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One World Trade Center

January 26, 2023

"Freedom Tower" redirects here. For other uses of "Freedom Tower" and "One World Trade Center", see Freedom Tower (disambiguation) and One World Trade Center (disambiguation).

One World Trade Center, also known as One World Trade, One WTC, and formerly the Freedom Tower (still sometimes used colloquially),[note 1] is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center. It is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.

One World Trade Center
One World Trade Center in 2022
Alternative names
  • 1 WTC
  • Freedom Tower (pre-2009)[1]
Record height
Tallest in North America and the Western Hemisphere since 2013[I]
Preceded byWillis Tower
General information
StatusCompleted
Type
  • Office
  • Observation
  • Communication
Architectural styleContemporary modern
Location285 Fulton Street
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Coordinates40°42′47″N 74°00′48″W / 40.71306°N 74.01333°W / 40.71306; -74.01333Coordinates: 40°42′47″N 74°00′48″W / 40.71306°N 74.01333°W / 40.71306; -74.01333
Construction startedApril 27, 2006; 16 years ago (2006-04-27)
Topped-outMay 10, 2013; 9 years ago (2013-05-10)[12]
OpenedNovember 3, 2014; 8 years ago (2014-11-03)[13][14]
May 29, 2015; 7 years ago (2015-05-29) (One World Observatory)[15]
CostUS$3.9 billiona[3][4]
Height
Architectural1,776 ft (541.3 m)[5][8]
Tip1,792 ft (546.2 m)[5]
Antenna spire407.9 ft (124.3 m)
Roof1,368 ft (417.0 m)[9]
Top floor1,268 ft (386.5 m)[5]
Observatory1,268 ft (386.5 m)[5]
Technical details
Floor count94 (+5 below ground) (28 mechanical)[5][6]
Floor area3,501,274 sq ft (325,279 m2)[5]
Lifts/elevators73[5] made by ThyssenKrupp[10]
Design and construction
Architect(s)
DeveloperPort Authority of New York and New Jersey[5]
b. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
EngineerJaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP)[5]
Structural engineerWSP Cantor Seinuk
Other designersHill International, The Louis Berger Group[11]
Main contractorTishman Construction
Website
onewtc.com
References
[5][7]

The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. The tower's steel structure was topped out on August 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component of the skyscraper's spire was installed, making the building, including its spire, reach a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m). Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The building opened on November 3, 2014;[14] the One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015.[15]

On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) confirmed that the building would be officially known by its legal name of "One World Trade Center", rather than its colloquial name of "Freedom Tower".[16][17][18] The building has 94 stories, with the top floor numbered 104.

The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex.

History

Original building (1971–2001)

For comprehensive information on the original World Trade Center, see World Trade Center (1973–2001).
See also: List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)
 
The first One World Trade Center under construction in May 1970

The construction of the original World Trade Center was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan.[19] The project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki.[20] The twin towers at 1 and 2 World Trade Center were designed as framed tube structures, giving tenants open floor plans, unobstructed by columns or walls.[21][22] One World Trade Center was the North Tower, and Two World Trade Center was the South Tower.[23] Each tower was over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (0.40 ha) of the total 16 acres (6.5 ha) of the site's land.[24] Of the 110 stories in each tower, 8 were set aside as mechanical floors. All the remaining floors were open for tenants. Each floor of the tower had 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of available space. The North and South tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000 m2) of total office space.[25]

Construction of the North Tower began in August 1966; extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in October 1971.[26][27] At the time, the original One World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world, at 1,368 feet (417 m) tall. After a 360-foot (110 m)-tall antenna was installed in 1978, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,728 ft (527 m).[28] In the 1970s, four other low-level buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex.[29][30] A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s.[31][32] The entire complex of seven buildings had a combined total of 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.[29][30][33]

Destruction

Main article: September 11 attacks
See also: Casualties of the September 11 attacks and Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks
 
Impact locations on One and Two World Trade Center
 
The remains (from bottom to top) of One, Six, and Seven World Trade Center on September 17, 2001

