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Statue of Liberty

May 29, 2023

For other uses, see Statue of Liberty (disambiguation).

The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.

  • Statue of Liberty
  • Liberty Enlightening the World
LocationLiberty Island
New York City
Coordinates40°41′21″N 74°2′40″W / 40.68917°N 74.04444°W / 40.68917; -74.04444
Height
  • Height of copper statue (to torch): 151 feet 1 inch (46 meters)
  • From ground level to torch: 305 feet 1 inch (93 meters)
DedicatedOctober 28, 1886
Restored1938, 1984–1986, 2011–2012
SculptorFrédéric Auguste Bartholdi
Visitors3.2 million (in 2009)[1]
Governing bodyNational Park Service
Websitewww.nps.gov/stli
TypeCultural
Criteriai, vi
Designated1984 (8th session)
Reference no.307
RegionEurope and North America
DesignatedOctober 15, 1924
Designated byPresident Calvin Coolidge[2]
Official nameThe Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World[3][4]
DesignatedSeptember 14, 2017
Reference no.100000829
Official nameStatue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island
DesignatedMay 27, 1971
Reference no.1535[5]
TypeIndividual
DesignatedSeptember 14, 1976[6]
Reference no.0931

The statue is a figure of Libertas, the Roman Goddess of Liberty. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain and shackle lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the national abolition of slavery following the American Civil War.[7] After its dedication, the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea.

Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples. The Franco-Prussian War delayed progress until 1875, when Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the United States provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions.

The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar (equivalent to $33 in 2022). The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.

The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, and is a major tourist attraction. Limited numbers of visitors can access the rim of the pedestal and the interior of the statue's crown from within; public access to the torch has been barred since 1916.

Design and construction process

 
Statue of Liberty in 2010

Origin

 
Both the Roman goddess Libertas and Sun god Sol Invictus ("The Unconquered Sun", pictured) influenced the design of Liberty Enlightening the World.

According to the National Park Service, the idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye, president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist, and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: "If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations."[8] The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870.[9] In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, "With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy."[10]

According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who later recounted the story, Laboulaye's alleged comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired Bartholdi.[8] Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III, Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye. Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects; in the late 1860s, he approached Isma'il Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia,[11] a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant, robed and holding a torch aloft, at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said. Sketches and models were made of the proposed work, though it was never erected. There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes: an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun, Helios. This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet (30 m) high, and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships.[12] Both the khedive and Lesseps declined the proposed statue from Bartholdi, citing the expensive cost.[13] The Port Said Lighthouse was built instead, by François Coignet in 1869.

Any large project was further delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians, and a more liberal republic was installed in France.[8] As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States, he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans.[14] In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye.[15]

Arriving at New York Harbor, Bartholdi focused on Bedloe's Island (now named Liberty Island) as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government—it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: "land common to all the states."[16] As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers, Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant, who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue.[17] Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail, and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project.[15] But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal, and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign.[18]

 
Bartholdi's 1880 sculpture, Lion of Belfort

Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870.[19] The son of a friend of Bartholdi's, artist John LaFarge, later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his visit to La Farge's Rhode Island studio. Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France.[19] He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians. One of these was the Lion of Belfort, a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort, which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months. The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty.[20]

Design, style, and symbolism

 
Detail from a 1855–56 fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the Capitol in Washington, D.C., showing two early symbols of America: Columbia (left) and the Indian princess

Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty.[21] In early American history, two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation.[22] One of these symbols, the personified Columbia, was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom, and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the traditional European Personification of the Americas as an "Indian princess", which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans.[22] The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty, derived from Libertas, the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome, especially among emancipated slaves. A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time,[21] and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom (1863) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building.[21]

The statue's design evokes iconography evident in ancient history including the Egyptian goddess Isis, the ancient Greek deity of the same name, the Roman Columbia and the Christian iconography of the Virgin Mary.[23][24]

 
Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom (1854–1857) tops the dome of the Capitol building in Washington

Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol.[21] A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France.[21] However, Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix's famed Liberty Leading the People (1830). In this painting, which commemorates France's July Revolution, a half-clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen.[22] Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution, and so Bartholdi's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes.[22] Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work, Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch, representing progress, for the figure to hold.[25] Its second toe on both feet is longer than its big toe, a condition known as Morton's toe or 'Greek foot'. This was an aesthetic staple of ancient Greek art and reflects the classical influences on the statue.[26]

Crawford's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a pileus, the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America, was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol. He ordered that it be changed to a helmet.[27] Delacroix's figure wears a pileus,[22] and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well. Instead, he used a radiate diadem, or crown, to top its head.[28] In so doing, he avoided a reference to Marianne, who invariably wears a pileus.[29] The seven rays form a halo or aureole.[30] They evoke the sun, the seven seas, and the seven continents,[31] and represent another means, besides the torch, whereby Liberty enlightens the world.[25]

Bartholdi's early models were all similar in concept: a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty, wearing a stola and pella (gown and cloak, common in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother,[32] but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact.[33] He designed the figure with a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling, reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose.[25] Bartholdi wrote of his technique:

The surfaces should be broad and simple, defined by a bold and clear design, accentuated in the important places. The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared. By exaggerating the forms, in order to render them more clearly visible, or by enriching them with details, we would destroy the proportion of the work. Finally, the model, like the design, should have a summarized character, such as one would give to a rapid sketch. Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study, and that the artist, concentrating his knowledge, should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity.[34]

 
Liberty is depicted with a raised right foot, showing that she is walking forward amidst a broken shackle and chain.

Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved. Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain, but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War. The erected statue does stride over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground.[28] Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty's left hand; he settled on a tabula ansata,[35] used to evoke the concept of law.[36] Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution, he chose to inscribe JULY IV MDCCLXXVI on the tablet, thus associating the date of the country's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty.[35]

Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor, architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, in the project.[33] As chief engineer,[33] Viollet-le-Duc designed a brick pier within the statue, to which the skin would be anchored.[37] After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repoussé, in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers.[33][38] An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume, as the copper need be only 0.094 inches (2.4 mm) thick. Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet (46 m) for the statue, double that of Italy's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius, both made with the same method.[39]

Announcement and early work

By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support.[40] In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World.[41] The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal.[42] The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia.[41] French monarchists opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a senator for life.[42] Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful, including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25, 1876, that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod. The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde, the French version of the statue's announced name.[41]

 
Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty, 1876 Centennial Exposition

Initially focused on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181 French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War. Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal. The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes, Norway,[43] though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples.[44] According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York, 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg) was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 128,000 pounds (58,000 kg) of copper.[45]

Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop.[46] In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition,[47] and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities.[48] The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the "Colossal Arm" or "Bartholdi Electric Light". The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest, including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi.[49] Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds.[50] After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York, where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue.[50]

During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union.[51] Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.[52] The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the "American Committee".[53] One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt, the future governor of New York and president of the United States.[51] On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.[54]

Construction in France

 
The statue's head on exhibit at the Paris World's Fair, 1878

On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World's Fair. Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered.[55] The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000 francs had been raised.[56]

The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet-le-Duc, who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier.[57] The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel.[55] Eiffel and his structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin, decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars[33] which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as "saddles", that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually.[58][59] To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac.[60]

Eiffel's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction, in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing, but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior spiral staircases, to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown.[61] Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided, but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder, 40 feet (12 m) long.[62] As the pylon tower arose, Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure.[63] The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret.[64]

The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue's assembly. He had originally expected to assemble the skin on-site as the masonry pier was built; instead, he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe's Island.[65]

In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton.[66] The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors.[67] Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban.[68] By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue.[69] Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York.[70] The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.[71]

 
Richard Morris Hunt's pedestal under construction in June 1885

The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete.[72] There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue.[72] There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works—the selection of Italian-born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen.[73] Harper's Weekly declared its wish that "M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had 'gone the whole figure' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once."[74] The New York Times stated that "no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances."[75] Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years.[75]

