fbpx
Wikipedia

New York Stock Exchange

January 03, 2023

This article is about the stock exchange. For its parent company, see Intercontinental Exchange. For the headquarters building, see New York Stock Exchange Building.

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board")[4] is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is by far[5][6] the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$30.1 trillion as of February 2018.[7] The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is at the New York Stock Exchange Building on 11 Wall Street and 18 Broad Street and is a National Historic Landmark. An additional trading room, at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007.

New York Stock Exchange
TypeStock exchange
LocationNew York City, New York, U.S.
FoundedMay 17, 1792; 230 years ago (1792-05-17)[1]
OwnerIntercontinental Exchange
Key people
CurrencyUnited States dollar
No. of listings2,400[2]
Market capUS$26.2 trillion (2021)[3]
VolumeUS$20.161 trillion (2011)
Indices
Websitenyse.com

The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists (NYSE: ICE). Previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext (NYX), which was formed by the NYSE's 2007 merger with Euronext.[8]

History

See also: List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange
 
The Stock Exchange at 10–12 Broad Street, 1882

The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement. Previously, securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers, who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco.[9] On May 17, 1792, twenty-four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement, which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales. The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock,[9] although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days.[10] The Bank of North America, along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York, were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange.[11]

In 1817, the stockbrokers of New York, operating under the Buttonwood Agreement, instituted new reforms and reorganized. After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted, as well as formal organs of governance.[9] After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board, the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted.[9]

The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets and New York's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives.[9] The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE. With 354 members, the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership (which had 533) "because it used a more modern, continuous trading system superior to the NYSE’s twice-daily call sessions". The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869. Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE's members as well as trading volume, as "several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers. Buyers, sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading, or the greatest liquidity in today’s parlance. Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing, and the merger helped the NYSE maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity."[12] The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York. By 1869, membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading.[13]

Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes. Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary, with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated the Great Depression. The NYSE has also imposed additional rules in response to shareholder protection controls, e.g. in 2012, the NYSE imposed rules restricting brokers from voting uninstructed shares.[14]: 2 

The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006.[15]

 
The floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1908

On April 21, 2005, the NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company. NYSE's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6, 2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006. On April 4, 2007, the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext, the European combined stock market, thus forming NYSE Euronext, the first transatlantic stock exchange.

Wall Street is the leading U.S. money center for international financial activities and the foremost U.S. location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. "It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, and financial industry firms" (Robert, 2002). The principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance.

Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer. Currently,[when?] the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher.[16] In 2016, NYSE owner Intercontinental Exchange Inc. earned $419 million in listings-related revenues.[17]

Notable events

See also: Wall Street Crash of 1929; Black Monday (1987); Friday the 13th mini-crash; October 27, 1997 mini-crash; and Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks

20th century

The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds,[18] and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December.

On September 16, 1920, the Wall Street bombing occurred outside the building, killing thirty-eight people and injuring hundreds more.[19][20][21]

The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell-off panic which started on Black Tuesday, October 29, are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression. In an effort to restore investor confidence, the Exchange unveiled a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31, 1938.

On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with a president and a thirty-three-member board. On February 18, 1971, the non-profit corporation was formed, and the number of board members was reduced to twenty-five.

One of Abbie Hoffman's well-known publicity stunts took place in 1967, when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange's gallery. The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below. Some traders booed, and some laughed and waved. Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass.[22] Hoffman wrote a decade later, "We didn't call the press; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event."[23]

 
NYSE's stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens

On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 508 points, a 22.6% loss in a single day, the second-biggest one-day drop the exchange had experienced. Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades.[24]

Subsequently, there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989—the Mini-Crash of 1989. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines, which broke down. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent.

Similarly, there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997; the Asian Financial Crisis. Like the fall of many foreign markets, the Dow suffered a 7.18% drop in value (554.26 points) on October 27, 1997, in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly. This was the first time that the "circuit breaker" rule had operated.

21st century

On January 26, 2000, an altercation during filming of the music video for Rage Against the Machine's "Sleep Now in the Fire", directed by Michael Moore, caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band to be escorted from the site by security[25] after the members attempted to gain entry into the exchange.

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the NYSE was closed for four trading sessions, resuming on Monday, September 17, one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933. On the first day, the NYSE suffered a 7.1% drop in value (684 points); after a week, it dropped by 14% (1,370 points). An estimated $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading.[26] The NYSE was only 5 blocks from Ground Zero.

On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the crash on October 19, 1987, with a 998-point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash (as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding). The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event, although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause. The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ("fat finger") orders.[27]

On October 29, 2012, the stock exchange was shut down for two days due to Hurricane Sandy.[28] The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13, 1888.[29]

On May 1, 2014, the stock exchange was fined $4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges that it had violated market rules.[30]

On August 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway's A Class shares, the highest priced shares on the NYSE, hit $200,000 a share for the first time.[31]

On July 8, 2015, technical issues affected the stock exchange, halting trading at 11:32 am ET. The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was "not a result of a cyber breach", and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was "no sign of malicious activity".[32] Trading eventually resumed at 3:10 pm ET the same day.

On May 25, 2018, Stacey Cunningham, the NYSE's chief operating officer, became the Big Board's 67th president, succeeding Thomas Farley.[33] She is the first female leader in the exchange's 226-year history.

In March 2020, the NYSE announced plans to temporarily move to all-electronic trading on March 23, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[34] Along with the PHLX and the BSE, the NYSE reopened on May 26, 2020.[35]

Building

 
The NYSE Building at Christmas time (December 2008)
Main article: New York Stock Exchange Building

The main New York Stock Exchange Building, built in 1903, is at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, and was designed in the Beaux Arts style by George B. Post.[36] The adjacent structure at 11 Wall Street, completed in 1922, was designed in a similar style by Trowbridge & Livingston. The buildings were both designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978.[37][38][39] 18 Broad Street is also a New York City designated landmark.[40]

Official holidays

The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Washington's Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. When those holidays occur on a weekend, the holiday is observed on the closest weekday. In addition, the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day, the day after Thanksgiving, and Christmas Eve.[41] The NYSE averages about 253 trading days per year.

Trading

The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as "The Big Board")[42] provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9:30 am – 4:00 pm ET, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by a NYSE member firm (that is, they are not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10% of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together. The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless handheld computers (HHC). The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission. On September 25, 1995, NYSE member Michael Einersen, who designed and developed this system, executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203-year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading.