At 8:46 a.m. (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five hijackers affiliated with al-Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.[34][35] Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m. (EDT), a second group of terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors.[36]

By 9:59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m. (EDT).[37] When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center, damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. (EDT).[38][39]

Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a failed plane hijacking that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 hijackers).[40][41][42] More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact.[43] In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South Tower, Stairwell A, somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the rest of the building.[44] When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower above the impact zone were destroyed, thus making it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died.[43]

Current building (2013–present)

Planning

Following the destruction of the original World Trade Center, there was debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site. There were proposals for its reconstruction almost immediately, and by 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation had organized a competition to determine how to use the site.[45] The proposals were part of a larger plan to memorialize the September 11 attacks and rebuild the complex.[46][47] Already the site was becoming a tourist attraction; in the year following the attacks the Ground Zero site became the most visited place in the United States. On September 10, 2002, the Viewing Wall, a temporary display containing information about the attacks and listing the names of the dead, opened to the public.[48]

When the public rejected the first round of designs, a second, more open competition took place in December 2002, in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected as the winner in February 2003. Other designs were submitted by Richard Meier, Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey, and Steven Holl; William Pedersen; and Foster and Partners.[48] This design underwent many revisions, mainly because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site at that time.[49] Peter Walker and Michael Arad’s “Reflecting Absence” proposal was selected as the site’s 9/11 Memorial in January 2004.[48]

There was criticism concerning the limited number of floors that were designated for office space and other amenities in an early plan. Only 82 floors would have been habitable, and the total office space of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex would have been reduced by more than 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) in comparison with the original complex.[8] The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident. Much of the building's height would have consisted of a large, open-air steel lattice structure on the roof of the tower, containing wind turbines and "sky gardens".[8]

In a subsequent design, the highest occupiable floor became comparable to the original World Trade Center, and the open-air lattice was removed from the plans.[8] In 2002, former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's design picked as a personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ronald Lauder.[50]

A final design for the "Freedom Tower" was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To address security issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added to the design in April of that year. The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms in order to address criticism that the building might have looked uninviting and resembled a "concrete bunker". However, the prisms were later found to be unworkable, as preliminary testing revealed that the prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards. As a result, it was replaced by a simpler facade consisting of stainless steel panels and blast-resistant glass.[51]

Contrasting with Libeskind's original plan, the tower's final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Its designers stated that the tower would be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna." In 2006, Larry Silverstein commented on a planned completion date: "By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was."[52] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that allowed foundation construction to begin. A formal agreement was drafted the following day, the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. Construction began in May; a formal groundbreaking ceremony took place when the first construction team arrived.[53]

Construction

Main article: Construction of One World Trade Center
 
One World Trade Center tower construction as of August 7, 2007
 
One World Trade Center construction in April 2013

The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in a ceremony on July 4, 2004.[54] The stone had an inscription supposedly written by Arthur J. Finkelstein.[55] Construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money, security, and design.[54] The last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006, when a deal was made between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, so the cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23, 2006.[56] Soon after, explosives were detonated at the construction site for two months to clear bedrock for the building's foundation, onto which 400 cubic yards (310 cubic meters) of concrete was poured by November 2007.[57] In a December 18, 2006, ceremony held in nearby Battery Park City, members of the public were invited to sign the first 30-foot (9.1 m) steel beam installed onto the building's base.[58][59] It was welded onto the building's base on December 19, 2006.[60] Foundation and steel installation began shortly afterward, so the tower's footings and foundation were nearly complete within a year.[61] An estimate in February 2007 placed the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter).[62]

In January 2008, two cranes were moved onto the site. Construction of the tower's concrete core, which began after the cranes arrived,[61] reached street level by May 17. The base was not finished until two years later, after which construction of the office floors began, and the first glass windows were subsequently installed; during 2010, floors were constructed at a rate of about one per week.[63] An advanced "cocoon" scaffolding system was installed to protect workers from falling, and was the first such safety system installed on a steel structure in the city.[64] The tower reached 52 floors and was over 600 feet (180 m) tall by December 2010. The tower's steel frame was halfway complete by then,[65] but grew to 80 floors by the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, at which time its concrete flooring had reached 68 floors and the glass cladding had reached 54 floors.[66]

