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Robert F. Kennedy Bridge

January 26, 2023

Route map:

Template:Attached KML/Triborough Bridge
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The Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (RFK Bridge; formerly known and still commonly referred to as the Triborough Bridge) is a complex of bridges and elevated expressway viaducts[2] in New York City. The bridges link the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx. The viaducts cross Randalls and Wards Islands, previously two islands and now joined by landfill.

Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
(Triborough Bridge)
The Queens–Wards Island span of the bridge, over the East River
Coordinates40°46′50″N 73°55′39″W / 40.78056°N 73.92750°W / 40.78056; -73.92750
Carries8 lanes of
I-278 Toll (Bronx and Queens spans)
6 lanes of NY 900G (Manhattan span)
CrossesEast River, Harlem River and Bronx Kill
LocaleNew York City, United States
Official nameRobert F. Kennedy Bridge
Other name(s)RFK Triborough Bridge, Triboro Bridge, RFK Bridge
Maintained byMTA Bridges and Tunnels
Characteristics
DesignSuspension bridge, lift bridge, truss bridge
Total length2,780 feet (850 m) (Queens span)
770 feet (230 m) (Manhattan span)
1,600 feet (490 m) (Bronx span)
Width98 feet (30 m) (Queens span)
Longest span1,380 feet (420 m) (Queens span)
310 feet (94 m) (Manhattan span)
383 feet (117 m) (Bronx span)
Clearance above14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) (Queens/Bronx spans)
13 feet 10 inches (4.22 m) (Manhattan span)
Clearance below143 feet (44 m) (Queens span)
135 feet (41 m) (Manhattan span when raised)
55 feet (17 m) (Bronx span)
History
OpenedJuly 11, 1936; 86 years ago (1936-07-11)
Statistics
Daily traffic95,552 (Queens–Manhattan and Bronx–Manhattan, 2016)[1]
83,053 (Queens–Bronx, 2016)[1]
TollAs of April 11, 2021, $10.17 (Tolls By Mail and non-New York E-ZPass); $6.55 (New York E-ZPass); $8.36 (Mid-Tier NYCSC E-Z Pass)
Location

The RFK Bridge, a toll bridge, carries Interstate 278 (I-278) as well as the unsigned highway New York State Route 900G. It connects with the FDR Drive and the Harlem River Drive in Manhattan, the Bruckner Expressway (I-278) and the Major Deegan Expressway (Interstate 87) in the Bronx, and the Grand Central Parkway (I-278) and Astoria Boulevard in Queens.

The three primary bridges of the RFK Bridge complex are:[2]

These three bridges are connected by an elevated highway viaduct across Randalls and Wards Islands and 14 miles (23 km) of support roads. The viaduct includes a smaller span across the former site of Little Hell Gate, which separated Randalls and Wards Islands.[2][3] Also part of the complex is a grade-separated T-interchange on Randalls Island, which sorted out traffic in a way that ensured that drivers paid a toll at only one bank of tollbooths.[4] The tollbooths have since been removed, and all tolls are collected electronically at the approaches to each bridge.

The bridge complex was designed by chief engineer Othmar H. Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II,[5] and has been called "not a bridge so much as a traffic machine, the largest ever built".[4] The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986.[6] The bridge is owned and operated by MTA Bridges and Tunnels (formally the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, or TBTA), an affiliate of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.

Description

The RFK Bridge is made of four segments. The three primary spans traverse the East River to Queens; the Harlem River to Manhattan; and Bronx Kill to the Bronx,[7] while the fourth is a T-shaped approach viaduct that leads to an interchange plaza between the three primary spans on Randalls Island. The Queens arm of the viaduct formerly crossed Little Hell Gate, a creek located between Randalls Island to the north and Wards Island to the south.[2] Excluding elevated ramps, the segments are a total of 17,710 feet (5,400 m) long, with a 13,560-foot-long (4,130 m) span between the Bronx and Queens, and a 4,150-foot-long (1,260 m) span between Manhattan and the interchange plaza.[8][9][7] In total, the bridge contains 17.5 miles (28.2 km) of roadway, including elevated ramps.[10]

The bridge was primarily designed by chief engineer Othmar H. Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II.[5] Wharton Green served as the Public Works Administration (PWA)'s resident engineer for the project.[11]

 
The East River suspension bridge, pictured in 2021

East River suspension bridge (I-278)

The East River span, a suspension bridge across the Hell Gate of the East River, connects Queens with Wards Island. It carries eight lanes of Interstate 278, four in each direction, as well as a sidewalk on the northeastern side. The span connects to Grand Central Parkway, and indirectly to the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway (I-278), in Astoria, Queens.[12] Originally it connected to the intersection of 25th Avenue and 31st Street; the former was later renamed Hoyt Avenue.[13] The suspension span was designed by chief engineer Othmar Ammann.[14] The span was originally designed to be double-decked, with eight lanes on each deck.[15][9] When the construction of the Triborough Bridge was paused in 1932 due to lack of funding, the suspension span was downsized to a single deck. There are Warren trusses on each side of the span, which stiffen the deck.[15]

The center span between the two suspension towers is 1,380 feet (421 m) long, and the side spans between the suspension towers and the anchorages are each 700 feet (213 m) long.[15] The total length of the bridge is 2,780 feet (847 m), and the deck is 98 feet (30 m) wide.[15]

At mean high water, the towers are 315 feet (96 m) tall, and there is 143 feet (44 m) of clearance under the middle of the main span.[15] The suspension towers were originally designed by Arthur I. Perry. Each tower was supposed to have two ornate arches at the top, similar to the Brooklyn Bridge, and was to have been supported by four legs: two on the outside and two in the center.[16][9] A 1932 article described that each tower would be made of 5,000 tons of material, including 3,680 tons of steel.[9] The final design of the suspension towers, by Ammann, consists of comparatively simple cross bracing supported by two legs.[16] The tops of each tower contain cast iron saddles in the Art Deco style, over which the bridge's main cables run. These are topped by 30-foot (9.1 m) decorative lanterns with red aircraft warning lights.[17]

The span is supported by two main cables, which suspend the deck and are held up by the suspension towers. Each cable is 20 inches (51 cm) in diameter and contains 10,800 miles (17,400 km) of individual wires.[18] At the Wards Island and Astoria ends of the suspension span, there are two anchorages that hold the main cables.[9] The anchorages contain a combined 133,500 tons of concrete.[18]

 
The Harlem River lift bridge in 2007

Harlem River lift bridge (NY 900G)

For the railroad bridge between Manhattan and the Bronx, see Harlem River Lift Bridge.

New York State Route 900G

LocationManhattan–Randall's Island
Length0.66 mi[19] (1,060 m)

The Harlem River span is a lift bridge that connects Manhattan with Randalls Island, designed by chief engineer Ammann.[14] It carries six lanes of New York State Route 900G (NY 900G), an unsigned reference route, as well as two sidewalks, one on each side. The span connects to the Harlem River Drive and the FDR Drive, as well as the intersection of Second Avenue and East 125th Street, in East Harlem, Manhattan. A direct-access ramp leads from the westbound bridge to the northbound Harlem River Drive.[12] At the time of its completion, the Harlem River lift bridge had the largest deck of any lift bridge in the world, with a surface area of 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2). To lighten the deck, it was made of asphalt paved onto steel girders, rather than of concrete.[20]

The movable span is 310 feet (94 m) long, and the side spans between the movable span and the approach viaducts are each 195 feet (59 m) long. The total length of the bridge is 700 feet (213 m).[20] The towers are 210 feet (64 m) above mean high water. Each of the lift towers is supported by two clusters of four columns, which supports the bridge deck. A curved truss at the top of each pair of column clusters forms an arch directly underneath the deck.[20]

The lift span is 55 feet (17 m) above mean high water in the "closed" position, but can be raised to 135 feet (41 m). The movable section is suspended by a total of 96 wire ropes, which are wrapped around pulleys with 15-foot (4.6 m) diameters.[21] These pulleys, in turn, are powered by four motors that can operate at 200 horsepower (149 kW).[20][22]

Major intersections

NY 900G is officially maintained as a north-south route, despite its largely east-west progression.[19] The entire route is in the New York City borough of Manhattan. All exits are unnumbered.

Locationmi[23]kmDestinationsNotes
Randall's Island0.00.0  
 
   I-278 to I-87 north – Queens, Bronx, Airports		Exit 46 on I-278
Randall's Island, Icahn Stadium
0.10.16Toll gantry (southbound only)
Harlem River0.2–
0.4		0.32–
0.64		Bridge
East Harlem0.40.64 
  
  FDR Drive south / Harlem River Drive north		Exit 17 on FDR/Harlem River Drive
0.60.97124th StreetSouthbound entrance only
2nd Avenue / 125th Street / 126th StreetAt-grade intersection; northern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 
Bronx Kill crossing in 2008

Bronx Kill crossing (I-278)

The Bronx Kill span is a truss bridge that connects the Bronx with Randalls Island. It carries eight lanes of I-278, as well as two sidewalks, one on each side. The span connects to Major Deegan Expressway (I-87) and the Bruckner Expressway (I-278) in Mott Haven, Bronx.[12] It originally connected to the intersection of East 134th Street and Cypress Avenue, a site now occupied by the interchange between I-87 and I-278.[13] The truss span was designed by consulting engineers Ash-Howard-Needles and Tammen.[14]

The Bronx Kill span contains three main truss crossings, which are fixed spans because the Bronx Kill is not used by regular boat traffic.[22] The main truss span across the Bronx Kill is 383 feet (117 m) long,[14] while the approaches are a combined 1,217 feet (371 m).[3][14] The total length of the bridge is 1,600 feet (488 m). The truss span is 55 feet (17 m) above mean high water.[14]

Interchange plaza and approach viaducts

 
Renovation of interchange plaza viaduct, seen in 2016
 
TBTA headquarters on Randalls Island, near the Manhattan span

The three spans of the RFK Bridge intersect at a grade-separated T-interchange on Randalls Island.[12] The span to Manhattan intersects perpendicularly with the I-278 viaduct between the Bronx and Queens spans.[22] Although I-278 is signed as a west-east highway, the orientation of I-278 on the bridge is closer to a north-south alignment, with the southbound roadway carrying westbound traffic, and the northbound roadway carrying eastbound traffic.[12] Two circular ramps carry traffic to and from eastbound I-278 and the RFK lift bridge to Manhattan.[12][24][25] Randalls and Wards Islands are accessed via exits and entrances to and from westbound I-278; to and from the westbound lift bridge viaduct; to eastbound I-278; and from the eastbound lift bridge viaduct. Eastbound traffic on I-278 accesses the island by first exiting onto the lift bridge viaduct.[12]

The interchange plaza originally contained two tollbooths: one for traffic traveling to and from Manhattan, and one for traffic traveling on I-278 between the Bronx and Queens. The tollbooths were arranged so vehicles only paid one toll upon entering Randalls and Wards Islands, and there was no charge to exit the island.[4][24][25] The elevated toll plazas had a surface area of about 9 acres (3.6 ha) and were supported by 1,700 columns, all hidden behind a concrete retaining wall.[24] In 2017, the MTA started collecting all tolls electronically at the approaches to each bridge,[26] and the tollbooths were removed from the toll plazas on the RFK Bridge and all other MTA Bridges and Tunnels crossings.[27][28]

The Robert Moses Administration Building, a two-story Art Deco structure designed by Embury, served as the headquarters of the TBTA (now the MTA's Bridges and Tunnels division). The building was next to the Manhattan span's plaza, to which it was connected. In 1969, the Manhattan span's toll plaza was relocated west and the I-278 toll plaza was relocated south, and both toll plazas were expanded more than threefold. This required the destruction of the building's original towers. A room was built in 1966 to store Moses's models and blueprints of planned roads and crossings, but they were relocated to the MTA's headquarters at 2 Broadway in the 1980s. The building was renamed after Moses in 1989.[29]

The interchange plaza connects with the over-water spans via a three-legged concrete viaduct that has a total length of more than 2.5 miles (4.0 km). The segments of the viaduct rest atop steel girders, which in turn are placed perpendicularly between concrete piers spaced 60 to 140 feet (18 to 43 m) apart.[20] Each pier is supported by a set of three octagonal columns. The viaduct is mostly eight lanes wide, except at the former locations of the toll plazas, where it widens. The viaduct once traversed Little Hell Gate, a small creek that formerly separated Randalls Island to the north and Wards Island to the south; the waterway has since been filled in.[24] The viaduct rose 62 feet (19 m) above the mean high water of Little Hell Gate.[22]

History

Initial plans

Edward A. Byrne, chief engineer of the New York City Department of Plant and Structures, first announced plans for connecting Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx in 1916.[30][14] The next year, the Harlem Boards of Trade and Commerce and the Harlem Luncheon Association announced their support for such a bridge, which was proposed to cost $10 million. The "Tri-Borough Bridge", as it was called, would connect 125th Street in Manhattan, St. Ann's Avenue in the Bronx, and an as-yet-undetermined location in Queens. It would parallel the Hell Gate Bridge, a railroad bridge connecting Queens and the Bronx via Randalls and Wards Islands.[31] Plans for the Tri-Borough Bridge were bolstered by the 1919 closure of a ferry between Yorkville in Manhattan and Astoria in Queens.[32]

 
Map of the bridge's path, highlighted in red

A bill to construct the bridge was proposed in the New York State Legislature in 1920.[33] Gustav Lindenthal, who had designed the Hell Gate Bridge, criticized the Tri-Borough plan as "uncalled for", as the new Tri-Borough Bridge would parallel the existing Hell Gate Bridge. He stated that the Hell Gate Bridge could be retrofitted with an upper deck for vehicular and pedestrian use.[34] Queens borough president Maurice K. Connolly also opposed the bridge, arguing that there was no need to construct a span between Queens and the Bronx due to low demand. Connolly also said that a bridge between Queens and Manhattan needed to be built further downstream, closer to the Queensboro Bridge, which at the time was the only bridge between the two boroughs.[35][36]

The Port of New York Authority included the proposed Tri-Borough Bridge in a report to the New York state legislature in 1921.[37] The following year, the planned bridge was also included in a "transit plan" published by Mayor John Francis Hylan, who called for the construction of the Tri-Borough Bridge as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (see § Public transportation).[38][39] In March 1923, a vote was held on whether to allocate money to perform surveys and test borings, as well as create structural plans for the Tri-Borough Bridge. The borough presidents of Manhattan and the Bronx voted for the allocation of the funds, while the presidents of Queens and Staten Island agreed with Hylan, who preferred the construction of the new subway system instead of the Tri-Borough Bridge.[40] The bridge allocation was ultimately not approved.[41] Another attempt at obtaining funds was declined in 1924, although there was a possibility that the bridge could be built based on assessment plans that were being procured.[42]

Funding

The Tri-Borough Bridge project finally received funding in June 1925, when the city appropriated $50,000 for surveys, test borings and structural plans. Work started on a tentative design for the bridge.[3][43] By December 1926, the $50,000 allotment had been spent on bores.[44] Around the same time, the proposal to convert the Hell Gate Bridge resurfaced.[45] Albert Goldman, the Commissioner of Plant and Structures, had finished a tentative report for the Tri-Borough Bridge by that time; however, it was not immediately submitted to the New York City Board of Estimate as a result of a reorganization of the city's proposed budget.[46][47] Goldman finally published the report in March 1927, stating that the bridge was estimated to cost $24.6 million.[48] He explained that the Hell Gate Bridge only had enough space for five lanes of roadway, so a new bridge would have to be constructed parallel to it.[49]

Though two mayoral committees endorsed the Tri-Borough plan,[50] as did several merchants' associations,[51] construction was delayed for a year because of a lack of funds.[52] However, the Board of Estimate did approve $150,000 for preliminary borings and soundings.[53] Following this, in September 1927, a group of entrepreneurs proposed to fund the bridge privately.[54] Under this plan, the bridge would be set up as a toll bridge, and ownership would be transferred to the city once the bridge was paid for.[55] In August 1928, Mayor Jimmy Walker received a similar proposal from the Long Island Board of Commerce to build the Tri-Borough Bridge using $32 million of private capital.[56] The Queens Chamber of Commerce also favored setting up tolls on the bridge to pay for its construction.[57] Yet another plan called for financing the bridge using proceeds from a bond issue, which would also pay for the proposed Queens–Midtown Tunnel.[58]

The Tri-Borough Bridge was being planned in conjunction with the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway, which would create a continuous highway between the Bronx and Brooklyn with a southward extension over The Narrows to Staten Island. In January 1929, New York City aldermanic president Joseph V. McKee endorsed the bridge, saying there was enough funding to begin one of four proposed bridges on the expressway's route.[59] The newly elected borough president of Queens, George U. Harvey, also endorsed the bridge, as did Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce leader George Vincent McLaughlin.[60] Trade groups petitioned Mayor Walker to take up the bridge's construction.[61] By the end of the month, Walker acquiesced, and he had included both the Tri-Borough Bridge and a tunnel under the Narrows in his 10-year traffic program.[62] The preliminary borings were completed by late February 1929.[63] The results of the preliminary borings showed that the bedrock in the ground underneath the proposed bridge was sufficient to support the spans' foundations.[64]

In early March, the Board of Estimate voted to start construction on the bridge and on the Narrows tunnel once funding was obtained. The same month, the board allocated $3 million toward the bridge's construction.[65][66] Separately, the Board of Estimate voted to create an authority to impose toll charges on both crossings.[67] In April 1929, the New York state legislature voted to approve the Tri-Borough Bridge as well as a prison on Rikers Island before adjourning for the fiscal year.[68] The same month, New York state governor Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill to approve the relocation of about 700 beds in Wards Island's mental hospital, which were in the way of the proposed bridge's suspension span to Queens.[69] The New York state legislature later approved a bill that provided for the relocation of the Queens span's Wards Island end, 1,100 feet (340 m) to the west, thereby preserving hospital buildings from demolition.[70]

 
Queens suspension span over the East River, seen at sunrise

The bridge was ultimately planned to cost $24 million and was planned to start construction in August 1929.[71] By July, the groundbreaking was scheduled for September.[72] The preliminary Triborough Bridge proposal comprised four bridges: a suspension span across the East River to Queens; a truss span across Bronx Kill to the Bronx; a fixed span across the Harlem River to Manhattan; and a steel arch viaduct across the no-longer-extant Little Hell Gate between Randalls and Wards Islands.[72]

In August 1929, plans for the bridge were submitted to the United States Department of War for approval to ensure that the proposed Tri-Borough Bridge would not block any maritime navigation routes. Railroad and shipping groups objected that the proposed Harlem River span, with a height of 50 feet (15 m) above mean high water, was too short for most ships, and suggested building a 135-foot-high (41 m) suspension span over the Harlem River instead.[73] Because of complaints about maritime navigational clearance, the Department of War approved an increase in the Harlem River fixed bridge's height to 55 feet (17 m), as well as an increase in the length of the Hell Gate suspension bridge's main span from 1,100 to 1,380 feet (340 to 420 m).[70]

Construction

The scale of the Triborough Bridge project, including its approaches, was such that hundreds of large apartment buildings were demolished to make way for it. The structure used concrete from factories "from Maine to the Mississippi", and steel from 50 mills in Pennsylvania. To make the formwork for pouring the concrete, a forest's worth of trees on the Pacific Coast was cut down.[8] Robert Caro, the author of a biography on Long Island State Parks commissioner and Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority chairman Robert Moses, wrote about the project:

Triborough was not a bridge so much as a traffic machine, the largest ever built. The amount of human energy expended in its construction gives some idea of its immensity: more than five thousand men would be working at the site, and these men would only be putting into place the materials furnished by the labor of many times five thousand men; before the Triborough Bridge was completed, its construction would have generated more than 31,000,000 man-hours of work in 134 cities in twenty states.[4]