 
The NYSE trading floor in 2009

Electronic

As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market (except for a small group of very high-priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market. In the first three months of 2007, in excess of 82% of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically.[43] NYSE works with US regulators such as the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points.[44]

Until 2005, the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1,366 "seats". The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the number of seats was set at 1,366. These seats were a sought-after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE, and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE. The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members: Winthrop H. Barnes (admitted 1894), Richard W.P. Barnes (admitted 1926), Richard S. Barnes (admitted 1951), Robert H. Barnes (admitted 1972), Derek J. Barnes (admitted 2003). Seat prices varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. The most expensive inflation-adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000, which, today, would be over six million dollars. In recent times, seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for-profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange. Licenses for floor trading are available for $40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $1,000 as of 2010.[45] Neither are resell-able, but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license.

 
The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange in March 2022

Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987, NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell-offs. Following the 2011 rule change, at the start of each trading day, the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7% (Level 1), 13% (Level 2), and 20% (Level 3) of the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day. Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15-minute trading halt unless they occur after 3:25 pm, when no trading halts apply. A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day.[46] (The biggest one-day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 11.98% drop on March 16, 2020.)

NYSE Composite Index

In the mid-1960s, the NYSE Composite Index (NYSE: NYA) was created, with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close.[47] This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. To raise the profile of the composite index, in 2003, the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close. Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32.

Timeline

  • In 1792, NYSE acquires its first traded securities.[48][49]
  • In 1817, the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted. It had also been established by the New York brokers as a formal organization.[50]
  • In 1863, the name changed to the New York Stock Exchange.
  • In 1865, the New York Gold Exchange was acquired by the NYSE.[51]
  • In 1867, stock tickers were first introduced.[52]
  • In 1885, the 400 NYSE members in the Consolidated Stock Exchange withdraw from Consolidated over disagreements on exchange trade areas.[53]
  • In 1896, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is first published in The Wall Street Journal.[52]
  • In 1903, the NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street.
  • In 1906, the DJIA exceeds 100 on January 12.
  • In 1907, Panic of 1907.
  • In 1909, trading in bonds begins.
  • In 1915, basis of quoting and trading in stocks changes from percent of par value to dollars.
  • In 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building. Thirty-eight killed and hundreds injured.
  • In 1923, Poor's Publishing introduced their "Composite Index", today referred to as the S&P 500, which tracked a small number of companies on the NYSE.[54]
  • In 1929, the central quote system was established; Black Thursday, October 24 and Black Tuesday, October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market.
  • In 1938, NYSE names its first president.
  • In 1943, the trading floor is opened to women while men were serving in WWII.[55]
  • In 1949, the third longest (eight-year) bull market begins.[56]
  • In 1954, the DJIA surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation-adjusted dollars.
  • In 1956, the DJIA closes above 500 for the first time on March 12.
  • In 1957, after Poor's Publishing merged with the Standard Statistics Bureau, the Standard & Poors composite index grew to track 500 companies on the NYSE, becoming known as the S&P 500.[54]
  • In 1966, NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks. This is referred to as the "Common Stock Index" and is transmitted daily. The starting point of the index is 50. It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index.[57]
  • In 1967, Muriel Siebert becomes the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange.[58]
  • In 1967, protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery, leading to the installation of bullet-proof glass.
  • In 1970, the Securities Investor Protection Corporation was established.
  • In 1971, NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not-for-Profit organization.[57]
  • In 1971, the NASDAQ was founded and competes with the NYSE as the world's first electronic stock market.[59] To date, the NASDAQ is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the NYSE.[60]
  • In 1972, the DJIA closes above 1,000 for the first time on November 14.
  • In 1977, foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE.
  • In 1980, the New York Futures Exchange was established.
  • In 1987, Black Monday, October 19, sees the second-largest one-day DJIA percentage drop (22.6%, or 508 points) in history.
  • In 1987, membership in the NYSE reaches a record price of $1.5 million.
  • In 1989, On September 14, seven members of ACT-UP, The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, entered the NYSE and protested by chaining themselves to the balcony overlooking the trading floor and unfurling a banner, "SELL WELCOME," in reference to drug manufacturer Burroughs Wellcome. Following the protest, Burroughs Wellcome reduced the price of AZT (a drug used by people with living with HIV and AIDS) by over 30%.[61]
  • In 1990, the longest (ten-year) bull market begins.[56]
  • In 1991, the DJIA exceeds 3,000.
  • In 1995, the DJIA exceeds 5,000.
  • In 1996, real-time ticker introduced.[62]
  • In 1997, on October 27, a sell-off in Asia's stock markets hurts the U.S. markets as well; DJIA sees the largest one-day point drop of 554 (or 7.18%) in history.[63]
  • In 1999, the DJIA exceeds 10,000 on March 29.
  • In 2000, the DJIA peaks at 11,722.98 on January 14; first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID.
     
    Security after the September 11 attacks
  • In 2001, trading in fractions (n⁄16) ends, replaced by decimals (increments of $0.01, see Decimalization); September 11 attacks occur causing NYSE to close for four sessions.
  • In 2003, NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5,000 points.
  • In 2006, NYSE and ArcaEx merge, creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned, for-profit NYSE Group, Inc.; in turn, NYSE Group merges with Euronext, creating the first trans-Atlantic stock exchange group; DJIA tops 12,000 on October 19.
  • In 2007, US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest-rate decision on January 31;[64] NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9.
  • In 2008, the DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures, resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three-week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks; in spite of this, record volatility continues for the next two months, culminating at 5+1⁄2-year market lows.
  • In 2009, the second longest and current bull market begins on March 9 after the DJIA closes at 6,547.05 reaching a 12-year low; DJIA returns to 10,015.86 on October 14.[56]
  • In 2013, the DJIA closes above 2007 highs on March 5; DJIA closes above 16,500 to end the year.
  • In 2014, the DJIA closes above 17,000 on July 3 and above 18,000 on December 23.
  • In 2015, the DJIA achieved an all-time high of 18,351.36 on May 19.[65]
  • In 2015, the DJIA dropped over 1,000 points to 15,370.33 soon after open on August 24, 2015, before bouncing back and closing at 15,795.72, a drop of over 669 points.
  • In 2016, the DJIA hits an all-time high of 18,873.6.
  • In 2017, the DJIA reaches 20,000 for the first time (on January 25).
  • In 2018, the DJIA reaches 25,000 for the first time (on January 4).[66] On February 5, the DJIA dropped 1,175 points, making it the largest point drop in history.[67]
  • In 2020, the NYSE temporarily transitioned to electronic trading due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[68]

Merger, acquisition, and control

In October 2008, NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) for $260 million in stock.[69]

On February 15, 2011, NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company, as yet unnamed, wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders would have 60% ownership of the new entity, and NYSE Euronext shareholders would have 40%.