In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official name of the building from "Freedom Tower" to "One World Trade Center", stating that this name was the "easiest for people to identify with."[1][67] The “Freedom Tower” name had also been subject to ridicule on programs like Saturday Night Live. The name change also served a practical purpose: real estate agents believed that it would be easier to lease space in a building with a traditional street address.[48] The change came after board members of the Port Authority voted to sign a 21-year lease deal with Vantone Industrial Co., a Chinese real estate company, which would become the building's first commercial tenant to sign a lease. Vantone planned to create the China Center, a trade and cultural facility, covering 191,000 square feet on floors 64 through 69.[68]

Mass media company Condé Nast became One WTC's anchor tenant in May 2011, leasing 1 million square feet (93,000 m2) and relocating from 4 Times Square.[69][70] While under construction, the tower was specially illuminated on several occasions. For example, it was lit in red, white, and blue for Independence Day and the anniversary of the September 11 attacks, and it was illuminated in pink for Breast Cancer Awareness Month.[71] The tower's loading dock could not be finished in time to move equipment into the completed building, so five temporary loading bays were added at a cost of millions of dollars. The temporary PATH station was not to be removed until its official replacement, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, was completed, blocking access to the planned loading area.[72] Chadbourne & Parke, a Midtown Manhattan-based law firm, was supposed to lease 300,000 square feet (30,000 m2) in January 2012,[73] but the deal was abruptly canceled that March.[74]

Topping-out and completion

By March 2012, One WTC's steel structure had reached 93 stories,[75] growing to the 94th story (labeled as floor 100[76]) and 1,240 feet (380 m) by the end of the month.[76] The tower's estimated cost had risen to $3.9 billion by April 2012, making it the most expensive building in the world at the time.[3][4] The tower's construction was partly funded by approximately $1 billion of insurance money that Silverstein received for his losses in the September 11 attacks.[62] The State of New York provided an additional $250 million, and the Port Authority agreed to give $1 billion, which would be obtained through the sale of bonds.[77] The Port Authority raised prices for bridge and tunnel tolls to raise funds, with a 56 percent toll increase scheduled between 2011 and 2015; however, the proceeds of these increases were not used to pay for the tower's construction.[4][78]

The still-incomplete tower became New York City's tallest building by roof height in April 2012, passing the 1,250-foot (380 m) roof height of the Empire State Building.[79][80] President Barack Obama visited the construction site two months later and wrote, on a steel beam that would be hoisted to the top of the tower, the sentence "We remember, we rebuild, we come back stronger!"[81] That same month, with the tower's structure nearing completion, the owners of the building began a public marketing campaign for the building, seeking to attract visitors and tenants.[82] One World Trade Center's steel structure topped out at floor 104, with a total height of 1,368 feet (417 m), in August 2012.[51][83] The tower's spire was then shipped from Quebec to New York in November 2012,[84][85] following a series of delays.[85] The first section of the spire was hoisted to the top of the tower on December 12, 2012,[84][86] and was installed on January 15, 2013.[87] By March 2013, two sections of the spire had been installed. Bad weather delayed the delivery of the final pieces.[88][89]

On May 10, 2013, the final piece of the spire was lifted to the top of One WTC, bringing the tower to its full height of 1,776 feet (541 m), and making it the fourth-tallest building in the world at the time.[90][91] In subsequent months, the exterior elevator shaft was removed; the podium glass, interior decorations, and other finishes were being installed; and installation of concrete flooring and steel fittings was completed.[75] On November 12, 2013, the Height Committee of the Chicago-based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) made the controversial[92] announcement that One World Trade Center was the tallest building in the United States, declaring that the mast on top of the building is a spire since it is a permanent part of the building's architecture.[93][94] By the same reasoning, the building was also the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.[95]

A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of the report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) was negotiating with regard to the "World Trade Center" name, as the WTCA had purchased the rights to the name in 1986. The WTCA sought $500,000 worth of free office space in the tower in exchange for the use of "World Trade Center" in the tower's name and associated souvenirs.[96]

  •  

    The original Twin Towers, c. 2000

  •  

    One World Trade Center under construction behind the World Financial Center in June 2011.