Design

 
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, June 1885, showing (clockwise from left) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris, Bartholdi, and the statue's interior structure

The foundation of Bartholdi's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood, a disused army base on Bedloe's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823, it had rarely been used, though during the Civil War, it had served as a recruiting station.[76] The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven-point star. The statue's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast, greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean.[77] In 1881, the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal. Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months.[78] He proposed a pedestal 114 feet (35 m) in height; faced with money problems, the committee reduced that to 89 feet (27 m).[79]

Hunt's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture, including Doric portals, as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture.[33] The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail, in order to focus attention on the statue.[79] In form, it is a truncated pyramid, 62 feet (19 m) square at the base and 39.4 feet (12.0 m) at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side, there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889, there were 38 of them), although this was not done. Above that, a balcony was placed on each side, framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal, above which the statue itself rises.[80] According to author Louis Auchincloss, the pedestal "craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty".[79] The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work.[81] Construction on the 15-foot-deep (4.6 m) foundation began in 1883, and the pedestal's cornerstone was laid in 1884.[78] In Hunt's original conception, the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite. Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls, up to 20 feet (6.1 m) thick, faced with granite blocks.[82][83] This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford, Connecticut.[84] The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time.[83]

Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty. His work involved design computations, detailed fabrication and construction drawings, and oversight of construction. In completing his engineering for the statue's frame, Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel.[85]

Fundraising

Fundraising in the US for the pedestal had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events.[86] As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled antisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.[87] The resulting sonnet, "The New Colossus", including the lines "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty in American culture and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum.[88]

 
"Liberty Enlightening the World, or The Statue of Liberty," a stained glass window commissioned by Joseph Pulitzer to commemorate fundraising for the pedestal. Originally installed in the New York World Building, it is currently located in Pulitzer Hall at Columbia University.[89]

Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland, the governor of New York, vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000, sufficient to complete the project, also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, groups from other American cities, including Boston and Philadelphia, offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it.[90]

Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the New York World, a New York newspaper, announced a drive to raise $100,000 (equivalent to $3,257,000 in 2022). Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor, no matter how small the amount given.[91] The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers, especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors. "A young girl alone in the world" donated "60 cents, the result of self denial."[92] One donor gave "five cents as a poor office boy's mite toward the Pedestal Fund." A group of children sent a dollar as "the money we saved to go to the circus with."[93] Another dollar was given by a "lonely and very aged woman."[92] Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York's rival city of Brooklyn—the cities would not merge until 1898—donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons.[94] A kindergarten class in Davenport, Iowa, mailed the World a gift of $1.35.[92] As the donations flooded in, the committee resumed work on the pedestal.[95] France raised about $250,000 to build the statue while the United States had to raise up to $300,000 to build the pedestal.[96][97]

Construction

On June 17, 1885, the French steamer Isère [fr] arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. New Yorkers displayed their newfound enthusiasm for the statue. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship.[98][99] After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar (equivalent to $33 in 2022).[100]

Even with the success of the fund drive, the pedestal was not completed until April 1886. Immediately thereafter, reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel's iron framework was anchored to steel I-beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled.[101] Once this was done, the sections of skin were carefully attached.[102] Due to the width of the pedestal, it was not possible to erect scaffolding, and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections.[103] Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication, the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with gold leaf—and placed the lights inside them.[104] A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs.[105] After the skin was completed, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of Manhattan's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication.[106] General Charles Stone claimed on the day of dedication that no man had died during the construction of the statue. This was not true, however, as Francis Longo, a thirty-nine-year-old Italian laborer, had been killed when an old wall fell on him.[107]

Dedication

 
Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World (1886) by Edward Moran. Oil on canvas. The J. Clarence Davies Collection, Museum of the City of New York.

A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New York governor, presided over the event.[108] On the morning of the dedication, a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at Madison Square, once the venue for the arm, and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway, with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row. As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange, traders threw ticker tape from the windows, beginning the New York tradition of the ticker-tape parade.[109]

A nautical parade began at 12:45 p.m., and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe's Island for the dedication.[110] De Lesseps made the first speech, on behalf of the French committee, followed by the chairman of the New York committee, Senator William M. Evarts. A French flag draped across the statue's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts's speech, but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely. The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts's address.[109] President Cleveland spoke next, stating that the statue's "stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world".[111] Bartholdi, observed near the dais, was called upon to speak, but he declined. Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address.[112]

No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies, which were reserved entirely for dignitaries. The only women granted access were Bartholdi's wife and de Lesseps's granddaughter; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people. The restriction offended area suffragists, who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island. The group's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women's right to vote.[111] A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather.[113]

Shortly after the dedication, The Cleveland Gazette, an African American newspaper, suggested that the statue's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation "in reality":

"Liberty enlightening the world," indeed! The expression makes us sick. This government is a howling farce. It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders. Shove the Bartholdi statue, torch and all, into the ocean until the "liberty" of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku-kluxed, perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed. The idea of the "liberty" of this country "enlightening the world," or even Patagonia, is ridiculous in the extreme.[114]

After dedication

Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886–1933)

 
Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds

When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The World characterized it as "more like a glowworm than a beacon."[105] Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893, he made additional suggestions, all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue, allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel's design.[105] In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt, once a member of the New York committee, ordered the statue's transfer to the War Department, as it had proved useless as a lighthouse.[115] A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe's Island until 1923, after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction.[116]

Wars and other upheavals in Europe prompted large-scale emigration to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century; many entered through New York and saw the statue not as a symbol of enlightenment, as Bartholdi had intended, but as a sign of welcome to their new home. The association with immigration only became stronger when an immigrant processing station was opened on nearby Ellis Island. This view was consistent with Lazarus's vision in her sonnet—she described the statue as "Mother of Exiles"—but her work had become obscure. In 1903, the sonnet was engraved on a plaque that was affixed to the base of the statue.[117]

Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty. One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled:

I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself, "Lady, you're such a beautiful! [sic] You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it, to do something, to be someone in America." And always that statue was on my mind.[118]

The statue rapidly became a landmark.[118] Originally, it was a dull copper color, but shortly after 1900 a green patina, also called verdigris, caused by the oxidation of the copper skin, began to spread. As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue.[119] Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion, Congress authorized US$62,800 (equivalent to $2,045,000 in 2022) for various repairs, and to paint the statue both inside and out.[120] There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting.[121] The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, "softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful."[122] The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal.[122]

 
Bedloe's Island in 1927, showing the statue and army buildings. The eleven-pointed walls of Fort Wood, which still form the statue's base, are visible.

On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City, New Jersey, in what is now part of Liberty State Park, close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch-bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about $100,000 (equivalent to about $2,690,000 in 2022). The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public-safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since.[112]

That same year, Ralph Pulitzer, who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World, began a drive to raise $30,000 (equivalent to $807,000 in 2022) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors, but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor—a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum, who later sculpted Mount Rushmore, redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue.[123]

After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purpose—to secure liberty—and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue.[124]

In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a national monument.[115] A suicide occurred five years later when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death.[125]

Early National Park Service years (1933–1982)

In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937, the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe's Island.[115] With the Army's departure, the NPS began to transform the island into a park.[126] The Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island, and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue, temporarily removing the rays from the statue's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced. Rusted cast-iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete;[127] the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced, as well. Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal.[128] The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938.[127]

During World War II, the statue remained open to visitors, although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts. It was lit briefly on December 31, 1943, and on D-Day, June 6, 1944, when its lights flashed "dot-dot-dot-dash", the Morse code for V, for victory. New, powerful lighting was installed in 1944–1945, and beginning on V-E Day, the statue was once again illuminated after sunset. The lighting was for only a few hours each evening, and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night, all night.[129] In 1946, the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away.[128]

In 1956, an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it.[130] Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965.[115] In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island.[101]

In 1970, Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read "WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE!"[131][132]

Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left December 28 following a federal court order.[133] The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence, opposition to abortion, and opposition to US intervention in Grenada. Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally.[134]

A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976. The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail, a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island.[135] The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue.[136]

Renovation and rededication (1982–2000)

Main article: Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
See also: Liberty Weekend
 
July 4, 1986: First Lady Nancy Reagan (in red) reopens the statue to the public.