Initial efforts

The Board of Estimate approved the first contracts for the Triborough Bridge in early October 1929, specifically for the construction bridge piers on Randalls and Wards Islands and in Queens. This allowed for the start of construction on the Triborough Bridge's suspension span to Queens.[70] A groundbreaking ceremony was held in Astoria Park, Queens, on October 25, 1929, just a day after Black Thursday, which started the Great Depression.[18] Mayor Walker turned over the first spadeful of dirt for the bridge in front of 10,000 visitors.[74] After the groundbreaking ceremony, further construction was delayed because the company originally contracted to build the piers, the Albert A. Volk Company, refused to carry out the contract. In early December, the contract for the piers was reassigned to the McMullen Company.[75] Meanwhile, the Board was condemning the land in the path of the bridge's approaches.[76] However, this process was also postponed because homeowners wanted to sell their property to the city at exceedingly high prices.[77]

The War Department gave its approval to the Bronx Kills, East River, and Little Hell Gate spans in late April 1930, after construction was already underway on the Queens suspension span across the East River.[78] A week later, the War Department also approved the Harlem River span, with another amendment: the span was now a movable lift bridge, which could be raised to allow maritime traffic to pass.[79] Shortly afterward, a special mayoral committee sanctioned a $5 million expenditure for the Triborough project,[80] and in July 1930, a $5 million bond issue to fund the Triborough Bridge's construction was passed.[81]

Plans for an expressway to connect to the bridge's Queens end were also filed in July 1930. This later became the Brooklyn Queens Expressway, which was connected to the bridge via the Grand Central Parkway.[82] There were also proposals for an expressway to connect to the Bronx end of the bridge along Southern Boulevard.[83] Robert Moses, the Long Island state parks commissioner, wanted to expand Grand Central Parkway from its western terminus at the time, Union Turnpike in Kew Gardens, Queens, northwest to the proposed bridge.[84] The Brooklyn-Queens Expressway proposal, which would create a highway from the Queens end of the bridge to Queens Boulevard in Woodside, Queens, was also considered.[85]

 
Manhattan lift bridge over the Harlem River

A contract to build the suspension anchorage on Wards Island was awarded in January 1931.[86] At the time, progress on the bridge approaches was proceeding rapidly, and it was expected that the entire Triborugh Bridge complex would be completed in 1934.[13] By August 1931, it was reported that the Wards Island anchorage was 33% completed, and that the corresponding anchorage on the Queens side was 15% completed. Work on drainage dikes, as well as contracts for bridge approach piers, were also progressing.[87] A report the next month indicated that the overall project was 6% completed, and that another $2.45 million in contracts was planned to be awarded over the following year.[88][89] In October, contracts for constructing the bridge piers were advertised.[90] By December 1931, the project was 15% completed,[91] and the city was accepting designs for the Queens span's suspension towers.[92] The granite foundations in the water near each bank of the East River, which would support the suspension towers, were completed in early or mid-1932.[93][94] At the time, there were no funds to build six additional piers on Randalls Island and one in Little Hell Gate, nor were there funds to build the suspension towers themselves.[93]

Funding issues

The Great Depression severely impacted the city's ability to finance the Triborough Bridge's construction.[18] City comptroller Charles W. Berry had stated in February 1930 that the city was in sound financial condition, even though other large cities were nearing bankruptcy.[95] However, the New York City government was running out of money by that July.[96] The Triborough project's outlook soon began to look bleak. Chief engineer Othmar Ammann was enlisted to help guide the project, but the combination of Tammany Hall graft, the stock market crash, and the Great Depression which followed it, brought the project to a virtual halt.[97] Investors shied away from purchasing the municipal bonds needed to fund it.[5]

By the spring of 1932, the Triborough Bridge project was moribund.[98] As part of $213 million in cuts to the city's budget, Berry wanted to halt construction on the span in order to avoid a $43.7 million budget shortage by the end of that year.[99] With no new contracts being awarded, the chief engineer of the Department of Plant and Structures, Edward A. Byrne, warned in March 1932 that construction on the Triborough Bridge would have to be halted.[100] Though Queens borough president Harvey objected to the impending postponement of the bridge's construction,[101] the project was still included in the $213 million worth of budget cuts.[102] Following this, Goldman submitted a proposal to fund the planning stages for the remaining portions of construction, so that work could resume immediately once sufficient funding was available.[103]

In August 1932, Senator Robert F. Wagner announced that he would ask for a $26 million loan from the federal government, namely President Herbert Hoover's Reconstruction Finance Corporation, so there could be funds for the construction of both the Triborough Bridge and Queens-Midtown Tunnel.[104] Queens borough president Harvey also went to the RFC to ask for funding for the bridge.[105] Soon after, the RFC moved to prepare the loan for the Triborough Bridge project.[106] However, when Mayor Walker resigned suddenly in September 1932, his successor Joseph V. McKee refused to seek RFC or other federal aid for the two projects, stating, "If we go to Washington for funds to complete the Triborough Bridge [...] where would we draw the line?"[107] Governor Al Smith agreed, saying that such requests were unnecessary because the bridge could pay for itself.[108] Harvey continued to push for federal funding for the Triborough Bridge, prioritizing its completion over other projects such as the development of Jamaica Bay in southern Queens.[109] Civic groups also advocated for the city to apply for RFC funding.[110]

In February 1933, a nine-person committee, appointed by Lehman and chaired by Moses, applied to the RFC for a $150 million loan for projects in New York state, including the Triborough Bridge.[111] However, although the RFC favored a loan for the Triborough project,[112] the new mayor, John P. O'Brien, banned the RFC from giving loans to the city.[113] Instead, O'Brien wanted to create a bridge authority to sell bonds to pay for the construction of the Triborough Bridge as well as for the Queens-Midtown Tunnel.[114] Robert Moses was also pushing the state legislature to create an authority to fund, build, and operate the Triborough Bridge.[97] A bill to create the Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA) passed quickly through both houses of the state legislature,[115] and was signed by Governor Herbert H. Lehman that April. The bill included a provision that the authority could sell up to $35 million in bonds and fund the remainder of construction through bridge tolls.[116][117] George Gordon Battle, a Tammany Hall attorney, was appointed as chairman of the new authority, and three commissioners were appointed.[118]

Shortly after the TBA bill was signed, the War Department extended its deadline for the Triborough Bridge's completion by three years, to April 28, 1936.[119] Lehman also signed bills to clear land for a bridge approach in the Bronx,[120] and he promised to resume construction of the bridge.[121] That May, the TBA asked the RFC for a $35 million loan to pay for the bridge.[122][123] The RFC ultimately agreed in August to grant $44.2 million, to be composed of a loan of $37 million, as well as a $7.2 million subsidy.[124] However, the loan would only be given under a condition that 18,000 workers be hired first,[125] so the city's Board of Estimate voted to hire 18,000 workers to work on the Triborough project.[126] The funds for the Triborough Bridge, as well as for the Lincoln Tunnel from Manhattan to New Jersey, were ready by the beginning of September.[127]

Construction resumes

 
Art Deco saddle housing on Queens suspension bridge

The city purchased land in the path of the Triborough Bridge in September 1933,[128] and construction on the Triborough Bridge resumed that November.[98] By January 1934, contracts were being prepared for the completion of the suspension span and the construction of the other three spans;[129] one of these contracts included the construction of the bridge's piers.[130] Families living in the path of the bridge's approaches protested against the eviction notices given to them.[131] The construction of the Triborough Bridge across Little Hell Gate also required the demolition of hospital buildings on Randalls and Wards Islands.[132] Work on land-clearing for the bridge began that April.[133] The New York City Department of Hospitals later decided to apply for funds to build the Seaview Hospital on Staten Island, which would house the hospital facilities displaced by the Triborough Bridge.[134]

In February 1934, the TBA contemplated condensing the Queens span's 16-lane, double-deck roadway into an 8-lane, single deck road, as well as simplify the suspension towers' designs, in order to save $5 million.[135] With a 16-lane capacity, the span would have been able to carry 40 million vehicles a year, but this was not projected to be reached until forty years after the bridge's opening.[136] In April, a new plan was approved that would reduce the bridge's cost from $51 million to $42 million so the subsidy could pay for the bridge's entire cost.[136][137][138] Chief engineer Ammann had decided to collapse the original design's two-deck roadway into one, requiring lighter towers and lighter piers.[97] The steel company constructing the towers challenged the TBA's decision in an appellate court, but the court ruled in favor of the TBA.[139]

During this time, the TBA was in turmoil: by January 1934, one of the TBA's commissioners had resigned,[140] and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia was trying another TBA commissioner, John Stratton O'Leary, for corruption.[141] As a result, Public Works Administration (PWA) administrator Harold L. Ickes refused to distribute more of the RFC grant until the existing funds could be accounted for.[142] After O'Leary had been removed, La Guardia appointed Moses to the position.[143] After O'Leary's removal, Ickes gave the city $1.5 million toward the bridge's construction.[144][145] Moses became the chairman of the TBA in April 1934, after a series of interim chairmen had held the post.[146] Moses leveraged his leadership of the Authority as well as the state and city positions he also held, to expedite the project.[98] The first major construction contract after Moses gained control of the TBA was awarded in May 1934, for the construction of an approach highway to the Queens span.[147]

Moses continued to advocate for new roads and parkways to feed into the bridge. The complex of roads included the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens; 125th Street, the East River Drive (now the FDR Drive), and Harlem River Drive in Manhattan; and Whitlock Avenue and Eastern Boulevard (now Bruckner Expressway) in the Bronx.[148] All of these roads would be part of an interconnected parkway system that would allow cars to move smoothly through the New York City area.[149] Civic groups also wanted a road from the West Bronx to connect to the bridge, but it was rejected.[150] The first of those roads, the Grand Central Parkway extension from Kew Gardens to the Triborough Bridge, was planned to start construction in spring 1934.[151] Further changes to the plan for the Bronx span came in July 1934: instead of being a lift bridge, as originally proposed, it was approved by the Department of War as a fixed truss span, since the Bronx Kill was not a navigable waterway. However, it could be replaced with a lift bridge if needed.[148][152] The same month, the city approved construction for the first segment of the East River Drive, leading from York Avenue and 92nd Street to the Triborough Bridge approach at 125th Street.[153][154] The bridge approach on the Bronx side was finalized, running along Southern and Eastern Boulevards,[154] with a future extension to Pelham Bay Park in the northeastern Bronx.[155] The Board of Estimate approved the East River Drive approach that October, while voting against the proposed West Bronx approach highway.[156]

While reformers embraced Moses's plans to expand the parkway system, state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale, and slow to move to provide financing for the vast system.[97] Partial funding came from interest-bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority, to be secured by future toll revenue.[157][158] Financing disputes with the PWA involved complex political infighting between Moses, Ickes, now-President Roosevelt, and Mayor La Guardia.[159] The political disputes peaked in January 1935, when Ickes passed a rule that effectively prohibited PWA funding for the TBA unless Moses resigned the post of either TBA chairman or New York City Parks Commissioner.[160] This came as a result of Moses's criticism that New Deal funding programs like the PWA were too slow to disburse funds.[161] Ickes threatened to withhold salaries for TBA workers as well.[162] Though La Guardia was supportive of Moses, even petitioning Roosevelt to intervene, he was willing to replace the TBA chairman if it resulted in funding for the bridge, since Roosevelt sided with Ickes.[163] In mid-March, Ickes suddenly backed down on his ultimatum, and not only was Moses allowed to keep both of his positions, but also the PWA resumed its payments to the TBA.[164][165][166]

Significant progress

In February 1935, while the feud between Moses and Ickes was ongoing, the TBA awarded a contract to build supporting piers for the Harlem River lift structure to Manhattan.[167] Despite an impending lack of funds due to the dispute between Moses and Ickes, the TBA announced its intent to open bids for bridge steelwork.[168] By March, the suspension towers for the East River span to Queens were nearing completion, as only the tops of the towers remained outstanding. The support piers on Randalls and Wards Islands had progressed substantially.[155] After the Moses/Ickes dispute had subsided, the TBA started advertising for bids to build the steel roadways of the Randalls and Wards Islands viaducts, as well as the East River suspension span.[169] Less than a week afterward, the first temporary wires were strung between the two towers of the suspension span, marking the future locations of that span's main cables.[170] A contract for the Harlem River lift span's steel superstructure was awarded that May,[171] followed by a contract for the Bronx Kill truss span's structure the following month.[172]

The spinning of the main span's suspension cables was finished in July 1935. By that time, half of the $41 million federal grant had been spent on construction, and the bridge was expected to open the following year.[173] The projected completion of the Triborough Bridge in July 1936 was expected to relieve traffic on highways in the New York City area,[174] and with the upcoming 1939 New York World's Fair being held in Queens, it would also provide a new fast route to the fairground at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.[175] By October 1935, the Queens approach and the Randalls and Wards Islands viaduct was nearly complete. Vertical suspender cables had been hung from the main cables of the Queens suspension span, and the steel slabs to support the span's roadway deck were being erected. However, progress on the Bronx and Manhattan spans had not progressed as much: the concrete piers supporting Bronx span were being constructed, and the site of the Manhattan span was marked only by its foundations.[176] The deck of the Queens suspension span was completed the following month.[177]

 
The interchange plaza between the Queens, Bronx, and Manhattan spans

In November 1935, a controversy emerged over the fact that the Triborough Bridge would use steel imported from Nazi Germany, rather than American producers.[178] Although American steel producers objected to the contract, the PWA approved of it anyway, because the German steel contract was cheaper than any of the bids presented by American producers.[179] Moses also approved of the decision because it would save money.[180][181] However, La Guardia blocked the deal, writing that "the only commodity we can get from Hitlerland [Germany] is hatred, and we don't want any in our country."[182] Shortly afterward, imported materials were banned for use on any PWA projects.[183]

By February 1936, the TBA had awarded contracts for paving the Bronx Kill and East River spans, as well as for constructing several administrative buildings for the TBA near the bridge.[184] Moses wanted to speed up construction on the Triborough Bridge so that it would meet a deadline of July 11, 1936. He objected to an order that Ickes made in March 1936, decentralizing control of PWA resident engineers, who would report to state PWA bosses instead of directly to the PWA's main office in Washington, D.C. Moses believed that the PWA boss for New York, Arthur S. Tuttle, was indecisive.[185] In return, Ickes assured Moses of Tuttle's full cooperation.[186] Moses also appealed to Ickes to increase the construction workers' workweeks from 30 to 40 hours so the bridge would be able to open on time, but was initially rejected.[187][188] A 40-hour workweek was approved in June 1936, one month before the bridge's projected opening.[189]

The 300-by-84-foot superstructure of the Harlem River lift span was assembled in Weehawken, New Jersey. It was floated northward to the Triborough Bridge site in April 1936.[190] Early the next month, the 200-ton main lift span was hoisted into place above the Harlem River in a process that took sixteen minutes.[191] In addition, the city gave the New York City Omnibus Corporation a temporary permit to operate bus routes on the Triborough Bridge, connecting the bus stops on each of the bridge's ends, during the summer months.[192]

A byproduct of the Triborough project was the creation of parks and playgrounds in the lands underneath the bridges and approaches.[98] The largest of these parks was Randall's Island Park, located on Wards and Randalls Islands.[193][194] The park on Randalls Island was approved in February 1935,[195] and included the construction of an Olympic-sized running track called Downing Stadium, work on which began in summer 1935.[194][196][197] Smaller parks were also built in Astoria and Manhattan.[98][3]

Opening

By May 1936, the opening ceremonies for both the Triborough Bridge and the Downing Stadium were scheduled for July 11.[198] The dedication was scheduled to occur on the Manhattan lift span.[199] Due to the previous conflicts between President Roosevelt and Robert Moses, the attendance of the former was not certain until two weeks before the ceremony.[200] PWA administrator Ickes's attendance was only finalized four days beforehand.[201]

The completed structure, described by The New York Times as a "Y-shaped sky highway", was dedicated on July 11, 1936, along with the Downing Stadium.[202] The ceremony for the Triborough Bridge was held at the interchange plaza, and was attended by President Roosevelt, Mayor La Guardia, Governor Lehman, PWA administrator Ickes, and Postmaster General James A. Farley, who all gave speeches.[203][204] Robert Moses acted as the master of ceremonies.[202][205] The ceremonies were broadcast via a nationwide radio connection.[205] A parade was also held on 125th Street in Manhattan to celebrate the bridge's opening.[206] The Triborough Bridge opened to the general public at 1:30 p.m., and by that midnight an estimated 200,000 people had visited the bridge via car, bus, or foot.[202][10] The next day, 40,000 vehicles used the bridge on its first full day of service.[207] July 13 was the first weekday that the bridge was in service, and it saw about 1,000 vehicles an hour.[208] In the first month of service, the TBA recorded an average bridge usage of 31,000 vehicles per day.[209] The American Institute of Steel Construction later declared the Triborough Bridge to be the most beautiful steel bridge constructed in 1936.[210]

The ferry between Yorkville, Manhattan, and Astoria, Queens, was made redundant by the new Triborough Bridge. Upon the bridge's opening, Moses unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the ferry house before being stopped by La Guardia.[211][212] The city had closed the ferry by the end of July.[213] Traffic on the Queensboro Bridge, the only other vehicular bridge that connected Manhattan and Queens, declined after the Triborough Bridge opened.[214]

The Triborough Bridge, the largest PWA project in the eastern U.S.,[215] cost $60 million (equivalent to $1 billion in 2021) according to final TBA figures.[98] Based on expenditures, the PWA had originally estimated the bridge's cost to be as high as $64 million.[215][216] In either case, the Triborough Bridge was one of the largest public works projects of the Great Depression, more expensive than the Hoover Dam.[3][205][217] Of this, $16 million came from the city and $9 million directly from the PWA. The latter also purchased $35 million worth of TBA bonds, which were eventually bought back and resold to the public.[98] The PWA had finished giving out the $35 million loan by February 1937,[218] and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation had sold the last of the TBA's funds that July.[219] Additional funding came from toll collection: the toll was initially set at 25 cents per passenger car, with lower rates for motorcycles and higher rates for commercial vehicles.[220] In the first year of the bridge's operation it generated $2.72 million (equivalent to $51.27 million in 2021), collected from 9.65 million vehicles.[5]

Early years

 
The Grand Central Parkway/I-278 approach to the bridge's Queens suspension span

When the bridge opened, none of the spans had direct connections to the greater system of highways in New York City.[7] In Queens, the Grand Central Parkway extension to the Triborough Bridge was nearly completed at the time of the bridge's opening. The Manhattan span was planned to connect to the East River Drive (now the FDR Drive), the first segments of which were still under construction.[7] The section of the East River Drive from the bridge south to 92nd Street opened that October.[221]

The Bronx span ended in local traffic at the no-longer extant intersection of 135th Street and Cypress Avenue.[7] The first of two approach highways in the Bronx was approved late in 1936;[222] it connected to the West Bronx, following the present route of the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87) northwest to the intersection of 138th Street and Grand Concourse, where there were flyover ramps connecting to the Grand Concourse.[223] Another approach highway in the Bronx, the present Bruckner Boulevard, was approved in 1938.[224] This highway was built on the site of Whitlock Avenue, extending northeast through the South Bronx from the bridge to the Bronx River, where it followed Eastern Boulevard eastward to what is now the Bruckner Interchange.[225] Both Bronx approach roads were completed quickly in preparation for the 1939 New York World's Fair, which was held in Queens. The first segment of the West Bronx approach highway to the Grand Concourse was opened in April 1939, in time for the fair.[226] The West Bronx highway later became part of the Major Deegan Expressway, an Interstate-standard highway that reached to the New York State Thruway at the New York City border.[227]

Originally, there was no direct access from the Queens span to Wards Island, but in November 1937, Moses announced the construction of a ramp from the Queens span that would lead down to the island.[228] The next year, a lawsuit was filed by two Wards Islands landowners, who alleged that the Triborough Bridge had been built on portions of their land. They each received nominal damages of $1.[229][230]

The Triborough Bridge Authority was headquartered in an administration building adjacent to the Manhattan span's toll plaza, where by 1940, it controlled the operation of all toll bridges located entirely within New York City.[29] An additional bridge between the Bronx and Queens, the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, was opened in April 1939.[231][232] However, the Triborough Bridge did not see any initial decline in traffic, likely because both spans were heavily used during the World's Fair.[233] Soon after, vehicle rationing caused by the onset of World War II resulted in a decline in traffic at crossings operated by the TBA including the Triborough Bridge.[234] Still, by 1940, the Triborough Bridge was the most profitable crossing operated by the TBA.[235] The TBA became the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) in 1946 after it took over the construction of the Queens–Midtown Tunnel and Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, though TBTA operations continued to be managed from the Triborough Bridge.[236]