  •  

    One World Trade Center (to the left) and 4 World Trade Center under construction, as seen from a helicopter on April 30, 2012.

Opening and early years

On November 1, 2014, moving trucks started moving items for Condé Nast. The New York Times noted that the area around the World Trade Center had transitioned from a financial area to one with technology firms, residences, and luxury shops, coincident with the building of the new tower.[97] The building opened on November 3, 2014, and Condé Nast employees moved into 24 floors.[98][99][13][100] Condé Nast occupied floors 20 to 44, having completed its move in early 2015.[97] It was expected that the company would attract new tenants to occupy the remaining 40% of unleased space in the tower,[97] as Condé Nast had revitalized Times Square after moving there in 1999.[101] Only about 170 of 3,400 total employees moved into One WTC on the first day. At the time, future tenants included Kids Creative, Legends Hospitality, the BMB Group, Servcorp,[102] and GQ.[101] On November 12, 2014, shortly after the building opened supporting wire rope cables of a suspended working platform slacked, trapping a two-man window washing team.[103][104][105] During the late 2010s, the Durst Organization leased most of the remaining vacant space. The tower reached 92 percent occupancy just before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020.[106]

By August 2020, Condé Nast indicated it wanted to leave One World Trade Center.[107] This led Advance Publications, parent company of Conde Nast, to start withholding rent payments in January 2021.[108][109] By March 2021, Condé Nast had filed plans to reduce the amount of office space that it leased.[110] After a prolonged impasse, Condé Nast agreed in late 2021 to pay almost $10 million in back rent.[111][112] In December 2021, the New York Liberty Development Corporation announced that it would refinance 1 WTC with a $700 million bond issue. The money from this bond issue would be used to retire the debt from the building's last refinancing in 2012.[113][114] By March 2022, the building was 95 percent leased, a higher percentage than before the COVID-19 pandemic.[115][116] The high occupancy rate of One WTC contrasted with that of the original Twin Towers, which had never reached full occupancy until just before the September 11 attacks.[106]

Architecture

 
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center's reconstruction. In grey are the new buildings (One World Trade Center is the square at upper left), and in blue is the 9/11 Memorial and Museum.

Many of Daniel Libeskind's original concepts from the 2002 competition were discarded from the tower's final design. One World Trade Center's final design consisted of simple symmetries and a more traditional profile, intended to compare with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline. The tower's central spire draws from previous buildings, such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. It also visually resembles the original Twin Towers, rather than being an off-center spire similar to the Statue of Liberty.[117][118][119][120][121] One World Trade Center is considered the first major building whose construction is based upon a three-dimensional Building Information Model.[122]

Just south of the new One World Trade Center is the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, which is located where the original Twin Towers stood. Immediately to the east is World Trade Center Transportation Hub and the new Two World Trade Center site. To the north is 7 World Trade Center, and to the west is Brookfield Place.[123][124][125]

Form and facade

The building occupies a 200-foot (61 m) square, with an area of 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2), nearly identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers. The tower is built upon a 185-foot (56 m) tall windowless concrete base, designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground-level attacks.[126] From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the tower's cubic base are chamfered back, shaping the building into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated square antiprism.[127] Near its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon, and then culminates in a glass parapet, whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base. A 407.9-foot (124.3 m) sculpted mast containing the broadcasting antenna – designed in a collaboration between Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers, and engineers – is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring, which contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, an intense beam of light is projected vertically from the spire[2] and shines over 1,000 feet (300 m) above the tower.[128]

David Childs of SOM, the architect of One World Trade Center, said the following regarding the tower's design:[129]

We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects.[129]

