Albanian Americans
Albanian Americans (Albanian: shqiptaro-amerikanët) are Americans of full or partial Albanian ancestry and heritage in the United States. They trace their ancestry to the territories with a large Albanian population in the Balkans and southern Europe, including Albania, Italy, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Montenegro. They are adherents of different religions and are predominantly Muslims and Christians, while some are irreligious.
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In 2012, there were 203,600 American citizens of Albanian descent living in the United States, mostly in the Northeast and the Great Lakes region.[5] In 1990, there were 47,710 Albanians.[6] The figure includes all people affiliated with United States who claim Albanian ancestry, both those born in the country and naturalized citizens, as well as those with dual citizenship who affiliate themselves with both cultures. According to data from a 2008 survey by the United States government, there are 201,118 Americans of full or partial Albanian descent.[7]
People of Albanian descent are often concentrated in the Greater Boston, Greater Cleveland, Ohio; Metro Detroit, Michigan; Jacksonville, Florida; New York City, and Waterbury, Connecticut areas.
History edit
The first Albanian documented to have emigrated to the United States was Kolë Kristofori (English: Nicholas Christopher), who landed in Boston in the early 1880s and is remembered as the pioneer of the Albanian ethnic group in the U.S.[9] It was not until the 1900s that large numbers of Albanians reached the U.S. East Coast: most of them were young bachelors from southern Albania.[9]
The majority of this first wave of emigrants, approximately 10,000, did not intend to permanently settle in the U.S., and went back to Albania after World War I.[9] Meanwhile, another group of emigrants from Albania reached the U.S. This new group settled and intermarried in their new country.[9] The number of Albanians that reported the Albanian language as their mother tongue in 1920 was around 6,000.[9]
In addition to New York, Connecticut, Florida and Michigan having most of the Albanian population, pockets of sizable Albanians are found in San Diego County, which has roughly up towards 1,000 Albanians, many residing in Santee, or in the East San Diego County area. There are also several hundred Albanian Americans in the Sacramento Valley, especially in and around Carmichael. Pasadena, in Los Angeles, also has several hundred Albanians.[10] A small yet sizable Albanian community can be found in Washington state, including Mercer Island and within the Seattle area.[11]
The Dallas, Texas area also has an Albanian community; a Balkan/Albanian restaurant, cultural center in Lewisville, and a thousand to two thousand Albanians reside in the Dallas area.
Jacksonville has the most Albanian Americans in Florida with 3,812 Albanians, having almost 1/4 of all Albanian Americans in Florida and 1.76% of all Albanian Americans.[12]
Post-World War II edit
After World War II the Albanians who emigrated to the U.S. were mostly political emigrants, and by 1970 the figure rose to around 17,000.[9]
Following the Expulsion of Cham Albanians from Greece in the aftermath of World War II, many of them migrated to the United States, asserting that the Communist government in Albania discriminated against and persecuted them.[13] They managed to retain their traditions and language,[13] and created in 1973 the Chameria Human Rights Association which later merged and became Albanian American Organization Chameria which aimed to protect their rights.[14][15] (see Cham Albanians).
Allowing for the families that had abandoned their mother tongue, it is estimated that around 70,000 US citizens with an Albanian background lived in the US in 1980.[16]
In the 1990s, many Albanians from Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, and the Republic of North Macedonia emigrated to the United States as refugees of war. Another Albanian American (Kosovan-Americans) community in the Riverside/San Bernardino area of California includes Kosovans who entered the United States at the March Joint Air Reserve Base in Riverside.[17]
Arbëreshë Americans edit
Some of the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States were immigrants from Italy who descended from a group of Albanians known as the Arbëreshë. The Arbëreshë were a group of Albanians who fled to the Kingdom of Naples and to the Kingdom of Sicily in the 15th century to avoid invasion by the Ottoman Empire.
This group of Albanians is distinguishable from other Albanian Americans due to their Italianized names, as well as their Albanian Greek Catholic religion. Nevertheless, Arbëreshë have a strong sense of identity, and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of Tosk Albanian called Arbëresh, which does not have any Ottoman influence.
Greater New Orleans has a large Arbëreshë community, mostly descended from 19th century Sicilian immigrants. Oftentimes, wherever there are Italians, there are a few Arbëreshë mixed with them. Arbëreshë Americans, therefore, are often indistinguishable from Italian Americans due to being assimilated into the Italian American community.