The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986.[137] In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure. In addition, the head had been installed 2 feet (0.61 m) off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The armature structure was badly corroded, and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced.[138] Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936, when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years.[139]

In May 1982, President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Centennial Commission, led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca, to raise the funds needed to complete the work.[140][141][142] Through its fundraising arm, the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., the group raised more than $350 million in donations for the renovations of both the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island.[143] The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project.[144]

In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing scaffold,[33] which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar, originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper.[145] The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used—ineffectively, as inspections showed—to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear, dubbed "Moon suits", with self-contained breathing circuits.[146] Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary.[147] The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs, which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing.[148] The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch.[149] Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead.[150] The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24-karat gold.[36] The torch reflects the Sun's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night.[36]

The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced. Low-carbon corrosion-resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium, an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves.[151] To prevent the ray and arm making contact, the ray was realigned by several degrees.[152] The lighting was again replaced—night-time illumination subsequently came from metal-halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue, showing off various details.[153] Access to the pedestal, which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s, was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation.[154] A modern elevator was installed, allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal.[155] An emergency elevator was installed within the statue, reaching up to the level of the shoulder.[156]

July 3–6, 1986, was designated "Liberty Weekend", marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President François Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail,[157] and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5.[158] In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, "We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see."[157]

Closures and reopenings (2001–present)

 
The Statue of Liberty on September 11, 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background
 
The new staircase to the crown

Immediately following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were closed to the public. The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits. The pedestal reopened in August 2004,[158] but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency. The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration.[159] New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue's reopening a personal crusade.[160] On May 17, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of the Interior, Ken Salazar, announced that as a "special gift" to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day.[159]

 
The Statue of Liberty's original torch (1886–1984) displayed in the Statue of Liberty Museum on Liberty Island

The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011, for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was reopened on October 28, 2012,[161][162][163] but then closed again a day later in advance of Hurricane Sandy.[164] Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty and Ellis Islands, including the dock used by the ferries that ran to Liberty and Ellis Islands. On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done.[165] Since Liberty Island had no electricity, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night. The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument, David Luchsinger—whose home on the island was severely damaged—stated that it would be "optimistically ... months" before the island was reopened to the public.[166] The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013.[167] Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013.[168]

The Statue of Liberty has also been closed due to government shutdowns and protests, as well as for disease pandemics. During the October 2013 United States federal government shutdown, Liberty Island and other federally funded sites were closed.[169] In addition, Liberty Island was briefly closed on July 4, 2018, after a woman protesting against American immigration policy climbed onto the statue.[170] However, the island remained open during the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown because the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation had donated funds.[171] It closed beginning on March 16, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[172] On July 20, 2020, the Statue of Liberty reopened partially under New York City's Phase IV guidelines, with Ellis Island remaining closed.[173][174] The crown did not reopen until October 2022.[175]

On October 7, 2016, construction started on the new Statue of Liberty Museum on Liberty Island.[176] The new $70 million, 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m2) museum may be visited by all who come to the island,[177] as opposed to the museum in the pedestal, which only 20% of the island's visitors had access to.[176] The new museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, is integrated with the surrounding parkland.[178][179] Diane von Fürstenberg headed the fundraising for the museum, and the project received over $40 million in fundraising by groundbreaking.[178] The museum opened on May 16, 2019.[180][181]

Access and attributes

Location and access

 
Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island, June 1973

The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.[182] As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory though located on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3-acre (0.93 ha) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory.[183]

No charge is made for entrance to the national monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use,[184] as private boats may not dock at the island. A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line, which had operated the service since 1953.[185] The ferries, which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and the Battery in Lower Manhattan, also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible.[186] All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding.[187]

Visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain pedestal access for a nominal fee when purchasing their ferry ticket.[184][188] Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown must purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance. A total of 240 people per day can ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour. Climbers may bring only medication and cameras—lockers are provided for other items—and must undergo a second security screening.[189] The balcony around the torch was closed to the public following the munitions explosion on Black Tom Island in 1916.[112] The balcony can however be seen live via webcam.[190]

Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications

 
The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island

There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty.

  • A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie (Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co.).[191]
  • A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."[191]
  • A tablet placed by the American Committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal.[191]
  • The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons.[191]
  • In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus's sonnet, "The New Colossus" (1883), was presented by friends of the poet. Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; later, it resided in the Statue of Liberty Museum, in the base.[191]
  • "The New Colossus" tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.[191]

A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Eiffel, and Laboulaye—are depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.[192]

Historical designations

President Calvin Coolidge officially designated the Statue of Liberty as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1924.[2][193] The monument was expanded to also include Ellis Island in 1965.[194][195] The following year, the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island were jointly added to the National Register of Historic Places,[196] and the statue individually in 2017.[4] On the sub-national level, the Statue of Liberty National Monument was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places in 1971,[5] and was made a New York City designated landmark in 1976.[6]

In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity."[197]

Measurements

 
As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island
Feature[77] Imperial Metric
Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m
Foundation of pedestal (ground level) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m
Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m
Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m
Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m
Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m
Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m
Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m
Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m
Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m
Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m
Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m
Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m
Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m
Tablet, length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m
Tablet, width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m
Tablet, thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m
Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m
Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m
Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes
Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes
Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes
Thickness of copper sheeting 3/32 of an inch 2.4 mm

Depictions

See also: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture
 
Replica on Odaiba in Tokyo Bay, Japan, near the Rainbow Bridge
 
Statue of Liberty from Pont de Grenelle, Paris

Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide.[198] A smaller version of the statue, one-fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes, facing west toward her larger sister.[198] A replica 30 feet (9.1 m) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years;[198] it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum.[199] In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America, as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949–1952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and 100 inches (2.5 m) in height, to states and municipalities across the United States.[200] Though not a true replica, the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions—the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty.[201] Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.[202]

As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York's 2001 entry in the state quarters series.[203] An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997, and it was placed on the reverse, or tails, side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins.[31] Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current ten-dollar bill.[204] The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino.[205]

Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions. Between 1986[206] and 2000,[207] New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue.[206][207] The Women's National Basketball Association's New York Liberty use both the statue's name and its image in their logo, in which the torch's flame doubles as a basketball.[208] The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue's head on their third jersey, beginning in 1997.[209] The National Collegiate Athletic Association's 1996 Men's Basketball Final Four, played at New Jersey's Meadowlands Sports Complex, featured the statue in its logo.[210] The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem.[211]

The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture. In music, it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies, as in Toby Keith's 2002 song "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)", and in opposition, appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys' album Bedtime for Democracy, which protested the Reagan administration.[212] In film, the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock's 1942 movie Saboteur.[213] The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes, in which it is seen half-buried in sand.[212][214] It is knocked over in the science-fiction film Independence Day [215] and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off.[216] In Jack Finney's 1970 time-travel novel Time and Again, the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role.[217] Robert Holdstock, consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, wondered in 1979:

Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted Earth—giants have uprooted it, aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty, of optimism, has become a symbol of science fiction's pessimistic view of the future.[218]

See also

 
Approximate heights of various notable statues:
  1. Statue of Unity 240 m (790 ft) (incl. 58 m (190 ft) base)
  2. Spring Temple Buddha 153 m (502 ft) (incl. 25 m (82 ft) pedestal and 20 m (66 ft) throne)
  3. Statue of Liberty 93 m (305 ft) (incl. 47 m (154 ft) pedestal)
  4. The Motherland Calls 87 m (285 ft) (incl. 2 m (6 ft 7 in) pedestal)
  5. Christ the Redeemer 38 m (125 ft) (incl. 8 m (26 ft) pedestal)
  6. Michelangelo's David 5.17 m (17.0 ft) (excl. 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) plinth)