Originally, the base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass, but a simpler glass-and-steel façade was adopted when the prisms proved unworkable.[51] The current base cladding consists of angled glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels, similar to those on 7 World Trade Center. LED lights behind the panels illuminate the base at night.[130] There are cable-net glass facade panels on all elevations of the building, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex. The facade panels are 60 feet (18 m) high, and range in width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and west sides, 50 feet (15 m) on the north side, and 70 feet (21 m) on the south side.[7] The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland, Oregon, using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon.[131]

Features

 
Entrance to the tower

One World Trade Center's top floor is officially designated as floor 104,[5] despite the fact that the tower only contains 94 actual stories.[99] The building has 86 usable above-ground floors, of which 78 are intended for office purposes (approximately 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)).[2][132][133] The base consists of floors 1–19, including a 65-foot-high (20 m) public lobby, featuring the 90-foot mural ONE: Union of the Senses by American artist José Parlá.[134][135] The office floors begin at floor 20, and go up to floor 63. There is a sky lobby on floor 64; office floors resume on floor 65, and stop at floor 90. Floors 91–99 and 103–104 are mechanical floors.[7]

The tenants have access to below-ground parking, storage, and shopping; access to PATH, New York City Subway trains, and the World Financial Center is also provided at the World Trade Center Transportation Hub; Fulton Street/Fulton Center; and Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street stations.[136] The building allows direct access to West Street, Vesey Street, and Fulton Street at ground level.[136] The building has an approximate underground footprint of 42,000 square feet (3,900 m2).[136]

One World Observatory

 
One World Observatory

The tower has a three-story observation deck, located on floors 100–102, in addition to existing broadcast and antenna facilities.[7] Its height is 1,268 feet (386.5 m), making it the highest vantage point in New York City.[48] Similar to the Empire State Building, visitors to the observation deck and tenants have their own separate entrances; one entrance is on the West Street side of the building, and the other is from within the shopping mall, descending down to a below-ground security screening area.[137] On the observation deck, the actual viewing space is on the 100th floor, but there is a food court on the 101st floor and a space for events for the 102nd floor.[138]

To show visitors the city, and give them information and stories about New York, an interactive tool called City Pulse is used by Tour Ambassadors. The admission fee is $32 per person,[139][140] but admission discounts are available for children and seniors, and the deck is free for 9/11 responders and families of 9/11 victims.[138] When it opened, the deck was expected to have about 3.5 million visitors per year.[141] Tickets went on sale starting on April 8, 2015.[142] The Manhattan District Attorney probed the Port Authority about the firm to which it awarded a contract to operate the deck.[143] It officially opened on May 28, 2015,[144][145] one day ahead of schedule.[146]

A plan to build a restaurant near the top of the tower, similar to the original One World Trade Center's Windows on the World, was abandoned as logistically impractical. The tower's window-washing tracks are located on a 16-square-foot area, which is designated as floor 110 as a symbolic reference to the 110 floors of the original tower.[147] There are three eating venues at the top of the building: a café (called One Café); a bar and "small plates" grill (One Mix); and a fine dining restaurant (One Dining). Some commentators, including those for the New York Post and Curbed, have criticized the food prices; the need of a full observatory ticket purchase to enter; and their reputations compared to Windows on the World, the top-floor restaurant in the original One World Trade Center.[148][149]

Sustainability

Like other buildings in the new World Trade Center complex, One World Trade Center includes sustainable architecture features. Much of the building's structure and interior is built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles; around 80 percent of the tower's waste products are recycled.[150] Although the roof area of any tower is limited, the building implements a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems. The building's PureCell phosphoric acid fuel cells generate 4.8 megawatts (MW) of power, and its waste steam generates electricity.[151] The New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower's fuel cell system, which was one of the largest fuel cell installations in the world once completed.[152] The tower also makes use of off-site hydroelectric and wind power.[153] The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass, which allows maximum sunlight to pass through; the interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically dim the lights on sunny days, reducing energy costs.[128] Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site, One World Trade Center is heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.[154] One World Trade Center received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Certification, making it one of the most environmentally sustainable skyscrapers in the world.[155]

