over the boats, he removed the livestock official from control over asses and sheep, he removed the fisheries inspector from control....
He removed the silo supervisor from control over the grain taxes of the guda-priests, he removed the bureaucrat responsible for the paying of duties in silver on account of white sheep and young lambs, and he removed the bureaucrat responsible for the delivery of duties by the temple administrators to the palace.
The... administrators no longer plunder the orchards of the poor. When a high quality ass is born to a shublugal, and his foreman says to him, "I want to buy it from you"; whether he lets him buy it from him and says to him "Pay me the price I want!," or whether he does not let him buy it from him, the foreman must not strike at him in anger.
When the house of an aristocrat adjoins the house of a shublugal, and the aristocrat says to him, "I want to buy it from you"; whether he lets him buy it from him, having said to him, "Pay me the price I want! My house is a large container—fill it with barley for me!," or whether he does not let him buy it from him, that aristocrat must not strike at him in anger.
He cleared and cancelled obligations for those indentured families, citizens of Lagash living as debtors because of grain taxes, barley payments, theft or murder.
Urukagina solemnly promised Ningirsu that he would never subjugate the waif and the widow to the powerful.[14]
Lament about the fall of Lagash to Umma
Lamentation about the fall of Lagash
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Lamentation about the fall of Lagash to Lugalzagesi, Urukagina period, circa 2350 BCE Tello, ancient Girsu.[15]
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Transcription of the lamentation about the fall of Lagash: "The man of Umma set fire to the Ekisurra...".[16][17] Here Urukagina appears as "King of Girsu"[18]Â
"the man of Umma (Lugalzagesi) ... committed a sin against Ningirsu. ... Offence there was none in Urukagina, king of Girsu, but as for Lugal-Zage-Si, governor of Umma, may his goddess Nisaba make him carry his sin upon his neck" (alternatively – "may she carry his sin upon her neck").[19]
Lugal-Zage-Si himself was soon defeated and his kingdom was annexed by Sargon of Akkad.
"Inscriptions from the Ancient Near East" – includes a complete translation of the reform document and the lament in Italian
"The Law Reforms of King Uru-inimgina of Lagash", pp. 8–10 in Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society by Elizabeth Meier Tetlow, 2004 – a comprehensive examination of all the ways Uruinimga's reforms both positively and adversely affected the status of women in Lagash.
Urukagina, the reformist king. A complete description of the reign of Urukagina and his social reforms.
urukagina, gina, inim, gina, gina, sumerian, 𒌷𒅗𒄀𒈾, 24th, century, middle, chronology, king, city, states, lagash, girsu, mesopotamia, last, ruler, dynasty, lagash, assumed, title, king, claiming, have, been, divinely, appointed, upon, downfall, corrupt, predec. Uru ka gina Uru inim gina or Iri ka gina Sumerian 𒌷𒅗𒄀𒈾 URU KA gi na c 24th century BC middle chronology was King of the city states of Lagash and Girsu in Mesopotamia and the last ruler of the 1st Dynasty of Lagash 3 He assumed the title of king claiming to have been divinely appointed upon the downfall of his corrupt predecessor Lugalanda UrukaginaKing of LagashFragment of an inscription of Urukagina it reads as follows He Uruinimgina dug the canal to the town of NINA At its beginning he built the Eninnu at its ending he built the Esiraran Musee du Louvre 1 Ensi of Lagash LugalReign24th century BCPredecessorLugalandaSuccessorLugal zage siDynasty1st Dynasty of LagashReligionSumerian religionLagashclass notpageimage Urukagina was king of Lagash circa 2400 BC Title Urakagina king of Girsu 𒌷𒅗𒄀𒈾 𒈗 𒄈𒋢𒆠Urukagina lugal Girsu ki in the Lamentation for the destruction of Umma 2 He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption which are sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history Although the actual text has not been discovered much of its content may be surmised from other references to it that have been found In it he exempted widows and orphans from taxes compelled the city to pay funeral expenses including the ritual food and drink libations for the journey of the dead into the lower world and decreed that the rich must use silver when purchasing from the poor and if the poor does not wish to sell the powerful man the rich man or the priest cannot force him to do so 4 He also participated in several conflicts notably a losing border conflict with Uruk In the seventh year of his reign Uruk fell under the leadership of Lugal Zage Si ensi of Umma who ultimately annexed most of the territory of Lagash and established the first reliably documented kingdom to encompass all of Sumer The destruction of Lagash was described in a lament possibly the earliest recorded example of what would become a prolific Sumerian literary genre which stressed that the men of Umma committed a sin against Ningirsu Offence there was none in Urukagina king of Girsu but as for Lugal Zage Si governor of Umma may his goddess Nisaba make him carry his sin upon his neck alternatively may she carry his sin