Years after the Triborough Bridge's opening, Moses continued expanding the system of highways in the New York City area, including arteries that led to the Triborough Bridge. Construction on the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway in Queens—between the Grand Central Parkway interchange, just east of the Triborough Bridge, and the Kosciuszko Bridge at the Brooklyn border—was underway by the late 1940s.[237] In addition, Moses wanted to build an elevated expressway atop Bruckner Boulevard.[238] In 1956, the New York City Planning Commission approved the upgrade of Bruckner Boulevard between the Triborough Bridge and the Bruckner Interchange to a grade-separated expressway as part of the Interstate Highway System.[239] The entire Bruckner Expressway except for the Bruckner Interchange opened in 1962,[240] while the entire Brooklyn-Queens Expressway was completed in 1964.[241] Both segments became part of I-278, as did the Queens and Bronx spans of the Triborough Bridge.[242]

Later history

 
Reconstruction of the viaduct between the Manhattan lift span to the Queens suspension bridge span

In 1968, the Triborough Bridge received its first major renovation in its 31-year history. Seven tollbooths were added, three at the Manhattan span's toll plaza and four at the Queens/Bronx spans' toll plaza, and several ramps were widened at a cost of $20 million. The project also added a direct ramp from the Manhattan span to the southbound lanes of Second Avenue in East Harlem.[243] The TBTA administration building was also expanded during this project.[29] Traffic from the Manhattan span was temporarily diverted during this project.[244][245]

In 1997, more renovations were announced as part of the Triborough Bridge Rehabilitation Project.[246] The project consisted of three phases. The first phase involved renovating the Queens span and approach ramps, as well as replacing the suspender cables. On the Queens side, an exit ramp from westbound I-278 to 31st Street necessitated the destruction of the entrance to the southern sidewalk. The second phase involved renovating the Bronx span and approach ramps. The third phase involved renovating the Manhattan span and approach ramps.[247] Work on replacing the Queens span's suspender cables and adding an orthotropic deck to the Queens suspension span started in 2000.[248][249]

At some point in the past, a sign on the bridge informed travelers, "In event of attack, drive off bridge," New York Times columnist William Safire wrote in 2008. The "somewhat macabre sign", he wrote, must have "drawn a wry smile from millions of motorists."[250]

On November 19, 2008, the Triborough Bridge was officially renamed after Robert F. Kennedy, former U.S. Senator representing New York and U.S. Attorney General, at the request of the Kennedy family.[251] Forty years had passed since Kennedy had been assassinated during a 1968 presidential bid.[252][253][254] Traffic and news reports have come to commonly refer to the bridge as the "RFK Triborough Bridge" and at times simply the "Triborough Bridge" to avoid confusion among residents long accustomed to its original name.[255]

The MTA announced further renovations to the Triborough Bridge in 2008; the work included the replacement of the roadways at the toll plazas, as well as the rehabilitation of various ramps and the construction of a new service building.[246] The same year, the MTA awarded contracts to renovate the Queens span's anchorages.[256] In 2015, the MTA started two reconstruction projects on different parts of the bridge[257] as part of a $1 billion, 15-year program to renovate the bridge complex.[258] The MTA commenced construction on a $213 million rehabilitation of the 1930s-era toll plaza between the Queens and Bronx spans, which included a rebuilding of the roadway and the supporting structure underneath. The new toll plaza structure was completed in 2019.[257]

Cashless tolling was implemented on June 15, 2017,[26][259] allowing drivers to pay tolls electronically via E-ZPass or Toll-by-Mail without having to stop at any tollbooths.[26] Shortly afterward, the tollbooths were demolished.[27][28] In addition, a ramp from the Manhattan span to the northbound Harlem River Drive was being built for $68.3 million, and was to be finished by December 2017;[257] however, this was later delayed pending the reconstruction of the Harlem River Drive viaduct around the area.[260] In February 2020, the northbound Harlem River Drive ramp's completion was tentatively announced for 2021.[261][262] At that point, the ramp was expected to cost $72.6 million.[263] The ramp opened in November 2020.[264]

Usage

The toll revenues from the RFK Bridge pay for a portion of the public transit subsidy for the New York City Transit Authority and the commuter railroads.[265] The bridge had annual average daily traffic of 164,116 in 2014. For that year, the bridge saw annual toll-paying traffic rise by 2.9% to 59.9 million, generating $393.6 million in revenue at an average toll of $6.57.[266]

 
Entrance to the Queens span

Pedestrian and bicycle sidewalks

The bridge has sidewalks on all three spans where the TBTA officially requires bicyclists to walk their bicycles across[267] due to safety concerns.[268] However, the signs stating this requirement have been usually ignored by bicyclists,[269]: 16  and the New York City Government has recommended that the TBTA should reassess this kind of bicycling ban.[269]: 57  Stairs on the 2 km (1.2 mi) Queens span impede handicapped access, and only the northern sidewalk on that span is open to traffic; the Queens end of the southern sidewalk was demolished in the early 2000s.[270] The two sidewalks of the Bronx span are connected to one long and winding ramp at the Randalls Island end,[271] though another pedestrian bridge between Randalls Island and the neighborhood of Port Morris, Bronx, opened to the east of the RFK Bridge in November 2015.[272]

Public transportation

The RFK Bridge carries the M35, M60 SBS and X80 bus routes operated by MTA New York City Transit, as well as several express bus routes operated by the MTA Bus Company: BxM6, BxM7, BxM8, BxM9, BxM10 and BxM11. The M35 travels from Manhattan to Randalls and Wards Islands (with the X80 also operating during special events), while the M60 SBS runs between Manhattan and Queens, and the MTA Bus express routes travel between Manhattan and the Bronx.[273]

In the 1920s, John F. Hylan proposed building the Triborough Bridge as part of his planned Independent Subway System. The proposal entailed extending the New York City Subway's BMT Astoria Line along the same route the Triborough now follows. It would have created a crosstown subway line along 125th Street, as well as a new subway line in the Bronx under St. Ann's Avenue.[38][39][274]

Tolls

As of April 11, 2021, drivers pay $10.17 per car or $4.28 per motorcycle for tolls by mail/non-NYCSC E-ZPass. E-ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E‑ZPass Customer Service Center pay $6.55 per car or $2.85 per motorcycle. Mid-Tier NYCSC E-ZPass users pay $8.36 per car or $3.57 per motorcycle. All E-ZPass users with transponders not issued by the New York E-ZPass CSC will be required to pay Toll-by-mail rates.[275]

When the Triborough Bridge opened, it had a combined 22 tollbooths spread across two toll plazas.[220] Motorists were first able to pay with E‑ZPass in lanes for automatic coin machines at the toll plazas on August 21, 1996.[276]

Open-road cashless tolling began on June 15, 2017.[26] The tollbooths were dismantled, and drivers are no longer able to pay cash at the bridge. Instead, there are cameras mounted onto new overhead gantries manufactured by TransCore[277] near where the booths were formerly located.[278][279] A vehicle without an E-ZPass has a picture taken of its license plate and a bill for the toll is mailed to its owner.[280] For E-ZPass users, sensors detect their transponders wirelessly.[278][279][280]