Security features

 
One World Trade Center and adjacent buildings at dusk

Along with the protection provided by the reinforced concrete base, a number of other safety features were included in the building's design, so that it would be prepared for a major accident or terrorist attack. Like 7 World Trade Center, the building has 3-foot (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls in all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems. There are also extra-wide, pressurized stairwells, along with a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters, and biological and chemical filters throughout the ventilation system.[128][156] In comparison, the original Twin Towers used a purely steel central core to house utility functions, protected only by lightweight drywall panels.[157]

The building is no longer 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were; at its closest point, West Street is 65 feet (20 m) away.[128] The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting. Paired with a concrete-core shear wall, the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing column-free interior spans for maximum flexibility."[156]

In addition to safety design, new security measures were implemented. All vehicles will be screened for radioactive materials and other potentially dangerous objects before they enter the site through the underground road. Four hundred closed-circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around the site, with live camera feeds being continuously monitored by the NYPD. A computer system will use video-analytic computer software, designed to detect potential threats, such as unattended bags, and retrieve images based on descriptions of terrorists or other criminal suspects. New York City and Port Authority police will patrol the site.[158]

Before the World Trade Center site was fully completed, the plaza was not completely opened to the public, as the original World Trade Center plaza was.[159] The initial stage of the opening process began on Thursday, May 15, 2014, when the "Interim Operating Period" of the National September 11 Memorial ended. During this period, all visitors were required to undergo airport style security screening,[160] as part of the "Interim Operating Period", which was expected to end on December 31, 2013.[161] Screening did not fully end until the official dedication and opening of the museum[162][163] on May 21, 2014, after which visitors were allowed to use the plaza without needing passes.[159]

Design evolution

The original design went through significant changes after the Durst Organization joined the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the project’s co-developer in 2010.[117]

 
Height comparison of major skyscrapers in New York City, with One World Trade Center shown at far left. The North Tower of WTC was 1,727 ft (526.3 m)

The 185-foot (56 m) tall base corners were originally designed to gently slope upward and have prismatic glass.[117][120] The corners were later squared. In addition, the base's walls are now covered in "hundreds of pairs of 13-foot vertical glass fins set against horizontal bands of eight-inch-wide stainless-steel slats."[117][120]

The spire was originally to be enclosed with a protective radome, described as a "sculptural sheath of interlocking fiberglass panels".[117][118][119] The radome-enclosed spire was then changed to a plain antenna.[117] Douglas Durst, the chairman of the Durst Organization, stated that the design change would save $20 million.[119][164] SOM strongly criticized the change, and Childs said: "Eliminating this integral part of the building's design and leaving an exposed antenna and equipment is unfortunate ... We stand ready to work with the Port on an alternate design."[119] After joining the project in 2010, the Durst Organization had suggested eliminating the radome to reduce costs, but the proposal was rejected by the Port Authority's then-executive director, Christopher O. Ward.[119] Ward was replaced by Patrick Foye in September 2011.[118] Foye changed the Port Authority's position, and the radome was removed from the plans. In 2012, Douglas Durst gave a statement regarding the final decision: "(the antenna) is going to be mounted on the building over the summer. There's no way to do anything at this point."[119]

The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center was originally planned to have stainless steel steps descending to West Street, but the steps were changed to a terrace in the final design. The terrace can be accessed through a staircase on Vesey Street. The terrace is paved in granite, and has 12 sweetgum trees, in addition to a block-long planter/bench.[117]

Durst also removed a skylight from the plaza's plans; the skylight was designed to allow natural light to enter the below-ground observation deck lobby.[117] The plaza is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) higher than the adjacent sidewalk.[117]

The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions, and the revisions were first reported by the New York Post.[165] Patrick Foye, the executive director of the Port Authority, said that he thought that the changes were "few and minor" in a telephone interview.[117]

A contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization states that the Durst Organization will receive a $15 million fee and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project." The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75% of the savings (up to $24 million) with further returns going down to 50%; 25%; and 15% as the savings increase.[117]

Height

 
When viewed from street level in proximity to the tower, One World Trade Center appears to ascend to a pyramid point.