References

Citations

  1. ^ Schneiderman, R.M. (June 28, 2010). "For tourists, Statue of Liberty is nice, but no Forever 21". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  2. ^ a b . National Park Service. January 16, 2003. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  3. ^ . Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/08/2017 through 9/14/2017, National Park Service, September 14, 2017, from the original on December 29, 2018, retrieved July 13, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Hudson County". New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office. from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  6. ^ a b "Statue of Liberty National Monument" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 14, 1976. (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  7. ^ "Abolition". Statue of Liberty National Monument. National Park Service. February 26, 2015. from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Harris 1985, pp. 7–9.
  9. ^ Joseph, Rebecca M.; Rosenblatt, Brooke; Kinebrew, Carolyn (September 2000). "The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor". National Park Service. from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  10. ^ "Abolition". National Park Service. from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  11. ^ "The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East" (PDF). University of Chicago. (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  12. ^ Harris 1985, pp. 7–8.
  13. ^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 243. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
  14. ^ Khan 2010, pp. 60–61.
  15. ^ a b Moreno 2000, pp. 39–40.
  16. ^ Harris 1985, pp. 12–13.
  17. ^ Khan 2010, pp. 102–103.
  18. ^ Harris 1985, pp. 16–17.
  19. ^ a b Khan 2010, p. 85.
  20. ^ Harris 1985, pp. 10–11.
  21. ^ a b c d e Sutherland 2003, pp. 17–19.
  22. ^ a b c d e Bodnar, John (2006). "Monuments and Morals: The Nationalization of Civic Instruction". In Warren, Donald R.; Patrick, John J. (eds.). Civic and Moral Learning in America. Macmillan. pp. 212–214. ISBN 978-1-4039-7396-2. from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
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General and cited references

  • Bell, James B.; Abrams, Richard L. (1984). In Search of Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-385-19624-6.
  • Harris, Jonathan (1985). A Statue for America: The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty. New York City: Four Winds Press (a division of Macmillan Publishing Company). ISBN 978-0-02-742730-1.
  • Hayden, Richard Seth; Despont, Thierry W. (1986). Restoring the Statue of Liberty. New York City: McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 978-0-07-027326-9.
  • Khan, Yasmin Sabina (2010). Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4851-5.
  • Moreno, Barry (2000). The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7385-3689-7.
  • Sutherland, Cara A. (2003). The Statue of Liberty. New York City: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-3890-0.

External links

  • Statue of Liberty National Monument
  • Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation
  • Statue of Liberty – UNESCO World Heritage
  • "A Giant's Task – Cleaning Statue of Liberty", Popular Mechanics (February 1932)
  • Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty
  • Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877–1885 – many historical photographs
  • Front page of The Evening Post (New York) extensively describing October 28, 1886 dedication
  • Statue of Liberty at Structurae
  • Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NY-138, "Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, Manhattan, New York City County, NY", 404 photos, 59 color transparencies, 41 measured drawings, 10 data pages, 33 photo caption pages
  • HAER No. NY-138-A, "Statue of Liberty, Administration Building", 6 photos, 6 measured drawings, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. NY-138-B, "Statue of Liberty, Concessions Building", 12 photos, 6 measured drawings, 1 photo caption page
  • The Statue of Liberty, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Robert Gildea, Kathleen Burk & John Keane (In Our Time, February 14, 2008)