On February 1, 2012, the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse, after commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that the merger "would have led to a near-monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide".[70] Instead, Deutsche Börse and NYSE would have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly. On February 2, 2012, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger.[71]

In April 2011, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American futures exchange, and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US$11,000,000,000, a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges.[72] NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice, but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns.[72]

In December 2012, ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $8 billion.[8][72] NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $33.12 in cash, or $11.27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE. Jeffrey Sprecher, the chairman and CEO of ICE, will retain those positions, but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board.[8]

Opening and closing bells

 
U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans rings the opening bell at the NYSE on April 23, 2003. Former chairman Richard Grasso is also in this picture.
 
NASA astronauts Scott Altman and Mike Massimino ring the 'closing bell'.

The NYSE's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day. The opening bell is rung at 9:30 am ET to mark the start of the day's trading session. At 4 pm ET the closing bell is rung and trading for the day stops. There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed.[73] There are three buttons that control the bells, located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor. The main bell, which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day, is controlled by a green button. The second button, colored orange, activates a single-stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence. A third, red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring.[74]

History

The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell. The original signal was a gavel (which is still in use today along with the bell), but during the late 1800s, the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day's beginning and end. After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903, the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used.

A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring. Due to the amount of coverage that the opening/closing bells receive, many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing-related events to start on the same day as when the company's representatives ring the bell. It was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis; prior to that, ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange's floor managers.[73]

Notable bell-ringers

Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange. However, there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell. Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps, entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg, members of ESPN’s College GameDay crew, singer and actress Liza Minnelli[75] and members of the band Kiss, and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell. Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell. On April 27, 2006, Secretary-General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment.[76] On July 24, 2013, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative.[77]

In addition, there have been many bell-ringers who are famous for heroic deeds, such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9/11, members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas, and participants in various charitable organizations.

There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell, including Mickey Mouse, the Pink Panther, Mr. Potato Head, the Aflac Duck, Gene and Jailbreak of The Emoji Movie,[78] and Darth Vader.[79]

See also

New York Stock Exchange listed stocks:

0–9 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

References

Citations

  1. ^ "History of the New York Stock Exchange". Library of Congress. from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  2. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  3. ^ "New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) | TradingHours.com". www.tradinghours.com. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  4. ^ "Merriam-Webster Dictionary's definition of "Big Board"". Merriam-Webster. from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2012.(subscription required)
  5. ^ "The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny". Business Insider. from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  6. ^ "Is the New York Stock Exchange the Largest Stock Market in the World?". from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Rothwell, Steve (December 19, 2012), "For the New York Stock Exchange, a sell order", San Jose Mercury News, Associated Press
  9. ^ a b c d e "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form, 11 Wall Street". National Park Service. Retrieved August 10, 2014. OCRed document unreable
  10. ^ FCC. "Financial consulting company – New York Stock Exchange". financial-consulting.pro. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  11. ^ Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. p. 188.
  12. ^ E. Wright, Robert (January 8, 2013). "The NYSE's Long History of Mergers and Rivalries". Bloomberg. from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  13. ^ . www.nyxdata.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  14. ^ Hirst, Scott (January 1, 2017). "Frozen Charters". The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper. No. 2016-01.
  15. ^ Edmonston, Peter (April 28, 2006). "Where Wall Street Meets to Eat, the Last Lunch". The New York Times. from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  17. ^ Osipovich, Alexander (October 26, 2017). "Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings". Wall Street Journal. New York City, United States. from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  18. ^ "The exchange opens". The Independent. December 7, 1914. from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  19. ^ Baily, Thomas A; Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-33892-3.
  20. ^ Barron, James (September 17, 2003). "After 1920 Blast, The Opposite Of 'Never Forget'; No Memorials on Wall St. For Attack That Killed 30". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  21. ^ "Terrific Explosion Outside Morgan's Office". The Wall Street Journal. September 17, 1920. p. 3. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com  .
  22. ^ Ledbetter, James (August 23, 2007). "The day the NYSE went Yippie". CNN. from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  23. ^ Abbie Hoffman, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture, p. 100, Putnam, 1980. May 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Terrible Tuesday: How the Stock Market Almost Disintegrated A Day After the Crash". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  25. ^ . Green Left Weekly #397. March 15, 2000. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
  26. ^ Davis, Marc (September 2, 2011). "How September 11 Affected The U.S. Stock Market". Investopedia. from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  27. ^ "SEC.gov" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  28. ^ "Stock markets to open today; NYSE backup plan criticized – Business Courier". Bizjournals.com. October 31, 2012. from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  29. ^ Mehta, Nina (October 31, 2012). "U.S. Stocks to Open After Longest Storm Outage Since 1888". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  30. ^ Lynch, Sarah N (May 2014). "New York Stock Exchange to pay $4.5 million to settle SEC charges". Reuters. Washington. from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014. The New York Stock Exchange agreed on Thursday to pay $4.5 million to settle charges brought by U.S. securities regulators that the exchange flouted its own rules, marking the latest crackdown on violations of market structure rules.
  31. ^ "Berkshire Hathaway shares top $200,000 apiece". Forbes. August 14, 2014. from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  32. ^ Gillespie, Patrick; Egan, Matt; Long, Heather (July 8, 2015). "New York Stock Exchange suspends trading". CNN Money. from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  33. ^ "New York Stock Exchange to Have First Female Leader in 226-Year History". Wall Street Journal. May 22, 2018. from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  34. ^ Schneider, Avie (March 18, 2020). "New York Stock Exchange To Shift To All-Electronic Trading". NPR. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  35. ^ Aratani, Lauren (May 26, 2020). "New York Stock Exchange reopens two months after closing due to Covid-19". the Guardian. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  36. ^ (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2007.
  37. ^ . National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 17, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007.
  38. ^ George R. Adams (March 1977). "New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
  39. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)" (PDF). National Park Service. 1983.
  40. ^ Berger, Joseph (July 11, 1985). "New York Stock Exchange Among 6 Buildings Gaining Landmark Status". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  41. ^ "Holidays and Trading Hours". nyse.com. New York Stock Exchange. from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  42. ^ Headline: Big Board; Inline text: NYSE or New York Stock Exchange. "Big Board vs. Nasdaq: Let Round 2 Begin". The New York Times. April 22, 2005. Rivalry between New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq
  43. ^ Shell, Adam (July 12, 2007). "Technology squeezes out real, live traders". USA Today. from the original on December 17, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  44. ^ Mecane, Joe (March 15, 2011). "What's an Exchange to Do? The Role of the Exchange in Evaluating Algorithms". FIXGlobal. from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  45. ^ (PDF). NYSE Trading License Publication. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  46. ^ . New York Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  47. ^ Waring, David. "The New York Stock Exchange(NYSE)." Informed Trades, 2007, p.1
  48. ^ . Nyse.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  49. ^ . Nyse.com. January 1, 1991. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  50. ^ . Nyse.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  51. ^ George Winslow, "New York Gold Market" in The Encyclopedia of New York City (2d ed.: eds. Kenneth T. Jackson, Lisa Keller & Nancy Flood).
  52. ^ a b . Nyse.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  53. ^ Nelson, Samuel Armstrong (1907). The Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York: Its History, Organization, Machinery and Methods. A.B. Benesch Company.
  54. ^ a b "S&P 500 | stock market". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  55. ^ NYSE: Timeline August 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine"
  56. ^ a b c Lynch, John; Detrick, Ryan (March 5, 2018). "The bull is 9, can it make 10?" (PDF). LPL Research Weekly Market Commentary.[permanent dead link]
  57. ^ a b . Nyse.com. December 20, 1967. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  58. ^ "First Female Member of NYSE Muriel Siebert Dies at 80". NPR.org. August 26, 2013. from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  59. ^ "History of the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchanges (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  60. ^ "What is NASDAQ?". Business News Daily. from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  61. ^ "ACT UP Demonstrations on Wall Street". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Outweek. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  62. ^ . Nyse.com. January 1, 1991. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  63. ^ "CNNMoney.com – U.S. stocks whipped by losses – October 27, 1997". from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  64. ^ Byron, Katy (January 31, 2007). "President Bush makes surprise visit to NYSE". CNN Money. Cable News Network. from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
  65. ^ Randewich, Noel (May 19, 2015). "Stocks end mixed; Dow creeps up to new record high". Reuters. from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  66. ^ Imbert, Fred (January 4, 2018). "Dow closes above 25,000 for the first time after strong jobs data". CNBC. from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  67. ^ "Dow Plunges 1,175, The Biggest Point Drop In History". NPR.org. from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  68. ^ "NYSE | A Necessary Step: All-Electronic Trading at the NYSE". www.nyse.com. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  69. ^ . New York Stock Exchange. October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008.
  70. ^ . CNBC. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  71. ^ (press release), NYSE Euronext, February 2, 2012, archived from the original on July 12, 2015
  72. ^ a b c Das, Anupreeta; Strasburg, Jenny (December 20, 2012), "Upstart in Talks To Buy NYSE" (paper), The Wall Street Journal, p. A1
  73. ^ a b "What is the history behind the opening and closing bells on the NYSE?". from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  74. ^ Gardner, Ralph Jr. (April 30, 2010). "Lessons in Ringing the New York Stock Exchange's Closing Bell". Wall Street Journal. from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  75. ^ "Liza Minnelli Rings The New York Stock Exchange Closing Bell Photos and Images – Getty Images". from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  76. ^ . Principles for Responsible Investment. NYSE. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  77. ^ . NYSE. NYSE. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  78. ^ . Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  79. ^ "The Tradition of the NYSE Bell". from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.

Sources

  • Buck, James E. (1992). The New York Stock Exchange: The First 200 Years. Greenwich Pub. Group. ISBN 0-944641-02-4.
  • Geisst, Charles R. (2004). Wall Street: A History – From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517060-1.
  • Kent, Zachary (1990). The Story of the New York Stock Exchange. Scholastic Library Pub. ISBN 0-516-04748-5.
  • Sloane, Leonard (1980). The Anatomy of the Floor. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-12249-7.
  • Sobel, Robert (1975). N.Y.S.E.: A History of the New York Stock Exchange, 1935–1975. Weybright and Talley. ISBN 0-679-40124-5.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Stock Exchange.
  • Official website