upon her neck 5 Lugal Zage Si himself was soon defeated and his kingdom was annexed by Sargon of Akkad Contents 1 Reforms 1 1 Excerpt of some regulations from the Reform document 2 Praise poem of Urukagina 3 Lament about the fall of Lagash to Umma 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External linksReforms EditUrukagina s code has been widely hailed as the first recorded example of government reform seeking to achieve a higher level of freedom and equality 6 It limited the power of the priesthood and large property owners and took measures against usury burdensome controls hunger theft murder and seizure of people s property and persons as he states The widow and the orphan were no longer at the mercy of the powerful man Here the word freedom ama gi appears for the first time in recorded history 7 Despite these apparent attempts to curb the excesses of the elite class it seems elite or royal women enjoyed even greater influence and prestige in his reign than previously Urukagina greatly expanded the royal Household of Women from about 50 persons to about 1500 persons renamed it the Household of goddess Bau gave it ownership of vast amounts of land confiscated from the former priesthood and placed it under the supervision of his wife Shasha or Shagshag 8 In his second year of reign Shasha presided over the lavish funeral of his predecessor s queen Baranamtarra who had been an important personage in her own right In addition to such changes two of his other surviving decrees first published and translated by Samuel Kramer in 1964 have attracted controversy in recent decades First he seems to have abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with rocks upon which her crime is written 9 Second is a statute stating that if a woman says text illegible to a man her mouth is crushed with burnt bricks No comparable laws from Urukagina addressing penalties for adultery by men have survived The discovery of these fragments has led some modern critics to assert that they provide the first written evidence of the degradation of women 10 Excerpt of some regulations from the Reform document Edit Reforms cone of Urukagina Cone of Urukagina Louvre MuseumAO 3278 11 Cone of Urukagina transcription Here Urukagina appears as King of Lagash From the border territory of Ningirsu to the sea no person shall serve as officers For a corpse being brought to the grave his beer shall be 3 jugs and his bread 80 loaves One bed and one lead goat shall the undertaker take away and 3 ban 18 l of barley shall the person s take away When to the reeds of Enki a person has been brought his beer will be 4 jugs and his bread 420 loaves One barig 36 l of barley shall the undertaker take away and 3 ban of barley shall the persons of take away One woman s headband and one sila 1 l of princely fragrance shall the eresh dingir priestess take away 420 loaves of bread that have sat are the bread duty 40 loaves of hot bread are for eating and 10 loaves of hot bread are the bread of the table 5 loaves of bread are for the persons of the levy 2 mud vessels and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the lamentation singers of Girsu 490 loaves of bread 2 mud vessels and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the lamentation singers of Lagash 406 loaves of bread 2 mud vessels and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the other lamentation singers 250 loaves of bread and one mud vessel of beer are for the old wailing women 180 loaves of bread and 1 mud vessel of beer are for the men of Nigin The blind one who stands in his bread for eating is one loaf 5 loaves of bread are his at midnight one loaf is his bread at midday and 6 loaves are his bread in the evening 60 loaves of bread 1 mud vessel of beer and 3 ban of barley are for the person who is to perform as the sagbur priest king or god Cone fragment inscribed with part of the text of the reforms of Uruinimgina Urukagina Oriental Institute Museum University of Chicago Reform cone of UrukaginaLouvre MuseumAO 3149 12 Transcription of cone AO3149 Urkagina appears as King of Lagash The Reforms of Urukagina 20th century reconstitution Reform text of Urukagina king of Lagash From Girsu Iraq 24th century BCE Ancient Orient Museum IstanbulPraise poem of Urukagina Edit An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in Cuneiform on clay tablet written in year 4 of King Urukagina circa 2350 BC From Girsu Iraq British Museum London 13 Some insight into Sumerian values can be gained from praise poems written for kings While the kings may not always live up to this praise they show the type of achievements that they wished to be remembered by Extracts below praise Urukagina who appears as a social reformer getting rid of gross abuses of power that had taken hold in Lagash Since time immemorial since life began in those days the head boatman appropriated boats the livestock official appropriated asses the livestock official appropriated sheep and the fisheries inspector appropriated The shepherds of wool sheep paid a duty in silver on account of white sheep and the surveyor chief lamentation singer supervisor brewer and foremen paid a duty in silver on account of young lambs These were the conventions of former times When Ningirsu