Population edit
Demographics edit
The top 10 cities in the United States which has the most Albanian Americans. [18]
| Cities | Number of Albanian Americans living in it |
|---|---|
| New York, NY | 39,471 |
| Philadelphia, PA | 5,187 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 3,812 |
| Sterling Heights, MI | 3,331 |
| Worcester, MA | 3,315 |
| Yonkers, NY | 3,012 |
| Waterbury, CT | 3,012 |
| Quincy, MA | 1,894 |
| Chicago, IL | 1,768 |
| Boston, MA | 1,550 |
Albanians tend to live in the Upper South, the Midwest, and the Northeast. A significant percentage of Albanian Americans live in North Carolina, Kentucky, Michigan and the New York area. There are also some Albanian enclaves in California.[19]
According to the American Community Survey (ACS) for 2012 the number of Albanians in the USA had grown to 214,300.[20] The ethnic Albanian population in the US is highly concentrated in few places. With over 60,000 Albanian-Americans, the largest community is in New York which dominates as a center of the Albanian community.[2] There is a sizeable Albanian community around the Bronx, especially around Belmont and Bedford Park as well as parts of Westchester County such as Yonkers.[21] Some 43,400 live in Michigan, about 21,300 live in Massachusetts, approximately 20,000 live in Ohio (in Greater Cleveland, especially Lakewood and the West Side of Cleveland), 15,300 live in Illinois and about 12,000 live in Connecticut.[2][3][22] The three largest communities (New York, Michigan and Massachusetts) account for 58% of the total Albanian-American population.[2]
Albanian-Americans are on average younger than non-Albanian Americans, having an average age of 33.5 in comparison to the American national average of 37.7. Albanian-Americans also have a higher percentage of males than non-Albanian Americans with 52.1% of the community being male versus the American national average of 49.2%. [23]
According to the 2000 Census, Fairview, North Carolina has the highest percentage of people stating they have Albanian Ancestry followed by Hamtramck, Michigan at 2.8%.
Albanian-born population edit
Albanian-born population in the U.S. since 2010: (excludes Albanians born in Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro)[24]
| Year | Number |
|---|---|
| 2010 | 77,407 |
| 2011 | 86,010 |
| 2012 | 83,746 |
| 2013 | 81,047 |
| 2014 | 81,622 |
| 2015 | 89,744 |
| 2016 | 93,033 |
Notable people edit
Selected people:
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Table B04006 - SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nedelkoska 2015, p. 17.
- ^ a b "Albanians". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Table B01003 - TOTAL POPULATION Universe: Total population 2011-2015 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "Table B04003 - Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported - 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ^ "1990 Census of Population: Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 15. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^ US Census Bureau, Table: Ancestry for People with one or more Ancestry Categories Reported
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ a b c d e f Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar, eds. (1980). "Albanians". Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–28. ISBN 0674375122. OCLC 1038430174.
- ^ "Percentage of Albanian population". ZipAtlas/U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
- ^ "Albanian Americans by zip code in WA". Zipatlas/U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
- ^ "Cities with the Largest Albanian Community in Florida". Retrieved October 6, 2023.
- ^ a b Vickers, Miranda. The Cham Issue - Where to Now? (PDF). Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ Chameria Human Rights Association (2009). (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- ^ "Zëri i Çamërisë - Voice of Chameria". chameriaorganization.blogspot.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ Thernstrom, p.25
- ^ Fischer, Bernd J. "Albanian refugees seeking political asylum in the United States: process and problems" in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31.1 (2005)
- ^ "Cities with the Largest Albanian Community in the United States". Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ Ueda, Reed (21 September 2017). America's Changing Neighborhoods [3 Volumes]: An Exploration of Diversity Through Places [3 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781440828652.
- ^ Nedelkoska 2015, p. 1.
- ^ "Albanians in the New York Metro Area" (PDF).
- ^ Meiser, Rebecca (November 29, 2006). "Destination Lakewood: How a bar town became an immigration hot spot". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
- ^ Nedelkoska 2015, p. 3.
- ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
Further reading edit
- Federal Writers' Project, Works Project Administration (WPA) of Massachusetts. The Albanian Struggle in the Old World and New (1939).
- Fischer, Bernd J. “Albanian Refugees Seeking Political Asylum in the United States: Process and Problems.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31#1 (2005): 193–208.
- Jurgens, Jane. "Albanian Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 61–73. Online
- Ragaru, Nadège, and Amilda Dymi. “The Albanian-American Community in the United States: A Diaspora Coming to Visibility.” Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 31, nos. 1–2 (2004): 45–63.
- Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar, eds. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674375122, pp 23–28 Online free to borrow
- Trix, Frances. The Albanians in Michigan: A Proud People from Southeast Europe (Michigan State University Press, 2001).
Websites edit
- Nedelkoska, Ljubica (February 2015). "The Albanian Community in the United States - Statistical Profiling of the Albanian-Americans" (PDF). Center for International Development at Harvard University. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- Ragaru, Nadege; Dymi, Amilda (March 2010). "The Albanian-American Community in the United States" (PDF). HAL archives. Retrieved 22 August 2018.