May 29, 2023
statue, liberty, other, uses, disambiguation, liberty, enlightening, world, french, liberté, éclairant, monde, colossal, neoclassical, sculpture, liberty, island, york, harbor, york, city, united, states, copper, statue, gift, from, people, france, designed, f. For other uses see Statue of Liberty disambiguation The Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World French La Liberte eclairant le monde is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City in the United States The copper statue a gift from the people of France was designed by French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel The statue was dedicated on October 28 1886 Statue of LibertyLiberty Enlightening the WorldLocationLiberty IslandNew York CityCoordinates40 41 21 N 74 2 40 W 40 68917 N 74 04444 W 40 68917 74 04444HeightHeight of copper statue to torch 151 feet 1 inch 46 meters From ground level to torch 305 feet 1 inch 93 meters DedicatedOctober 28 1886Restored1938 1984 1986 2011 2012SculptorFrederic Auguste BartholdiVisitors3 2 million in 2009 1 Governing bodyNational Park ServiceWebsitewww wbr nps wbr gov wbr stliUNESCO World Heritage SiteTypeCulturalCriteriai viDesignated1984 8th session Reference no 307RegionEurope and North AmericaU S National MonumentDesignatedOctober 15 1924Designated byPresident Calvin Coolidge 2 U S National Register of Historic PlacesOfficial nameThe Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World 3 4 DesignatedSeptember 14 2017Reference no 100000829New Jersey Register of Historic PlacesOfficial nameStatue of Liberty National Monument Ellis Island and Liberty IslandDesignatedMay 27 1971Reference no 1535 5 New York City LandmarkTypeIndividualDesignatedSeptember 14 1976 6 Reference no 0931The statue is a figure of Libertas the Roman Goddess of Liberty She holds a torch above her head with her right hand and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI July 4 1776 in Roman numerals the date of the U S Declaration of Independence A broken chain and shackle lie at her feet as she walks forward commemorating the national abolition of slavery following the American Civil War 7 After its dedication the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician Edouard Rene de Laboulaye who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U S independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples The Franco Prussian War delayed progress until 1875 when Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the United States provide the site and build the pedestal Bartholdi completed the head and the torch bearing arm before the statue was fully designed and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions The torch bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 Fundraising proved difficult especially for the Americans and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds Publisher Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120 000 contributors most of whom gave less than a dollar equivalent to 33 in 2022 The statue was built in France shipped overseas in crates and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe s Island The statue s completion was marked by New York s first ticker tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and is a major tourist attraction Limited numbers of visitors can access the rim of the pedestal and the interior of the statue s crown from within public access to the torch has been barred since 1916 Contents 1 Design and construction process 1 1 Origin 1 2 Design style and symbolism 1 3 Announcement and early work 1 4 Construction in France 1 4 1 Design 1 4 2 Fundraising 1 4 3 Construction 1 5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2 1 Lighthouse Board and War Department 1886 1933 2 2 Early National Park Service years 1933 1982 2 3 Renovation and rededication 1982 2000 2 4 Closures and reopenings 2001 present 3 Access and attributes 3 1 Location and access 3 2 Inscriptions plaques and dedications 4 Historical designations 5 Measurements 6 Depictions 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 General and cited references 9 External linksDesign and construction process Statue of Liberty in 2010 Origin Both the Roman goddess Libertas and Sun god Sol Invictus The Unconquered Sun pictured influenced the design of Liberty Enlightening the World According to the National Park Service the idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States was first proposed by Edouard Rene de Laboulaye president of the French Anti Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time The project is traced to a mid 1865 conversation between Laboulaye a staunch abolitionist and Frederic Bartholdi a sculptor In after dinner conversation at his home near Versailles Laboulaye an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War is supposed to have said If a monument should rise in the United States as a memorial to their independence I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort a common work of both our nations 8 The National Park Service in a 2000 report however deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 9 In another essay on their website the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences With the abolition of slavery and the Union s victory in the Civil War in 1865 Laboulaye s wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States In order to honor these achievements Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy 10 According to sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi who later recounted the story Laboulaye s alleged comment was not intended as a proposal but it inspired Bartholdi 8 Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects in the late 1860s he approached Isma il Pasha Khedive of Egypt with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia 11 a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant robed and holding a torch aloft at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said Sketches and models were made of the proposed work though it was never erected There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal the Colossus of Rhodes an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun Helios This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet 30 m high and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships 12 Both the khedive and Lesseps declined the proposed statue from Bartholdi citing the expensive cost 13 The Port Said Lighthouse was built instead by Francois Coignet in 1869 Any large project was further delayed by the Franco Prussian War in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia In the war Napoleon III was captured and deposed Bartholdi s home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians and a more liberal republic was installed in France 8 As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans 14 In June 1871 Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye 15 Arriving at New York Harbor Bartholdi focused on Bedloe s Island now named Liberty Island as a site for the statue struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense It was thus as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye land common to all the states 16 As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S Grant who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue 17 Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project 15 But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign 18 Bartholdi s 1880 sculpture Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 19 The son of a friend of Bartholdi s artist John LaFarge later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his visit to La Farge s Rhode Island studio Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France 19 He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians One of these was the Lion of Belfort a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months The defiant lion 73 feet 22 m long and half that in height displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty 20 Design style and symbolism Detail from a 1855 56 fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the Capitol in Washington D C showing two early symbols of America Columbia left and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty 21 In early American history two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation 22 One of these symbols the personified Columbia was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France Columbia had supplanted the traditional European Personification of the Americas as an Indian princess which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans 22 The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty derived from Libertas the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome especially among emancipated slaves A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time 21 and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art including Thomas Crawford s Statue of Freedom 1863 atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building 21 The statue s design evokes iconography evident in ancient history including the Egyptian goddess Isis the ancient Greek deity of the same name the Roman Columbia and the Christian iconography of the Virgin Mary 23 24 Thomas Crawford s Statue of Freedom 1854 1857 tops the dome of the Capitol building in Washington Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol 21 A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France 21 However Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugene Delacroix s famed Liberty Leading the People 1830 In this painting which commemorates France s July Revolution a half clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen 22 Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution and so Bartholdi s figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes 22 Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch representing progress for the figure to hold 25 Its second toe on both feet is longer than its big toe a condition known as Morton s toe or Greek foot This was an aesthetic staple of ancient Greek art and reflects the classical influences on the statue 26 Crawford s statue was designed in the early 1850s It was originally to be crowned with a pileus the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome Secretary of War Jefferson Davis a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol He ordered that it be changed to a helmet 27 Delacroix s figure wears a pileus 22 and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well Instead he used a radiate diadem or crown to top its head 28 In so doing he avoided a reference to Marianne who invariably wears a pileus 29 The seven rays form a halo or aureole 30 They evoke the sun the seven seas and the seven continents 31 and represent another means besides the torch whereby Liberty enlightens the world 25 Bartholdi s early models were all similar in concept a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty wearing a stola and pella gown and cloak common in depictions of Roman goddesses and holding a torch aloft According to popular accounts the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi the sculptor s mother 32 but Regis Huber the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this as well as other similar speculations have no basis in fact 33 He designed the figure with a strong uncomplicated silhouette which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose 25 Bartholdi wrote of his technique The surfaces should be broad and simple defined by a bold and clear design accentuated in the important places The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared By exaggerating the forms in order to render them more clearly visible or by enriching them with details we would destroy the proportion of the work Finally the model like the design should have a summarized character such as one would give to a rapid sketch Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study and that the artist concentrating his knowledge should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity 34 Liberty is depicted with a raised right foot showing that she is walking forward amidst a broken shackle and chain Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War The erected statue does stride over a broken chain half hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground 28 Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty s left hand he settled on a tabula ansata 35 used to evoke the concept of law 36 Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution he chose to inscribe JULY IV MDCCLXXVI on the tablet thus associating the date of the country s Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty 35 Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor architect Eugene Viollet le Duc in the project 33 As chief engineer 33 Viollet le Duc designed a brick pier within the statue to which the skin would be anchored 37 After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget Gauthier amp Co Viollet le Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin copper sheets and the method used to shape it repousse in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers 33 38 An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume as the copper need be only 0 094 inches 2 4 mm thick Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet 46 m for the statue double that of Italy s Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius both made with the same method 39 Announcement and early work By 1875 France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support 40 In September 1875 he announced the project and the formation of the Franco American Union as its fundraising arm With the announcement the statue was given a name Liberty Enlightening the World 41 The French would finance the statue Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal 42 The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia 41 French monarchists opposed the statue if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye who had recently been elected a senator for life 42 Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 1876 that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod The piece was titled La Liberte eclairant le monde the French version of the statue s announced name 41 Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty 1876 Centennial Exposition Initially focused on the elites the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave as did 181 French municipalities Laboulaye s political allies supported the call as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War Less idealistically contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes Norway 43 though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples 44 According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York 200 000 pounds 91 000 kg was needed to