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Jews in New York City

April 27, 2024

Jews comprise approximately 16% of New York City's population, making the Jewish community the largest in the world outside of Israel and the world's largest metropolitan Jewish community. As of 2020, just over 1.3 million Jews lived in the five boroughs of New York City, and over 1.912 million Jews lived in New York-Newark-Jersey City overall.[1]

Jews in New York City
ייִדן אין ניו יאָרק
יהודים בניו יורק
Jewish shopkeeper in New York City, c. 1929

Nearly half of the city’s Jews live in Brooklyn.[2][3] The ethno-religious Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city and its religious demographic makes up 8%.[4] The first recorded Jewish settler was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[5] Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed "the Jews", the 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of Jewish immigration to the United States.[6] In 2012, the largest Jewish denominations were Orthodox, Haredi, and Conservative Judaism.[7] Reform Jewish communities are prevalent through the area. Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan is the largest Reformed Jewish synagogue in the world. Jews have immigrated to New York City since the first settlement in Dutch New Amsterdam in 1654, most notably at the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, when the Jewish population rose from about 80,000 in 1880 to 1.5 million in 1920. The large Jewish population has led to a significant impact on the culture of New York City.[8] After many decades of decline in the 20th century, the Jewish population of New York City has seen a sharp increase in the 21st century, owing to the high birth rate of the Hasidic and Orthodox communities.[9]

Population edit

 
Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Brooklyn, nicknamed "the most Jewish spot on Earth"[3] and home to the world’s largest Jewish community, with over 600,000 adherents living in the borough, more than in Jerusalem and in Tel Aviv[2]

As of 2020, about 1.3 million residents of New York City, or about 16% of its residents, were Jewish.[1]

Historical population of New York City
Year Jewish population of New York City
1654 23
1750 300
1850 16,000
1859 40,000
1880 80,000
1920 1,600,000
1950 2,000,000
1981 1,100,000[10]
1991 1,027,000[10]
2002 972,000[10][11]
2012 1,100,000[9]
2020 1,300,000[1]

There are just over 1.3 million Jews in the New York metropolitan area, making it the second largest metropolitan Jewish community in the world, after the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area in Israel (however, Tel Aviv proper has a smaller population of Jews than New York City proper, making New York City the largest community of Jews in the world within a city proper). New York City's Jewish population is more than the combined Jewish populations of Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.,[12] and more than Jerusalem and Tel Aviv combined. Russian, Lithuanian, and Polish Jews immigrated during the mid-19th century in large numbers. The number of Jews in New York City soared throughout the beginning of the 20th century and reached a peak of 2 million in the 1950s, when Jews constituted one-quarter of the city's population. New York City's Jewish population then began to decline because of low fertility rates and migration to suburbs and other states, particularly California and Florida. Though there were small Jewish communities throughout the United States by the 1920s, New York City was home to about 45% of the entire population of American Jews.[13] A new wave of Ashkenazi and Bukharian Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union began arriving in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2002, an estimated 972,000 Ashkenazi Jews lived in New York City and constituted about 12% of the city's population. Many Jews, including the newer immigrants, have settled in Queens, south Brooklyn, and the Bronx, where at present most live in middle-class neighborhoods. The number of Jews is especially high in Brooklyn, where 561,000 residents—one out of four inhabitants—is Jewish.[14][15] As of 2012, there are 1.1 million Jews in New York City.[16]

New York City is home to many Orthodox Jews. The world headquarters of the Chabad, Bobov, and Satmar branches of Hasidism are located there, as well as other Haredi branches of Judaism. While three-quarters of New York Jews do not consider themselves religiously observant, the Orthodox community is rapidly growing due to the high birth rates of Hasidic Jews, while the number of Conservative and Reform Jews has been declining. Borough Park, known for its large Orthodox Jewish population, had 27.9 births per 1,000 residents in 2015, making it the neighborhood with the city's highest birth rate.[17] However, the most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, Kiryas Joel, and Ramapo.[18] According to a 2011 UJA-Federation of New York community study, there were 340,000 Haredi Jews in the greater New York metropolitan area.[19] Many rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish communities there have made their home in New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood and surrounding Ocean County, where Beth Medrash Govoha, the world's largest yeshiva outside Israel, is located.[20] Prominent Orthodox organizations such as Agudath Israel of America and the Orthodox Union have their headquarters in New York.

Sephardic Jews, including Syrian Jews, have also lived in New York City since the late 19th century. Many Sephardi immigrants have settled in New York City and formed a Sephardi community. The community is centered in Brooklyn and is primarily composed of Syrian Jews. Other Sephardi Jews in New York City hail from Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, and Morocco.[21] Sephardi Jews first began arriving in New York City in large numbers between 1880 and 1924. Most Arab immigrants during these years were Christian, while Sephardi Jews were a minority and Arab Muslims largely began migrating during the mid-1960s.[22] When Syrian Jews first began to arrive in New York City during the late 1800s and early 1900s, Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews on the Lower East Side sometimes disdained their Syrian co-coreligionists as Arabische Yidden, Arab Jews. Some Ashkenazim doubted whether Sephardi/Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East were Jewish at all. In response, some Syrian Jews who were deeply proud of their ancient Jewish heritage, derogatorily dubbed Ashkenazi Jews as "J-Dubs", a reference to the first and third letters of the English word "Jew".[23] In the 1990 United States Census, there were 11,610 Sephardi Jews in New York City, comprising 23 percent of the total "Arab population" of the city.[24] Arab Jews in the city sometimes still face anti-Arab racism. After the September 11 attacks, some Arab Jews in New York City were subjected to arrest and detention because they were suspected to be Islamist terrorists.[25] Egyptian Jews arrived in New York City more recently than the Syrian Jews, with many of the Egyptian Jews speaking Ladino as well as Arabic and French. The vast majority Egyptian-Jewish immigrants to the city are Sephardi/Mizrahi, with very few being Ashkenazi. Ladino-speaking Egyptian Jews have tended to settle in the Forest Hills neighborhood of Queens. Very few Egyptian Jews lived in New York City or elsewhere in the United States prior to the 1956 Suez Crisis. Prior to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the quota for Egyptian immigrants was set at 100 people per year. Because of antisemitism directed against Egyptian Jews in Egypt, a small number of Egyptian-American Jews in New York City banded together as the "American Jewish Organization for the Middle East, Inc." to advocate for Jewish Egyptian refugees. There are two major communities of Egyptian Jews, one in Queens and another in Brooklyn. Egyptian Jews in Queens helped found Shearith Israel Congregation, while Egyptian Jews in Brooklyn's Bensonhurst neighborhood largely attended Syrian-Jewish synagogues.[26]