Historical tolls

History of passenger cash tolls for the Triborough Bridge
Years Toll Toll equivalent
in 2021[281]		 Ref.
1936–1972 $0.25 $1.62–4.88 [282][283]
1972–1975 $0.50 $2.52–3.24 [283][284]
1975–1980 $0.75 $2.47–3.78 [284][285]
1980–1982 $1.00 $2.81–3.29 [285][286]
1982–1984 $1.25 $3.26–3.51 [286][287]
1984–1986 $1.50 $3.78–3.71 [287][288]
1986–1987 $1.75 $4.17–4.33 [288][289]
1987–1989 $2.00 $4.37–4.77 [289][290]
1989–1993 $2.50 $4.69–5.47 [290][291]
1993–1996 $3.00 $5.18–5.63 [291][292]
1996–2003 $3.50 $6.05–6.05 [292][293]
2003–2005 $4.00 $5.55–6.91 [293][294]
2005–2008 $4.50 $5.66–6.24 [294][295]
2008–2010 $5.00 $6.21–6.29 [295][296]
2010–2015 $6.50 $7.43–8.08 [296][297]
2015–2017 $8.00 $8.84–9.15 [298][299]
2017–2019 $8.50 $9.01–9.40 [300][301]
2019–2021 $9.50 $9.95–$10.07 [302][303]
April 2021 – present $10.17 $10.17 [304]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b "New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. 2016. p. 11. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d "Robert F. Kennedy Bridge". Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Retrieved November 3, 2015. The Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (formerly the Triborough Bridge), the authority's flagship facility, opened in 1936. It is actually three bridges, a viaduct, and 14 miles of approach roads connecting Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx.
  3. ^ a b c d e See:
    • "Triboro Plaza Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
    • "Triborough Bridge Playground B Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d Caro 1974, pp. 366–395.
  5. ^ a b c d Shanor, Rebecca Read. "Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge [Triborough Bridge]" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 1110. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
  6. ^ "Triborough Bridge Project". ASCE Metropolitan Section. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e Duffus, R. L. (July 5, 1936). "Bridge Will Speed Up Traffic; Breaking Down Barriers That Have Impeded the Flow In and Out of New York, It Is Part of a Vast and Growing Road System". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Caro 1974, p. 386.
  9. ^ a b c d e "The Triborough Bridge Is Taking Shape; Work Is Expected To Start This Year On The Great Towers Beside Hell Gate". The New York Times. January 24, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "200,000 Rush to Use New Bridge By Auto, Bus, Cycle and on Foot; Presidential Party First to Drive Over 17 1/2 Miles of Span – Rush at All Approaches When Barriers Are Lifted on Word Flashed by Police Radio – Boy Bicyclist First at Toll Booth". The New York Times. July 12, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  11. ^ "Ickes Names Green Project Engineer; Appointee Will Supervise Triborough Bridge And Hudson Tunnel Construction". The New York Times. March 29, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Google (November 1, 2018). "Robert F. Kennedy Bridge" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  13. ^ a b c "Triborough Bridge Progress Is Rapid; Structure Will Link Boroughs of Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx". The New York Times. February 1, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Rastorfer 2000, p. 93.
  15. ^ a b c d e Rastorfer 2000, p. 106.
  16. ^ a b Rastorfer 2000, pp. 110–111.
  17. ^ Rastorfer 2000, p. 113.
  18. ^ a b c d Feuer, Alan (June 28, 2009). "Deconstructing the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  19. ^ a b "2014 Traffic Data Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. July 22, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  20. ^ a b c d e Rastorfer 2000, p. 102.
  21. ^ Rastorfer 2000, p. 97.
  22. ^ a b c d Brock, H. I. (April 28, 1935). "A Triborough Giant Flings Out Its Steel Arms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  23. ^ Google (January 23, 2020). "New York State Route 900G" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  24. ^ a b c d Rastorfer 2000, p. 105.
  25. ^ a b Brock, H. I. (May 12, 1935). "FAST TRAVEL OVER BRIDGE; Triborough Route Will Provide Steady Run Without Lights". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  26. ^ a b c d "Cashless Tolls Arrive on RFK Triboro Bridge". Spectrum News NY1. June 15, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  27. ^ a b Walker, Ameena (September 30, 2017). "NYC's last remaining toll booths are removed from bridges and tunnels". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  28. ^ a b "Open road tolling closes gate on era at NYC-area crossings". Newsday. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  29. ^ a b c "From the B&T Archive: The Robert Moses Building". Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). January 18, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  30. ^ "Triboro Plaza". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  31. ^ "Proposed Triborough Bridge Across The Harlem And East Rivers, Connecting Manhattan, Bronx, And Queens Boroughs". The New York Times. January 14, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  32. ^ "Proposed Triborough Bridge Over Harlem And East Rivers". The New York Times. January 5, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  33. ^ "Harlem-To-Queens Bridge Proposed". The New York Times. February 3, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  34. ^ "Tri-Boro Bridge is "Uncalled For", Says Lindenthal" (PDF). Greenpoint Daily Star. February 19, 1920. p. 1. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  35. ^ "Connolly Opposes Proposed Bridge" (PDF). New York Sun. February 15, 1920. p. 1. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  36. ^ "Bridge Plan Opposed. Tri-Borough Structure Declared Unnecessary By Queens President". The New York Times. February 7, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  37. ^ "New Tri-borough Bridge; Port Authority Will Include Structure in Its Report". The New York Times. December 1, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Hylan Announces His $600,000,000 Plan For Transit; Proposes to Construct 35 More Subways, Extensions, Tunnels and Bridges". The New York Times. August 28, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  39. ^ a b "Hylan Offers Transit Plan". Daily News. New York. August 28, 1922. p. 26. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^ "Hulbert Likens Hylan To A Crab;". The New York Times. May 5, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  41. ^ "Mayor Hylan Going To Albany Today; Will Plead Before Legislature for Home Rule and Transit Bills". The New York Times. March 11, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  42. ^ "City Won't Pay for Surveys for Tri-Boro Bridge". Daily Star. March 11, 1924. pp. 1, 2 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  43. ^ "Celebrate Proposed Tri Borough Bridge". The New York Times. June 25, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  44. ^ "Tri-borough Bridge Comes Up Monday; Goldman to Tell of Plan Which Then Goes to Berry for Opinion on Financing". The New York Times. December 17, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  45. ^ "New Auto Bridge?". Daily News. New York. December 17, 1926. p. 33. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  46. ^ "Cuts To Fit Budget Held Up For Berry; Estimate Board Awaits Report on Sum to Be Available for $713,000,000 Projects". The New York Times. December 21, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  47. ^ "Tri-Borough Span Plans Modified". Daily News. New York. December 21, 1926. p. 69. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ^ "Tri-borough Bridge To Cost $24,625,000; Goldman Completes Plans, and Estimate Board Sets April 21 for Public Hearing". The New York Times. March 25, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  49. ^ "Triborough Bridge Objections Refuted". Daily News. New York. April 23, 1927. p. 36. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. ^ "Committee Backs Tri-Borough Bridge; Goldman Project For Queens, Manhattan And Bronx Goes To Plan And Survey Body". The New York Times. May 7, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  51. ^ "Merchants Back Tri-borough Bridge; Association Also Approves the Vehicular Tunnel Under the East River". The New York Times. May 22, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  52. ^ "Tri-borough Bridge Held Up For A Year; Lack of City Funds Seen as Bar to $25,000,000 Project and the $50,000,000 East River Tube". The New York Times. May 11, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  53. ^ "First Fund Is Voted For Tri-boro Bridge; Estimate Board Appropriates $150,000 for Preliminary Soundings and Borings". The New York Times. May 27, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  54. ^ "Offers To Finance Tri-borough Bridge; Capitalists' Committee Tells Acting Mayor Private Funds Can Be Obtained". The New York Times. September 22, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  55. ^ "Offers Plan To Pay For Tri-Boro Bridge; B. F. Yoakum Suggests Private Capital Be Used For The Construction". The New York Times. September 29, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  56. ^ "Mayor Gets Bridge Offer; But Declines to Discuss $32,000,000 Tri-Borough Proposal". The New York Times. August 21, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  57. ^ "Favors Tolls For Tri-boro Bridge; Feasibility of That Plan Explained by Queens Chamberof Commerce". The New York Times. December 2, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  58. ^ "Bond Issue Weighed To Relieve Traffic; Mayor Discusses Program to Ease Congestion at Once With Lawmakers". The New York Times. December 21, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  59. ^ "Says City Has Cash To Start New Span; McKee Urges Agreement on One Bridge to Brooklyn So It Can Be Begun at Once". The New York Times. January 3, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  60. ^ "Queens Chief in Tri-Boro Big Three". Daily News. New York. January 4, 1929. p. 368. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  61. ^ "Trade Bodies Urge Tri-borough Bridge; Early Action to Ease Traffic Congestion Is Demanded at Bronx Chamber Luncheon". The New York Times. January 18, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  62. ^ "50-year Traffic Aid Pledged By Mayor; He Decries Piecemeal Program and Promises Basis for Full Plan in 3 Months". The New York Times. January 30, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  63. ^ "Ready To Construct Tri-borough Bridge; Commissioner Goldman Says Borings for Which Funds Were Provided Are Finished". The New York Times. February 24, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  64. ^ "Bridge Borings Finished; Preliminary Tests for Triboro Span Show Bedrock Is Good". The New York Times. August 7, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  65. ^ "City's Boosting Slate Boosted by $156,552,450". Daily News. New York. March 13, 1929. p. 12. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. ^ "City Acts To Speed Bridge And Tunnel; Walker and Civic Delegates Go to Albany Today to Urge New Commission". The New York Times. March 13, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  67. ^ "Toll Power Voted For Bridge And Tube; Estimate Board Passes Bill to Fix Charges on Triborough Span and Narrows Tunnel". The New York Times. March 22, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  68. ^ "City Hails Passage Of Bridge Measure; Success of Bills at Albany Opens Way for Tri-Borough Span and Riker's Island Prison". The New York Times. April 2, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  69. ^ Limpus, Lowell (April 10, 1929). "Insane Hospital Loses 700 Beds by Bridge Pier". Daily News. New York. p. 138. Retrieved November 2, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. ^ a b c "Work Begins Oct. 26 On Triborough Span; Goldman Authorized by Board to Let Contracts at Once for Towers on City Property". The New York Times. October 4, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  71. ^ Ruppel, Louis (June 9, 1929). "5 Cents Plus $1,400,000,000 Walker's Fare Next Fall". Daily News. New York. p. 217. Retrieved November 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. ^ a b "Fete To Mark Start Of Triborough Span; Plans Laid for Celebration in September at Beginning of Construction". The New York Times. July 26, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  73. ^ "See Shipping Peril In Triborough Span; Rail and Harbor Interests Say Clearance of Harlem River Crossing Is Too Low". The New York Times. July 31, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  74. ^ "Walker Opens Work On Triborough Span; With Silver-Plated Pick and Spade He Breaks Ground in Astoria Park". The New York Times. October 26, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  75. ^ "Will Build Piers Of Triborough Span; The McMullen Company Gets Contract for Work Original Holder Failed to Perform". The New York Times. December 5, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  76. ^ "To Condemn Bridge Land; Estimate Board Fixes Procedure on Triborough Span Approaches". The New York Times. December 17, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  77. ^ "Move To Expedite Triborough Bridge; Property Owners Delay Work by Asking Unduly High Prices". The New York Times. March 2, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  78. ^ "Plan For 3 Bridges Here Is Approved; Bronx-Randalls Island, Queenswards Island And Hell Gate Get War Department O.K.; Bronx Kills Dam Favored; Plans For Harlem River Bridge At East 125th St. Altered And Approval Later Is Expected". The New York Times. May 1, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  79. ^ "Washington Approves Harlem Bridge Plan; War Department Sanction Clears the Way for City's Triborough Bridge System". The New York Times. May 8, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  80. ^ "Approves Plan for $3,000,000 Hospital Here". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 29, 1930. p. 26. Retrieved November 5, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  81. ^ "Act on Triborough Bridge; Aldermen Approve $5,000,000 Bond Issue for the Project". The New York Times. July 9, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  82. ^ "Two Boroughs File Express Road Plan; Queens and Brooklyn Submit Crosstown Boulevard Data to Estimate Board". The New York Times. July 11, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  83. ^ "New Bridge Approach Proposed For Bronx; Civic Groups to Confer With Bruckner on Tri-Borough Boulevard Link". The New York Times. July 26, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  84. ^ "Urges Extension Of 2 Queens Drives; Moses Proposes to Continue Grand Central Parkway as Triborough Bridge Link". The New York Times. September 16, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  85. ^ "Plans Studied for Brooklyn Link to Queens Span". Daily News. New York. December 28, 1931. p. 199. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  86. ^ "Speeds Triborough Bridge; Goldman Lets $618,855 Work on Ward's Island Anchorage". The New York Times. January 7, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  87. ^ "Rapid Progress Made On Triborough Bridge; One-Third of Ward's Island Anchorage Finished, Says the Report to Goldman". The New York Times. August 18, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  88. ^ "Work Rushed by Triborough Span Builders". Daily News. New York. September 8, 1931. p. 361. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  89. ^ "Plans $2,450,000 Bridge Contracts". The New York Times. September 5, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  90. ^ "Bid List Opens on Piers for Tri-boro Span". Daily News. New York. October 5, 1931. p. 481. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  91. ^ "Engineers View Work On Triborough Bridge; 15% of Construction Completed, Says City Designer". The New York Times. December 20, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  92. ^ "Designs Submitted For Bridge Towers; Design Of Triborough Bridge Towers". The New York Times. December 7, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  93. ^ a b "Piers for Tri-Borough Bridge Near Completion". Daily News. New York. February 28, 1932. p. 74. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. ^ "Big Pier Ready Today On Tri-borough Bridge; First Granite Structure, in Astoria, for Support of Towers, to Be Completed". The New York Times. July 11, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  95. ^ "Finances Of The City Were Never Better, Berry Points Out". The New York Times. February 7, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  96. ^ Wantuch, Howard (July 18, 1930). "Berry Warns City's Nearing Limit of Debt". Daily News. New York. p. 62. Retrieved November 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  97. ^ a b c d Caro 1974, pp. 340–344.
  98. ^ a b c d e f g Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.), pp.392–94
  99. ^ "Berry Would Halt $213,000,000 Work; Warns Of A Deficit". The New York Times. February 6, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  100. ^ "Byrne Fears A Halt On Triborough Span; City Engineer Warns Work Will Be Stopped in Three Months Unless Contracts Are Let". The New York Times. March 16, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  101. ^ "Harvey Protests Delay in Work on Tri-Boro Bridge". Daily News. New York. March 25, 1932. p. 406. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  102. ^ "Walker And M'kee Clash Over Economy; Aldermanic Head Loses Fight to Omit Triborough Bridge From $213,000,000 Recisions". The New York Times. April 2, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  103. ^ "City To Push Work On Triborough Span; Approval Expected of $115,000 Rise in 1932 Budget for the New Bridg". The New York Times. May 4, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  104. ^ "Walker To Ask R.F.C. To Give Bridge Loan And Buy City Bonds; Going to Capital Next Week to Arrange Hearing for Plea for Urgent Public Works". The New York Times. August 6, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  105. ^ "Harvey Pleads Today for U.S. Loan on Bridge". Daily News. New York. August 11, 1932. p. 23. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  106. ^ "R. F. C. Prepares Liquidating Loans; Data on New York $26,000,000 Triborough Bridge Project Are Found Satisfactory". The New York Times. September 2, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  107. ^ "M'kee Denies Plea To Seek R.F.C. Aid; Blocks Proposals to Finish Bridge and Start Tunnel With a Federal Loan". The New York Times. October 12, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  108. ^ "Smith Tells City How to Slash Costs". Daily News. New York. December 2, 1932. p. 294. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  109. ^ "Bridge Before Bay Project, Urges Harvey". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 6, 1932. p. 107. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  110. ^ "Seek R.F.C. Loan; Combined Civic Bodies Want Tri-borough Bridge Completed". The New York Times. January 13, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  111. ^ "State Board To Ask $150,000,000 Of R.F.C.; Moses Will Hold a Hearing Monday to Decide Which Projects to Recommend". The New York Times. February 4, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  112. ^ "Harvey Hears Loan Report with Delight". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 12, 1932. p. 3. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  113. ^ "Mayor Bans Loans From R.F.C. For City; Financing Will Continue as in Past, He Says on Proposal for Real Estate Help". The New York Times. February 15, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  114. ^ "City Bridge Board Sought By O'Brien; Mayor Wants Agency Like the Port Authority to Finance Triborough Project". The New York Times. March 29, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  115. ^ "Lehman To Demand Action On Charter; Message Is Expected When the Desmond-Moffat Proposal Is Taken Up Today". The New York Times. April 5, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  116. ^ "Signs Tri-Borough Bridge Bills". The New York Times. April 8, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  117. ^ "Lehman OKs Bill for 3-Boro Span". Daily News. New York. April 9, 1933. p. 133. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  118. ^ "Battle Is Made Head Of Bridge Authority; Mayor Also Names J.A. O'Leary and F.C. Lemmerman to Board for Triborongh Span". The New York Times. April 29, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  119. ^ "Extends Time For Bridge; War Department Sets 1936 for Completion of Triborough Section". The New York Times. April 7, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  120. ^ "Bronx Bridge Link Bill Signed". The New York Times. April 15, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  121. ^ "Lehman Pledges Speedy Action on Triboro Bridge". Daily News. New York. July 16, 1933. p. 357. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  122. ^ "$35,000,000 Sought For City Bridge; Application to R.F.C. for Triborough Loan Scheduled Within 48 Hours". The New York Times. May 24, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  123. ^ "Requests Pour In to U.S. for Building Loans". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 28, 1933. p. 3. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  124. ^ "Triborough Loan Expected By Aug. 31; Bridge Authority Moves to Get City to Accept Terms for $44,200,000 Grant". The New York Times. August 19, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  125. ^ "City Can Give No Jobs On Triborough Span; Contractors Mast Hire 18,000 Needed for Project Under Terms of Federal Loan". The New York Times. August 22, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  126. ^ "City Votes Work For 18,000 Men On Triboro Span". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 25, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  127. ^ "$79,500,000 Is Ready For City ProjectS; Officials Sign Compacts for Loans for Triborough Span and Midtown Tunnel". The New York Times. September 2, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  128. ^ "City Acquires Land For Triborough Span; Board of Estimate Expected to Remove Last Obstacle to Project on Monday". The New York Times. September 16, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  129. ^ "$10,399,810 Works For Bridge Listed; Contracts Prepared and Some Approved for New Phases of Triborough Span Project". The New York Times. January 4, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  130. ^ "Triborough Bridge Bids Opened". The New York Times. January 7, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  131. ^ "Protest Queens Evictions; 600 Families Ordered to Move From Site of Approaches". The New York Times. January 17, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  132. ^ "Triborough Span Ousting A Hospital; Removal of Child Patients From Several Buildings on Randall's Island Asked". The New York Times. April 5, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  133. ^ "Demolition Work Begins; Removal of Buildings Starts for Triborough Bridge Project". The New York Times. April 24, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  134. ^ "City Seeks $800,000 For New Hospital; Goldwater Asks PWA Loan for Institution to House Patients Ousted by Triborough Span". The New York Times. May 8, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  135. ^ "Bridge Plans Altered; Triborough Changes Will Cut the Cost by $5,000,000". The New York Times. February 22, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  136. ^ a b Caro 1974, p. 390.
  137. ^ "Triborough Bridge to Cost $41,258,000; Revised Plans Approved and Chief Engineer Is Ordered to Go Ahead With Them". The New York Times. April 4, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  138. ^ "Millions Sliced from Bridge Cost". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 4, 1934. p. 15. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  139. ^ "Cheaper Contract For Bridge Upheld; Court Holds the Triborough Authority Can Amend Plan to Save $7,500,000". The New York Times. April 27, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  140. ^ "Bridge Official Quits Under Fire; Lemmerman Faced Charge of Taking Fee in Lease of Office to Tri-Borough Authority". The New York Times. January 11, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  141. ^ "Laguardia To Try A Bridge Official As Tool Of Bosses; O'Leary, Member of Triborough Board, Called for Removal Hearing on Jan. 25". The New York Times. January 14, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  142. ^ "Triborough Funds Tied Up Ickes; Bars Further Grants Until He Is Assured Bridge Project Will Be Properly Handled". The New York Times. January 16, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  143. ^ "Mayor Ousts O'Leary; Moses Given Place on Bridge Authority". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 3, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  144. ^ "$68,000,000 Loans For PWA Projects Won By LaGuardia; Mayor in Washington Gets Promise of $1,500,000 Now for Triborough Bridge". The New York Times. February 6, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  145. ^ "Plain Sailing for Triborough Bridge Project". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 10, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  146. ^ "O'leary Is Ousted; Moses Gets Post; Mayor Dismisses Triborough Bridge Official as Deutsch Finds He Shirked Duties". The New York Times. February 4, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  147. ^ "Triborough Board Awards A Contract; $293,360 Grade Separation on Queens Approach to Span to Be Begun at Once". The New York Times. May 16, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  148. ^ a b Caro 1974, p. 388.
  149. ^ Britton., A.d. (February 10, 1935). "Moses's Many Projects Are All Tied Together; The Commissioner Has Coordinated His Tasks So That Each of Them Helps the Others". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  150. ^ "West Bronx Road To Bridge Barred; Civic Groups Lose Fight for a New Approach to the Triborough Span". The New York Times. March 28, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  151. ^ "Parkway To Reach Triborough Span; Contract for Extension of Grand Central Highway Will Be Awarded Soon". The New York Times. March 1, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  152. ^ "Changes Approved On 3-borough Span; War Department Sanctions the Elimination of a Channel Pier for the Bronx Arm". The New York Times. July 27, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  153. ^ Caro 1974, pp. 393–394.
  154. ^ a b "East Side To Get A 'Riverside Drive'; Triborough Bridge Plans Call for a 100-Foot Parkway as Manhattan Approach". The New York Times. July 26, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  155. ^ a b Robbins, L.h. (March 3, 1935). "Great Triborough Bridge Now Taking Form; From the Bronx to Flushing Bay Work On Span and Approaches Goes On". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  156. ^ "City Fails To Heed Bronx Bridge Plea; Estimate Board Approves Plan for Manhattan Approach to Triborough Span". The New York Times. October 12, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  157. ^ Caro 1974, pp. 345.
  158. ^ Caro 1974, pp. 1119–1122. The bonds not only helped to finance the project, but also assured that the Authority would be self-perpetuating and immune from legislative oversight, as the Authority's contractual obligations to the bond-holders were paramount and could not, according to the Authority's legal theory, be altered by legislative action. They also assured that the Triborough would never be toll free.
  159. ^ Caro 1974, pp. 426–440.
  160. ^ "Moses Bridge Job In Peril As Ickes Seeks His Ouster; La Guardia in Dispute With PWA Head as Latter Withholds Triborough Funds". The New York Times. January 4, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  161. ^ "Ickes-Moses Feud Ties Up Bridge Funds". Daily News. New York. January 4, 1935. p. 505. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  162. ^ "Ickes May Bar Pay To End Moses Row; Climax in Job Dispute Likely This Week if Bridge Fund for Salaries Is Held Up". The New York Times. January 13, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  163. ^ "La Guardia Will Oust Moses If Federal Funds Are Held Up". The New York Times. January 19, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  164. ^ "Ickes Yields In Moses Row; $1,600,000 Funds Released On Triborough Bridge Job; Post Also Is Retained". The New York Times. March 12, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  165. ^ "Ickes Says Gibraltar Isn't Some Rock Now". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 12, 1935. p. 2. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  166. ^ "Moses Wins His Fight With Ickes in Bridge Funds Grant to N.Y." Press and Sun-Bulletin. Binghamton, NY. March 11, 1935. p. 505. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  167. ^ "Bridge Work Awarded; Snare Corporation Gets Contract on Triborough Span". The New York Times. February 19, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  168. ^ "Bids For Steel Work On Bridge Advertised; Triborough Authority Goes Ahead Despite the Threat of Ickes to Cut Off Funds". The New York Times. March 3, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  169. ^ "Bridge Bids Opened; Authority Gets Offers for Triborough Span Steelwork". The New York Times. March 15, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  170. ^ "First Cables Link Triborough Bridge Piers; East River Traffic Halted to Permit Work". The New York Times. March 19, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  171. ^ "Bridge Bid $1,313,668.; Taylor-Fichter Low for Harlem River Span of Triborough". The New York Times. May 17, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  172. ^ "$1,093,753 Low Bid For Span In Bronx; Slightly Under Estimated Cost of Triborough Bridge Link". The New York Times. June 28, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  173. ^ "Triborough Bridge To Open Next July; Huge Structure Is Expected to Be Completed About a Year From Today". The New York Times. July 14, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  174. ^ Duffus, R. L. (October 20, 1935). "New City Speedways; Bridges, Tunnels and Roads Being Built To Help End New York's Motor Jams". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  175. ^ "Great World Fair For City In 1939 On Site In Queens; Cost To Be $40,000,000". The New York Times. September 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  176. ^ "Great Triborough Bridge Taking Shape; Steel Towers and Roadways Are Rising and Work on 'Centre' Will Soon Begin". The New York Times. October 27, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  177. ^ "Steel Work Finished On Triborough Span; Bridge Now Virtually Completed Except Concrete Roadway and the Approaches". The New York Times. November 13, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  178. ^ "Protests Growing On German Steel; Labor Heads Join Producers in Holding Practice Contrary to Spirit of PWA". The New York Times. November 13, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  179. ^ "German Steel Wins A PWA Order Here; Engineers Approve Purchase for Triborough Bridge Over U.S. Producers' Protest". The New York Times. November 9, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  180. ^ "Ickes Charges Buck Passing". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 12, 1935. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  181. ^ "Use Of Nazi Steel Upheld By Moses; Purchase for Triborough Span Is 'a Matter of Law, Not Agitation,' He Holds". The New York Times. November 12, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  182. ^ "Mayor Orders Ban On German Steel; Says Only Commodity We Can Get From 'Hitlerland is Hatred and We Don't Want' That". The New York Times. November 15, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  183. ^ "Roosevelt Affirms PWA Rule To Ban Foreign Materials; Denying a Shift in Policy, He Says All Contracts Will Be Scanned to End Dumping". The New York Times. November 16, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  184. ^ "3 Bridge Contracts Let; They Involve Work on Triborough Span Totaling $1,794,000". The New York Times. February 15, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  185. ^ "Moses Opens Fights On Change In PWA; Says Triborough Bridge Will Be Delayed by New Set-Up – RFC to Get Appeal". The New York Times. March 24, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  186. ^ "Moses Veiling Delay on Span; PWA Charges". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 25, 1936. p. 2. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  187. ^ "Forty-hour Week On Bridge Barred; Plea of Triborough Authority to Add to Working Hours Rejected by Ickes". The New York Times. April 5, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  188. ^ "Delay is Seen in 30-Hr. Week on New Bridge". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 12, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
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Bibliography

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triborough Bridge.
  • Official website
  • Triborough Bridge historic overview at nycroads.com
  • Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NY-301, "Triborough Bridge, Passing through Queens, Manhattan & the Bronx, Queens, Queens County, NY", 28 photos, 3 photo caption pages
  • Triborough Bridge at Structurae
  • Triborough Bridge Harlem River Lift Span at Structurae