The top floor of One World Trade Center is 1,368 feet (417 m) above ground level, along with a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet; this is identical to the roof height of the original One World Trade Center.[166] The tower's spire brings it to a pinnacle height of 1,776 feet (541 m),[5][167] a figure intended to symbolize the year 1776, when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.[2][168][169][170] When the spire is included in the building's height, as stated by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), One World Trade Center surpasses the height of Taipei 101 (1,671-foot (509 m)), is the world's tallest all-office building, and the seventh-tallest skyscraper in the world, behind the Burj Khalifa,[171] Merdeka 118, Shanghai Tower,[172] Abraj Al Bait,[173] Ping An Finance Centre and Lotte World Tower.

One World Trade Center is the second-tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere, as the CN Tower in Toronto exceeds One World Trade Center's pinnacle height by approximately 40 ft (12.2 m).[174] The Chicago Spire, with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m), was expected to exceed the height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled due to financial difficulties in 2009.[175]

 
Spire atop One World Trade Center

After design changes for One World Trade Center's spire were revealed in May 2012, there were questions as to whether the 407.9-foot (124.3 m)-tall structure would still qualify as a spire, and thus be included in the building's height.[176][177] Since the tower's spire is not enclosed in a radome as originally planned, it could be classified as a simple antenna, which is not included in a building's height, according to the CTBUH.[177] Without the spire, One World Trade Center would be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, making it the seventh-tallest building in the United States, behind the Trump International Hotel & Tower in Chicago.[178][179]

Upon completion, the building became the tallest in New York City with the antenna, but its roof was surpassed in 2015 by 432 Park Avenue, which topped out at 1,396 feet (426 m) high.[180][181][182] One World Trade Center's developers had disputed the claim that the spire should be reclassified as an antenna following the redesign,[183] with Port Authority spokesman Steve Coleman reiterating that "One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere."[176]

In 2012, the CTBUH announced that it would wait to make its final decision as to whether or not the redesigned spire would count towards the building's height.[176] On November 12, 2013, the CTBUH announced that One World Trade Center's spire would count as part of the building's recognized height, giving it a final height of 1,776 feet, and making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[93]

Incidents

In March 2014, the tower was scaled by 16-year-old Weehawken, New Jersey resident Justin Casquejo, who entered the site through a hole in a fence. He was subsequently arrested on trespassing charges.[184] He allegedly dressed like a construction worker, sneaked in, and convinced an elevator operator to lift him to the tower's 88th floor, according to news sources. He then used stairways to get to the 104th floor, walked past a sleeping security guard, and climbed up a ladder to get to the antenna, where he took pictures for two hours.[185] The elevator operator was reassigned, and the guard was fired.[186][187] It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the tower, which facilitated Casquejo's entry to the site.[188][189] Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of community service as a result.[190]

Reception

The social center of the previous One World Trade Center included a restaurant on the 107th floor, called Windows on the World, and The Greatest Bar on Earth; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.[191][192] This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly.[193] Despite numerous assurances that these attractions would be rebuilt,[194] the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild them, which has outraged some observers.[195]

The fortified base of the tower has also been a source of controversy. Some critics, including Deroy Murdock of the National Review,[196] have said that it is alienating and dull, and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the building "the Fear Tower".[197] Nicolai Ouroussoff, the architecture critic for The New York Times, calls the tower base a "grotesque attempt to disguise its underlying paranoia".[198]

Owners and tenants

Main article: List of tenants in One World Trade Center
 
Seen at sunset; the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is in the background

One World Trade Center is principally owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around 5 percent equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization, a private real estate company, in exchange for an investment of at least $100 million. The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the building's construction, and manages the building for the Port Authority, having responsibility for leasing, property management, and tenant installations.[199][200] By September 2012, around 55 percent of the building's floor space had been leased,[201] but no new leases were signed for three years until May 2014;[202] the amount of space leased had gone up to 62.8 percent by November 2014.[203]