warrior of Enlil granted the kingship of Lagash to Urukagina selecting him from among the myriad people he replaced the customs of former times carrying out the command that Ningirsu his master had given him He removed the head boatman from control over the boats he removed the livestock official from control over asses and sheep he removed the fisheries inspector from control He removed the silo supervisor from control over the grain taxes of the guda priests he removed the bureaucrat responsible for the paying of duties in silver on account of white sheep and young lambs and he removed the bureaucrat responsible for the delivery of duties by the temple administrators to the palace The administrators no longer plunder the orchards of the poor When a high quality ass is born to a shublugal and his foreman says to him I want to buy it from you whether he lets him buy it from him and says to him Pay me the price I want or whether he does not let him buy it from him the foreman must not strike at him in anger When the house of an aristocrat adjoins the house of a shublugal and the aristocrat says to him I want to buy it from you whether he lets him buy it from him having said to him Pay me the price I want My house is a large container fill it with barley for me or whether he does not let him buy it from him that aristocrat must not strike at him in anger He cleared and cancelled obligations for those indentured families citizens of Lagash living as debtors because of grain taxes barley payments theft or murder Urukagina solemnly promised Ningirsu that he would never subjugate the waif and the widow to the powerful 14 Lament about the fall of Lagash to Umma EditLamentation about the fall of Lagash Lamentation about the fall of Lagash to Lugalzagesi Urukagina period circa 2350 BCE Tello ancient Girsu 15 Transcription of the lamentation about the fall of Lagash The man of Umma set fire to the Ekisurra 16 17 Here Urukagina appears as King of Girsu 18 Urukagina participated in several conflicts notably a losing border conflict with Uruk In the seventh year of his reign Uruk fell under the leadership of Lugal Zage Si ensi of Umma who ultimately annexed most of the territory of Lagash and established the first reliably documented kingdom to encompass all of Sumer The destruction of Lagash was described in a lament possibly the earliest recorded example of what would become a prolific Sumerian literary genre which stressed that the man of Umma Lugalzagesi committed a sin against Ningirsu Offence there was none in Urukagina king of Girsu but as for Lugal Zage Si governor of Umma may his goddess Nisaba make him carry his sin upon his neck alternatively may she carry his sin upon her neck 19 Lugal Zage Si himself was soon defeated and his kingdom was annexed by Sargon of Akkad See also Edit Asia portalList of ancient legal codesNotes Edit Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr THUREAU DANGIN F 1904 La Ruine de Shirpourla Lagash Sous le Regne d Ouroukagina Revue d Assyriologie et d archeologie orientale 6 1 26 32 ISSN 0373 6032 JSTOR 23275695 Finegan Jack 2019 Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East Routledge p 46 ISBN 978 0 429 72638 5 The Reforms of Urukagina History world org Archived from the original on 2018 11 17 Retrieved 2019 12 03 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr Social Reform in Mesopotamia Benjamin R Foster in Social Justice in the Ancient World K Irani and M Silver eds 1995 p 169 Finegan Jack 2019 Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East Routledge p 46 ISBN 978 0 429 72638 5 Katherine I Wright Archaeology and Women 2007 p 206 The Powers p 40 by Walter Wink 1992 Marilyn French From Eve to Dawn A History of Women 2008 p 100 Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr Transliteration CDLI Archival View cdli ucla edu Praise of Urukagina Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr THUREAU DANGIN F 1904 La Ruine de Shirpourla Lagash Sous le Regne d Ouroukagina Revue d Assyriologie et d archeologie orientale 6 1 26 32 ISSN 0373 6032 JSTOR 23275695 Kramer Samuel Noah 1971 The Sumerians Their History Culture and Character University of Chicago Press p 322 ISBN 978 0 226 45238 8 Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr External links EditReforms of Urukagina 2015 composite Sumerian text with translation together with editions of individual cones Urukagina s reform document in Sumerian A B C A partial translation in English at the Wayback Machine archived November 17 2018 Inscriptions from the Ancient Near East includes a complete translation of the reform document and the lament in Italian The Law Reforms of King Uru inimgina of Lagash pp 8 10 in Women Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society by Elizabeth Meier Tetlow 2004 a comprehensive examination of all the ways Uruinimga s reforms both positively and adversely affected the status of women in Lagash Urukagina the reformist king A complete description of the reign of Urukagina and his social reforms Regnal titlesPreceded byLugalanda King of Lagashca 24th century BCE Succeeded byLugalzagesi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Urukagina amp oldid 1132138349, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