January 26, 2023
robert, kennedy, bridge, route, template, attached, triborough, bridgekml, from, wikidata, bridge, formerly, known, still, commonly, referred, triborough, bridge, complex, bridges, elevated, expressway, viaducts, york, city, bridges, link, boroughs, manhattan,. Route map Template Attached KML Triborough BridgeKML is from Wikidata The Robert F Kennedy Bridge RFK Bridge formerly known and still commonly referred to as the Triborough Bridge is a complex of bridges and elevated expressway viaducts 2 in New York City The bridges link the boroughs of Manhattan Queens and the Bronx The viaducts cross Randalls and Wards Islands previously two islands and now joined by landfill Robert F Kennedy Bridge Triborough Bridge The Queens Wards Island span of the bridge over the East RiverCoordinates40 46 50 N 73 55 39 W 40 78056 N 73 92750 W 40 78056 73 92750Carries8 lanes of I 278 Toll Bronx and Queens spans 6 lanes of NY 900G Manhattan span CrossesEast River Harlem River and Bronx KillLocaleNew York City United StatesOfficial nameRobert F Kennedy BridgeOther name s RFK Triborough Bridge Triboro Bridge RFK BridgeMaintained byMTA Bridges and TunnelsCharacteristicsDesignSuspension bridge lift bridge truss bridgeTotal length2 780 feet 850 m Queens span 770 feet 230 m Manhattan span 1 600 feet 490 m Bronx span Width98 feet 30 m Queens span Longest span1 380 feet 420 m Queens span 310 feet 94 m Manhattan span 383 feet 117 m Bronx span Clearance above14 feet 6 inches 4 42 m Queens Bronx spans 13 feet 10 inches 4 22 m Manhattan span Clearance below143 feet 44 m Queens span 135 feet 41 m Manhattan span when raised 55 feet 17 m Bronx span HistoryOpenedJuly 11 1936 86 years ago 1936 07 11 StatisticsDaily traffic95 552 Queens Manhattan and Bronx Manhattan 2016 1 83 053 Queens Bronx 2016 1 TollAs of April 11 2021 10 17 Tolls By Mail and non New York E ZPass 6 55 New York E ZPass 8 36 Mid Tier NYCSC E Z Pass LocationThe RFK Bridge a toll bridge carries Interstate 278 I 278 as well as the unsigned highway New York State Route 900G It connects with the FDR Drive and the Harlem River Drive in Manhattan the Bruckner Expressway I 278 and the Major Deegan Expressway Interstate 87 in the Bronx and the Grand Central Parkway I 278 and Astoria Boulevard in Queens The three primary bridges of the RFK Bridge complex are 2 The vertical lift bridge over Harlem River the largest in the world connecting Manhattan to Randalls Island The truss bridge over Bronx Kill connecting Randalls Island to the Bronx The suspension bridge over Hell Gate a strait of the East River connecting Wards Island to Astoria in QueensThese three bridges are connected by an elevated highway viaduct across Randalls and Wards Islands and 14 miles 23 km of support roads The viaduct includes a smaller span across the former site of Little Hell Gate which separated Randalls and Wards Islands 2 3 Also part of the complex is a grade separated T interchange on Randalls Island which sorted out traffic in a way that ensured that drivers paid a toll at only one bank of tollbooths 4 The tollbooths have since been removed and all tolls are collected electronically at the approaches to each bridge The bridge complex was designed by chief engineer Othmar H Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II 5 and has been called not a bridge so much as a traffic machine the largest ever built 4 The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986 6 The bridge is owned and operated by MTA Bridges and Tunnels formally the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority or TBTA an affiliate of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Contents 1 Description 1 1 East River suspension bridge I 278 1 2 Harlem River lift bridge NY 900G 1 2 1 Major intersections 1 3 Bronx Kill crossing I 278 1 4 Interchange plaza and approach viaducts 2 History 2 1 Initial plans 2 2 Funding 2 3 Construction 2 3 1 Initial efforts 2 3 2 Funding issues 2 3 3 Construction resumes 2 3 4 Significant progress 2 4 Opening 2 5 Early years 2 6 Later history 3 Usage 3 1 Pedestrian and bicycle sidewalks 3 2 Public transportation 4 Tolls 4 1 Historical tolls 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription EditThe RFK Bridge is made of four segments The three primary spans traverse the East River to Queens the Harlem River to Manhattan and Bronx Kill to the Bronx 7 while the fourth is a T shaped approach viaduct that leads to an interchange plaza between the three primary spans on Randalls Island The Queens arm of the viaduct formerly crossed Little Hell Gate a creek located between Randalls Island to the north and Wards Island to the south 2 Excluding elevated ramps the segments are a total of 17 710 feet 5 400 m long with a 13 560 foot long 4 130 m span between the Bronx and Queens and a 4 150 foot long 1 260 m span between Manhattan and the interchange plaza 8 9 7 In total the bridge contains 17 5 miles 28 2 km of roadway including elevated ramps 10 The bridge was primarily designed by chief engineer Othmar H Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II 5 Wharton Green served as the Public Works Administration PWA s resident engineer for the project 11 The East River suspension bridge pictured in 2021 East River suspension bridge I 278 Edit The East River span a suspension bridge across the Hell Gate of the East River connects Queens with Wards Island It carries eight lanes of Interstate 278 four in each direction as well as a sidewalk on the northeastern side The span connects to Grand Central Parkway and indirectly to the Brooklyn Queens Expressway I 278 in Astoria Queens 12 Originally it connected to the intersection of 25th Avenue and 31st Street the former was later renamed Hoyt Avenue 13 The suspension span was designed by chief engineer Othmar Ammann 14 The span was originally designed to be double decked with eight lanes on each deck 15 9 When the construction of the Triborough Bridge was paused in 1932 due to lack of funding the suspension span was downsized to a single deck There are Warren trusses on each side of the span which stiffen the deck 15 The center span between the two suspension towers is 1 380 feet 421 m long and the side spans between the suspension towers and the anchorages are each 700 feet 213 m long 15 The total length of the bridge is 2 780 feet 847 m and the deck is 98 feet 30 m wide 15 At mean high water the towers are 315 feet 96 m tall and there is 143 feet 44 m of clearance under the middle of the main span 15 The suspension towers were originally designed by Arthur I Perry Each tower was supposed to have two ornate arches at the top similar to the Brooklyn Bridge and was to have been supported by four legs two on the outside and two in the center 16 9 A 1932 article described that each tower would be made of 5 000 tons of material including 3 680 tons of steel 9 The final design of the suspension towers by Ammann consists of comparatively simple cross bracing supported by two legs 16 The tops of each tower contain cast iron saddles in the Art Deco style over which the bridge s main cables run These are topped by 30 foot 9 1 m decorative lanterns with red aircraft warning lights 17 The span is supported by two main cables which suspend the deck and are held up by the suspension towers Each cable is 20 inches 51 cm in diameter and contains 10 800 miles 17 400 km of individual wires 18 At the Wards Island and Astoria ends of the suspension span there are two anchorages that hold the main cables 9 The anchorages contain a combined 133 500 tons of concrete 18 The Harlem River lift bridge in 2007 Harlem River lift bridge NY 900G Edit For the railroad bridge between Manhattan and the Bronx see Harlem River Lift Bridge New York State Route 900GLocationManhattan Randall s IslandLength0 66 mi 19 1 060 m The Harlem River span is a lift bridge that connects Manhattan with Randalls Island designed by chief engineer Ammann 14 It carries six lanes of New York State Route 900G NY 900G an unsigned reference route as well as two sidewalks one on each side The span connects to the Harlem River Drive and the FDR Drive as well as the intersection of Second Avenue and East 125th Street in East Harlem Manhattan A direct access ramp leads from the westbound bridge to the northbound Harlem River Drive 12 At the time of its completion the Harlem River lift bridge had the largest deck of any lift bridge in the world with a surface area of 20 000 square feet 1 900 m2 To lighten the deck it was made of asphalt paved onto steel girders rather than of concrete 20 The movable span is 310 feet 94 m long and the side spans between the movable span and the approach viaducts are each 195 feet 59 m long The total length of the bridge is 700 feet 213 m 20 The towers are 210 feet 64 m above mean high water Each of the lift towers is supported by two clusters of four columns which supports the bridge deck A curved truss at the top of each pair of column clusters forms an arch directly underneath the deck 20 The lift span is 55 feet 17 m above mean high water in the closed position but can be raised to 135 feet 41 m The movable section is suspended by a total of 96 wire ropes which are wrapped around pulleys with 15 foot 4 6 m diameters 21 These pulleys in turn are powered by four motors that can operate at 200 horsepower 149 kW 20 22 Major intersections Edit NY 900G is officially maintained as a north south route despite its largely east west progression 19 The entire route is in the New York City borough of Manhattan All exits are unnumbered Locationmi 23 kmDestinationsNotesRandall s Island0 00 0 I 278 to I 87 north Queens Bronx AirportsExit 46 on I 278Randall s Island Icahn Stadium0 10 16Toll gantry southbound only Harlem River0 2 0 40 32 0 64BridgeEast Harlem0 40 64 FDR Drive south Harlem River Drive northExit 17 on FDR Harlem River Drive0 60 97124th StreetSouthbound entrance only2nd Avenue 125th Street 126th StreetAt grade intersection northern terminus1 000 mi 1 609 km 1 000 km 0 621 mi Electronic toll collection Incomplete access Bronx Kill crossing in 2008 Bronx Kill crossing I 278 Edit The Bronx Kill span is a truss bridge that connects the Bronx with Randalls Island It carries eight lanes of I 278 as well as two sidewalks one on each side The span connects to Major Deegan Expressway I 87 and the Bruckner Expressway I 278 in Mott Haven Bronx 12 It originally connected to the intersection of East 134th Street and Cypress Avenue a site now occupied by the interchange between I 87 and I 278 13 The truss span was designed by consulting engineers Ash Howard Needles and Tammen 14 The Bronx Kill span contains three main truss crossings which are fixed spans because the Bronx Kill is not used by regular boat traffic 22 The main truss span across the Bronx Kill is 383 feet 117 m long 14 while the approaches are a combined 1 217 feet 371 m 3 14 The total length of the bridge is 1 600 feet 488 m The truss span is 55 feet 17 m above mean high water 14 Interchange plaza and approach viaducts Edit Renovation of interchange plaza viaduct seen in 2016 TBTA headquarters on Randalls Island near the Manhattan span The three spans of the RFK Bridge intersect at a grade separated T interchange on Randalls Island 12 The span to Manhattan intersects perpendicularly with the I 278 viaduct between the Bronx and Queens spans 22 Although I 278 is signed as a west east highway the orientation of I 278 on the bridge is closer to a north south alignment with the southbound roadway carrying westbound traffic and the northbound roadway carrying eastbound traffic 12 Two circular ramps carry traffic to and from eastbound I 278 and the RFK lift bridge to Manhattan 12 24 25 Randalls and Wards Islands are accessed via exits and entrances to and from westbound I 278 to and from the westbound lift bridge viaduct to eastbound I 278 and from the eastbound lift bridge viaduct Eastbound traffic on I 278 accesses the island by first exiting onto the lift bridge viaduct 12 The interchange plaza originally contained two tollbooths one for traffic traveling to and from Manhattan and one for traffic traveling on I 278 between the Bronx and Queens The tollbooths were arranged so vehicles only paid one toll upon entering Randalls and Wards Islands and there was no charge to exit the island 4 24 25 The elevated toll plazas had a surface area of about 9 acres 3 6 ha and were supported by 1 700 columns all hidden behind a concrete retaining wall 24 In 2017 the MTA started collecting all tolls electronically at the approaches to each bridge 26 and the tollbooths were removed from the toll plazas on the RFK Bridge and all other MTA Bridges and Tunnels crossings 27 28 The Robert Moses Administration Building a two story Art Deco structure designed by Embury served as the headquarters of the TBTA now the MTA s Bridges and Tunnels division The building was next to the Manhattan span s plaza to which it was connected In 1969 the Manhattan span s toll plaza was relocated west and the I 278 toll plaza was relocated south and both toll plazas were expanded more than threefold This required the destruction of the building s original towers A room was built in 1966 to store Moses s models and blueprints of planned roads and crossings but they were relocated to the MTA s headquarters at 2 Broadway in the 1980s The building was renamed after Moses in 1989 29 The interchange plaza connects with the over water spans via a three legged concrete viaduct that has a total length of more than 2 5 miles 4 0 km The segments of the viaduct rest atop steel girders which in turn are placed perpendicularly between concrete piers spaced 60 to 140 feet 18 to 43 m apart 20 Each pier is supported by a set of three octagonal columns The viaduct is mostly eight lanes wide except at the former locations of the toll plazas where it widens The viaduct once traversed Little Hell Gate a small creek that formerly separated Randalls Island to the north and Wards Island to the south the waterway has since been filled in 24 The viaduct rose 62 feet 19 m above the mean high water of Little Hell Gate 22 History EditInitial plans Edit Edward A Byrne chief engineer of the New York City Department of Plant and Structures first announced plans for connecting Manhattan Queens and the Bronx in 1916 30 14 The next year the Harlem Boards of Trade and Commerce and the Harlem Luncheon Association announced their support for such a bridge which was proposed to cost 10 million The Tri Borough Bridge as it was called would connect 125th Street in Manhattan St Ann s Avenue in the Bronx and an as yet undetermined location in Queens It would parallel the Hell Gate Bridge a railroad bridge connecting Queens and the Bronx via Randalls and Wards Islands 31 Plans for the Tri Borough Bridge were bolstered by the 1919 closure of a ferry between Yorkville in Manhattan and Astoria in Queens 32 Map of the bridge s path highlighted in red A bill to construct the bridge was proposed in the New York State Legislature in 1920 33 Gustav Lindenthal who had designed the Hell Gate Bridge criticized the Tri Borough plan as uncalled for as the new Tri Borough Bridge would parallel the existing Hell Gate Bridge He stated that the Hell Gate Bridge could be retrofitted with an upper deck for vehicular and pedestrian use 34 Queens borough president Maurice K Connolly also opposed the bridge arguing that there was no need to construct a span between Queens and the Bronx due to low demand Connolly also said that a bridge between Queens and Manhattan needed to be built further downstream closer to the Queensboro Bridge which at the time was the only bridge between the two boroughs 35 36 The Port of New York Authority included the proposed Tri Borough Bridge in a report to the New York state legislature in 1921 37 The following year the planned bridge was also included in a transit plan published by Mayor John Francis Hylan who called for the construction of the Tri Borough Bridge as part of the city operated Independent Subway System see Public transportation 38 39 In March 1923 a vote was held on whether to allocate money to perform surveys and test borings as well as create structural plans for the Tri Borough Bridge The borough presidents of Manhattan and the Bronx voted for the allocation of the funds while the presidents of Queens and Staten Island agreed with Hylan who preferred the construction of the new subway system instead of the Tri Borough Bridge 40 The bridge allocation was ultimately not approved 41 Another attempt at obtaining funds was declined in 1924 although there was a possibility that the bridge could be built based on assessment plans that were being procured 42 Funding Edit The Tri Borough Bridge project finally received funding in June 1925 when the city appropriated 50 000 for surveys test borings and structural plans Work started on a tentative design for the bridge 3 43 By December 1926 the 50 000 allotment had been spent on bores 44 Around the same time the proposal to convert the Hell Gate Bridge resurfaced 45 Albert Goldman the Commissioner of Plant and Structures had finished a tentative report for the Tri Borough Bridge by that time however it was not immediately submitted to the New York City Board of Estimate as a result of a reorganization of the city s proposed budget 46 47 Goldman finally published the report in March 1927 stating that the bridge was estimated to cost 24 6 million 48 He explained that the Hell Gate Bridge only had enough space for five lanes of roadway so a new bridge would have to be constructed parallel to it 49 Though two mayoral committees endorsed the Tri Borough plan 50 as did several merchants associations 51 construction was delayed for a year because of a lack of funds 52 However the Board of Estimate did approve 150 000 for preliminary borings and soundings 53 Following this in September 1927 a group of entrepreneurs proposed to fund the bridge privately 54 Under this plan the bridge would be set up as a toll bridge and ownership would be transferred to the city once the bridge was paid for 55 In August 1928 Mayor Jimmy Walker received a similar proposal from the Long Island Board of Commerce to build the Tri Borough Bridge using 32 million of private capital 56 The Queens Chamber of Commerce also favored setting up tolls on the bridge to pay for its construction 57 Yet another plan called for financing the bridge using proceeds from a bond issue which would also pay for the proposed Queens Midtown Tunnel 58 The Tri Borough Bridge was being planned in conjunction with the Brooklyn Queens Expressway which would create a continuous highway between the Bronx and Brooklyn with a southward extension over The Narrows to Staten Island In January 1929 New York City aldermanic president Joseph V McKee endorsed the bridge saying there was enough funding to begin one of four proposed bridges on the expressway s route 59 The newly elected borough president of Queens George U Harvey also endorsed the bridge as did Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce leader George Vincent McLaughlin 60 Trade groups petitioned Mayor Walker to take up the bridge s construction 61 By the end of the month Walker acquiesced and he had included both the Tri Borough Bridge and a tunnel under the Narrows in his 10 year traffic program 62 The preliminary borings were completed by late February 1929 63 The results of the preliminary borings showed that the bedrock in the ground underneath the proposed bridge was sufficient to support the spans foundations 64 In early March the Board of Estimate voted to start construction on the bridge and on the Narrows tunnel once funding was obtained The same month the board allocated 3 million toward the bridge s construction 65 66 Separately the Board of Estimate voted to create an authority to impose toll charges on both crossings 67 In April 1929 the New York state legislature voted to approve the Tri Borough Bridge as well as a prison on Rikers Island before adjourning for the fiscal year 68 The same month New York state governor Franklin D Roosevelt signed the bill to approve the relocation of about 700 beds in Wards Island s mental hospital which were in the way of the proposed bridge s suspension span to Queens 69 The New York state legislature later approved a bill that provided for the relocation of the Queens span s Wards Island end 1 100 feet 340 m to the west thereby preserving hospital buildings from demolition 70 Queens suspension span over the East River seen at sunrise The bridge was ultimately planned to cost 24 million and was planned to start construction in August 1929 71 By July the groundbreaking was scheduled for September 72 The preliminary Triborough Bridge proposal comprised four bridges a suspension span across the East River to Queens a truss span across Bronx Kill to the Bronx a fixed span across the Harlem River to Manhattan and a steel arch viaduct across the no longer extant Little Hell Gate between Randalls and Wards Islands 72 In August 1929 plans for the bridge were submitted to the United States Department of War for approval to ensure that the proposed Tri Borough Bridge would not block any maritime navigation routes Railroad and shipping groups objected that the proposed Harlem River span with a height of 50 feet 15 m above mean high water was too short for most ships and suggested building a 135 foot high 41 m suspension span over the Harlem River instead 73 Because of complaints about maritime navigational clearance the Department of War approved an increase in the Harlem River fixed bridge s height to 55 feet 17 m as well as an increase in the length of the Hell Gate suspension bridge s main span from 1 100 to 1 380 feet 340 to 420 m 70 Construction Edit The scale of the Triborough Bridge project including its approaches was such that hundreds of large apartment buildings were demolished to make way for it The structure used concrete from factories from Maine to the Mississippi and steel from 50 mills in Pennsylvania To make the formwork for pouring the concrete a forest s worth of trees on the Pacific Coast was cut down 8 Robert Caro the author of a biography on Long Island State Parks commissioner and Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority chairman Robert Moses wrote about the project Triborough was not a bridge so much as a traffic machine the largest ever built The amount of human energy expended in its construction gives some idea of its immensity more than five thousand men would be working at the site and these men would only be putting into place the materials furnished by the labor of many times five thousand men before the Triborough Bridge was completed its construction would have generated more than 31 000 000 man hours of work in 134 cities in twenty states 4 Initial efforts Edit The Board of Estimate approved the first contracts for the Triborough Bridge in early October 1929 specifically for the construction bridge piers on Randalls and Wards Islands and in Queens This allowed for the start of construction on the Triborough Bridge s suspension span to Queens 70 A groundbreaking ceremony was held in Astoria Park Queens on October 25 1929 just a day after Black Thursday which started the Great Depression 18 Mayor Walker turned over the first spadeful of dirt for the bridge in front of 10 000 visitors 74 After the groundbreaking ceremony further construction was delayed because the company originally contracted to build the piers the Albert A Volk Company refused to carry out the contract In early December the contract for the piers was reassigned to the McMullen Company 75 Meanwhile the Board was condemning the land in the path of the bridge s approaches 76 However this process was also postponed because homeowners wanted to sell their property to the city at exceedingly high prices 77 The War Department gave its approval to the Bronx Kills East River and Little Hell Gate spans in late April 1930 after construction was already underway on the Queens suspension span across the East River 78 A week later the War Department also approved the Harlem River span with another amendment the span was now a movable lift bridge which could be raised to allow maritime traffic to pass 79 Shortly afterward a special mayoral committee sanctioned a 5 million expenditure for the Triborough project 80 and in July 1930 a 5 million bond issue to fund the Triborough Bridge s construction was passed 81 Plans for an expressway to connect to the bridge s Queens end were also filed in July 1930 This later became the Brooklyn Queens Expressway which was connected to the bridge via the Grand Central Parkway 82 There were also proposals for an expressway to connect to the Bronx end of the bridge along Southern Boulevard 83 Robert Moses the Long Island state parks commissioner wanted to expand Grand Central Parkway from its western terminus at the time Union Turnpike in Kew Gardens Queens northwest to the proposed bridge 84 The Brooklyn Queens Expressway proposal which would create a highway from the Queens end of the bridge to Queens Boulevard in Woodside Queens was also considered 85 Manhattan lift bridge over the Harlem River A contract to build the suspension anchorage on Wards Island was awarded in January 1931 86 At the time progress on the bridge approaches was proceeding rapidly and it was expected that the entire Triborugh Bridge complex would be completed in 1934 13 By August 1931 it was reported that the Wards Island anchorage was 33 completed and that the corresponding anchorage on the Queens side was 15 completed Work on drainage dikes as well as contracts for bridge approach piers were also progressing 87 A report the next month indicated that the overall project was 6 completed and that another 2 45 million in contracts was planned to be awarded over the following year 88 89 In October contracts for constructing the bridge piers were advertised 90 By December 1931 the project was 15 completed 91 and the city was accepting designs for the Queens span s suspension towers 92 The granite foundations in the water near each bank of the East River which would support the suspension towers were completed in early or mid 1932 93 94 At the time there were no funds to build six additional piers on Randalls Island and one in Little Hell Gate nor were there funds to build the suspension towers themselves 93 Funding issues Edit The Great Depression