January 03, 2023
york, stock, exchange, this, article, about, stock, exchange, parent, company, intercontinental, exchange, headquarters, building, building, nyse, nicknamed, board, american, stock, exchange, financial, district, lower, manhattan, york, city, world, largest, s. This article is about the stock exchange For its parent company see Intercontinental Exchange For the headquarters building see New York Stock Exchange Building The New York Stock Exchange NYSE nicknamed The Big Board 4 is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City It is by far 5 6 the world s largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US 30 1 trillion as of February 2018 7 The average daily trading value was approximately US 169 billion in 2013 The NYSE trading floor is at the New York Stock Exchange Building on 11 Wall Street and 18 Broad Street and is a National Historic Landmark An additional trading room at 30 Broad Street was closed in February 2007 New York Stock ExchangeTypeStock exchangeLocationNew York City New York U S FoundedMay 17 1792 230 years ago 1792 05 17 1 OwnerIntercontinental ExchangeKey peopleSharon Bowen Chair Lynn Martin President CurrencyUnited States dollarNo of listings2 400 2 Market capUS 26 2 trillion 2021 3 VolumeUS 20 161 trillion 2011 IndicesDow Jones Industrial AverageS amp P 500NYSE CompositeWebsitenyse comThe NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange an American holding company that it also lists NYSE ICE Previously it was part of NYSE Euronext NYX which was formed by the NYSE s 2007 merger with Euronext 8 Contents 1 History 1 1 Notable events 1 1 1 20th century 1 1 2 21st century 2 Building 3 Official holidays 4 Trading 4 1 Electronic 4 2 NYSE Composite Index 4 3 Timeline 4 4 Merger acquisition and control 5 Opening and closing bells 5 1 History 5 2 Notable bell ringers 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 8 External linksHistory EditSee also List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange at 10 12 Broad Street 1882 The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco 9 On May 17 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock 9 although Bank of New York stock was a non governmental security traded in the early days 10 The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange 11 In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance 9 After re forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865 when the present location was adopted 9 The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets and New York s market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives 9 The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE With 354 members the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership which had 533 because it used a more modern continuous trading system superior to the NYSE s twice daily call sessions The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869 Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE s members as well as trading volume as several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers Buyers sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading or the greatest liquidity in today s parlance Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing and the merger helped the NYSE maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity 12 The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York By 1869 membership had to be capped and has been sporadically increased since The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading 13 Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated the Great Depression The NYSE has also imposed additional rules in response to shareholder protection controls e g in 2012 the NYSE imposed rules restricting brokers from voting uninstructed shares 14 2 The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006 15 The floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1908 On April 21 2005 the NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company NYSE s governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6 2005 and became a for profit public company It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8 2006 On April 4 2007 the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext the European combined stock market thus forming NYSE Euronext the first transatlantic stock exchange Wall Street is the leading U S money center for international financial activities and the foremost U S location for the conduct of wholesale financial services It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors financial markets financial institutions and financial industry firms Robert 2002 The principal sectors are securities industry commercial banking asset management and insurance Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013 Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer Currently when the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher 16 In 2016 NYSE owner Intercontinental Exchange Inc earned 419 million in listings related revenues 17 Notable events Edit See also Wall Street Crash of 1929 Black Monday 1987 Friday the 13th mini crash October 27 1997 mini crash and Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks 20th century Edit The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I July 31 1914 but it partially re opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds 18 and completely reopened for stock trading in mid December On September 16 1920 the Wall Street bombing occurred outside the building killing thirty eight people and injuring hundreds more 19 20 21 The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24 1929 and the sell off panic which started on Black Tuesday October 29 are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression In an effort to restore investor confidence the Exchange unveiled a fifteen point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31 1938 On October 1 1934 the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U S Securities and Exchange Commission with a president and a thirty three member board On February 18 1971 the non profit corporation was formed and the number of board members was reduced to twenty five One of Abbie Hoffman s well known publicity stunts took place in 1967 when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange s gallery The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below Some traders booed and some laughed and waved Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass 22 Hoffman wrote a decade later We didn t call the press at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event 23 NYSE s stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens On October 19 1987 the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA dropped 508 points a 22 6 loss in a single day the second biggest one day drop the exchange had experienced Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday a day in which the Exchange s systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades 24 Subsequently there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13 1989 the Mini Crash of 1989 The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a 6 75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation the parent company of United Airlines which broke down When the UAL deal fell through it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190 58 points or 6 91 percent Similarly there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997 the Asian Financial Crisis Like the fall of many foreign markets the Dow suffered a 7 18 drop in value 554 26 points on October 27 1997 in what later became known as the 1997 Mini Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly This was the first time that the circuit breaker rule had operated 21st century Edit On January 26 2000 an altercation during filming of the music video for Rage Against the Machine s Sleep Now in the Fire directed by Michael Moore caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band to be escorted from the site by security 25 after the members attempted to gain entry into the exchange In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks the NYSE was closed for four trading sessions resuming on Monday September 17 one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933 On the first day the NYSE suffered a 7 1 drop in value 684 points after a week it dropped by 14 1 370 points An estimated 1 4 trillion was lost within five days of trading 26 The NYSE was only 5 blocks from Ground Zero On May 6 2010 the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the crash on October 19 1987 with a 998 point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous fat finger orders 27 On October 29 2012 the stock exchange was shut down for two days due to Hurricane Sandy 28 The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13 1888 29 On May 1 2014 the stock exchange was fined 4 5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges that it had violated market rules 30 On August 14 2014 Berkshire Hathaway s A Class shares the highest priced shares on the NYSE hit 200 000 a share for the first time 31 On July 8 2015 technical issues affected the stock exchange halting trading at 11 32 am ET The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was not a result of a cyber breach and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was no sign of malicious