Climate of New York City
According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of New York City is humid subtropical (Cfa), with parts of the city transitioning into a humid continental climate. (Dfa).[1] The city experiences moderately cold, somewhat wet and snowy winters; and hot, humid summers with plentiful rainfall all year round. Also, New York's enormous population, human activity, and vast amounts of large buildings and streets, which absorb sunlight during the day, contribute significantly to the urban heat island effect. Were it not for this phenomenon, its climate would probably be within the humid continental temperature range.
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Meteorological records have been kept at Central Park since 1821, although the station was relocated to a different part of the park on January 1, 1920.[2] There are also other weather stations in the area including one at LaGuardia Airport, beginning in 1940, and at JFK Airport, beginning in 1948. However, due to Central Park's long records and central location, it is often considered the main station for the city. Hence, all records unless otherwise stated will be for this station.
The highest temperature ever observed in Central Park is 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936 - although LaGuardia reported 107 °F (42 °C) on July 3, 1966, and the lowest is −15 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934. The lowest daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917. The highest daily minimum at Central Park is 87 °F (31 °C) on July 2, 1903.[3]
The city can be prone to extremes. Snowfall averages 29.8 in (75.7 cm) per year but is highly variable between winter seasons.[4] The city can also be prone to strong winds, being a coastal location it is exposed to the Atlantic. This can be especially pronounced during the autumn and winter months, with a gust of 78 miles per hour (126 km/h) being reported on December 2, 1974.[5] Governors Island, Manhattan, in New York Harbor, is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center poised to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[6]
Classifications edit
New York City falls under different climate types depending on the climate classification system used. However, the Köppen climate classification system is the most widely used climate classification scheme, in which New York City falls under the humid subtropical zone.
| Climatic scheme | Initials | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Köppen system[1] | Cfa | Humid subtropical climate |
| Trewartha system[7] | Do | Temperate oceanic climate |
| Alisov system[8] | — | Temperate climate |
| Strahler system[9] | — | Moist continental climate |
| Thornthwaite system[10] | C2 B'1 | Moist subhumid mesothermal climate |
| Neef system[11] | — | East-side temperate climate |
In the Holdridge life zones system, having a mean annual biotemperature above 53.6 °F (12 °C) and mean annual precipitation above 39.4 inches (1,000 mm), New York City features a warm temperate moist forest climate.[12] By the Trewartha classification, the city is defined as having an oceanic climate (Do).[13][14] Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine.[15] The USDA plant hardiness zones are 7a and 7b. Most of the city is found in 7b, with forested areas and parks being in 7a, as shown in Staten Island and suburban areas. The city also has some small densely populated areas in 8a, like around Laguardia airport.[16]
Temperature edit
The city's regime of temperature features large seasonal swings, with four distinct seasons. However, due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, these swings are less significant than areas further inland. The Atlantic serves as a moderator of the temperature meaning the city is milder than areas inland during the winter and cooler during the summer. Although, being on the east coast, this effect is less pronounced. All extremes are for the Central Park station.
Averages edit
In an average year, the temperature will usually be between 8 °F (−13 °C) and 97 °F (36 °C) with temperatures greatly exceeding these values being uncommon. Temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) and below 0 °F (−18 °C) are very rare, with the last occurrences being July 18, 2012 and February 14, 2016, respectively.[17]
| Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 60.4 (15.8) | 60.7 (15.9) | 70.3 (21.3) | 82.9 (28.3) | 88.5 (31.4) | 92.1 (33.4) | 95.7 (35.4) | 93.4 (34.1) | 89.0 (31.7) | 79.7 (26.5) | 70.7 (21.5) | 62.9 (17.2) | 97.0 (36.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.5 (4.2) | 42.2 (5.7) | 49.9 (9.9) | 61.8 (16.6) | 71.4 (21.9) | 79.7 (26.5) | 84.9 (29.4) | 83.3 (28.5) | 76.2 (24.6) | 64.5 (18.1) | 54.0 (12.2) | 44.3 (6.8) | 62.6 (17.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) | 35.9 (2.2) | 42.8 (6.0) | 53.7 (12.1) | 63.2 (17.3) | 72.0 (22.2) | 77.5 (25.3) | 76.1 (24.5) | 69.2 (20.7) | 57.9 (14.4) | 48.0 (8.9) | 39.1 (3.9) | 55.8 (13.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.9 (−2.3) | 29.5 (−1.4) | 35.8 (2.1) | 45.5 (7.5) | 55.0 (12.8) | 64.4 (18.0) | 70.1 (21.2) | 68.9 (20.5) | 62.3 (16.8) | 51.4 (10.8) | 42.0 (5.6) | 33.8 (1.0) | 48.9 (9.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 9.8 (−12.3) | 12.7 (−10.7) | 19.7 (−6.8) | 32.8 (0.4) | 43.9 (6.6) | 52.7 (11.5) | 61.8 (16.6) | 60.3 (15.7) | 50.2 (10.1) | 38.4 (3.6) | 27.7 (−2.4) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 7.7 (−13.5) |