severely impacted the city s ability to finance the Triborough Bridge s construction 18 City comptroller Charles W Berry had stated in February 1930 that the city was in sound financial condition even though other large cities were nearing bankruptcy 95 However the New York City government was running out of money by that July 96 The Triborough project s outlook soon began to look bleak Chief engineer Othmar Ammann was enlisted to help guide the project but the combination of Tammany Hall graft the stock market crash and the Great Depression which followed it brought the project to a virtual halt 97 Investors shied away from purchasing the municipal bonds needed to fund it 5 By the spring of 1932 the Triborough Bridge project was moribund 98 As part of 213 million in cuts to the city s budget Berry wanted to halt construction on the span in order to avoid a 43 7 million budget shortage by the end of that year 99 With no new contracts being awarded the chief engineer of the Department of Plant and Structures Edward A Byrne warned in March 1932 that construction on the Triborough Bridge would have to be halted 100 Though Queens borough president Harvey objected to the impending postponement of the bridge s construction 101 the project was still included in the 213 million worth of budget cuts 102 Following this Goldman submitted a proposal to fund the planning stages for the remaining portions of construction so that work could resume immediately once sufficient funding was available 103 In August 1932 Senator Robert F Wagner announced that he would ask for a 26 million loan from the federal government namely President Herbert Hoover s Reconstruction Finance Corporation so there could be funds for the construction of both the Triborough Bridge and Queens Midtown Tunnel 104 Queens borough president Harvey also went to the RFC to ask for funding for the bridge 105 Soon after the RFC moved to prepare the loan for the Triborough Bridge project 106 However when Mayor Walker resigned suddenly in September 1932 his successor Joseph V McKee refused to seek RFC or other federal aid for the two projects stating If we go to Washington for funds to complete the Triborough Bridge where would we draw the line 107 Governor Al Smith agreed saying that such requests were unnecessary because the bridge could pay for itself 108 Harvey continued to push for federal funding for the Triborough Bridge prioritizing its completion over other projects such as the development of Jamaica Bay in southern Queens 109 Civic groups also advocated for the city to apply for RFC funding 110 In February 1933 a nine person committee appointed by Lehman and chaired by Moses applied to the RFC for a 150 million loan for projects in New York state including the Triborough Bridge 111 However although the RFC favored a loan for the Triborough project 112 the new mayor John P O Brien banned the RFC from giving loans to the city 113 Instead O Brien wanted to create a bridge authority to sell bonds to pay for the construction of the Triborough Bridge as well as for the Queens Midtown Tunnel 114 Robert Moses was also pushing the state legislature to create an authority to fund build and operate the Triborough Bridge 97 A bill to create the Triborough Bridge Authority TBA passed quickly through both houses of the state legislature 115 and was signed by Governor Herbert H Lehman that April The bill included a provision that the authority could sell up to 35 million in bonds and fund the remainder of construction through bridge tolls 116 117 George Gordon Battle a Tammany Hall attorney was appointed as chairman of the new authority and three commissioners were appointed 118 Shortly after the TBA bill was signed the War Department extended its deadline for the Triborough Bridge s completion by three years to April 28 1936 119 Lehman also signed bills to clear land for a bridge approach in the Bronx 120 and he promised to resume construction of the bridge 121 That May the TBA asked the RFC for a 35 million loan to pay for the bridge 122 123 The RFC ultimately agreed in August to grant 44 2 million to be composed of a loan of 37 million as well as a 7 2 million subsidy 124 However the loan would only be given under a condition that 18 000 workers be hired first 125 so the city s Board of Estimate voted to hire 18 000 workers to work on the Triborough project 126 The funds for the Triborough Bridge as well as for the Lincoln Tunnel from Manhattan to New Jersey were ready by the beginning of September 127 Construction resumes Edit Art Deco saddle housing on Queens suspension bridge The city purchased land in the path of the Triborough Bridge in September 1933 128 and construction on the Triborough Bridge resumed that November 98 By January 1934 contracts were being prepared for the completion of the suspension span and the construction of the other three spans 129 one of these contracts included the construction of the bridge s piers 130 Families living in the path of the bridge s approaches protested against the eviction notices given to them 131 The construction of the Triborough Bridge across Little Hell Gate also required the demolition of hospital buildings on Randalls and Wards Islands 132 Work on land clearing for the bridge began that April 133 The New York City Department of Hospitals later decided to apply for funds to build the Seaview Hospital on Staten Island which would house the hospital facilities displaced by the Triborough Bridge 134 In February 1934 the TBA contemplated condensing the Queens span s 16 lane double deck roadway into an 8 lane single deck road as well as simplify the suspension towers designs in order to save 5 million 135 With a 16 lane capacity the span would have been able to carry 40 million vehicles a year but this was not projected to be reached until forty years after the bridge s opening 136 In April a new plan was approved that would reduce the bridge s cost from 51 million to 42 million so the subsidy could pay for the bridge s entire cost 136 137 138 Chief engineer Ammann had decided to collapse the original design s two deck roadway into one requiring lighter towers and lighter piers 97 The steel company constructing the towers challenged the TBA s decision in an appellate court but the court ruled in favor of the TBA 139 During this time the TBA was in turmoil by January 1934 one of the TBA s commissioners had resigned 140 and New York City Mayor Fiorello H La Guardia was trying another TBA commissioner John Stratton O Leary for corruption 141 As a result Public Works Administration PWA administrator Harold L Ickes refused to distribute more of the RFC grant until the existing funds could be accounted for 142 After O Leary had been removed La Guardia appointed Moses to the position 143 After O Leary s removal Ickes gave the city 1 5 million toward the bridge s construction 144 145 Moses became the chairman of the TBA in April 1934 after a series of interim chairmen had held the post 146 Moses leveraged his leadership of the Authority as well as the state and city positions he also held to expedite the project 98 The first major construction contract after Moses gained control of the TBA was awarded in May 1934 for the construction of an approach highway to the Queens span 147 Moses continued to advocate for new roads and parkways to feed into the bridge The complex of roads included the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens 125th Street the East River Drive now the FDR Drive and Harlem River Drive in Manhattan and Whitlock Avenue and Eastern Boulevard now Bruckner Expressway in the Bronx 148 All of these roads would be part of an interconnected parkway system that would allow cars to move smoothly through the New York City area 149 Civic groups also wanted a road from the West Bronx to connect to the bridge but it was rejected 150 The first of those roads the Grand Central Parkway extension from Kew Gardens to the Triborough Bridge was planned to start construction in spring 1934 151 Further changes to the plan for the Bronx span came in July 1934 instead of being a lift bridge as originally proposed it was approved by the Department of War as a fixed truss span since the Bronx Kill was not a navigable waterway However it could be replaced with a lift bridge if needed 148 152 The same month the city approved construction for the first segment of the East River Drive leading from York Avenue and 92nd Street to the Triborough Bridge approach at 125th Street 153 154 The bridge approach on the Bronx side was finalized running along Southern and Eastern Boulevards 154 with a future extension to Pelham Bay Park in the northeastern Bronx 155 The Board of Estimate approved the East River Drive approach that October while voting against the proposed West Bronx approach highway 156 While reformers embraced Moses s plans to expand the parkway system state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale and slow to move to provide financing for the vast system 97 Partial funding came from interest bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority to be secured by future toll revenue 157 158 Financing disputes with the PWA involved complex political infighting between Moses Ickes now President Roosevelt and Mayor La Guardia 159 The political disputes peaked in January 1935 when Ickes passed a rule that effectively prohibited PWA funding for the TBA unless Moses resigned the post of either TBA chairman or New York City Parks Commissioner 160 This came as a result of Moses s criticism that New Deal funding programs like the PWA were too slow to disburse funds 161 Ickes threatened to withhold salaries for TBA workers as well 162 Though La Guardia was supportive of Moses even petitioning Roosevelt to intervene he was willing to replace the TBA chairman if it resulted in funding for the bridge since Roosevelt sided with Ickes 163 In mid March Ickes suddenly backed down on his ultimatum and not only was Moses allowed to keep both of his positions but also the PWA resumed its payments to the TBA 164 165 166 Significant progress Edit In February 1935 while the feud between Moses and Ickes was ongoing the TBA awarded a contract to build supporting piers for the Harlem River lift structure to Manhattan 167 Despite an impending lack of funds due to the dispute between Moses and Ickes the TBA announced its intent to open bids for bridge steelwork 168 By March the suspension towers for the East River span to Queens were nearing completion as only the tops of the towers remained outstanding The support piers on Randalls and Wards Islands had progressed substantially 155 After the Moses Ickes dispute had subsided the TBA started advertising for bids to build the steel roadways of the Randalls and Wards Islands viaducts as well as the East River suspension span 169 Less than a week afterward the first temporary wires were strung between the two towers of the suspension span marking the future locations of that span s main cables 170 A contract for the Harlem River lift span s steel superstructure was awarded that May 171 followed by a contract for the Bronx Kill truss span s structure the following month 172 The spinning of the main span s suspension cables was finished in July 1935 By that time half of the 41 million federal grant had been spent on construction and the bridge was expected to open the following year 173 The projected completion of the Triborough Bridge in July 1936 was expected to relieve traffic on highways in the New York City area 174 and with the upcoming 1939 New York World s Fair being held in Queens it would also provide a new fast route to the fairground at Flushing Meadows Corona Park 175 By October 1935 the Queens approach and the Randalls and Wards Islands viaduct was nearly complete Vertical suspender cables had been hung from the main cables of the Queens suspension span and the steel slabs to support the span s roadway deck were being erected However progress on the Bronx and Manhattan spans had not progressed as much the concrete piers supporting Bronx span were being constructed and the site of the Manhattan span was marked only by its foundations 176 The deck of the Queens suspension span was completed the following month 177 The interchange plaza between the Queens Bronx and Manhattan spans In November 1935 a controversy emerged over the fact that the Triborough Bridge would use steel imported from Nazi Germany rather than American producers 178 Although American steel producers objected to the contract the PWA approved of it anyway because the German steel contract was cheaper than any of the bids presented by American producers 179 Moses also approved of the decision because it would save money 180 181 However La Guardia blocked the deal writing that the only commodity we can get from Hitlerland Germany is hatred and we don t want any in our country 182 Shortly afterward imported materials were banned for use on any PWA projects 183 By February 1936 the TBA had awarded contracts for paving the Bronx Kill and East River spans as well as for constructing several administrative buildings for the TBA near the bridge 184 Moses wanted to speed up construction on the Triborough Bridge so that it would meet a deadline of July 11 1936 He objected to an order that Ickes made in March 1936 decentralizing control of PWA resident engineers who would report to state PWA bosses instead of directly to the PWA s main office in Washington D C Moses believed that the PWA boss for New York Arthur S Tuttle was indecisive 185 In return Ickes assured Moses of Tuttle s full cooperation 186 Moses also appealed to Ickes to increase the construction workers workweeks from 30 to 40 hours so the bridge would be able to open on time but was initially rejected 187 188 A 40 hour workweek was approved in June 1936 one month before the bridge s projected opening 189 The 300 by 84 foot superstructure of the Harlem River lift span was assembled in Weehawken New Jersey It was floated northward to the Triborough Bridge site in April 1936 190 Early the next month the 200 ton main lift span was hoisted into place above the Harlem River in a process that took sixteen minutes 191 In addition the city gave the New York City Omnibus Corporation a temporary permit to operate bus routes on the Triborough Bridge connecting the bus stops on each of the bridge s ends during the summer months 192 A byproduct of the Triborough project was the creation of parks and playgrounds in the lands underneath the bridges and approaches 98 The largest of these parks was Randall s Island Park located on Wards and Randalls Islands 193 194 The park on Randalls Island was approved in February 1935 195 and included the construction of an Olympic sized running track called Downing Stadium work on which began in summer 1935 194 196 197 Smaller parks were also built in Astoria and Manhattan 98 3 Opening Edit By May 1936 the opening ceremonies for both the Triborough Bridge and the Downing Stadium were scheduled for July 11 198 The dedication was scheduled to occur on the Manhattan lift span 199 Due to the previous conflicts between President Roosevelt and Robert Moses the attendance of the former was not certain until two weeks before the ceremony 200 PWA administrator Ickes s attendance was only finalized four days beforehand 201 The completed structure described by The New York Times as a Y shaped sky highway was dedicated on July 11 1936 along with the Downing Stadium 202 The ceremony for the Triborough Bridge was held at the interchange plaza and was attended by President Roosevelt Mayor La Guardia Governor Lehman PWA administrator Ickes and Postmaster General James A Farley who all gave speeches 203 204 Robert Moses acted as the master of ceremonies 202 205 The ceremonies were broadcast via a nationwide radio connection 205 A parade was also held on 125th Street in Manhattan to celebrate the bridge s opening 206 The Triborough Bridge opened to the general public at 1 30 p m and by that midnight an estimated 200 000 people had visited the bridge via car bus or foot 202 10 The next day 40 000 vehicles used the bridge on its first full day of service 207 July 13 was the first weekday that the bridge was in service and it saw about 1 000 vehicles an hour 208 In the first month of service the TBA recorded an average bridge usage of 31 000 vehicles per day 209 The American Institute of Steel Construction later declared the Triborough Bridge to be the most beautiful steel bridge constructed in 1936 210 The ferry between Yorkville Manhattan and Astoria Queens was made redundant by the new Triborough Bridge Upon the bridge s opening Moses unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the ferry house before being stopped by La Guardia 211 212 The city had closed the ferry by the end of July 213 Traffic on the Queensboro Bridge the only other vehicular bridge that connected Manhattan and Queens declined after the Triborough Bridge opened 214 The Triborough Bridge the largest PWA project in the eastern U S 215 cost 60 million equivalent to 1 billion in 2021 according to final TBA figures 98 Based on expenditures the PWA had originally estimated the bridge s cost to be as high as 64 million 215 216 In either case the Triborough Bridge was one of the largest public works projects of the Great Depression more expensive than the Hoover Dam 3 205 217 Of this 16 million came from the city and 9 million directly from the PWA The latter also purchased 35 million worth of TBA bonds which were eventually bought back and resold to the public 98 The PWA had finished giving out the 35 million loan by February 1937 218 and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation had sold the last of the TBA s funds that July 219 Additional funding came from toll collection the toll was initially set at 25 cents per passenger car with lower rates for motorcycles and higher rates for commercial vehicles 220 In the first year of the bridge s operation it generated 2 72 million equivalent to 51 27 million in 2021 collected from 9 65 million vehicles 5 Early years Edit The Grand Central Parkway I 278 approach to the bridge s Queens suspension span When the bridge opened none of the spans had direct connections to the greater system of highways in New York City 7 In Queens the Grand Central Parkway extension to the Triborough Bridge was nearly completed at the time of the bridge s opening The Manhattan span was planned to connect to the East River Drive now the FDR Drive the first segments of which were still under construction 7 The section of the East River Drive from the bridge south to 92nd Street opened that October 221 The Bronx span ended in local traffic at the no longer extant intersection of 135th Street and Cypress Avenue 7 The first of two approach highways in the Bronx was approved late in 1936 222 it connected to the West Bronx following the present route of the Major Deegan Expressway I 87 northwest to the intersection of 138th Street and Grand Concourse where there were flyover ramps connecting to the Grand Concourse 223 Another approach highway in the Bronx the present Bruckner Boulevard was approved in 1938 224 This highway was built on the site of Whitlock Avenue extending northeast through the South Bronx from the bridge to the Bronx River where it followed Eastern Boulevard eastward to what is now the Bruckner Interchange 225 Both Bronx approach roads were completed quickly in preparation for the 1939 New York World s Fair which was held in Queens The first segment of the West Bronx approach highway to the Grand Concourse was opened in April 1939 in time for the fair 226 The West Bronx highway later became part of the Major Deegan Expressway an Interstate standard highway that reached to the New York State Thruway at the New York City border 227 Originally there was no direct access from the Queens span to Wards Island but in November 1937 Moses announced the construction of a ramp from the Queens span that would lead down to the island 228 The next year a lawsuit was filed by two Wards Islands landowners who alleged that the Triborough Bridge had been built on portions of their land They each received nominal damages of 1 229 230 The Triborough Bridge Authority was headquartered in an administration building adjacent to the Manhattan span s toll plaza where by 1940 it controlled the operation of all toll bridges located entirely within New York City 29 An additional bridge between the Bronx and Queens the Bronx Whitestone Bridge was opened in April 1939 231 232 However the Triborough Bridge did not see any initial decline in traffic likely because both spans were heavily used during the World s Fair 233 Soon after vehicle rationing caused by the onset of World War II resulted in a decline in traffic at crossings operated by the TBA including the Triborough Bridge 234 Still by 1940 the Triborough Bridge was the most profitable crossing operated by the TBA 235 The TBA became the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority TBTA in 1946 after it took over the construction of the Queens Midtown Tunnel and Brooklyn Battery Tunnel though TBTA operations continued to be managed from the Triborough Bridge 236 Years after the Triborough Bridge s opening Moses continued expanding the system of highways in the New York City area including arteries that led to the Triborough Bridge Construction on the Brooklyn Queens Expressway in Queens between the Grand Central Parkway interchange just east of the Triborough Bridge and the Kosciuszko Bridge at the Brooklyn border was underway by the late 1940s 237 In addition Moses wanted to build an elevated expressway atop Bruckner Boulevard 238 In 1956 the New York City Planning Commission approved the upgrade of Bruckner Boulevard between the Triborough Bridge and the Bruckner Interchange to a grade separated expressway as part of the Interstate Highway System 239 The entire Bruckner Expressway except for the Bruckner Interchange opened in 1962 240 while the entire Brooklyn Queens Expressway was completed in 1964 241 Both segments became part of I 278 as did the Queens and Bronx spans of the Triborough Bridge 242 Later history Edit Reconstruction of the viaduct between the Manhattan lift span to the Queens suspension bridge span In 1968 the Triborough Bridge received its first major renovation in its 31 year history Seven tollbooths were added three at the Manhattan span s toll plaza and four at the Queens Bronx spans toll plaza and several ramps were widened at a cost of 20 million The project also added a direct ramp from the Manhattan span to the southbound lanes of Second Avenue in East Harlem 243 The TBTA administration building was also expanded during this project 29 Traffic from the Manhattan span was temporarily diverted during this project 244 245 In 1997 more renovations were announced as part of the Triborough Bridge Rehabilitation Project 246 The project consisted of three phases The first phase involved renovating the Queens span and approach ramps as well as replacing the suspender cables On the Queens side an exit ramp from westbound I 278 to 31st Street necessitated the destruction of the entrance to the southern sidewalk The second phase involved renovating the Bronx span and approach ramps The third phase involved renovating the Manhattan span and approach ramps 247 Work on replacing the Queens span s suspender cables and adding an orthotropic deck to the Queens suspension span started in 2000 248 249 At some point in the past a sign on the bridge informed travelers In event of attack drive off bridge New York Times columnist William Safire wrote in 2008 The somewhat macabre sign he wrote must have drawn a wry smile from millions of motorists 250 On November 19 2008 the Triborough Bridge was officially renamed after Robert F Kennedy former U S Senator representing New York and U S Attorney General at the request of the Kennedy family 251 Forty years had passed since Kennedy had been assassinated during a 1968 presidential bid 252 253 254 Traffic and news reports have come to commonly refer to the bridge as the RFK Triborough Bridge and at times simply the Triborough Bridge to avoid confusion among residents long accustomed to its original name 255 The MTA announced further renovations to the Triborough Bridge in 2008 the work included the replacement of the roadways at the toll plazas as well as the rehabilitation of various ramps and the construction of a new service building 246 The same year the MTA awarded contracts to renovate the Queens span s anchorages 256 In 2015 the MTA started two reconstruction projects on different parts of the bridge 257 as part of a 1 billion 15 year program to renovate the bridge complex 258 The MTA commenced construction on a 213 million rehabilitation of the 1930s era toll plaza between the Queens and Bronx spans which included a rebuilding of the roadway and the supporting structure underneath The new toll plaza structure was completed in 2019 257 Cashless tolling was implemented on June 15 2017 26 259 allowing drivers to pay tolls electronically via E ZPass or Toll by Mail without having to stop at any tollbooths 26 Shortly afterward the tollbooths were demolished 27 28 In addition a ramp from the Manhattan span to the northbound Harlem River Drive was being built for 68 3 million and was to be finished by December 2017 257 however this was later delayed pending the reconstruction of the Harlem River Drive viaduct around the area 260 In February 2020 the northbound Harlem River Drive ramp s completion was tentatively announced for 2021 261 262 At that point the ramp was expected to cost 72 6 million 263 The ramp opened in November 2020 264 Usage EditThe toll revenues from the RFK Bridge pay for a portion of the public transit subsidy for the New York City Transit Authority and the commuter railroads 265 The bridge had annual average daily traffic of 164 116 in 2014 For that year the bridge saw annual toll paying traffic rise by 2 9 to 59 9 million generating 393 6 million in revenue at an average toll of 6 57 266 Entrance to the Queens span Pedestrian and bicycle sidewalks Edit The bridge has sidewalks on all three spans where the TBTA officially requires bicyclists to walk their bicycles across 267 due to safety concerns 268 However the signs stating this requirement have been usually ignored by bicyclists 269 16 and the New