activity 32 Trading eventually resumed at 3 10 pm ET the same day On May 25 2018 Stacey Cunningham the NYSE s chief operating officer became the Big Board s 67th president succeeding Thomas Farley 33 She is the first female leader in the exchange s 226 year history In March 2020 the NYSE announced plans to temporarily move to all electronic trading on March 23 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic 34 Along with the PHLX and the BSE the NYSE reopened on May 26 2020 35 Building Edit The NYSE Building at Christmas time December 2008 Main article New York Stock Exchange Building The main New York Stock Exchange Building built in 1903 is at 18 Broad Street between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place and was designed in the Beaux Arts style by George B Post 36 The adjacent structure at 11 Wall Street completed in 1922 was designed in a similar style by Trowbridge amp Livingston The buildings were both designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 37 38 39 18 Broad Street is also a New York City designated landmark 40 Official holidays EditThe New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Year s Day Martin Luther King Jr Day Washington s Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Juneteenth National Independence Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving and Christmas When those holidays occur on a weekend the holiday is observed on the closest weekday In addition the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day the day after Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve 41 The NYSE averages about 253 trading days per year Trading EditThe New York Stock Exchange sometimes referred to as The Big Board 42 provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9 30 am 4 00 pm ET with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker who is employed by a NYSE member firm that is they are not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction They do on occasion approximately 10 of the time facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless handheld computers HHC The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission On September 25 1995 NYSE member Michael Einersen who designed and developed this system executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203 year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading The NYSE trading floor in 2009 Electronic Edit As of January 24 2007 all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market except for a small group of very high priced stocks Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market In the first three months of 2007 in excess of 82 of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically 43 NYSE works with US regulators such as the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points 44 Until 2005 the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1 366 seats The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade In 1868 the number of seats was fixed at 533 and this number was increased several times over the years In 1953 the number of seats was set at 1 366 These seats were a sought after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members Winthrop H Barnes admitted 1894 Richard W P Barnes admitted 1926 Richard S Barnes admitted 1951 Robert H Barnes admitted 1972 Derek J Barnes admitted 2003 Seat prices varied widely over the years generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions The most expensive inflation adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for 625 000 which today would be over six million dollars In recent times seats have sold for as high as 4 million in the late 1990s and as low as 1 million in 2001 In 2005 seat prices shot up to 3 25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for profit publicly traded company Seat owners received 500 000 in cash per seat and 77 000 shares of the newly formed corporation The NYSE now sells one year licenses to trade directly on the exchange Licenses for floor trading are available for 40 000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as 1 000 as of 2010 45 Neither are resell able but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange in March 2022 Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987 NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell offs Following the 2011 rule change at the start of each trading day the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7 Level 1 13 Level 2 and 20 Level 3 of the average closing price of the S amp P 500 for the preceding trading day Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15 minute trading halt unless they occur after 3 25 pm when no trading halts apply A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day 46 The biggest one day decline in the S amp P 500 since 1987 was the 11 98 drop on March 16 2020 NYSE Composite Index Edit In the mid 1960s the NYSE Composite Index NYSE NYA was created with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close 47 This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average To raise the profile of the composite index in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5 000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close Its close at the end of 2013 was 10 400 32 Timeline Edit In 1792 NYSE acquires its first traded securities 48 49 In 1817 the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted It had also been established by the New York brokers as a formal organization 50 In 1863 the name changed to the New York Stock Exchange In 1865 the New York Gold Exchange was acquired by the NYSE 51 In 1867 stock tickers were first introduced 52 In 1885 the 400 NYSE members in the Consolidated Stock Exchange withdraw from Consolidated over disagreements on exchange trade areas 53 In 1896 the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA is first published in The Wall Street Journal 52 In 1903 the NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street In 1906 the DJIA exceeds 100 on January 12 In 1907 Panic of 1907 In 1909 trading in bonds begins In 1915 basis of quoting and trading in stocks changes from percent of par value to dollars In 1920 a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building Thirty eight killed and hundreds injured In 1923 Poor s Publishing introduced their Composite Index today referred to as the S amp P 500 which tracked a small number of companies on the NYSE 54 In 1929 the central quote system was established Black Thursday October 24 and Black Tuesday October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market In 1938 NYSE names its first president In 1943 the trading floor is opened to women while men were serving in WWII 55 In 1949 the third longest eight year bull market begins 56 In 1954 the DJIA surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation adjusted dollars In 1956 the DJIA closes above 500 for the first time on March 12 In 1957 after Poor s Publishing merged with the Standard Statistics Bureau the Standard amp Poors composite index grew to track 500 companies on the NYSE becoming known as the S amp P 500 54 In 1966 NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks This is referred to as the Common Stock Index and is transmitted daily The starting point of the index is 50 It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index 57 In 1967 Muriel Siebert becomes the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange 58 In 1967 protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery leading to the installation of bullet proof glass In 1970 the Securities Investor Protection Corporation was established In 1971 NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not for Profit organization 57 In 1971 the NASDAQ was founded and competes with the NYSE as the world s first electronic stock market 59 To date the NASDAQ is the second largest exchange in the world by market capitalization behind only the NYSE 60 In 1972 the DJIA closes above 1 000 for the first time on November 14 In 1977 foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE In 1980 the New York Futures Exchange was established In 1987 Black Monday October 19 sees the second largest one day DJIA percentage drop 22 6 or 508 points in history In 1987 membership in the NYSE reaches a record price of 1 5 million In 1989 On September 14 seven members of ACT UP The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power entered the NYSE and protested by chaining themselves to the balcony overlooking the trading floor and unfurling a banner SELL WELCOME in reference to drug manufacturer Burroughs Wellcome Following the protest Burroughs Wellcome reduced the price of AZT a drug used by people with living with HIV and AIDS by over 30 61 In 1990 the longest ten year bull market begins 56 In 1991 the DJIA exceeds 3 000 In 1995 the DJIA exceeds 5 000 In 1996 real time ticker introduced 62 In 1997 on October 27 a sell off in Asia s stock markets hurts the U S markets as well DJIA sees the largest one day point drop of 554 or 7 18 in history 63 In 1999 the DJIA exceeds 10 000 on March 29 In 2000 the DJIA peaks at 11 722 98 on January 14 first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID Security after the September 11 attacks In 2001 trading in fractions n 16 ends replaced by decimals increments of 0 01 see Decimalization September 11 attacks occur causing NYSE to close for