While the majority of Jews in New York City are non-Hispanic whites, some Jewish New Yorkers identify as Asian, Black, Latino, or multiracial. According to the same 2011 UJA-Federation of New York study, 12% of Jewish households in the city were non-white or biracial.[27] Many Central Asian Jews, predominantly Bukharian Jews from Uzbekistan, have settled in the Queens neighborhoods of Rego Park, Forest Hills, Kew Gardens, and Briarwood.[13] As of 2001, an estimated 50,000 Bukharian Jews resided in Queens.[28] Queens is also home to a large Georgian-American community of about 5,000, around 3,000 of whom are Georgian Jews. Queens has the third largest population of Georgian Jews in the world after Israel and Georgia. Forest Hills is home to the Congregation of Georgian Jews, the only Georgian-Jewish synagogue in the United States.[29] There has also been a sizeable community of Mountain Jews from Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus in Brooklyn.[13]

History edit

Main articles: History of the Jews in New York and Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam

1654–1881 edit

 
Asser Levy Recreation Center on East 23rd Street and Asser Levy Place, Manhattan, New York City, was built as a free public bath in 1904–1906. The baths were intended to help relieve the unsanitary conditions in the slums. It is named after Asser Levy, a prominent Jewish citizen of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, which preceded the English city of New York.

The first recorded Jewish settler in New York was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[30] A month later, a group of Jews came to New York, then the colony New Amsterdam, as refugees from Recife, Brazil. Portugal had just re-conquered Dutch Brazil (what is now known of the Brazilian State of Pernambuco) from the Netherlands, and the Sephardi Jews there promptly fled. Most went to Amsterdam, but 23 headed for New Amsterdam instead. Governor Peter Stuyvesant was at first unwilling to accept them but succumbed to pressure from the Dutch West India Company—itself pressed by Jewish stockholders—to let them remain. Nevertheless, he imposed numerous restrictions and taxes on his Jewish subjects. Eventually, many of these Jews left.[31]

When the British took the colony from the Dutch in 1664, the only Jewish name on the requisite oath of loyalty given to residents was Asser Levy. This is the only record of a Jewish presence at the time, until 1680 when some of Levy's relatives arrived from Amsterdam shortly before he died.[31]

The first synagogue, the Sephardi Congregation Shearith Israel, was established in 1682, but it did not get its own building until 1730. Over time, the synagogue became dominant in Jewish life, organizing social services and mandating affiliation for all New York Jews.[31] Even though by 1720 the Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim,[32] the Sephardi customs were retained.[31]

An influx of German and Polish Jews followed the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. The increasing number of Ashkenazim led to the founding of the city's second synagogue, B'nai Jeshurun, in 1825. The late arrival of synagogues can be attributed to a lack of rabbis. Those who were interested in training as a Rabbi could not do so in America before this part of the century.[33] Several other synagogues followed B'nai Jeshurun in rapid succession, including the first Polish one, Congregation Shaare Zedek, in 1839. In 1845, the first Reform temple, Congregation Emanu-El of New York opened.[34] New York City would later become host to several seminaries of various denominations, where rabbis could be ordained, by the 1920s.[35]

By this time numerous communal aid societies were formed. These were usually quite small, and a single synagogue might be associated with more than a few such organizations. Two of the most important of these merged in 1859 to form the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum Society[34] (Jewish orphanages were constructed on 77th Street near 3rd Avenue and another in Brooklyn). In 1852 the "Jews' Hospital" (renamed in 1871 Mount Sinai Hospital), which would one day be considered one of the best in the country,[36] was established.[34]

Jewish days schools began to appear in the 19th century across the United States, the first being the Polonies Talmud Torah in 1821.[37]

1881–1945 edit

 
European Jewish immigrants arriving in New York in 1887

The 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of immigration to the United States ever. Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed "the Jews,"[6] there was a vast increase in anti-Jewish pogroms there – possibly with the support of the government – and numerous anti-Jewish laws were passed. The result was that over 2 million Jews immigrated to the United States,[38]: 364–5  more than a million of them to New York.[39]: 1076 

Eastern Ashkenazi Jews and their culture flourished at this time. There was influx emigration from countries such as Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. Their congregations and businesses – namely shops selling Old World goods – firmly maintained their identity, language, and customs.[40]

New York was the publishing city of the Yiddish newspaper, Forverts, first published in 1897. Several other Jewish newspapers followed and were being produced in common Jewish languages, such as Ladino, Yiddish, and Hebrew.[41]