| Source: NOAA[18] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for New York (Central Park), 1822–1871 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 29.8 (−1.2) | 30.4 (−0.9) | 38.1 (3.4) | 48.7 (9.3) | 59.2 (15.1) | 69.3 (20.7) | 74.8 (23.8) | 73.2 (22.9) | 65.7 (18.7) | 54.5 (12.5) | 43.5 (6.4) | 33.3 (0.7) | 51.6 (10.9) |
| Source: [19] | |||||||||||||
Highest daily temperatures edit
| Lowest daily temperatures edit
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Daily record warm minimum edit
| Daily record cold maxima edit
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Highest averages edit
| Lowest averages edit
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Precipitation edit
New York City sees frequent, heavy rainfall. Precipitation averages 49.9 in (1,267 mm) annually. Spring is the wettest season. February is the driest month. Every single month in the city's recorded history has reported some rainfall, showing the variability of the climate. The record for days without rain, is 36 consecutive days, between October 10 and November 13, 1924.[23] The most rainfall in 24 hours was 8.28 in (210.3 mm) on September 23, 1882.[24]
The city sees snow, primarily in winter. It sometimes snows in late autumn and early spring. Snowfall averages 29.8 in (75.7 cm) per year but is highly variable between winter seasons.[25] The most snowfall was 27.3 in (69 cm) on January 23, 2016.[24]
Averages edit
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.64 (92) | 3.19 (81) | 4.29 (109) | 4.09 (104) | 3.96 (101) | 4.54 (115) | 4.60 (117) | 4.56 (116) | 4.31 (109) | 4.38 (111) | 3.58 (91) | 4.38 (111) | 49.52 (1,258) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.8 (22) | 10.1 (26) | 5.0 (13) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.5 (1.3) | 4.9 (12) | 29.8 (76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.8 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 11.4 | 125.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 11.4 |
| Source: NOAA[18] | |||||||||||||
Rainfall Extremes edit
Lowest edit
| Highest edit
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Snowfall edit
Highest edit
| Lowest edit
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Other phenomena edit
Sunshine, UV and daylight edit
The city generally experiences sunny conditions. As a result of New York City's latitude, 40°42′46″N 74°00′22″W / 40.712740°N 74.005974°W, it is not subject to the extremes of daylight that places much farther north see.[28] However, it is far north enough for there to be a moderate change of possible daylight hours throughout the year.[29]
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 162.7 | 163.1 | 212.5 | 225.6 | 256.6 | 257.3 | 268.2 | 268.2 | 219.3 | 211.2 | 151.0 | 139.0 | 2,534.7 |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 9.7 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 13.3 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 12.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 54 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 63 | 59 | 61 | 48 | 48 | 57 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[30] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas[29] | |||||||||||||
Wind edit
The wind is seldom strong in New York City but can occasionally be noticeable. This is especially true in the autumn and winter seasons when extratropical depressions often bring strong winds. The strongest gust in Central Park, of 78 miles per hour (126 km/h), occurred on December 2, 1974, however, a station at The Battery reported a gust of 113 miles per hour (182 km/h) on October 14, 1954.[31] However, tropical storms can sometimes affect the area, although they are infrequent and usually weak. Most recently Hurricane Sandy struck the city on October 29, 2012, causing billions of dollars in damage. It resulted in loss of power, severe flooding and many residents being displaced.[32]
Climate change edit
Being a coastal city, New York City is expected to experience significant effects from rising sea levels. Predictions that the sea level will rise by as much as 6 feet (1.8 m) by 2100 have prompted the city's mayor to invest $10 billion into keeping the city safe.[33] The city is also expected to become more susceptible to storm surges and flooding, meaning events like Hurricane Sandy's impacts will become more likely in the future.