four sessions In 2003 NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5 000 points In 2006 NYSE and ArcaEx merge creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned for profit NYSE Group Inc in turn NYSE Group merges with Euronext creating the first trans Atlantic stock exchange group DJIA tops 12 000 on October 19 In 2007 US President George W Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest rate decision on January 31 64 NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange NYSE Composite closes above 10 000 on June 1 DJIA exceeds 14 000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14 164 53 on October 9 In 2008 the DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks in spite of this record volatility continues for the next two months culminating at 5 1 2 year market lows In 2009 the second longest and current bull market begins on March 9 after the DJIA closes at 6 547 05 reaching a 12 year low DJIA returns to 10 015 86 on October 14 56 In 2013 the DJIA closes above 2007 highs on March 5 DJIA closes above 16 500 to end the year In 2014 the DJIA closes above 17 000 on July 3 and above 18 000 on December 23 In 2015 the DJIA achieved an all time high of 18 351 36 on May 19 65 In 2015 the DJIA dropped over 1 000 points to 15 370 33 soon after open on August 24 2015 before bouncing back and closing at 15 795 72 a drop of over 669 points In 2016 the DJIA hits an all time high of 18 873 6 In 2017 the DJIA reaches 20 000 for the first time on January 25 In 2018 the DJIA reaches 25 000 for the first time on January 4 66 On February 5 the DJIA dropped 1 175 points making it the largest point drop in history 67 In 2020 the NYSE temporarily transitioned to electronic trading due to the COVID 19 pandemic 68 Merger acquisition and control Edit In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange AMEX for 260 million in stock 69 On February 15 2011 NYSE and Deutsche Borse announced their merger to form a new company as yet unnamed wherein Deutsche Borse shareholders would have 60 ownership of the new entity and NYSE Euronext shareholders would have 40 On February 1 2012 the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Borse after commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger would have led to a near monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide 70 Instead Deutsche Borse and NYSE would have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly On February 2 2012 NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Borse agreed to scrap the merger 71 In April 2011 Intercontinental Exchange ICE an American futures exchange and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US 11 000 000 000 a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges 72 NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns 72 In December 2012 ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of 8 billion 8 72 NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either 33 12 in cash or 11 27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE Jeffrey Sprecher the chairman and CEO of ICE will retain those positions but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board 8 Opening and closing bells Edit U S Secretary of Commerce Donald L Evans rings the opening bell at the NYSE on April 23 2003 Former chairman Richard Grasso is also in this picture NASA astronauts Scott Altman and Mike Massimino ring the closing bell The NYSE s opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day The opening bell is rung at 9 30 am ET to mark the start of the day s trading session At 4 pm ET the closing bell is rung and trading for the day stops There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed 73 There are three buttons that control the bells located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor The main bell which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day is controlled by a green button The second button colored orange activates a single stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence A third red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring 74 History Edit The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell The original signal was a gavel which is still in use today along with the bell but during the late 1800s the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day s beginning and end After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903 the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring Due to the amount of coverage that the opening closing bells receive many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing related events to start on the same day as when the company s representatives ring the bell It was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis prior to that ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange s floor managers 73 Notable bell ringers Edit Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange However there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg members of ESPN s College GameDay crew singer and actress Liza Minnelli 75 and members of the band Kiss and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell On April 27 2006 Secretary General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment 76 On July 24 2013 Secretary General Ban Ki moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative 77 In addition there have been many bell ringers who are famous for heroic deeds such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9 11 members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas and participants in various charitable organizations There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell including Mickey Mouse the Pink Panther Mr Potato Head the Aflac Duck Gene and Jailbreak of The Emoji Movie 78 and Darth Vader 79 See also Edit New York City portal Money portalNew York Stock Exchange listed stocks 0 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAftermath of the September 11 attacks Economy of New York City Economy of the United States List of American Exchanges List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange List of stock exchange trading hours Rule 48 Series 14 exam Trading day U S Securities and Exchange Commission List of stock exchanges in the AmericasReferences EditCitations Edit History of the New York Stock Exchange Library of Congress Archived from the original on April 4 2016 Retrieved March 28 2016 NYSE Q1 2016 Investor Presentation PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 7 2016 Retrieved August 1 2016 New York Stock Exchange NYSE TradingHours com www tradinghours com Retrieved April 13 2021 Merriam Webster Dictionary s definition of Big Board Merriam Webster Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved November 6 2012 subscription required The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny Business Insider Archived from the original on January 26 2017 Retrieved March 26 2017 Is the New York Stock Exchange the Largest Stock Market in the World Archived from the original on January 26 2017 Retrieved March 26 2017 2016 Archived from the original on February 12 2019 Retrieved February 6 2019 a b c Rothwell Steve December 19 2012 For the New York Stock Exchange a sell order San Jose Mercury News Associated Press a b c d e National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form 11 Wall Street National Park Service Retrieved August 10 2014 OCRed document unreable FCC Financial consulting company New York Stock Exchange financial consulting pro Retrieved June 15 2017 Pound Richard W 2005 Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates Fitzhenry and Whiteside p 188 E Wright Robert January 8 2013 The NYSE s Long History of Mergers and Rivalries Bloomberg Archived from the original on April 11 2017 Retrieved April 10 2017 NYSEData com Factbook Chronology of New York Stock Exchange 1792 1929 www nyxdata com Archived from the original on May 13 2016 Retrieved June 15 2017 Hirst Scott January 1 2017 Frozen Charters The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper No 2016 01 Edmonston Peter April 28 2006 Where Wall Street Meets to Eat the Last Lunch The New York Times Archived from the original on April 13 2012 Retrieved January 29 2009 Intercontinental Exchange Board of Directors Archived from the original on July 8 2015 Retrieved June 20 2015 Osipovich Alexander October 26 2017 Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE Nasdaq for Stock Listings Wall Street Journal New York City United States Archived from the original on October 26 2017 Retrieved October 26 2017 The exchange opens The Independent December 7 1914 Archived from the original on December 30 2012 Retrieved July 24 2012 Baily Thomas A Kennedy David M 1994 The American Pageant 10th ed D C Heath and Company ISBN 0 669 33892 3 Barron James September 17 2003 After 1920 Blast The Opposite Of Never Forget No Memorials on Wall St For Attack That Killed 30 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 16 2020 Terrific Explosion Outside Morgan s Office The Wall Street Journal September 17 1920 p 3 ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved February 6 2021 via newspapers com Ledbetter James August 23 2007 The day the NYSE went Yippie CNN Archived from the original on July 11 2015 Retrieved July 9 2015 Abbie Hoffman Soon to be a Major Motion Picture p 100 Putnam 1980 Archived May 6 2016 at the Wayback