These immigrants tended to be young and relatively irreligious, and were generally skilled – especially in the clothing industry,[42]: 253–4  which would soon dominate New York's economy.[43] By the end of the nineteenth century, Jews "dominated related fields such as the fur trade."[42]: 254 

The German Jews, who were often wealthy by this time, did not much appreciate the eastern Ashkenazi arrivals, and moved to uptown Manhattan en masse, away from the Lower East Side where most of the immigrants settled.[38]: 370–2  Still, many of these Eastern European immigrants worked in factories owned by 'uptown' German Jews.[32]

1945–1999 edit

New York City teachers' strike of 1968 edit

This section is an excerpt from New York City teachers' strike of 1968.[edit]
 
Albert Shanker

The New York City teachers' strike of 1968 was a months-long confrontation between the new community-controlled school board in the largely black Ocean Hill–Brownsville neighborhoods of Brooklyn and New York City's United Federation of Teachers. It began with a one day walkout in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville school district. It escalated to a citywide strike in September of that year, shutting down the public schools for a total of 36 days and increasing racial tensions between blacks and Jews.

Thousands of New York City teachers went on strike in 1968 when the school board of the neighborhood, which is now two separate neighborhoods, fired nineteen teachers and administrators without notice. The newly created school district, in a heavily black neighborhood, was an experiment in community control over schools—those dismissed were almost all Jewish.

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT), led by Albert Shanker, demanded the teachers' reinstatement and accused the community-controlled school board of anti-semitism. At the start of the school year in September 1968, the UFT held a strike that shut down New York City's public schools for nearly two months, leaving a million students without schools to attend.

The strike pitted community against union, highlighting a conflict between local rights to self-determination and teachers' universal rights as workers.[44] Although the school district itself was quite small, the outcome of its experiment had great significance because of its potential to alter the entire educational system—in New York City and elsewhere. As one historian wrote in 1972: "If these seemingly simple acts had not been such a serious threat to the system, it would be unlikely that they would produce such a strong and immediate response."[45]

Crown Heights riot of 1991 edit

This section is an excerpt from Crown Heights riot.[edit]
 
Location of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in New York City.

The Crown Heights riot was a race riot that took place from August 19 to August 21, 1991, in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City. Black residents attacked Orthodox Jewish residents, damaged their homes, and looted businesses. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of Guyanese immigrants were unintentionally struck by a driver running a red light[46][47] while following the motorcade of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured.

In the immediate aftermath of the fatal crash, black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia. Over the next three days, black rioters looted stores and attacked Jewish homes. Two weeks after the riot, a non-Jewish man was killed by a group of black men; some believed that the victim had been mistaken for a Jew. The riots were a major issue in the 1993 mayoral race, contributing to the defeat of Mayor David Dinkins, an African American. Opponents of Dinkins said that he failed to contain the riots, with many calling them a 'pogrom' to emphasize what was seen as the complicity of New York City political leaders.

Ultimately, black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade.[48]

New York City parks relating to Jewish culture edit

Within the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, there are many parks that are either named after Jews, or containing monuments relating to their culture and history.

Manhattan edit

Bronx edit

Brooklyn edit

Queens edit

Staten Island edit

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Deborah Dash Moore, City of Promises: A History of the Jews of New York. In Three Volumes. New York: New York University Press, 2012.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judaism in New York City.
  • The Jewish Museum, New York City
  • Jewish Heritage Tours of New York City