York City Government has recommended that the TBTA should reassess this kind of bicycling ban 269 57 Stairs on the 2 km 1 2 mi Queens span impede handicapped access and only the northern sidewalk on that span is open to traffic the Queens end of the southern sidewalk was demolished in the early 2000s 270 The two sidewalks of the Bronx span are connected to one long and winding ramp at the Randalls Island end 271 though another pedestrian bridge between Randalls Island and the neighborhood of Port Morris Bronx opened to the east of the RFK Bridge in November 2015 272 Public transportation Edit The RFK Bridge carries the M35 M60 SBS and X80 bus routes operated by MTA New York City Transit as well as several express bus routes operated by the MTA Bus Company BxM6 BxM7 BxM8 BxM9 BxM10 and BxM11 The M35 travels from Manhattan to Randalls and Wards Islands with the X80 also operating during special events while the M60 SBS runs between Manhattan and Queens and the MTA Bus express routes travel between Manhattan and the Bronx 273 In the 1920s John F Hylan proposed building the Triborough Bridge as part of his planned Independent Subway System The proposal entailed extending the New York City Subway s BMT Astoria Line along the same route the Triborough now follows It would have created a crosstown subway line along 125th Street as well as a new subway line in the Bronx under St Ann s Avenue 38 39 274 Tolls EditAs of April 11 2021 update drivers pay 10 17 per car or 4 28 per motorcycle for tolls by mail non NYCSC E ZPass E ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E ZPass Customer Service Center pay 6 55 per car or 2 85 per motorcycle Mid Tier NYCSC E ZPass users pay 8 36 per car or 3 57 per motorcycle All E ZPass users with transponders not issued by the New York E ZPass CSC will be required to pay Toll by mail rates 275 When the Triborough Bridge opened it had a combined 22 tollbooths spread across two toll plazas 220 Motorists were first able to pay with E ZPass in lanes for automatic coin machines at the toll plazas on August 21 1996 276 Open road cashless tolling began on June 15 2017 26 The tollbooths were dismantled and drivers are no longer able to pay cash at the bridge Instead there are cameras mounted onto new overhead gantries manufactured by TransCore 277 near where the booths were formerly located 278 279 A vehicle without an E ZPass has a picture taken of its license plate and a bill for the toll is mailed to its owner 280 For E ZPass users sensors detect their transponders wirelessly 278 279 280 Historical tolls Edit History of passenger cash tolls for the Triborough Bridge Years Toll Toll equivalentin 2021 281 Ref 1936 1972 0 25 1 62 4 88 282 283 1972 1975 0 50 2 52 3 24 283 284 1975 1980 0 75 2 47 3 78 284 285 1980 1982 1 00 2 81 3 29 285 286 1982 1984 1 25 3 26 3 51 286 287 1984 1986 1 50 3 78 3 71 287 288 1986 1987 1 75 4 17 4 33 288 289 1987 1989 2 00 4 37 4 77 289 290 1989 1993 2 50 4 69 5 47 290 291 1993 1996 3 00 5 18 5 63 291 292 1996 2003 3 50 6 05 6 05 292 293 2003 2005 4 00 5 55 6 91 293 294 2005 2008 4 50 5 66 6 24 294 295 2008 2010 5 00 6 21 6 29 295 296 2010 2015 6 50 7 43 8 08 296 297 2015 2017 8 00 8 84 9 15 298 299 2017 2019 8 50 9 01 9 40 300 301 2019 2021 9 50 9 95 10 07 302 303 April 2021 present 10 17 10 17 304 See also Edit Engineering portal New York City portal Transport portalList of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New York National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County New York National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens County New York National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County New York List of reference routes in New YorkReferences EditNotes a b New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes PDF New York City Department of Transportation 2016 p 11 Retrieved March 16 2018 a b c d Robert F Kennedy Bridge Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA Retrieved November 3 2015 The Robert F Kennedy Bridge formerly the Triborough Bridge the authority s flagship facility opened in 1936 It is actually three bridges a viaduct and 14 miles of approach roads connecting Manhattan Queens and the Bronx a b c d e See Triboro Plaza Highlights NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks amp Recreation Retrieved November 3 2015 Triborough Bridge Playground B Highlights NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks amp Recreation Retrieved November 3 2015 a b c d Caro 1974 pp 366 395 a b c d Shanor Rebecca Read Robert F Kennedy Memorial Bridge Triborough Bridge in Jackson Kenneth T ed 2010 The Encyclopedia of New York City 2nd ed New Haven Yale University Press p 1110 ISBN 978 0 300 11465 2 Triborough Bridge Project ASCE Metropolitan Section Retrieved November 12 2016 a b c d e Duffus R L July 5 1936 Bridge Will Speed Up Traffic Breaking Down Barriers That Have Impeded the Flow In and Out of New York It Is Part of a Vast and Growing Road System The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 a b Caro 1974 p 386 a b c d e The Triborough Bridge Is Taking Shape Work Is Expected To Start This Year On The Great Towers Beside Hell Gate The New York Times January 24 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 a b 200 000 Rush to Use New Bridge By Auto Bus Cycle and on Foot Presidential Party First to Drive Over 17 1 2 Miles of Span Rush at All Approaches When Barriers Are Lifted on Word Flashed by Police Radio Boy Bicyclist First at Toll Booth The New York Times July 12 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Ickes Names Green Project Engineer Appointee Will Supervise Triborough Bridge And Hudson Tunnel Construction The New York Times March 29 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 a b c d e f g Google November 1 2018 Robert F Kennedy Bridge Map Google Maps Google Retrieved November 1 2018 a b c Triborough Bridge Progress Is Rapid Structure Will Link Boroughs of Manhattan Queens and the Bronx The New York Times February 1 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 a b c d e f g Rastorfer 2000 p 93 a b c d e Rastorfer 2000 p 106 a b Rastorfer 2000 pp 110 111 Rastorfer 2000 p 113 a b c d Feuer Alan June 28 2009 Deconstructing the Robert F Kennedy Bridge The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 a b 2014 Traffic Data Report for New York State PDF New York State Department of Transportation July 22 2015 Retrieved January 14 2020 a b c d e Rastorfer 2000 p 102 Rastorfer 2000 p 97 a b c d Brock H I April 28 1935 A Triborough Giant Flings Out Its Steel Arms The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Google January 23 2020 New York State Route 900G Map Google Maps Google Retrieved January 23 2020 a b c d Rastorfer 2000 p 105 a b Brock H I May 12 1935 FAST TRAVEL OVER BRIDGE Triborough Route Will Provide Steady Run Without Lights The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 a b c d Cashless Tolls Arrive on RFK Triboro Bridge Spectrum News NY1 June 15 2017 Retrieved February 16 2018 a b Walker Ameena September 30 2017 NYC s last remaining toll booths are removed from bridges and tunnels Curbed NY Retrieved September 7 2019 a b Open road tolling closes gate on era at NYC area crossings Newsday Retrieved September 7 2019 a b c From the B amp T Archive The Robert Moses Building Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA January 18 2011 Retrieved November 14 2018 Triboro Plaza New York City Department of Parks amp Recreation Retrieved February 25 2010 Proposed Triborough Bridge Across The Harlem And East Rivers Connecting Manhattan Bronx And Queens Boroughs The New York Times January 14 1917 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Proposed Triborough Bridge Over Harlem And East Rivers The New York Times January 5 1919 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Harlem To Queens Bridge Proposed The New York Times February 3 1920 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Tri Boro Bridge is Uncalled For Says Lindenthal PDF Greenpoint Daily Star February 19 1920 p 1 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Fultonhistory com Connolly Opposes Proposed Bridge PDF New York Sun February 15 1920 p 1 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Fultonhistory com Bridge Plan Opposed Tri Borough Structure Declared Unnecessary By Queens President The New York Times February 7 1920 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 New Tri borough Bridge Port Authority Will Include Structure in Its Report The New York Times December 1 1921 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 a b Hylan Announces His 600 000 000 Plan For Transit Proposes to Construct 35 More Subways Extensions Tunnels and Bridges The New York Times August 28 1922 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 a b Hylan Offers Transit Plan Daily News New York August 28 1922 p 26 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Newspapers com Hulbert Likens Hylan To A Crab The New York Times May 5 1923 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Mayor Hylan Going To Albany Today Will Plead Before Legislature for Home Rule and Transit Bills The New York Times March 11 1924 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 City Won t Pay for Surveys for Tri Boro Bridge Daily Star March 11 1924 pp 1 2 via Fultonhistory com Celebrate Proposed Tri Borough Bridge The New York Times June 25 1925 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Tri borough Bridge Comes Up Monday Goldman to Tell of Plan Which Then Goes to Berry for Opinion on Financing The New York Times December 17 1926 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 New Auto Bridge Daily News New York December 17 1926 p 33 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Newspapers com Cuts To Fit Budget Held Up For Berry Estimate Board Awaits Report on Sum to Be Available for 713 000 000 Projects The New York Times December 21 1926 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Tri Borough Span Plans Modified Daily News New York December 21 1926 p 69 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Newspapers com Tri borough Bridge To Cost 24 625 000 Goldman Completes Plans and Estimate Board Sets April 21 for Public Hearing The New York Times March 25 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Triborough Bridge Objections Refuted Daily News New York April 23 1927 p 36 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Newspapers com Committee Backs Tri Borough Bridge Goldman Project For Queens Manhattan And Bronx Goes To Plan And Survey Body The New York Times May 7 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Merchants Back Tri borough Bridge Association Also Approves the Vehicular Tunnel Under the East River The New York Times May 22 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Tri borough Bridge Held Up For A Year Lack of City Funds Seen as Bar to 25 000 000 Project and the 50 000 000 East River Tube The New York Times May 11 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 First Fund Is Voted For Tri boro Bridge Estimate Board Appropriates 150 000 for Preliminary Soundings and Borings The New York Times May 27 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Offers To Finance Tri borough Bridge Capitalists Committee Tells Acting Mayor Private Funds Can Be Obtained The New York Times September 22 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Offers Plan To Pay For Tri Boro Bridge B F Yoakum Suggests Private Capital Be Used For The Construction The New York Times September 29 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Mayor Gets Bridge Offer But Declines to Discuss 32 000 000 Tri Borough Proposal The New York Times August 21 1928 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Favors Tolls For Tri boro Bridge Feasibility of That Plan Explained by Queens Chamberof Commerce The New York Times December 2 1928 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Bond Issue Weighed To Relieve Traffic Mayor Discusses Program to Ease Congestion at Once With Lawmakers The New York Times December 21 1928 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Says City Has Cash To Start New Span McKee Urges Agreement on One Bridge to Brooklyn So It Can Be Begun at Once The New York Times January 3 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Queens Chief in Tri Boro Big Three Daily News New York January 4 1929 p 368 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Newspapers com Trade Bodies Urge Tri borough Bridge Early Action to Ease Traffic Congestion Is Demanded at Bronx Chamber Luncheon The New York Times January 18 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 50 year Traffic Aid Pledged By Mayor He Decries Piecemeal Program and Promises Basis for Full Plan in 3 Months The New York Times January 30 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Ready To Construct Tri borough Bridge Commissioner Goldman Says Borings for Which Funds Were Provided Are Finished The New York Times February 24 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Bridge Borings Finished Preliminary Tests for Triboro Span Show Bedrock Is Good The New York Times August 7 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 City s Boosting Slate Boosted by 156 552 450 Daily News New York March 13 1929 p 12 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Newspapers com City Acts To Speed Bridge And Tunnel Walker and Civic Delegates Go to Albany Today to Urge New Commission The New York Times March 13 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 1 2018 Toll Power Voted For Bridge And Tube Estimate Board Passes Bill to Fix Charges on Triborough Span and Narrows Tunnel The New York Times March 22 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 3 2018 City Hails Passage Of Bridge Measure Success of Bills at Albany Opens Way for Tri Borough Span and Riker s Island Prison The New York Times April 2 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 3 2018 Limpus Lowell April 10 1929 Insane Hospital Loses 700 Beds by Bridge Pier Daily News New York p 138 Retrieved November 2 2018 via Newspapers com a b c Work Begins Oct 26 On Triborough Span Goldman Authorized by Board to Let Contracts at Once for Towers on City Property The New York Times October 4 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Ruppel Louis June 9 1929 5 Cents Plus 1 400 000 000 Walker s Fare Next Fall Daily News New York p 217 Retrieved November 5 2018 via Newspapers com a b Fete To Mark Start Of Triborough Span Plans Laid for Celebration in September at Beginning of Construction The New York Times July 26 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 See Shipping Peril In Triborough Span Rail and Harbor Interests Say Clearance of Harlem River Crossing Is Too Low The New York Times July 31 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Walker Opens Work On Triborough Span With Silver Plated Pick and Spade He Breaks Ground in Astoria Park The New York Times October 26 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Will Build Piers Of Triborough Span The McMullen Company Gets Contract for Work Original Holder Failed to Perform The New York Times December 5 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 To Condemn Bridge Land Estimate Board Fixes Procedure on Triborough Span Approaches The New York Times December 17 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Move To Expedite Triborough Bridge Property Owners Delay Work by Asking Unduly High Prices The New York Times March 2 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Plan For 3 Bridges Here Is Approved Bronx Randalls Island Queenswards Island And Hell Gate Get War Department O K Bronx Kills Dam Favored Plans For Harlem River Bridge At East 125th St Altered And Approval Later Is Expected The New York Times May 1 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Washington Approves Harlem Bridge Plan War Department Sanction Clears the Way for City s Triborough Bridge System The New York Times May 8 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Approves Plan for 3 000 000 Hospital Here Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 29 1930 p 26 Retrieved November 5 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Act on Triborough Bridge Aldermen Approve 5 000 000 Bond Issue for the Project The New York Times July 9 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Two Boroughs File Express Road Plan Queens and Brooklyn Submit Crosstown Boulevard Data to Estimate Board The New York Times July 11 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 New Bridge Approach Proposed For Bronx Civic Groups to Confer With Bruckner on Tri Borough Boulevard Link The New York Times July 26 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Urges Extension Of 2 Queens Drives Moses Proposes to Continue Grand Central Parkway as Triborough Bridge Link The New York Times September 16 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Plans Studied for Brooklyn Link to Queens Span Daily News New York December 28 1931 p 199 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com Speeds Triborough Bridge Goldman Lets 618 855 Work on Ward s Island Anchorage The New York Times January 7 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Rapid Progress Made On Triborough Bridge One Third of Ward s Island Anchorage Finished Says the Report to Goldman The New York Times August 18 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Work Rushed by Triborough Span Builders Daily News New York September 8 1931 p 361 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com Plans 2 450 000 Bridge Contracts The New York Times September 5 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Bid List Opens on Piers for Tri boro Span Daily News New York October 5 1931 p 481 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com Engineers View Work On Triborough Bridge 15 of Construction Completed Says City Designer The New York Times December 20 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Designs Submitted For Bridge Towers Design Of Triborough Bridge Towers The New York Times December 7 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 a b Piers for Tri Borough Bridge Near Completion Daily News New York February 28 1932 p 74 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com Big Pier Ready Today On Tri borough Bridge First Granite Structure in Astoria for Support of Towers to Be Completed The New York Times July 11 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Finances Of The City Were Never Better Berry Points Out The New York Times February 7 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 5 2018 Wantuch Howard July 18 1930 Berry Warns City s Nearing Limit of Debt Daily News New York p 62 Retrieved November 5 2018 via Newspapers com a b c d Caro 1974 pp 340 344 a b c d e f g Federal Writers Project 1939 New York City Guide New York Random House ISBN 978 1 60354 055 1 Reprinted by Scholarly Press 1976 often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City pp 392 94 Berry Would Halt 213 000 000 Work Warns Of A Deficit The New York Times February 6 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Byrne Fears A Halt On Triborough Span City Engineer Warns Work Will Be Stopped in Three Months Unless Contracts Are Let The New York Times March 16 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Harvey Protests Delay in Work on Tri Boro Bridge Daily News New York March 25 1932 p 406 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com Walker And M kee Clash Over Economy Aldermanic Head Loses Fight to Omit Triborough Bridge From 213 000 000 Recisions The New York Times April 2 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 City To Push Work On Triborough Span Approval Expected of 115 000 Rise in 1932 Budget for the New Bridg The New York Times May 4 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Walker To Ask R F C To Give Bridge Loan And Buy City Bonds Going to Capital Next Week to Arrange Hearing for Plea for Urgent Public Works The New York Times August 6 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Harvey Pleads Today for U S Loan on Bridge Daily News New York August 11 1932 p 23 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com R F C Prepares Liquidating Loans Data on New York 26 000 000 Triborough Bridge Project Are Found Satisfactory The New York Times September 2 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 M kee Denies Plea To Seek R F C Aid Blocks Proposals to Finish Bridge and Start Tunnel With a Federal Loan The New York Times October 12 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Smith Tells City How to Slash Costs Daily News New York December 2 1932 p 294 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com Bridge Before Bay Project Urges Harvey Brooklyn Daily Eagle November 6 1932 p 107 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Seek R F C Loan Combined Civic Bodies Want Tri borough Bridge Completed The New York Times January 13 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 State Board To Ask 150 000 000 Of R F C Moses Will Hold a Hearing Monday to Decide Which Projects to Recommend The New York Times February 4 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Harvey Hears Loan Report with Delight Brooklyn Daily Eagle February 12 1932 p 3 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Mayor Bans Loans From R F C For City Financing Will Continue as in Past He Says on Proposal for Real Estate Help The New York Times February 15 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 City Bridge Board Sought By O Brien Mayor Wants Agency Like the Port Authority to Finance Triborough Project The New York Times March 29 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Lehman To Demand Action On Charter Message Is Expected When the Desmond Moffat Proposal Is Taken Up Today The New York Times April 5 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Signs Tri Borough Bridge Bills The New York Times April 8 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Lehman OKs Bill for 3 Boro Span Daily News New York April 9 1933 p 133 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com Battle Is Made Head Of Bridge Authority Mayor Also Names J A O Leary and F C Lemmerman to Board for Triborongh Span The New York Times April 29 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Extends Time For Bridge War Department Sets 1936 for Completion of Triborough Section The New York Times April 7 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Bronx Bridge Link Bill Signed The New York Times April 15 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Lehman Pledges Speedy Action on Triboro Bridge Daily News New York July 16 1933 p 357 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Newspapers com 35 000 000 Sought For City Bridge Application to R F C for Triborough Loan Scheduled Within 48 Hours The New York Times May 24 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Requests Pour In to U S for Building Loans Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 28 1933 p 3 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Triborough Loan Expected By Aug 31 Bridge Authority Moves to Get City to Accept Terms for 44 200 000 Grant The New York Times August 19 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 City Can Give No Jobs On Triborough Span Contractors Mast Hire 18 000 Needed for Project Under Terms of Federal Loan The New York Times August 22 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 City Votes Work For 18 000 Men On Triboro Span Brooklyn Daily Eagle August 25 1933 p 1 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com 79 500 000 Is Ready For City ProjectS Officials Sign Compacts for Loans for Triborough Span and Midtown Tunnel The New York Times September 2 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 City Acquires Land For Triborough Span Board of Estimate Expected to Remove Last Obstacle to Project on Monday The New York Times September 16 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 10 399 810 Works For Bridge Listed Contracts Prepared and Some Approved for New Phases of Triborough Span Project The New York Times January 4 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Triborough Bridge Bids Opened The New York Times January 7 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Protest Queens Evictions 600 Families Ordered to Move From Site of Approaches The New York Times January 17 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Triborough Span Ousting A Hospital Removal of Child Patients From Several Buildings on Randall s Island Asked The New York Times April 5 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Demolition Work Begins Removal of Buildings Starts for Triborough Bridge Project The New York Times April 24 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 City Seeks 800 000 For New Hospital Goldwater Asks PWA Loan for Institution to House Patients Ousted by Triborough Span The New York Times May 8 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Bridge Plans Altered Triborough Changes Will Cut the Cost by 5 000 000 The New York Times February 22 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 a b Caro 1974 p 390 Triborough Bridge to Cost 41 258 000 Revised Plans Approved and Chief Engineer Is Ordered to Go Ahead With Them The New York Times April 4 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Millions Sliced from Bridge Cost Brooklyn Daily Eagle April 4 1934 p 15 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Cheaper Contract For Bridge Upheld Court Holds the Triborough Authority Can Amend Plan to Save 7 500 000 The New York Times April 27 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Bridge Official Quits Under Fire Lemmerman Faced Charge of Taking Fee in Lease of Office to Tri Borough Authority The New York Times January 11 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Laguardia To Try A Bridge Official As Tool Of Bosses O Leary Member of Triborough Board Called for Removal Hearing on Jan 25 The New York Times January 14 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Triborough Funds Tied Up Ickes Bars Further Grants Until He Is Assured Bridge Project Will Be Properly Handled The New York Times January 16 