Machine Terrible Tuesday How the Stock Market Almost Disintegrated A Day After the Crash The Wall Street Journal Retrieved May 15 2020 Rage against Wall Street Green Left Weekly 397 March 15 2000 Archived from the original on October 12 2007 Retrieved October 11 2007 Davis Marc September 2 2011 How September 11 Affected The U S Stock Market Investopedia Archived from the original on November 16 2016 Retrieved November 17 2016 SEC gov PDF Archived PDF from the original on July 15 2011 Retrieved September 6 2017 Stock markets to open today NYSE backup plan criticized Business Courier Bizjournals com October 31 2012 Archived from the original on June 15 2013 Retrieved June 14 2013 Mehta Nina October 31 2012 U S Stocks to Open After Longest Storm Outage Since 1888 Bloomberg com Bloomberg Archived from the original on May 24 2013 Retrieved June 14 2013 Lynch Sarah N May 2014 New York Stock Exchange to pay 4 5 million to settle SEC charges Reuters Washington Archived from the original on August 19 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 The New York Stock Exchange agreed on Thursday to pay 4 5 million to settle charges brought by U S securities regulators that the exchange flouted its own rules marking the latest crackdown on violations of market structure rules Berkshire Hathaway shares top 200 000 apiece Forbes August 14 2014 Archived from the original on August 14 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 Gillespie Patrick Egan Matt Long Heather July 8 2015 New York Stock Exchange suspends trading CNN Money Archived from the original on July 8 2015 Retrieved July 8 2015 New York Stock Exchange to Have First Female Leader in 226 Year History Wall Street Journal May 22 2018 Archived from the original on May 22 2018 Retrieved May 22 2018 Schneider Avie March 18 2020 New York Stock Exchange To Shift To All Electronic Trading NPR Retrieved February 17 2021 Aratani Lauren May 26 2020 New York Stock Exchange reopens two months after closing due to Covid 19 the Guardian Retrieved February 14 2021 National Historic Landmarks Survey New York PDF National Park Service Archived from the original PDF on June 20 2007 New York Stock Exchange National Historic Landmark summary listing National Park Service September 17 2007 Archived from the original on October 12 2007 George R Adams March 1977 New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination 1MB PDF PDF National Park Service Retrieved January 30 2008 National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination 1MB PDF PDF National Park Service 1983 Berger Joseph July 11 1985 New York Stock Exchange Among 6 Buildings Gaining Landmark Status The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 15 2020 Holidays and Trading Hours nyse com New York Stock Exchange Archived from the original on May 9 2017 Retrieved September 25 2018 Headline Big Board Inline text NYSE or New York Stock Exchange Big Board vs Nasdaq Let Round 2 Begin The New York Times April 22 2005 Rivalry between New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq Shell Adam July 12 2007 Technology squeezes out real live traders USA Today Archived from the original on December 17 2011 Retrieved September 6 2017 Mecane Joe March 15 2011 What s an Exchange to Do The Role of the Exchange in Evaluating Algorithms FIXGlobal Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Retrieved November 29 2013 NYSE License Application Forms PDF NYSE Trading License Publication Archived from the original PDF on July 11 2015 Retrieved September 6 2017 NYSE Market Model Circuit Breakers New York Stock Exchange Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved March 1 2015 Waring David The New York Stock Exchange NYSE Informed Trades 2007 p 1 NYSE New York Stock Exchange gt About Us gt History gt Firsts amp Records Nyse com Archived from the original on June 18 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 NYSE New York Stock Exchange About Us History Timeline Timeline 2008 Specialists are Transformed into Designated Market Makers DMMs Nyse com January 1 1991 Archived from the original on June 11 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 NYSE New York Stock Exchange About Us History Timeline Timeline Nyse com Archived from the original on May 15 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 George Winslow New York Gold Market in The Encyclopedia of New York City 2d ed eds Kenneth T Jackson Lisa Keller amp Nancy Flood a b NYSE New York Stock Exchange About Us History Timeline Timeline Nyse com Archived from the original on August 19 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 Nelson Samuel Armstrong 1907 The Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York Its History Organization Machinery and Methods A B Benesch Company a b S amp P 500 stock market Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on October 8 2017 Retrieved March 10 2018 NYSE Timeline Archived August 15 2010 at the Wayback Machine a b c Lynch John Detrick Ryan March 5 2018 The bull is 9 can it make 10 PDF LPL Research Weekly Market Commentary permanent dead link a b NYSE New York Stock Exchange About Us History Timeline Timeline Nyse com December 20 1967 Archived from the original on August 13 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 First Female Member of NYSE Muriel Siebert Dies at 80 NPR org August 26 2013 Archived from the original on October 10 2014 Retrieved October 7 2014 History of the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchanges Business Reference Services Library of Congress www loc gov Archived from the original on April 14 2013 Retrieved March 10 2018 What is NASDAQ Business News Daily Archived from the original on March 11 2018 Retrieved March 10 2018 ACT UP Demonstrations on Wall Street NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project Outweek Retrieved September 4 2020 NYSE New York Stock Exchange About Us History Timeline 1995 Video Trading Posts Upgrade Nyse com January 1 1991 Archived from the original on June 18 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 CNNMoney com U S stocks whipped by losses October 27 1997 Archived from the original on December 3 2017 Retrieved December 2 2017 Byron Katy January 31 2007 President Bush makes surprise visit to NYSE CNN Money Cable News Network Archived from the original on February 10 2007 Retrieved February 20 2007 Randewich Noel May 19 2015 Stocks end mixed Dow creeps up to new record high Reuters Archived from the original on January 26 2017 Retrieved July 1 2017 Imbert Fred January 4 2018 Dow closes above 25 000 for the first time after strong jobs data CNBC Archived from the original on March 11 2018 Retrieved March 10 2018 Dow Plunges 1 175 The Biggest Point Drop In History NPR org Archived from the original on March 6 2018 Retrieved March 10 2018 NYSE A Necessary Step All Electronic Trading at the NYSE www nyse com Retrieved May 25 2021 NYSE Euronext Completes Acquisition of American Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange October 1 2008 Archived from the original on October 8 2008 Europe Blocks NYSE and Deutsche Boerse Merger CNBC February 1 2012 Archived from the original on February 1 2012 Retrieved February 1 2012 NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Boerse Terminate Business Combination Agreement press release NYSE Euronext February 2 2012 archived from the original on July 12 2015 a b c Das Anupreeta Strasburg Jenny December 20 2012 Upstart in Talks To Buy NYSE paper The Wall Street Journal p A1 a b What is the history behind the opening and closing bells on the NYSE Archived from the original on October 16 2013 Retrieved August 23 2013 Gardner Ralph Jr April 30 2010 Lessons in Ringing the New York Stock Exchange s Closing Bell Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on January 13 2015 Retrieved August 24 2013 Liza Minnelli Rings The New York Stock Exchange Closing Bell Photos and Images Getty Images Archived from the original on February 12 2017 Retrieved March 26 2017 United Nations Secretary General Launches Principles for Responsible Investment at the NYSE Principles for Responsible Investment NYSE Archived from the original on May 14 2014 Retrieved May 13 2014 United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki moon Visits the NYSE and Rings The Closing Bell to Commemorate NYSE Euronext s Participation in the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges SSE Initiative NYSE NYSE Archived from the original on July 26 2013 Retrieved May 13 2014 Events Archived from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved April 1 2020 The Tradition of the NYSE Bell Archived from the original on September 18 2013 Retrieved August 23 2013 Sources Edit Buck James E 1992 The New York Stock Exchange The First 200 Years Greenwich Pub Group ISBN 0 944641 02 4 Geisst Charles R 2004 Wall Street A History From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 517060 1 Kent Zachary 1990 The Story of the New York Stock Exchange Scholastic Library Pub ISBN 0 516 04748 5 Sloane Leonard 1980 The Anatomy of the Floor Doubleday ISBN 0 385 12249 7 Sobel Robert 1975 N Y S E A History of the New York Stock Exchange 1935 1975 Weybright and Talley ISBN 0 679 40124 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Stock Exchange Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New York Stock Exchange amp oldid 1129618867, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.