build the statue and the French copper industrialist Eugene Secretan donated 128 000 pounds 58 000 kg of copper 45 Although plans for the statue had not been finalized Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm bearing the torch and the head Work began at the Gaget Gauthier amp Co workshop 46 In May 1876 Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition 47 and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities 48 The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August because of its late arrival it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue and while some reports correctly identified the work others called it the Colossal Arm or Bartholdi Electric Light The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers interest including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi 49 Nevertheless the arm proved popular in the exhibition s waning days and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds 50 After the exhibition closed the arm was transported to New York where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue 50 During his second trip to the United States Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco American Union 51 Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York Boston and Philadelphia 52 The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the American Committee 53 One of its members was 19 year old Theodore Roosevelt the future governor of New York and president of the United States 51 On March 3 1877 on his final full day in office President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it President Rutherford B Hayes who took office the following day selected the Bedloe s Island site that Bartholdi had proposed 54 Construction in France The statue s head on exhibit at the Paris World s Fair 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World s Fair Fundraising continued with models of the statue put on sale Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget Gauthier amp Co workshop were also offered 55 The French government authorized a lottery among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue By the end of 1879 about 250 000 francs had been raised 56 The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet le Duc who fell ill in 1879 He soon died leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier 57 The following year Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel 55 Eiffel and his structural engineer Maurice Koechlin decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon then to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars 33 which culminated in a mesh of metal straps known as saddles that were riveted to the skin providing firm support In a labor intensive process each saddle had to be crafted individually 58 59 To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac 60 Eiffel s design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing but is instead supported by an interior framework He included two interior spiral staircases to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown 61 Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder 40 feet 12 m long 62 As the pylon tower arose Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure 63 The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois Perret 64 The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue s assembly He had originally expected to assemble the skin on site as the masonry pier was built instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe s Island 65 In a symbolic act the first rivet placed into the skin fixing a copper plate onto the statue s big toe was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P Morton 66 The skin was not however crafted in exact sequence from low to high work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors 67 Some work was performed by contractors one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi s exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban 68 By 1882 the statue was complete up to the waist an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue 69 Laboulaye died in 1883 He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps builder of the Suez Canal The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 1884 and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York 70 The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal by January 1885 this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage 71 Richard Morris Hunt s pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years it would ultimately take over three and a half decades to complete 72 There was criticism both of Bartholdi s statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal In the years following the Civil War most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation s history rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue 72 There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works the selection of Italian born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism even though he was a naturalized U S citizen 73 Harper s Weekly declared its wish that M Bartholdi and our French cousins had gone the whole figure while they were about it and given us statue and pedestal at once 74 The New York Times stated that no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances 75 Faced with these criticisms the American committees took little action for several years 75 Design Frank Leslie s Illustrated Newspaper June 1885 showing clockwise from left woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris Bartholdi and the statue s interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi s statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood a disused army base on Bedloe s Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 Since 1823 it had rarely been used though during the Civil War it had served as a recruiting station 76 The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven point star The statue s foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean 77 In 1881 the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal Within months Hunt submitted a detailed plan indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months 78 He proposed a pedestal 114 feet 35 m in height faced with money problems the committee reduced that to 89 feet 27 m 79 Hunt s pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture including Doric portals as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture 33 The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail in order to focus attention on the statue 79 In form it is a truncated pyramid 62 feet 19 m square at the base and 39 4 feet 12 0 m at the top The four sides are identical in appearance Above the door on each side there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states between 1876 and 1889 there were 38 of them although this was not done Above that a balcony was placed on each side framed by pillars Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal above which the statue itself rises 80 According to author Louis Auchincloss the pedestal craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty 79 The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work 81 Construction on the 15 foot deep 4 6 m foundation began in 1883 and the pedestal s cornerstone was laid in 1884 78 In Hunt s original conception the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans the final design called for poured concrete walls up to 20 feet 6 1 m thick faced with granite blocks 82 83 This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford Connecticut 84 The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time 83 Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giaever designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty His work involved design computations detailed fabrication and construction drawings and oversight of construction In completing his engineering for the statue s frame Giaever worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel 85 Fundraising Fundraising in the US for the pedestal had begun in 1882 The committee organized a large number of money raising events 86 As part of one such effort an auction of art and manuscripts poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work She initially declined stating she could not write a poem about a statue At the time she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled antisemitic pogroms in eastern Europe These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue 87 The resulting sonnet The New Colossus including the lines Give me your tired your poor Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty in American culture and is inscribed on a plaque in its museum 88 Liberty Enlightening the World or The Statue of Liberty a stained glass window commissioned by Joseph Pulitzer to commemorate fundraising for the pedestal Originally installed in the New York World Building it is currently located in Pulitzer Hall at Columbia University 89 Even with these efforts fundraising lagged Grover Cleveland the governor of New York vetoed a bill to provide 50 000 for the statue project in 1884 An attempt the next year to have Congress provide 100 000 sufficient to complete the project also failed The New York committee with only 3 000 in the bank suspended work on the pedestal With the project in jeopardy groups from other American cities including Boston and Philadelphia offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it 90 Joseph Pulitzer publisher of the New York World a New York newspaper announced a drive to raise 100 000 equivalent to 3 257 000 in 2022 Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor no matter how small the amount given 91 The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors A young girl alone in the world donated 60 cents the result of self denial 92 One donor gave five cents as a poor office boy s mite toward the Pedestal Fund A group of children sent a dollar as the money we saved to go to the circus with 93 Another dollar was given by a lonely and very aged woman 92 Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York s rival city of Brooklyn the cities would not merge until 1898 donated 15 other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons 94 A kindergarten class in Davenport Iowa mailed the World a gift of 1 35 92 As the donations flooded in the committee resumed work on the pedestal 95 France raised about 250 000 to build the statue while the United States had to raise up to 300 000 to build the pedestal 96 97 Construction On June 17 1885 the French steamer Isere fr arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board New Yorkers displayed their newfound enthusiasm for the statue Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship 98 99 After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund on August 11 1885 the World announced that 102 000 had been raised from 120 000 donors and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar equivalent to 33 in 2022 100 Even with the success of the fund drive the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 Immediately thereafter reassembly of the statue began Eiffel s iron framework was anchored to steel I beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled 101 Once this was done the sections of skin were carefully attached 102 Due to the width of the pedestal it was not possible to erect scaffolding and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections 103 Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch s balcony to illuminate it a week before the dedication the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal fearing that ships pilots passing the statue would be blinded Instead Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch which was covered with gold leaf and placed the lights inside them 104 A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs 105 After the skin was completed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted co designer of Manhattan s Central Park and Brooklyn s Prospect Park supervised a cleanup of Bedloe s Island in anticipation of the dedication 106 General Charles Stone claimed on the day of dedication that no man had died during the construction of the statue This was not true however as Francis Longo a thirty nine year old Italian laborer had been killed when an old wall fell on him 107 Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World 1886 by Edward Moran Oil on canvas The J Clarence Davies Collection Museum of the City of New York A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 1886 President Grover Cleveland the former New York governor presided over the event 108 On the morning of the dedication a parade was held in New York City estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million President Cleveland headed the procession then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade The route began at Madison Square once the venue for the arm and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange traders threw ticker tape from the windows beginning the New York tradition of the ticker tape parade 109 A nautical parade began at 12 45 p m and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe s Island for the dedication 110 De Lesseps made the first speech on behalf of the French committee followed by the chairman of the New York committee Senator William M Evarts A French flag draped across the statue s face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts s speech but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts s address 109 President Cleveland spoke next stating that the statue s stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man s oppression until Liberty enlightens the world 111 Bartholdi observed near the dais was called upon to speak but he declined Orator Chauncey M Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address 112 No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies which were reserved entirely for dignitaries The only women granted access were Bartholdi s wife and de Lesseps s granddaughter officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people The restriction offended area suffragists who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island The group s leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women s right to vote 111 A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather 113 Shortly after the dedication The Cleveland Gazette an African American newspaper suggested that the statue s torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation in reality Liberty enlightening the world indeed The expression makes us sick This government is a howling farce It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders Shove the Bartholdi statue torch and all into the ocean until the liberty of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family