April 27, 2024
jews, york, city, jews, comprise, approximately, york, city, population, making, jewish, community, largest, world, outside, israel, world, largest, metropolitan, jewish, community, 2020, update, just, over, million, jews, lived, five, boroughs, york, city, ov. Jews comprise approximately 16 of New York City s population making the Jewish community the largest in the world outside of Israel and the world s largest metropolitan Jewish community As of 2020 update just over 1 3 million Jews lived in the five boroughs of New York City and over 1 912 million Jews lived in New York Newark Jersey City overall 1 Jews in New York Cityיי דן אין ניו יא רקיהודים בניו יורקJewish shopkeeper in New York City c 1929 Nearly half of the city s Jews live in Brooklyn 2 3 The ethno religious Jewish population makes up 18 4 of the city and its religious demographic makes up 8 4 The first recorded Jewish settler was Jacob Barsimson who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company 5 Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia for which many blamed the Jews the 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of Jewish immigration to the United States 6 In 2012 the largest Jewish denominations were Orthodox Haredi and Conservative Judaism 7 Reform Jewish communities are prevalent through the area Temple Emanu El in Manhattan is the largest Reformed Jewish synagogue in the world Jews have immigrated to New York City since the first settlement in Dutch New Amsterdam in 1654 most notably at the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century when the Jewish population rose from about 80 000 in 1880 to 1 5 million in 1920 The large Jewish population has led to a significant impact on the culture of New York City 8 After many decades of decline in the 20th century the Jewish population of New York City has seen a sharp increase in the 21st century owing to the high birth rate of the Hasidic and Orthodox communities 9 Contents 1 Population 2 History 2 1 1654 1881 2 2 1881 1945 2 3 1945 1999 2 3 1 New York City teachers strike of 1968 2 3 2 Crown Heights riot of 1991 3 New York City parks relating to Jewish culture 3 1 Manhattan 3 2 Bronx 3 3 Brooklyn 3 4 Queens 3 5 Staten Island 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Further reading 6 External linksPopulation edit nbsp Ultra Orthodox Jewish residents in Brooklyn nicknamed the most Jewish spot on Earth 3 and home to the world s largest Jewish community with over 600 000 adherents living in the borough more than in Jerusalem and in Tel Aviv 2 As of 2020 update about 1 3 million residents of New York City or about 16 of its residents were Jewish 1 Historical population of New York City Year Jewish population of New York City 1654 23 1750 300 1850 16 000 1859 40 000 1880 80 000 1920 1 600 000 1950 2 000 000 1981 1 100 000 10 1991 1 027 000 10 2002 972 000 10 11 2012 1 100 000 9 2020 1 300 000 1 There are just over 1 3 million Jews in the New York metropolitan area making it the second largest metropolitan Jewish community in the world after the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area in Israel however Tel Aviv proper has a smaller population of Jews than New York City proper making New York City the largest community of Jews in the world within a city proper New York City s Jewish population is more than the combined Jewish populations of Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco and Washington D C 12 and more than Jerusalem and Tel Aviv combined Russian Lithuanian and Polish Jews immigrated during the mid 19th century in large numbers The number of Jews in New York City soared throughout the beginning of the 20th century and reached a peak of 2 million in the 1950s when Jews constituted one quarter of the city s population New York City s Jewish population then began to decline because of low fertility rates and migration to suburbs and other states particularly California and Florida Though there were small Jewish communities throughout the United States by the 1920s New York City was home to about 45 of the entire population of American Jews 13 A new wave of Ashkenazi and Bukharian Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union began arriving in the 1980s and 1990s In 2002 an estimated 972 000 Ashkenazi Jews lived in New York City and constituted about 12 of the city s population Many Jews including the newer immigrants have settled in Queens south Brooklyn and the Bronx where at present most live in middle class neighborhoods The number of Jews is especially high in Brooklyn where 561 000 residents one out of four inhabitants is Jewish 14 15 As of 2012 update there are 1 1 million Jews in New York City 16 New York City is home to many Orthodox Jews The world headquarters of the Chabad Bobov and Satmar branches of Hasidism are located there as well as other Haredi branches of Judaism While three quarters of New York Jews do not consider themselves religiously observant the Orthodox community is rapidly growing due to the high birth rates of Hasidic Jews while the number of Conservative and Reform Jews has been declining Borough Park known for its large Orthodox Jewish population had 27 9 births per 1 000 residents in 2015 making it the neighborhood with the city s highest birth rate 17 However the most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York including the communities of Monsey Monroe New Square Kiryas Joel and Ramapo 18 According to a 2011 UJA Federation of New York community study there were 340 000 Haredi Jews in the greater New York metropolitan area 19 Many rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish communities there have made their home in New Jersey particularly in Lakewood and surrounding Ocean County where Beth Medrash Govoha the world s largest yeshiva outside Israel is located 20 Prominent Orthodox organizations such as Agudath Israel of America and the Orthodox Union have their headquarters in New York Sephardic Jews including Syrian Jews have also lived in New York City since the late 19th century Many Sephardi immigrants have settled in New York City and formed a Sephardi community The community is centered in Brooklyn and is primarily composed of Syrian Jews Other Sephardi Jews in New York City hail from Egypt Israel Lebanon and Morocco 21 Sephardi Jews first began arriving in New York City in large numbers between 1880 and 1924 Most Arab immigrants during these years were Christian while Sephardi Jews were a minority and Arab Muslims largely began migrating during the mid 1960s 22 When Syrian Jews first began to arrive in New York City during the late 1800s and early 1900s Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews on the Lower East Side sometimes disdained their Syrian co coreligionists as Arabische Yidden Arab Jews Some Ashkenazim doubted whether Sephardi Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East were Jewish at all In response some Syrian Jews who were deeply proud of their ancient Jewish heritage derogatorily dubbed Ashkenazi Jews as J Dubs a reference to the first and third letters of the English word Jew 23 In the 1990 United States