Temperature edit
The temperature in New York City has generally increased steadily of the last 150 years and this trend is expected to continue due to anthropogenic warming. By 2080, it is predicted that the climate of the city will be similar to northern Arkansas. The mean temperature has risen by 2.4 °F (1.3 °C) since the 1970s and this warming is expected to accelerate in the coming decades.[34][35]
Precipitation edit
Precipitation in the city has significantly increased since 2000; both rainfall and snowfall have risen, but snowfall has increased much more significantly. However, it is argued that such trends, being so recent, make it impossible to predict whether such increases will continue or become steadier.[36]
Station data edit
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) | 78 (26) | 86 (30) | 96 (36) | 99 (37) | 101 (38) | 106 (41) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 94 (34) | 84 (29) | 75 (24) | 106 (41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 60.4 (15.8) | 60.7 (15.9) | 70.3 (21.3) | 82.9 (28.3) | 88.5 (31.4) | 92.1 (33.4) | 95.7 (35.4) | 93.4 (34.1) | 89.0 (31.7) | 79.7 (26.5) | 70.7 (21.5) | 62.9 (17.2) | 97.0 (36.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.5 (4.2) | 42.2 (5.7) | 49.9 (9.9) | 61.8 (16.6) | 71.4 (21.9) | 79.7 (26.5) | 84.9 (29.4) | 83.3 (28.5) | 76.2 (24.6) | 64.5 (18.1) | 54.0 (12.2) | 44.3 (6.8) | 62.6 (17.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) | 35.9 (2.2) | 42.8 (6.0) | 53.7 (12.1) | 63.2 (17.3) | 72.0 (22.2) | 77.5 (25.3) | 76.1 (24.5) | 69.2 (20.7) | 57.9 (14.4) | 48.0 (8.9) | 39.1 (3.9) | 55.8 (13.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.9 (−2.3) | 29.5 (−1.4) | 35.8 (2.1) | 45.5 (7.5) | 55.0 (12.8) | 64.4 (18.0) | 70.1 (21.2) | 68.9 (20.5) | 62.3 (16.8) | 51.4 (10.8) | 42.0 (5.6) | 33.8 (1.0) | 48.9 (9.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 9.8 (−12.3) | 12.7 (−10.7) | 19.7 (−6.8) | 32.8 (0.4) | 43.9 (6.6) | 52.7 (11.5) | 61.8 (16.6) | 60.3 (15.7) | 50.2 (10.1) | 38.4 (3.6) | 27.7 (−2.4) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 7.7 (−13.5) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −6 (−21) | −15 (−26) | 3 (−16) | 12 (−11) | 32 (0) | 44 (7) | 52 (11) | 50 (10) | 39 (4) | 28 (−2) | 5 (−15) | −13 (−25) | −15 (−26) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.64 (92) | 3.19 (81) | 4.29 (109) | 4.09 (104) | 3.96 (101) | 4.54 (115) | 4.60 (117) | 4.56 (116) | 4.31 (109) | 4.38 (111) | 3.58 (91) | 4.38 (111) | 49.52 (1,258) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.8 (22) | 10.1 (26) | 5.0 (13) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.5 (1.3) | 4.9 (12) | 29.8 (76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.8 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 11.4 | 125.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 11.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 61.5 | 60.2 | 58.5 | 55.3 | 62.7 | 65.2 | 64.2 | 66.0 | 67.8 | 65.6 | 64.6 | 64.1 | 63.0 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 19.0 (−7.2) | 25.9 (−3.4) | 34.0 (1.1) | 47.3 (8.5) | 57.4 (14.1) | 61.9 (16.6) | 62.1 (16.7) | 55.6 (13.1) | 44.1 (6.7) | 34.0 (1.1) | 24.6 (−4.1) | 40.3 (4.6) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 162.7 | 163.1 | 212.5 | 225.6 | 256.6 | 257.3 | 268.2 | 268.2 | 219.3 | 211.2 | 151.0 | 139.0 | 2,534.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 54 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 63 | 59 | 61 | 51 | 48 | 57 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[38][39][40] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas[41]. | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average sea temperature °F (°C) | 41.7 (5.4) | 39.7 (4.3) | 40.2 (4.5) | 45.1 (7.3) | 52.5 (11.4) | 64.5 (18.1) | 72.1 (22.3) | 74.1 (23.4) | 70.1 (21.2) | 63.0 (17.2) | 54.3 (12.4) | 47.2 (8.4) | 55.4 (13.0) |