without being ku kluxed perhaps murdered his daughter and wife outraged and his property destroyed The idea of the liberty of this country enlightening the world or even Patagonia is ridiculous in the extreme 114 After dedicationLighthouse Board and War Department 1886 1933 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue s dedication it produced only a faint gleam barely visible from Manhattan The World characterized it as more like a glowworm than a beacon 105 Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light but this proved too expensive The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch s effect in spite of its efforts the statue remained virtually invisible at night When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 he made additional suggestions all of which proved ineffective He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel s design 105 In 1901 President Theodore Roosevelt once a member of the New York committee ordered the statue s transfer to the War Department as it had proved useless as a lighthouse 115 A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe s Island until 1923 after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction 116 Wars and other upheavals in Europe prompted large scale emigration to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century many entered through New York and saw the statue not as a symbol of enlightenment as Bartholdi had intended but as a sign of welcome to their new home The association with immigration only became stronger when an immigrant processing station was opened on nearby Ellis Island This view was consistent with Lazarus s vision in her sonnet she described the statue as Mother of Exiles but her work had become obscure In 1903 the sonnet was engraved on a plaque that was affixed to the base of the statue 117 Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled I saw the Statue of Liberty And I said to myself Lady you re such a beautiful sic You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it to do something to be someone in America And always that statue was on my mind 118 The statue rapidly became a landmark 118 Originally it was a dull copper color but shortly after 1900 a green patina also called verdigris caused by the oxidation of the copper skin began to spread As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue 119 Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion Congress authorized US 62 800 equivalent to 2 045 000 in 2022 for various repairs and to paint the statue both inside and out 120 There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting 121 The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful 122 The statue was painted only on the inside The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal 122 Bedloe s Island in 1927 showing the statue and army buildings The eleven pointed walls of Fort Wood which still form the statue s base are visible On July 30 1916 during World War I German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City New Jersey in what is now part of Liberty State Park close to Bedloe s Island Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated The statue sustained minor damage mostly to the torch bearing right arm and was closed for ten days The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about 100 000 equivalent to about 2 690 000 in 2022 The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public safety reasons and it has remained closed ever since 112 That same year Ralph Pulitzer who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World began a drive to raise 30 000 equivalent to 807 000 in 2022 for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night He claimed over 80 000 contributors but failed to reach the goal The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor a fact that was not revealed until 1936 An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood Gutzon Borglum who later sculpted Mount Rushmore redesigned the torch replacing much of the original copper with stained glass On December 2 1916 President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights successfully illuminating the statue 123 After the United States entered World War I in 1917 images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially This impressed upon the public the war s stated purpose to secure liberty and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue 124 In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a national monument 115 A suicide occurred five years later when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death 125 Early National Park Service years 1933 1982 In 1933 President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service NPS In 1937 the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe s Island 115 With the Army s departure the NPS began to transform the island into a park 126 The Works Progress Administration WPA demolished most of the old buildings regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue temporarily removing the rays from the statue s halo so their rusted supports could be replaced Rusted cast iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete 127 the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced as well Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal 128 The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 127 During World War II the statue remained open to visitors although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts It was lit briefly on December 31 1943 and on D Day June 6 1944 when its lights flashed dot dot dot dash the Morse code for V for victory New powerful lighting was installed in 1944 1945 and beginning on V E Day the statue was once again illuminated after sunset The lighting was for only a few hours each evening and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night all night 129 In 1946 the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away 128 In 1956 an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe s Island as Liberty Island a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island which backers took as federal approval of the project though the government was slow to grant funds for it 130 Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 115 In 1972 the immigration museum in the statue s base was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon The museum s backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island 101 In 1970 Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women s New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE 131 132 Beginning December 26 1971 15 anti Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue flying a US flag upside down from her crown They left December 28 following a federal court order 133 The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence opposition to abortion and opposition to US intervention in Grenada Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally 134 A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 1976 and sailed around Liberty Island 135 The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue 136 Renovation and rededication 1982 2000 Main article Conservation restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also Liberty Weekend July 4 1986 First Lady Nancy Reagan in red reopens the statue to the public The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 137 In 1982 it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure In addition the head had been installed 2 feet 0 61 m off center and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind The armature structure was badly corroded and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced 138 Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years 139 In May 1982 President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Centennial Commission led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca to raise the funds needed to complete the work 140 141 142 Through its fundraising arm the Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Foundation Inc the group raised more than 350 million in donations for the renovations of both the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island 143 The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue The campaign generated contributions of 1 7 million to the restoration project 144 In 1984 the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation Workers erected the world s largest free standing scaffold 33 which obscured the statue from view Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades leaving two layers of coal tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper 145 The restorers work was hampered by the asbestos based substance that Bartholdi had used ineffectively as inspections showed to prevent galvanic corrosion Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear dubbed Moon suits with self contained breathing circuits 146 Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired and new copper was added where necessary 147 The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs which had a patina that closely resembled the statue s in exchange the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing 148 The torch found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi s unaltered torch 149 Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead 150 The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one whose flame is covered in 24 karat gold 36 The torch reflects the Sun s rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night 36 The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced Low carbon corrosion resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves 151 To prevent the ray and arm making contact the ray was realigned by several degrees 152 The lighting was again replaced night time illumination subsequently came from metal halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue showing off various details 153 Access to the pedestal which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation 154 A modern elevator was installed allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal 155 An emergency elevator was installed within the statue reaching up to the level of the shoulder 156 July 3 6 1986 was designated Liberty Weekend marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening President Reagan presided over the rededication with French President Francois Mitterrand in attendance July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail 157 and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 158 In Reagan s dedication speech he stated We are the keepers of the flame of liberty we hold it high for the world to see 157 Closures and reopenings 2001 present The Statue of Liberty on September 11 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background The new staircase to the crown Immediately following the September 11 attacks the statue and Liberty Island were closed to the public The island reopened at the end of 2001 while the pedestal and statue remained off limits The pedestal reopened in August 2004 158 but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration 159 New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue s reopening a personal crusade 160 On May 17 2009 President Barack Obama s Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar announced that as a special gift to America the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day 159 The Statue of Liberty s original torch 1886 1984 displayed in the Statue of Liberty Museum on Liberty Island The statue including the pedestal and base closed on October 29 2011 for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities such as restrooms up to code The statue was reopened on October 28 2012 161 162 163 but then closed again a day later in advance of Hurricane Sandy 164 Although the storm did not harm the statue it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty and Ellis Islands including the dock used by the ferries that ran to Liberty and Ellis Islands On November 8 2012 a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done 165 Since Liberty Island had no electricity a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument David Luchsinger whose home on the island was severely damaged stated that it would be optimistically months before the island was reopened to the public 166 The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 2013 167 Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 168 The Statue of Liberty has also been closed due to government shutdowns and protests as well as for disease pandemics During the October 2013 United States federal government shutdown Liberty Island and other federally funded sites were closed 169 In addition Liberty Island was briefly closed on July 4 2018 after a woman protesting against American immigration policy climbed onto the statue 170 However the island remained open during the 2018 19 United States federal government shutdown because the Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Foundation had donated funds 171 It closed beginning on March 16 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic 172 On July 20 2020 the Statue of Liberty reopened partially under New York City s Phase IV guidelines with Ellis Island remaining closed 173 174 The crown did not reopen until October 2022 175 On October 7 2016 construction started on the new Statue of Liberty Museum on Liberty Island 176 The new 70 million 26 000 square foot 2 400 m2 museum may be visited by all who come to the island 177 as opposed to the museum in the pedestal which only 20 of the island s visitors had access to 176 The new museum designed by FXFOWLE Architects is integrated with the surrounding parkland 178 179 Diane von Furstenberg headed the fundraising for the museum and the project received over 40 million in fundraising by groundbreaking 178 The museum opened on May 16 2019 180 181 Access and attributesLocation and access Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 182 As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay s midpoint the original islands remain New York territory though located on the New Jersey side of the state line Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York Land created by reclamation added to the 2 3 acre 0 93 ha original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory 183 No charge is made for entrance to the national monument but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use 184 as private boats may not dock at the island A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities replacing Circle Line which had operated the service since 1953 185 The ferries which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and the Battery in Lower Manhattan also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public making a combined trip possible 186 All ferry riders are subject