Census there were 11 610 Sephardi Jews in New York City comprising 23 percent of the total Arab population of the city 24 Arab Jews in the city sometimes still face anti Arab racism After the September 11 attacks some Arab Jews in New York City were subjected to arrest and detention because they were suspected to be Islamist terrorists 25 Egyptian Jews arrived in New York City more recently than the Syrian Jews with many of the Egyptian Jews speaking Ladino as well as Arabic and French The vast majority Egyptian Jewish immigrants to the city are Sephardi Mizrahi with very few being Ashkenazi Ladino speaking Egyptian Jews have tended to settle in the Forest Hills neighborhood of Queens Very few Egyptian Jews lived in New York City or elsewhere in the United States prior to the 1956 Suez Crisis Prior to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 the quota for Egyptian immigrants was set at 100 people per year Because of antisemitism directed against Egyptian Jews in Egypt a small number of Egyptian American Jews in New York City banded together as the American Jewish Organization for the Middle East Inc to advocate for Jewish Egyptian refugees There are two major communities of Egyptian Jews one in Queens and another in Brooklyn Egyptian Jews in Queens helped found Shearith Israel Congregation while Egyptian Jews in Brooklyn s Bensonhurst neighborhood largely attended Syrian Jewish synagogues 26 While the majority of Jews in New York City are non Hispanic whites some Jewish New Yorkers identify as Asian Black Latino or multiracial According to the same 2011 UJA Federation of New York study 12 of Jewish households in the city were non white or biracial 27 Many Central Asian Jews predominantly Bukharian Jews from Uzbekistan have settled in the Queens neighborhoods of Rego Park Forest Hills Kew Gardens and Briarwood 13 As of 2001 an estimated 50 000 Bukharian Jews resided in Queens 28 Queens is also home to a large Georgian American community of about 5 000 around 3 000 of whom are Georgian Jews Queens has the third largest population of Georgian Jews in the world after Israel and Georgia Forest Hills is home to the Congregation of Georgian Jews the only Georgian Jewish synagogue in the United States 29 There has also been a sizeable community of Mountain Jews from Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus in Brooklyn 13 History editMain articles History of the Jews in New York and Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam 1654 1881 edit nbsp Asser Levy Recreation Center on East 23rd Street and Asser Levy Place Manhattan New York City was built as a free public bath in 1904 1906 The baths were intended to help relieve the unsanitary conditions in the slums It is named after Asser Levy a prominent Jewish citizen of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam which preceded the English city of New York The first recorded Jewish settler in New York was Jacob Barsimson who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company 30 A month later a group of Jews came to New York then the colony New Amsterdam as refugees from Recife Brazil Portugal had just re conquered Dutch Brazil what is now known of the Brazilian State of Pernambuco from the Netherlands and the Sephardi Jews there promptly fled Most went to Amsterdam but 23 headed for New Amsterdam instead Governor Peter Stuyvesant was at first unwilling to accept them but succumbed to pressure from the Dutch West India Company itself pressed by Jewish stockholders to let them remain Nevertheless he imposed numerous restrictions and taxes on his Jewish subjects Eventually many of these Jews left 31 When the British took the colony from the Dutch in 1664 the only Jewish name on the requisite oath of loyalty given to residents was Asser Levy This is the only record of a Jewish presence at the time until 1680 when some of Levy s relatives arrived from Amsterdam shortly before he died 31 The first synagogue the Sephardi Congregation Shearith Israel was established in 1682 but it did not get its own building until 1730 Over time the synagogue became dominant in Jewish life organizing social services and mandating affiliation for all New York Jews 31 Even though by 1720 the Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim 32 the Sephardi customs were retained 31 An influx of German and Polish Jews followed the Napoleonic Wars in Europe The increasing number of Ashkenazim led to the founding of the city s second synagogue B nai Jeshurun in 1825 The late arrival of synagogues can be attributed to a lack of rabbis Those who were interested in training as a Rabbi could not do so in America before this part of the century 33 Several other synagogues followed B nai Jeshurun in rapid succession including the first Polish one Congregation Shaare Zedek in 1839 In 1845 the first Reform temple Congregation Emanu El of New York opened 34 New York City would later become host to several seminaries of various denominations where rabbis could be ordained by the 1920s 35 By this time numerous communal aid societies were formed These were usually quite small and a single synagogue might be associated with more than a few such organizations Two of the most important of these merged in 1859 to form the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum Society 34 Jewish orphanages were constructed on 77th Street near 3rd Avenue and another in Brooklyn In 1852 the Jews Hospital renamed in 1871 Mount Sinai Hospital which would one day be considered one of the best in the country 36 was established 34 Jewish days schools began to appear in the 19th century across the United States the first being the Polonies Talmud Torah in 1821 37 1881 1945 edit nbsp European Jewish immigrants arriving in New York in 1887 The 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of immigration to the United States ever Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia for which many blamed the Jews 6 there was a vast increase in anti Jewish pogroms there possibly with the support of the government and numerous anti Jewish laws were passed The result was that over 2 million Jews immigrated to the United States 38 364 5 more than a million of them to New York 39 1076 Eastern Ashkenazi Jews and their culture flourished at this time There was influx emigration from countries such as Lithuania Poland and Russia Their congregations and businesses namely shops selling Old World goods firmly maintained their identity language and customs 40 New York was the publishing city of the Yiddish newspaper Forverts first published in 1897 Several other Jewish newspapers followed and were being produced in common Jewish languages such as Ladino Yiddish and Hebrew 41 These immigrants tended to be young and relatively irreligious and were generally skilled especially in the clothing industry 42 253 4 which would soon dominate New York s economy 43 By the end of the nineteenth century Jews dominated related fields such as the fur trade 42 254 The German Jews who were often wealthy by this time did not much appreciate the eastern Ashkenazi arrivals and moved to uptown Manhattan en masse away from the