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Mayor Ousts O Leary Moses Given Place on Bridge Authority Brooklyn Daily Eagle February 3 1934 p 1 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com 68 000 000 Loans For PWA Projects Won By LaGuardia Mayor in Washington Gets Promise of 1 500 000 Now for Triborough Bridge The New York Times February 6 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Plain Sailing for Triborough Bridge Project Brooklyn Daily Eagle February 10 1934 p 3 Retrieved November 6 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com O leary Is Ousted Moses Gets Post Mayor Dismisses Triborough Bridge Official as Deutsch Finds He Shirked Duties The New York Times February 4 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Triborough Board Awards A Contract 293 360 Grade Separation on Queens Approach to Span to Be Begun at Once The New York Times May 16 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 a b Caro 1974 p 388 Britton A d February 10 1935 Moses s Many Projects Are All Tied Together The Commissioner Has Coordinated His Tasks So That Each of Them Helps the Others The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 West Bronx Road To Bridge Barred Civic Groups Lose Fight for a New Approach to the Triborough Span The New York Times March 28 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Parkway To Reach Triborough Span Contract for Extension of Grand Central Highway Will Be Awarded Soon The New York Times March 1 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 6 2018 Changes Approved On 3 borough Span War Department Sanctions the Elimination of a Channel Pier for the Bronx Arm The New York Times July 27 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 Caro 1974 pp 393 394 a b East Side To Get A Riverside Drive Triborough Bridge Plans Call for a 100 Foot Parkway as Manhattan Approach The New York Times July 26 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 a b Robbins L h March 3 1935 Great Triborough Bridge Now Taking Form From the Bronx to Flushing Bay Work On Span and Approaches Goes On The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 City Fails To Heed Bronx Bridge Plea Estimate Board Approves Plan for Manhattan Approach to Triborough Span The New York Times October 12 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 Caro 1974 pp 345 Caro 1974 pp 1119 1122 The bonds not only helped to finance the project but also assured that the Authority would be self perpetuating and immune from legislative oversight as the Authority s contractual obligations to the bond holders were paramount and could not according to the Authority s legal theory be altered by legislative action They also assured that the Triborough would never be toll free Caro 1974 pp 426 440 Moses Bridge Job In Peril As Ickes Seeks His Ouster La Guardia in Dispute With PWA Head as Latter Withholds Triborough Funds The New York Times January 4 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 Ickes Moses Feud Ties Up Bridge Funds Daily News New York January 4 1935 p 505 Retrieved November 8 2018 via Newspapers com Ickes May Bar Pay To End Moses Row Climax in Job Dispute Likely This Week if Bridge Fund for Salaries Is Held Up The New York Times January 13 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 La Guardia Will Oust Moses If Federal Funds Are Held Up The New York Times January 19 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 Ickes Yields In Moses Row 1 600 000 Funds Released On Triborough Bridge Job Post Also Is Retained The New York Times March 12 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 Ickes Says Gibraltar Isn t Some Rock Now Brooklyn Daily Eagle March 12 1935 p 2 Retrieved November 8 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Moses Wins His Fight With Ickes in Bridge Funds Grant to N Y Press and Sun Bulletin Binghamton NY March 11 1935 p 505 Retrieved November 8 2018 via Newspapers com Bridge Work Awarded Snare Corporation Gets Contract on Triborough Span The New York Times February 19 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Bids For Steel Work On Bridge Advertised Triborough Authority Goes Ahead Despite the Threat of Ickes to Cut Off Funds The New York Times March 3 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Bridge Bids Opened Authority Gets Offers for Triborough Span Steelwork The New York Times March 15 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 First Cables Link Triborough Bridge Piers East River Traffic Halted to Permit Work The New York Times March 19 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Bridge Bid 1 313 668 Taylor Fichter Low for Harlem River Span of Triborough The New York Times May 17 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 1 093 753 Low Bid For Span In Bronx Slightly Under Estimated Cost of Triborough Bridge Link The New York Times June 28 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Triborough Bridge To Open Next July Huge Structure Is Expected to Be Completed About a Year From Today The New York Times July 14 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Duffus R L October 20 1935 New City Speedways Bridges Tunnels and Roads Being Built To Help End New York s Motor Jams The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Great World Fair For City In 1939 On Site In Queens Cost To Be 40 000 000 The New York Times September 23 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Great Triborough Bridge Taking Shape Steel Towers and Roadways Are Rising and Work on Centre Will Soon Begin The New York Times October 27 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Steel Work Finished On Triborough Span Bridge Now Virtually Completed Except Concrete Roadway and the Approaches The New York Times November 13 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Protests Growing On German Steel Labor Heads Join Producers in Holding Practice Contrary to Spirit of PWA The New York Times November 13 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 German Steel Wins A PWA Order Here Engineers Approve Purchase for Triborough Bridge Over U S Producers Protest The New York Times November 9 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Ickes Charges Buck Passing Brooklyn Daily Eagle November 12 1935 pp 1 3 Retrieved November 8 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Use Of Nazi Steel Upheld By Moses Purchase for Triborough Span Is a Matter of Law Not Agitation He Holds The New York Times November 12 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Mayor Orders Ban On German Steel Says Only Commodity We Can Get From Hitlerland is Hatred and We Don t Want That The New York Times November 15 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Roosevelt Affirms PWA Rule To Ban Foreign Materials Denying a Shift in Policy He Says All Contracts Will Be Scanned to End Dumping The New York Times November 16 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 3 Bridge Contracts Let They Involve Work on Triborough Span Totaling 1 794 000 The New York Times February 15 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Moses Opens Fights On Change In PWA Says Triborough Bridge Will Be Delayed by New Set Up RFC to Get Appeal The New York Times March 24 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Moses Veiling Delay on Span PWA Charges Brooklyn Daily Eagle March 25 1936 p 2 Retrieved November 8 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Forty hour Week On Bridge Barred Plea of Triborough Authority to Add to Working Hours Rejected by Ickes The New York Times April 5 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Delay is Seen in 30 Hr Week on New Bridge Brooklyn Daily Eagle April 12 1936 p 3 Retrieved November 8 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Work on Bridge Speeded 40 Hour Week Sciedule Ordered on Triborough Span The New York Times June 12 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Huge Bridge Span Is Moved On Floats 4 000 000 Pounds of Steel Towed From Weehawken to Triborough Project The New York Times April 6 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Triborough Hoists Its 2 000 ton Span Huge Structure Is Lifted Fifty Feet From Harlem River in Sixteen Minutes The New York Times May 4 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 City Gives Permit For Bridge Buses Authorization to Use Street Terminals Is Temporary and for Summer Months The New York Times May 16 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Huge Island Park Planned For City Moses Hopes to Have 140 Acre Tract at Randall s Island Ready by July 1 1936 The New York Times May 15 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 7 2018 a b Caro 1974 pp 395 396 Randall s Island To Be Play Centre Park Department s Plans Now Ready Call for a Stadium to Seat 10 000 The New York Times February 6 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Government Backs City Stadium Plan Mayor Arranges Final Terms for Randall s Island Project With Capital Officials The New York Times July 17 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 8 2018 Contract Awarded For Start of Work On City Stadium Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 11 1935 p 13 Retrieved November 8 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Daley Arthur J May 8 1936 1 000 000 Randalls Island Sports Project Impresses Olympic Officials The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Queens And Bronx Ask Part In Bridge Fete Civic Leaders Outline Local Plans for Dedication of Triborough Span July 11 The New York Times June 26 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Roosevelt Expected Here to Dedicate The Triborough Bridge at Fete July 11 The New York Times June 30 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Ickes to Attend Triborough Bridge Opening Moses Foe in Bitter Feud to Introduce Him The New York Times July 7 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 a b c Great Link Is Acclaimed The New York Times July 12 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Governor Mayor Ickes Hail Triboro Span as New Deal Achievement Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 12 1936 p 10 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Texts of Addresses by Roosevelt Lehman and Others at Bridge Ceremony The New York Times July 12 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 a b c Caro 1974 pp 440 443 Crowds Defy Heat To Cheer Parade Line Flag Bedecked 125th St for March Celebrating the Opening of New Bridge The New York Times July 12 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 40 000 Autos Use Triborough Span On First Sunday Except for Delays Caused by Emergency Collecting System Traffic Flows Smoothly The New York Times July 13 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 1 000 Cars An Hour Use Triborough Span The New York Times July 15 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 31 000 Vehicles a Day Use Triborough Bridge The New York Times August 12 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Triborough Bridge Gets Steel Award Institute Gives Plaque to Be Fastened on East River Span Signalizing Its Beauty The New York Times June 30 1937 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Mayor Calls Police to Halt Razing of Ferry by Moses The New York Times July 23 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Mayor s Cops Rout Moses Wreckers From Ferry House Daily News New York July 23 1936 pp 3 18 via Newspapers com Astoria Ferry Line To Close Saturday Board Votes to Halt Operation and Ends Row Between Moses and Kracke The New York Times July 30 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Traffic Decline Shown On Queensboro Bridge The New York Times October 28 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 a b Bernstein Victor H July 5 1936 A New Triumph of Engineering The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Roosevelt Will Dedicate Bridge The Post Star Glens Falls NY July 11 1936 p 1 Retrieved November 1 2018 via Newspapers com Roberts Sam July 11 2006 Reappraising a Landmark Bridge and the Visionary Behind It The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 25 2010 PWA Completes Loan Triborough Bridge Authority Gets Last 5 000 000 The New York Times February 19 1937 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Roosevelt Will Dedicate Bridge Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 22 1937 p 23 Retrieved November 12 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com a b Traffic Speeds Up On The Triborough Cars Skim Across New Bridge at Rate of 1 000 an Hour as Toll Delays End The New York Times July 14 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 East Drive Link Opens Southbound Lanes Ready Today From 92d to 122d Streets The New York Times October 31 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Link to Bridge Approved Mayor Authorizes Bronx Approach to Triborough Span The New York Times October 20 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 10 2018 Construction Work On Bronx Approach To Triborough Bridge Well Under Way The New York Times February 20 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Bronx Bridge Link Speeded By Lyons 5 800 000 Approach to Triborough Span to Be Ready for Fair Opening He Says The New York Times June 5 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 New Bridge Road In Bronx Is Pushed 5 Mile Easterly Approach to Triborough Span Expected to Be Ready for World s Fair The New York Times October 30 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Bridge Approach In Bronx Is Ready Road Leading to Triborough Span Officially Opened by the Mayor The New York Times April 30 1939 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Ingraham Joseph C November 4 1955 3 Highway Links Open Tomorrow Additions to Queens Midtown Cross Bronx and Deegan Units Cost 127 000 000 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 14 2018 Ramp To Give Access To Wards Island Triborough Bridge Project Will Give Short Path to Park for Astoria Residents The New York Times November 22 1937 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Suit for 525 972 Nets Two 1 Each Brooklyn Daily Eagle August 10 1938 p 5 Retrieved November 12 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com 2 Get 2 Verdict In A 525 792 Suit Wards Island Realty Owners Asked Damages From City for Triborough Land The New York Times August 10 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 New Queens Span Opens in Time for Fair Brooklyn Daily Eagle April 30 1939 p 1 Retrieved October 25 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Bronx Whitestone Bridge is Opened Daily News New York April 30 1939 p 43 Retrieved October 25 2018 via Newspapers com Whitestone Span Earns 4 232 A Day Report on 2 Month Operation Shows It Is Not Cutting Into Triborough Traffic The New York Times July 26 1939 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Motoring Here Cut 29 By Rationing Decline Reported for July by 2 Tunnels and 4 Bridges of Port Authority The New York Times August 4 1942 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 12 2018 Triborough Bridge Best Money Maker of Authority s Five Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 18 1940 p 24 Retrieved November 12 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Dewey Affirms Authority Merger The New York Times April 24 1946 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 15 2018 Freeman Ira December 13 1947 City Pushes Work On Expressways The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 14 2018 Moses Urges More Elevated Roads Daily News New York May 26 1953 p 128 Retrieved November 14 2018 via Newspapers com Plans Approved For Bronx Road Bruckner Expressway Link to Thruway Is Estimated to Cost 26 850 000 The New York Times October 4 1956 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 14 2018 Elevated Road To Open In Bronx 2 4 Mile Viaduct Will Help Speed Bruckner Traffic To New England Area The New York Times October 18 1962 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 14 2018 Brooklyn Queens Link To Be Completed Today The New York Times December 23 1964 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 26 2017 Official Description of Touring Routes in New York State PDF New York State Department of Transportation NYSDOT January 1 1970 Retrieved July 13 2010 20 Million Triborough Bridge Job Gets Under Way The New York Times January 8 1968 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 15 2018 Triboro Bridge Detour Slated Daily News New York May 13 1968 p 40 Retrieved November 14 2018 via Newspapers com Triborough Bridge Traffic To Be Shifted for Road Job The New York Times May 13 1968 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 15 2018 a b MTA Bridges and Tunnels 2 5 Billion Five year Capital Program Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA Press release March 28 2008 Retrieved November 17 2018 Guide to Civil Engineering Projects in and around New York City Metropolitan Section American Society of Engineers 1997 available from ASCE Metropolitan Section Triborough Bridge rehab scooped by joint venture Bridge Design amp Engineering December 6 2000 Retrieved November 20 2018 Coco Edith Ye Qi November 2016 Robert F Kennedy Bridge Structure Magazine Retrieved November 20 2018 Safire William July 13 2008 On Language Dead End The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 4 2008 Gershman Jacob January 8 2008 Enduring Wish May Come True in RFK Bridge The New York Sun Retrieved January 9 2008 Triborough Bridge may be renamed for Robert F Kennedy Daily News New York Associated Press January 8 2008 Retrieved January 9 2008 Triborough Bridge Renamed Robert F Kennedy Bridge Metropolitan Transportation Authority Press release November 21 2008 Retrieved December 4 2008 Chan Sewell November 19 2008 The Triborough Is Officially the R F K Bridge The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 4 2008 de Kretser Leela May 6 2010 U Haul Abandoned on R F K Triborough Bridge DNAinfo Archived from the original on March 6 2012 Retrieved December 5 2011 Anchorage Work Is Critical Component of Triborough Bridge Major Rehab Project Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA Press release June 1 2008 Retrieved November 20 2018 a b c Two Capital Improvement Projects At Flagship Robert F Kennedy Bridge Underway Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA Retrieved December 28 2016 RFK Bridge Gets 1 B Capital Improvement Project To Take 15 Years GAHS 75th Anniversary Photo Exhibit Queens Gazette July 6 2011 Archived from the original on October 21 2013 Retrieved December 28 2016 Evelly Jeanmarie June 5 2017 RFK Triborough Bridge Will No Longer Accept Cash Starting June 15 DNAinfo Archived from the original on September 8 2019 Retrieved September 7 2019 New RFK Bridge Exit Ramp to E125th Street Opens Ahead of Schedule Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA October 27 2016 Retrieved November 17 2018 Pereira Sydney February 6 2020 17 000 Vehicles A Day Will Be Diverted From East Harlem Streets With A New Ramp By 2021 Gothamist Archived from the original on February 15 2020 Retrieved February 15 2020 New Ramp to Connect RFK with Harlem River Drive Spectrum News NY1 New York City February 6 2020 Retrieved February 15 2020 Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting February 2020 mta info Metropolitan Transportation Authority February 24 2020 p 22 Retrieved June 23 2019 Robert F Kennedy Bridge Ramp to Harlem River Drive Open Hamodia November 23 2020 Retrieved August 24 2021 Steinhauer Jennifer February 13 1994 F Y I The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 25 2010 Appendix E History and Projection of Traffic Toll Revenues and Expenses and Review of Physical Conditions of the Facilities of Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority Stantec for the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority April 30 2015 Accessed November 5 2015 Rules and Regulations Governing the Use of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority Facilities PDF MTA Bridges amp Tunnels October 1 2003 Section 1022 1 e Retrieved February 20 2010 MTA Bike amp Ride Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA Retrieved February 20 2010 a b New York City Bicycle Master Plan PDF New York City Department of City Planning May 1997 Retrieved February 20 2010 Robert F Kennedy Bridge Pedestrian Walkway Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA Retrieved November 15 2018 Connector Between Randalls Island and Bronx Is to Open This Summer The New York Times July 29 2015 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 15 2018 Long Awaited Randall s Island Connector to Open This Weekend DNAinfo Archived from the original on November 18 2015 Retrieved November 17 2015 See Bronx Bus Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority October 2018 Retrieved December 1 2020 Queens Bus Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority August 2022 Retrieved September 29 2022 Manhattan Bus Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority July 2019 Retrieved December 1 2020 New subways proposed additions to rapid transit system to cost 218 000 000 MOA website University of Michigan Car Toll Rates Metropolitan Transportation Authority Footnote 3 Retrieved December 18 2019 Purdy Matthew August 22 1996 Drivers Give Passing Grade To E Z Pass In Major Test The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 25 2010 Project Profile Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA New York TransCore Retrieved July 11 2022 a b Siff Andrew October 5 2016 Automatic Tolls to Replace Gates at 9 NYC Spans Cuomo NBC New York Retrieved December 25 2016 a b MTA rolls out cashless toll schedule for bridges tunnels ABC7 New York December 21 2016 Retrieved December 25 2016 a b What Is Cashless Tolling MTA Bridges amp Tunnels Retrieved September 1 2019 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved April 16 2022 25 Cent Auto Fee Set For Triborough Bridge The New York Times March 11 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 30 2018 a b Prial Frank J January 7 1972 Triborough Tolls Cause Snarls Inside and Outside Cars The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b New Fares and Tolls The New York Times September 2 1975 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Goldman Ari L May 17 1980 Tolls Are Raised For Two Tunnels And Six Bridges Will Affect Four Boroughs Some Trips to Cost 1 Expected to Yield 33 Million Verrazano Narrows Is Exempt M T A Increases Tolls for 2 Tunnels and 6 Bridges The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Tolls Rise Tomorrow For Several Crossings The New York Times April 18 1982 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Daley Suzanne December 17 1983 M T A Raises Fares And Tolls By 20 Across The Board The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Motorists New Tolls on TBTA Bridges and Tunnels 11 59 PM Weds Jan 1 1986 Daily News New York December 31 1985 p 245 Retrieved October 29 2018 via Newspapers com a b Bronstein Scott February 8 1987 Drivers Irked By Toll Rise At 5 Bridges And Tunnels The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Pitt David E July 18 1989 Toll Increase at Bridges Is Described as Smooth The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Commuter Alert The Journal News White Plains NY January 30 1993 p 9 Retrieved October 29 2018 via Newspapers com a b Bridge and Tunnel Traffic Smooth as Tolls Rise The New York Times March 26 1996 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Tolls rise on Manhattan bridges and tunnels Poughkeepsie Journal Poughkeepsie NY May 19 2003 p 6A Retrieved October 29 2018 via Newspapers com a b Lee Jennifer 8 March 14 2005 Bridge and Tunnel Blues Paying More to Cross Over The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 a b Toll hikes start on bridges tunnels The Journal News White Plains NY March 16 2008 p 12 Retrieved October 29 2018 via Newspapers com a b Grynbaum Michael M October 28 2010 M T A Raises Bridge and Tunnel Tolls The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 2010 Toll Information MTA Bridges amp Tunnels Archived from the original on May 14 2011 Retrieved May 14 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link M T A Is Raising Fares and Tolls One Subway or Bus Ride Will Cost 2 75 The New York Times January 23 2015 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 29 2018 2015 Toll Information MTA Bridges amp Tunnels Archived from the original on April 22 2015 Retrieved April 22 2015 M T A Votes to Raise Fares and Tolls What You Need to Know The New York Times January 25 2017 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved March 5 2019 2017 Toll Information MTA Bridges amp Tunnels Archived from the original on April 26 2017 Retrieved March 16 2017 Subway Fares Are Rising Again But That Won t Solve the M T A s Crisis The New York Times February 27 2019 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved March 5 2019 New Fares and Tolls Take Effect PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority MTA February 27 2019 Retrieved March 5 2019 Guse Clayton February 18 2021 MTA jacking up tolls 7 across the board on New York City bridges and tunnels New York Daily News Retrieved March 14 2021 Bibliography Caro Robert 1974 The Power Broker Robert Moses and the Fall of New York New York Knopf ISBN 978 0 394 48076 3 OCLC 834874 Rastorfer Darl 2000 Chapter 4 The Triborough Bridge Six Bridges The Legacy of Othmar H Ammann Six Bridges The Legacy of Othmar H Ammann Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 08047 6 Retrieved September 18 2018 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triborough Bridge Official website Triborough Bridge historic overview at nycroads com Historic American Engineering Record HAER No NY 301 Triborough Bridge Passing through Queens Manhattan amp the Bronx Queens Queens County NY 28 photos 3 photo caption pages Triborough Bridge at Structurae Triborough Bridge Harlem River Lift Span at Structurae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robert F Kennedy Bridge amp oldid 1111685684, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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