to security screening similar to airport procedures prior to boarding 187 Visitors intending to enter the statue s base and pedestal must obtain pedestal access for a nominal fee when purchasing their ferry ticket 184 188 Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown must purchase a special ticket which may be reserved up to a year in advance A total of 240 people per day can ascend ten per group three groups per hour Climbers may bring only medication and cameras lockers are provided for other items and must undergo a second security screening 189 The balcony around the torch was closed to the public following the munitions explosion on Black Tom Island in 1916 112 The balcony can however be seen live via webcam 190 Inscriptions plaques and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget Gauthier et Cie Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co 191 A presentation tablet also bearing Bartholdi s name declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship 191 A tablet placed by the American Committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal 191 The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons 191 In 1903 a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus s sonnet The New Colossus 1883 was presented by friends of the poet Until the 1986 renovation it was mounted inside the pedestal later it resided in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base 191 The New Colossus tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 celebrating the poet s life 191 A group of statues stands at the western end of the island honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty Two Americans Pulitzer and Lazarus and three Frenchmen Bartholdi Eiffel and Laboulaye are depicted They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner 192 Historical designationsPresident Calvin Coolidge officially designated the Statue of Liberty as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1924 2 193 The monument was expanded to also include Ellis Island in 1965 194 195 The following year the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island were jointly added to the National Register of Historic Places 196 and the statue individually in 2017 4 On the sub national level the Statue of Liberty National Monument was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places in 1971 5 and was made a New York City designated landmark in 1976 6 In 1984 the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site The UNESCO Statement of Significance describes the statue as a masterpiece of the human spirit that endures as a highly potent symbol inspiring contemplation debate and protest of ideals such as liberty peace human rights abolition of slavery democracy and opportunity 197 Measurements As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature 77 Imperial MetricHeight of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 mFoundation of pedestal ground level to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 mHeel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 mHeight of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 mIndex finger 8 ft 1 in 2 44 mCircumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1 07 mHead from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5 26 mHead thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3 05 mDistance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0 76 mLength of nose 4 ft 6 in 1 48 mRight arm length 42 ft 0 in 12 8 mRight arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3 66 mThickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10 67 mWidth of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0 91 mTablet length 23 ft 7 in 7 19 mTablet width 13 ft 7 in 4 14 mTablet thickness 2 ft 0 in 0 61 mHeight of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27 13 mHeight of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19 81 mWeight of copper used in statue 60 000 pounds 27 22 tonnesWeight of steel used in statue 250 000 pounds 113 4 tonnesTotal weight of statue 450 000 pounds 204 1 tonnesThickness of copper sheeting 3 32 of an inch 2 4 mmDepictionsSee also Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture Replica on Odaiba in Tokyo Bay Japan near the Rainbow Bridge Statue of Liberty from Pont de Grenelle Paris Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide 198 A smaller version of the statue one fourth the height of the original was given by the American community in Paris to that city It now stands on the Ile aux Cygnes facing west toward her larger sister 198 A replica 30 feet 9 1 m tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years 198 it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum 199 In a patriotic tribute the Boy Scouts of America as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 1952 donated about two hundred replicas of the statue made of stamped copper and 100 inches 2 5 m in height to states and municipalities across the United States 200 Though not a true replica the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty 201 Among other recreations of New York City structures a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas 202 As an American icon the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country s coinage and stamps It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial and on New York s 2001 entry in the state quarters series 203 An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 and it was placed on the reverse or tails side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins 31 Two images of the statue s torch appear on the current ten dollar bill 204 The statue s intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino 205 Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions Between 1986 206 and 2000 207 New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue 206 207 The Women s National Basketball Association s New York Liberty use both the statue s name and its image in their logo in which the torch s flame doubles as a basketball 208 The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue s head on their third jersey beginning in 1997 209 The National Collegiate Athletic Association s 1996 Men s Basketball Final Four played at New Jersey s Meadowlands Sports Complex featured the statue in its logo 210 The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem 211 The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture In music it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies as in Toby Keith s 2002 song Courtesy of the Red White and Blue The Angry American and in opposition appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys album Bedtime for Democracy which protested the Reagan administration 212 In film the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock s 1942 movie Saboteur 213 The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes in which it is seen half buried in sand 212 214 It is knocked over in the science fiction film Independence Day 215 and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off 216 In Jack Finney s 1970 time travel novel Time and Again the right arm of the statue on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park plays a crucial role 217 Robert Holdstock consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction wondered in 1979 Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted Earth giants have uprooted it aliens have found it curious the symbol of Liberty of optimism has become a symbol of science fiction s pessimistic view of the future 218 A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Head of Liberty U S airmail stamp 1971 Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin 3D model Click to interact See also Approximate heights of various notable statues Statue of Unity 240 m 790 ft incl 58 m 190 ft base Spring Temple Buddha 153 m 502 ft incl 25 m 82 ft pedestal and 20 m 66 ft throne Statue of Liberty 93 m 305 ft incl 47 m 154 ft pedestal The Motherland Calls 87 m 285 ft incl 2 m 6 ft 7 in pedestal Christ the Redeemer 38 m 125 ft incl 8 m 26 ft pedestal Michelangelo s David 5 17 m 17 0 ft excl 2 5 m 8 ft 2 in plinth Goddess of Liberty 1888 statue by Elijah E Myers atop the Texas State Capitol dome in Austin Texas List of tallest statues List of the tallest statues in the United States Miss Freedom 1889 statue on the dome of the Georgia State Capitol US Place des Etats Unis in Paris France Statue of Freedom 1863 sculpture by Thomas Crawford atop the dome of the US Capitol The Statue of Liberty film a 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York CityReferencesCitations Schneiderman R M June 28 2010 For tourists Statue of Liberty is nice but no Forever 21 The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on January 24 2012 Retrieved October 12 2011 a b National 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2021 Retrieved June 5 2019 via newspapers com Proclamation 3656 Adding Ellis Island to the Statue of Liberty National Monument April 5 2010 Archived from the original on September 26 2017 Retrieved July 4 2019 National Park Service 1994 National Register of Historic Places 1966 1994 Cumulative List Through January 1 1994 Washington D C National Park Service p 502 ISBN 978 0 89133 254 1 Statue of Liberty World Heritage UNESCO Archived from the original on August 28 2012 Retrieved October 20 2011 a b c Moreno 2000 pp 200 201 Collections American Art Replica of the Statue of Liberty from Liberty Storage amp Warehouse 43 47 West 64th Street NYC Brooklyn Museum Archived from the original on June 24 2014 Retrieved October 20 2011 Attoun Marti October 2007 Little Sisters of Liberty Scouting Archived from the original on July 12 2014 Retrieved August 1 2010 Moreno 2000 pp 103 104 Goldberger Paul January 15 1997 New York New York it s a Las Vegas town The New York Times Archived from the original on June 9 2013 Retrieved October 20 2011 Statue of Liberty postage stamps Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Foundation Inc Archived from the original on July 7 2014 Retrieved October 20 2011 The redesigned 10 note newmoney gov Bureau of Engraving and Printing Archived from the original on July 3 2014 Retrieved October 20 2011 Severson Kim Healey Matthew April 14 2011 This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager The New York Times Archived from the original on September 28 2011 Retrieved October 20 2011 a b State to start issuing new license plates July 1 The New York Times January 24 1986 Archived from the original on March 4 2014 Retrieved October 20 2011 a b State license plates to get new look The New York Times January 11 2000 Archived from the original on March 4 2014 Retrieved October 20 2011 Liberty for New York club The New York Times February 14 1997 Archived from the original on December 4 2010 Retrieved October 20 2011 Lapointe Joe January 12 1997 Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden The New York Times Archived from the original on June 9 2013 Retrieved October 20 2011 Sandomir Richard March 29 1996 Final Four States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation The New York Times Archived from the original on May 17 2013 Retrieved October 20 2011 Axinn Mark October 28 2011 The Statue of Liberty after 125 years by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn Libertarian Party of the United States Archived from the original on June 30 2014 Retrieved November 19 2012 a b Morris Tracy S The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture USA Today Archived from the original on February 2 2014 Retrieved October 20 2011 Spoto Donald 1983 The Dark Side of Genius The Life of Alfred Hitchcock Ballantine pp 262 263 ISBN 978 0 345 31462 8 Greene Eric Slotkin Richard 1998 Planet of the Apes as American myth race politics and popular culture Middletown Connecticut Wesleyan University Press p 52 ISBN 978 0 8195 6329 3 Retrieved October 20 2011 statue of liberty planet of the apes 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty gt gt Page 6 of 10 March 13 2014 Archived from the original on March 24 2014 Retrieved March 24 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Cloverfield Release Will Be Test of Online Hype NPR NPR org Archived from the original on April 14 2008 Retrieved March 24 2014 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Darrach Brad June 26 1970 The spy who came in from 1882 Life p 16 Archived from the original on January 7 2017 Retrieved October 20 2011 Nicholls Peter 1979 The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction St Albans Herts UK Granada Publishing Ltd p 14 ISBN 978 0 586 05380 5 General and cited references Bell James B Abrams Richard L 1984 In Search of Liberty The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Garden City New York Doubleday amp Co ISBN 978 0 385 19624 6 Harris Jonathan 1985 A Statue for America The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty New York City Four Winds Press a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 02 742730 1 Hayden Richard Seth Despont Thierry W 1986 Restoring the Statue of Liberty New York City McGraw Hill Book Company ISBN 978 0 07 027326 9 Khan Yasmin Sabina 2010 Enlightening the World The Creation of the Statue of Liberty Ithaca New York Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 4851 5 Moreno Barry 2000 The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia New York City Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 7385 3689 7 Sutherland Cara A 2003 The Statue of Liberty New York City Barnes amp Noble Books ISBN 978 0 7607 3890 0 External linksStatue of Liberty at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel information from Wikivoyage Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Foundation Statue of Liberty UNESCO World Heritage A Giant s Task Cleaning Statue of Liberty Popular Mechanics February 1932 Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 1885 many historical photographs Front page of The Evening Post New York extensively describing October 28 1886 dedication Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record HAER No NY 138 Statue of Liberty Liberty Island Manhattan New York City County NY 404 photos 59 color transparencies 41 measured drawings 10 data pages 33 photo caption pages HAER No NY 138 A Statue of Liberty Administration Building 6 photos 6 measured drawings 1 photo caption page HAER No NY 138 B Statue of Liberty Concessions Building 12 photos 6 measured drawings 1 photo caption page The Statue of Liberty BBC Radio 4 discussion with Robert Gildea Kathleen Burk amp John Keane In Our Time February 14 2008 Portals New York City New York state New Jersey National Register of Historic Places United States Architecture Visual arts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Statue of Liberty amp oldid 1152039688, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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