Lower East Side where most of the immigrants settled 38 370 2 Still many of these Eastern European immigrants worked in factories owned by uptown German Jews 32 1945 1999 edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2019 New York City teachers strike of 1968 edit This section is an excerpt from New York City teachers strike of 1968 edit nbsp Albert Shanker The New York City teachers strike of 1968 was a months long confrontation between the new community controlled school board in the largely black Ocean Hill Brownsville neighborhoods of Brooklyn and New York City s United Federation of Teachers It began with a one day walkout in the Ocean Hill Brownsville school district It escalated to a citywide strike in September of that year shutting down the public schools for a total of 36 days and increasing racial tensions between blacks and Jews Thousands of New York City teachers went on strike in 1968 when the school board of the neighborhood which is now two separate neighborhoods fired nineteen teachers and administrators without notice The newly created school district in a heavily black neighborhood was an experiment in community control over schools those dismissed were almost all Jewish The United Federation of Teachers UFT led by Albert Shanker demanded the teachers reinstatement and accused the community controlled school board of anti semitism At the start of the school year in September 1968 the UFT held a strike that shut down New York City s public schools for nearly two months leaving a million students without schools to attend The strike pitted community against union highlighting a conflict between local rights to self determination and teachers universal rights as workers 44 Although the school district itself was quite small the outcome of its experiment had great significance because of its potential to alter the entire educational system in New York City and elsewhere As one historian wrote in 1972 If these seemingly simple acts had not been such a serious threat to the system it would be unlikely that they would produce such a strong and immediate response 45 Crown Heights riot of 1991 edit This section is an excerpt from Crown Heights riot edit nbsp Location of Crown Heights Brooklyn in New York City The Crown Heights riot was a race riot that took place from August 19 to August 21 1991 in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn New York City Black residents attacked Orthodox Jewish residents damaged their homes and looted businesses The riots began on August 19 1991 after two children of Guyanese immigrants were unintentionally struck by a driver running a red light 46 47 while following the motorcade of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson the leader of Chabad a Jewish religious movement One child died and the second was severely injured In the immediate aftermath of the fatal crash black youths attacked several Jews on the street seriously injuring several and fatally injuring an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia Over the next three days black rioters looted stores and attacked Jewish homes Two weeks after the riot a non Jewish man was killed by a group of black men some believed that the victim had been mistaken for a Jew The riots were a major issue in the 1993 mayoral race contributing to the defeat of Mayor David Dinkins an African American Opponents of Dinkins said that he failed to contain the riots with many calling them a pogrom to emphasize what was seen as the complicity of New York City political leaders Ultimately black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade 48 New York City parks relating to Jewish culture editWithin the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation there are many parks that are either named after Jews or containing monuments relating to their culture and history Manhattan edit Abe Lebewohl Park 49 50 Asser Levy Recreation Center 51 Baruch Playground 52 53 Bella Abzug Park 54 55 Gustave Hartman Triangle 56 57 Jacob H Schiff Playground 58 Schiff Malls 59 60 61 Jacob Joseph Playground 62 63 Jacob K Javits Playground 64 Montefiore Park 65 Nathan Straus Playground 66 Straus Park 67 Straus Square 68 Peretz Square 69 70 71 Sidney Hillman Playground 72 Sol Bloom Playground 73 Sol Lain Playground 74 Sophie Irene Loeb Playground 75 Stanley Isaacs Playground 76 Vladeck Park 77 American Memorial to Six Million Jews of Europe Riverside Park 78 Charles and Murray Gordon memorial Fort Washington Park 79 Emma Lazarus Memorial Plaque Battery Park 80 Jerusalem Grove Battery Park 81 The Immigrants Sculpture Battery Park 82 Gertrude Stein monument Bryant Park 83 84 Jewish Tercentenary Monument Peter Minuit Plaza 85 Loeb Memorial Fountain Central Park 86 87 Schiff Fountain Seward Park 88 89 Bronx edit Ben Abrams Playground 90 Benjamin Gladstone Square 91 92 Hank Greenberg Ballfield 93 Heinrich Heine Fountain Joyce Kilmer Park 94 Keltch Park 95 96 Netanyahu Memorial Pelham Parkway 97 98 Brooklyn edit Alben Triangle 99 100 Asser Levy Park 101 102 Babi Yar Triangle 103 Colonel David Marcus Playground 104 105 Harold W Cohn Memorial Square 106 107 Kolbert Playground 108 Harry Maze Playground 109 Holocaust Memorial Park 110 Jacob Joffe Field 111 Kaiser Park 112 Lew Fidler Park 113 Rapaport Playground 114 Sobel Green 115 Zion Triangle 116 117 Queens edit Cardozo Playground 118 Federoff Triangle 119 120 Gwirtzman Triangle 121 122 Haym Salomon Square 123 124 Ilse Metzger Sitting Area Flushing Meadows Corona Park 125 Sobelsohn Playground 126 Rabbi Kirshblum Triangle 127 Wallenberg Square 128 Job Sculpture Forest Park 129 Theodor Herzl Memorial Freedom Square 130 Yitzchak Rabin Walk Flushing Meadows Corona Park 131 Staten Island edit Levy Playground 132 See also edit nbsp Judaism portal nbsp New York City portal Black Jews in New York City American Jews Demographics of New York City Jews in Philadelphia History of the Jews in New York List of Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States History of Jews in the United StatesReferences edit a b c Saxe Leonard Parmer Daniel Tighe Elizabeth Magidin de Kramer Raquel March 2021 American Jewish Population Estimates Summary amp Highlights PDF Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies Steinhardt Social Research Institute American Jewish Population Project p 9 Retrieved February 4 2024 a b Weichselbaum Simone June 26 2012 Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews new study finds Daily News New York Archived from the original on July 4 2018 Retrieved May 30 2013 a b Danailova Hilary January 11 2018 Brooklyn the Most Jewish Spot on Earth Hadassah Magazine Retrieved July 29 2020 Nathan Kazis Josh June 12 2012 N Y Jewish Population Grows to 1 5M Study The Forward Retrieved November 21 2021 Levine Yitzchok August 3 2005 Glimpses Into American Jewish History Part 5 The Jewish Press Archived from the original on October 18 2006 Retrieved July 11 2020 a b Jewish Chronicle May 6 1881 cited in Benjamin Blech Eyewitness to Jewish History A staggering 61 of Jewish kids in New York City area are Orthodox new study finds www timesofisrael com The Times of Israel