| Climate data for New York LaGuardia Airport, NY (1991-2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) | 79 (26) | 86 (30) | 94 (34) | 97 (36) | 101 (38) | 107 (42) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 95 (35) | 83 (28) | 75 (24) | 107 (42) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 40.2 (4.6) | 42.7 (5.9) | 49.9 (9.9) | 61.3 (16.3) | 71.8 (22.1) | 81.1 (27.3) | 86.4 (30.2) | 84.5 (29.2) | 77.2 (25.1) | 66.0 (18.9) | 55.0 (12.8) | 45.4 (7.4) | 63.5 (17.5) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 34.4 (1.3) | 36.3 (2.4) | 43.1 (6.2) | 53.6 (12.0) | 63.7 (17.6) | 73.4 (23.0) | 79.2 (26.2) | 77.7 (25.4) | 70.8 (21.6) | 59.6 (15.3) | 49.1 (9.5) | 40.0 (4.4) | 56.8 (13.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 28.6 (−1.9) | 29.9 (−1.2) | 36.2 (2.3) | 46.0 (7.8) | 55.7 (13.2) | 65.7 (18.7) | 71.9 (22.2) | 71.0 (21.7) | 64.4 (18.0) | 53.3 (11.8) | 43.2 (6.2) | 34.7 (1.5) | 50.1 (10.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −3 (−19) | −7 (−22) | 7 (−14) | 22 (−6) | 36 (2) | 46 (8) | 56 (13) | 51 (11) | 42 (6) | 30 (−1) | 17 (−8) | −2 (−19) | −7 (−22) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.25 (83) | 2.93 (74) | 4.01 (102) | 3.85 (98) | 3.58 (91) | 4.03 (102) | 4.30 (109) | 4.41 (112) | 3.88 (99) | 3.81 (97) | 3.15 (80) | 4.08 (104) | 45.28 (1,150) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.6 (22) | 9.8 (25) | 5.4 (14) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.3 (0.76) | 5.2 (13) | 29.8 (76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 11.5 | 121.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.4 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 13.8 |
| Source: NOAA[42][43] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Newark International Airport, NJ (1991-2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 74 (23) | 80 (27) | 89 (32) | 97 (36) | 99 (37) | 103 (39) | 108 (42) | 105 (41) | 105 (41) | 96 (36) | 85 (29) | 76 (24) | 108 (42) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 40.0 (4.4) | 43.0 (6.1) | 50.9 (10.5) | 62.6 (17.0) | 72.6 (22.6) | 81.8 (27.7) | 86.9 (30.5) | 84.7 (29.3) | 77.7 (25.4) | 66.0 (18.9) | 54.9 (12.7) | 44.8 (7.1) | 63.8 (17.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 32.8 (0.4) | 35.1 (1.7) | 42.5 (5.8) | 53.3 (11.8) | 63.3 (17.4) | 72.7 (22.6) | 78.2 (25.7) | 76.4 (24.7) | 69.2 (20.7) | 57.5 (14.2) | 47.0 (8.3) | 38.0 (3.3) | 55.5 (13.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 25.5 (−3.6) | 27.2 (−2.7) | 34.2 (1.2) | 44.1 (6.7) | 53.9 (12.2) | 63.6 (17.6) | 69.4 (20.8) | 68.0 (20.0) | 60.7 (15.9) | 49.0 (9.4) | 39.0 (3.9) | 31.2 (−0.4) | 47.2 (8.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −8 (−22) | −14 (−26) | 6 (−14) | 16 (−9) | 33 (1) | 41 (5) | 51 (11) | 45 (7) | 35 (2) | 25 (−4) | 12 (−11) | −8 (−22) | −14 (−26) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.42 (87) | 2.98 (76) | 4.13 (105) | 3.87 (98) | 3.97 (101) | 4.34 (110) | 4.66 (118) | 4.15 (105) | 3.82 (97) | 3.79 (96) | 3.33 (85) | 4.14 (105) | 46.60 (1,184) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 9.1 (23) | 10.1 (26) | 5.6 (14) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.51) | 0.6 (1.5) | 5.4 (14) | 31.5 (80) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.6 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 11.1 | 123.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.6 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 14.5 |
| Source: NOAA[42][44] | |||||||||||||
- Time series plot for Central Park, 1869–present
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Notes edit
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of July 1999 equalled the mean temperature of July 1825.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of 1836 was 47.2 °F (8.4 °C), beating the record from 1888. Additionally, 1837 also beat 1888, with a mean temperature of 49.2 °F (9.6 °C)[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of summer 1837 was 67.5 °F (19.7 °C), beating the record from summer 1903. Additionally, the summers of 1836 and 1839 also beat 1903, with mean temperatures of 67.7 °F (19.8 °C) and 69.1 °F (20.6 °C) respectively.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of autumn 1836 was 49.5 °F (9.7 °C), beating the record from autumn 1871. Additionally, the autumn of 1823 also beat 1871, with a mean temperature of 51.3 °F (10.7 °C).[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of winter 1867–1868 was 25.5 °F (−3.6 °C), beating the record from winter 1917–1918.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of January 1857 was 19.6 °F (−6.9 °C), beating the record from January 1918 as well as being the coldest month of any kind ever recorded.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of May 1917 was equalled by May 1850.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of June 1836 was 62.2 °F (16.8 °C), beating the record from June 1903. The mean temperature of June 1903 was also beaten by June 1839, with a mean temperature of 63.3 °F (17.4 °C).[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of July 1837 was 69.4 °F (20.8 °C), beating the record from July 1888.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of August 1836 was 67.8 °F (19.9 °C), beating the record from August 1927. The mean temperature of August 1927 was also beaten by August 1866, with a mean temperature of 68.4 °F (20.2 °C). The mean temperature of August 1927 was also equalled by August 1837.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of September 1835 was 60.6 °F (15.9 °C), beating the record from September 1871.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of October 1836 was 45.8 °F (7.7 °C), beating the record from October 1888.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of December 1831 was 22.3 °F (−5.4 °C), beating the record from December 1876.[22]