June 13 2012 Retrieved July 29 2020 Morris Tanisia December 12 2017 Tracing the History of Jewish Immigrants and Their Impact on New York City Fordham Newsroom Retrieved June 17 2018 a b Berger Joseph June 11 2012 After Declining New York City s Jewish Population Grows Again The New York Times Retrieved June 17 2018 a b c Berger Joseph June 16 2003 City Milestone Number of Jews Is Below Million The New York Times Retrieved June 17 2018 Jewish population dips in NYC Jun 17 2003 CNN June 17 2003 Retrieved June 17 2018 Jew York City NYC Has More Chosen People Than Boston Chicago Philly SF amp DC Combined Gothamist June 12 2012 Archived from the original on December 23 2015 Retrieved September 23 2015 a b c Diner Hasia 2004 The Jews of the United States 1654 to 2000 Berkeley University of California Press p 112 ISBN 0 520 22773 5 Exhaustive Study Finds Booming Jewish Population In Brooklyn Gothamist January 18 2013 Archived from the original on December 25 2015 Retrieved September 23 2015 Weichselbaum Simone June 26 2012 Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews new study finds NY Daily News Retrieved September 23 2015 Berger Joseph June 11 2012 After Declining New York City s Jewish Population Grows Again The New York Times Retrieved September 23 2015 Haredi Orthodox neighborhood has NYC s highest birth rate JTA April 27 2015 Jonathan Bandler Steve Lieberman and Richard Liebson January 9 2016 Ramapo nears breaking point NorthJersey com Retrieved January 9 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Nathan Kazis Josh February 21 2019 Public Advocate Candidate Eric Ulrich Is Courting The Orthodox Is It Enough To Win The Forward Retrieved November 27 2023 Steve Strunsky April 16 2019 Lakewood yeshiva looks to use old golf course for new campus New Jersey On Line LLC Retrieved April 16 2019 The Syrian Jewish Community Then and Now Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals Retrieved May 15 2021 Exhibit Spotlights Being Arab American in New York City 2002 03 28 Voice of America Retrieved May 15 2021 Chafets Zev October 14 2007 The Sy Empire The New York Times Retrieved May 15 2021 Iii Vincent F Biondo October 1 2005 Book Review A Community of Many Worlds Arab Americans in New York City by Kathleen Benson and Philip M Kayal American Journal of Islam and Society 22 4 108 110 doi 10 35632 ajis v22i4 1669 Key Terms and Concepts for Understanding U S Islamophobia Jews Against Anti Muslim Racism Retrieved May 15 2021 The Jewish Journal of Sociology Institute for Jewish Policy Research Retrieved May 15 2021 Jews Of Color Cite Racism In Community The Times of Israel May 4 2016 Retrieved May 7 2018 Brawarsky Sandee November 16 2001 Central Asian Jews Create Queensistan The New York Times Retrieved May 7 2018 Georgia on Their Mind Expats Forced To Juggle Dueling Identities The Forward August 15 2008 Retrieved May 7 2018 Levine Dr Yitzchok August 3 2005 Glimpses Into American Jewish History Part 5 The Jewish Press Archived from the original on October 18 2006 Retrieved June 19 2018 a b c d Peck Abraham J Jewish New York The Early Years My Jewish Learning Retrieved February 12 2013 a b Sussman Lance J New York Jewish History New York State Archives Archived from the original on May 14 2013 Retrieved February 12 2013 Diner Hasia 2004 The Jews of the United States Berkeley University of California Press p 112 ISBN 0 520 22773 5 a b c New York Jewish Encyclopedia Vol IX New York Funk amp Wagnalls 1906 pp 259 91 Retrieved February 12 2013 Diner Hasia 2004 The Jews of the United States 1654 to 2000 Berkeley University of California Press p 112 ISBN 0 520 22773 5 Mount Sinai Medical Center U S News amp World Report Retrieved February 13 2013 Diner Hasia 2004 The Jews of the United States 1654 to 2000 Berkeley University of California Press p 143 ISBN 0 520 22773 5 a b Johnson Paul 1987 A History of the Jews New York Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0 060 91533 9 New York City Encyclopaedia Judaica Vol 12 Jerusalem Keter Publishing House 1971 pp 1062 1123 Diner Hasia 2004 The Jews of the United States Berkeley University of California p 123 ISBN 0 520 22773 5 Diner Hasia 2004 The Jews of the United States 1654 to 2000 Berkeley University of California p 113 ISBN 0 520 22773 5 a b Rubinstein Hilary L Cohn Sherbok Dan Edelheit Abraham J Rubinstein William D 2002 Jews in Britain and the United States The Jews in the Modern World A History since 1750 New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 340 69163 8 New York City Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved March 11 2013 Green Philip Summer 1970 Decentralization Community Control and Revolution Reflections on Ocean Hill Brownsville The Massachusetts Review 11 3 The Massachusetts Review Inc 415 441 JSTOR 25088003 Gittell Marilyn October 1972 Decentralization and Citizen Participation in Education Public Administration Review 32 Curriculum Essays on Citizens Politics and Administration in Urban Neighborhoods 670 686 doi 10 2307 975232 JSTOR 975232 How fundamental was this effort at institutional change At a minimum it attacked the structure on the delivery of services and the allocation of resources At a maximum it potentially challenged the institutionalization of racism in America It seriously challenged the merit civil service system which had become the main stay of the American bureaucratic structure It raised the issue of accountability of public service professionals and pointed to the distribution of power in the system and the inequities of the policy output of that structure In a short three years the Ocean Hill Brownsville districts and IS 201 through such seemingly simple acts as hiring their own principals allocating larger sums of money for the use of paraprofessionals transfer ring or dismissing teachers and adopting a variety of new educational programs had brought all of these issues into the forefront of the political arena Two years after the riots in Crown Heights blacks and Hasidic Jews are still demanding justice and nurturing peace Rage and Atonement Los Angeles Times August 29 1993 Retrieved May 30 2022 Crown Heights 30 Years Later Looking Back On The Riot That Tore The City Apart CBS News August 19 2021 Retrieved May 30 2022 Crown Heights erupts in three days of race riots after Jewish driver hits and kills Gavin Cato 7 in 1991 Daily News New York August 13 2016 Retrieved May 30 2022 Abe Lebewohl Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Cooper Michael October 20 1996 Remembering a Deli Man New York Times New York Times Retrieved February 21 2020 Asser Levy Recreation Center NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Baruch Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 East River Park Forgotten New York Forgotten New York March 6 2018 Retrieved February 21 2020 Bella Abzug Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Hidden Hudson Yards Forgotten New York Forgotten New York April 7 2019 Retrieved February 21 2020 Gustave Hartman Triangle NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Heart Attack Fatal to Ex judge Hartman Jewish Telegraphic Agency Jewish Telegraphic Agency November 13 1936 Retrieved February 21 2020 Jacob H Schiff Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Schiff Malls NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Sara D Roosevelt Park Forgotten New York Forgotten New York February 11 2020 Retrieved February 21 2020 40 000 Honor Schiff at Parkway Opening Mayor and Officials Eulogize Philanthropist at Dedication of Memorial Street New York Times New York Times New York Times June 15 1921 Retrieved February 21 2020 Jacob Joseph Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 The Character Of Rabbi Jacob Joseph Jewish Press Jewish Press July 30 2008 Retrieved February 21 2020 Jacob K Javits Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Montefiore Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Nathan Straus Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Straus Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Straus Square NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Peretz Square NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 One on One Forgotten NY Forgotten New York July 14 2012 Retrieved February 21 2020 Remembering I L Peretz on the Hundredth Anniversary of the Great Writer s Death New York Observer New York Observer April 27 2015 Retrieved March 30 2020 Sidney Hillman Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Sol Bloom Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Sol Lain Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Sophie Irene Loeb Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Stanley Isaacs Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Vladeck Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 American Memorial to Six Million Jews of Europe NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Charles and Murray Gordon memorial NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Emma Lazarus Memorial Plaque NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Jerusalem Grove NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 The Immigrants Sculpture NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Gertrude Stein monument NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Bryant Park Forgotten New York Forgotten New York September 10 2012 Retrieved February 21 2020 Jewish Tercentenary Monument NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Loeb Memorial Fountain NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 The 1936 Sophie Loeb Fountain Central Park Daytonian in Manhattan Daytonian in Manhattan September 13 2013 Retrieved February 21 2020 Schiff Fountain NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on February 26 2021 Retrieved February 21 2020 The Fascinating History of Schiff Fountain in Seward Park The Lo down Retrieved March 26 2020 Ben Abrams Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Bronx Square Dedicated Memory of Assemblyman Gladstone Honored by Service The New York Times June 13 1937 p 24 Retrieved March 13 2023 Benjamin Gladstone Square History nycgovparks org New York City Department of Parks Retrieved March 13 2023 Hank Greenberg Ballfield NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on February 26 2021 Retrieved February 21 2020 Heinrich Heine Fountain NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Keltch Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 WWII veteran s Purple Heart returned to family in Keltch Park News12 Bronx News12 Bronx Retrieved February 21 2020 Netanyahu Memorial NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Johnston Laurie June 13 1977 Bronx Street is Named to Honor Slain Entebbe Raid Commander New York Times New York Times Retrieved February 21 2020 Alben Triangle NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Alben Square Forgotten New York Forgotten New York August 6 2007 Retrieved February 21 2020 Asser Levy Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Taylor Howard July 3 1977 Seaside Park Is Renamed for Asser Levy a Dutch Jew Who Fought for His Rights in New Amsterdam New York Times Retrieved March 28 2020 Babi Yar Triangle NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Colonel David Marcus Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Marcus Honored in 3 Ceremonies Playground Is Named for Hero of U S and Israeli Armies O Dwyer Truman Laud Him New York Times October 11 1948 Retrieved February 21 2020 Harold W Cohn Memorial Square NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Harold W Cohn Memorial Square The Memorial Day Foundation The Memorial Day Foundation Retrieved March 30 2020 Kolbert Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Harry Maze Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Holocaust Memorial Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Jacob Joffe Field NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Kaiser Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Officials cut ribbon on renamed and renovated Lew Fidler Park Brooklyn Paper Brooklyn Paper November 11 2021 Retrieved January 3 2022 Rapaport Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Sobel Green NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Zion Triangle NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Zion Triangle Brownsville Forgotten NY February 3 2014 Retrieved March 26 2020 Cardozo Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Federoff Triangle NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Rediscovering the history of Federoff Triangle Queens Ledger Queens Ledger Archived from the original on February 21 2020 Retrieved February 21 2020 Gwirtzman Triangle NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Mayor Giuliani Considers Legislation That Would Create Leroy H Gwirtzman Triangle in the Borough of Queens Archives of the Mayor s Press Office Retrieved February 21 2020 Haym Salomon Square NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 30 Years Celebrated At Haym Salomon Square In KGH Queens Gazette Queens Gazette July 26 2006 Retrieved February 21 2020 Ilse Metzger Sitting Area NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Sobelsohn Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Rabbi Kirshblum Triangle NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Wallenberg Square NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Job Sculpture NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Theodor Herzl Memorial NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Yitzchak Rabin Walk NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Levy Playground NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Retrieved February 21 2020 Further reading edit Deborah Dash Moore City of Promises A History of the Jews of New York In Three Volumes New York New York University Press 2012 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judaism in New York City The Jewish Museum New York City Museum of Jewish Heritage History of Jews in New York Jewish Heritage Tours of New York City Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jews in New York City amp oldid 1219390143, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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