- ^ Due to a rain gauge malfunction, the rainfall measurement is in doubt.[27]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020
- ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[37]
References edit
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- ^ "Station Data Inventory, Access & History". NOAA. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Warmest and Coldest Days at Central Park (1869 to Present)" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK". NWS Upton, New York. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ "All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY (1869 to Present)" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ "Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center". City of New York. October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Cmapm, Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work (2011-06-16), Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову., retrieved 27 June 2020
- ^ "World Strahler Climate Map". Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Feddema, Johannes J. (January 2005). "A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification". Physical Geography. 26 (6): 442–466. doi:10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442. ISSN 0272-3646. S2CID 128745497.
- ^ "Klimaklassifikation". www.spektrum.de (in German). Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Lugo, A. E.; Brown, S. L.; Dodson, R.; Smith, T. S.; Shugart, H. H. (1999). "The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. doi:10.1046/J.1365-2699.1999.00329.X. S2CID 11733879.
Figure 3
- ^ "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. University of Arizona. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ "Chapter 47. Global mapping". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ "New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 1". planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Station Name: NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK TWR". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
- ^ . Wetter-Zentrale. Archived from the original on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
- ^ a b c d "Central Park, NY Historical Data". NOAA. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ 2023 Becomes New York City’s Warmest Year on Record
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m . Wetterzentrale. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK". NWS Upton, New York. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ a b c "Monthly & Seasonal Snowfall at Central Park". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ "Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK". NWS Upton, New York. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ "New York City Weather in 1949".
- ^ CITY'S RAIN: '83 RECORD IS IN DOUBT, New York Times, December 31, 1983
- ^ "GPS coordinates, latitude and longitude with interactive Maps". www.gps-coordinates.net.
- ^ a b "New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ "All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY (1869 to Present)" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ . 1.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "NYC mayor has a $10 billion plan to protect Manhattan from rising seas". The Verge. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "By 2080, global warming will make New York City feel like Arkansas". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Impacts of Climate Change in New York". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Why New York City's Rapidly Rising Snowfall Totals Are No Holiday Miracle". New York Yimby. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ a b "New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ a b "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
- ^ "Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