In 2006, the State of New York agreed to a 15-year 415,000 square feet (38,600 m2) lease, with an option to extend the lease's term and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2).[204] The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to a lease of around 645,000 square feet (59,900 m2),[154][204] and New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to occupy around 412,000 square feet (38,300 m2). However, the GSA ceded most of its floor space to the Port Authority in July 2011, and the OGS withdrew from the lease contract.[205] In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate the 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2) observation deck on the tower's 102nd floor;[206] in 2013, Legends Hospitality Management agreed to operate the observatory in a 15-year, $875 million contract.[207]

The building's first lease, a joint project between the Port Authority and Beijing-based Vantone Industrial, was announced on March 28, 2009. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", combining business and cultural facilities, that would be planned between floors 64 and 69; it is intended to represent Chinese business and cultural links to the United States, and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China.[201] Vantone Industrial's lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[208] In April 2011, a new interior design for the China Center was unveiled, featuring a vertical "Folding Garden", based on a proposal by the Chinese artist Zhou Wei.[209] In September 2015, China Center agreed to reduce the leased space to a single floor.[210]

On August 3, 2010, Condé Nast Publications signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters and offices for its magazines into One World Trade Center, occupying up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2) of floor space.[211] On May 17, 2011, Condé Nast reached a final agreement with the Port Authority, securing a 25-year lease with an estimated value of $2 billion.[69][212] On May 25, 2011, Condé Nast finalized the lease contract, obtaining 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4 m2) of office space between floors 20–41 and 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of usable space in the podium and below grade floors.[70] Condé Nast leased 133,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space on floors 42 to 44 in January 2012.[213] In the late 2010s and early 2020s, Condé Nast subleased some of its space to other companies. This included Ambac Financial Group in March 2019;[214][215] Ennead Architects in April 2019;[216][217] and Constellation Agency and Reddit in 2021.[218][219]

In August 2014, it was announced Servcorp signed a 15-year lease for 34,775 square feet (3,230.7 m2), taking the entire 85th floor.[220] Servcorp subsequently subleased all of its space on the 85th floor as private offices, boardrooms and co-working space to numerous medium-sized businesses such as ThinkCode, D100 Radio, and Chérie L'Atelier des Fleurs.[221][222]

Key figures

Developer

Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, retains control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively involved in most aspects of the site's redevelopment process.[223]

Before construction of the new tower began, Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute regarding the tower. The terms of the lease agreement signed in 2001, for which Silverstein paid $14 million,[224] gave Silverstein, as leaseholder, the right and obligation to rebuild the structures if they were destroyed.[225] After the September 11 attacks, there were a series of disputes between Silverstein and insurance companies concerning the insurance policies that covered the original towers; this resulted in the construction of One World Trade Center being delayed. After a trial resulted, a verdict was given on April 29, 2004. The verdict was that ten of the insurers involved in the dispute were subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation, so their liability was limited to the face value of those policies. Three insurers were added to the second trial group.[226][227] At that time, the jury was unable to reach a verdict on one insurer, Swiss Reinsurance, but it did so several days later on May 3, 2004, finding that this company was also subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation.[228] Silverstein appealed the Swiss Reinsurance decision, but the appeal failed on October 19, 2006.[229] The second trial resulted in a verdict on December 6, 2004. The jury determined that nine insurers were subject to the "two occurrences" interpretation, referring to the fact that two different planes had destroyed the towers during the September 11 attacks. They were therefore liable for a maximum of double the face value of those particular policies ($2.2 billion).[230] The highest potential payout was $4.577 billion, for buildings 1, 2, 4, and 5.[231]

In March 2007, Silverstein appeared at a rally of construction workers and public officials outside an insurance industry conference. He highlighted what he describes as the failures of insurers Allianz and Royal & Sun Alliance to pay $800 million in claims related to the attacks. Insurers state that an agreement to split payments between Silverstein and the Port Authority is a cause for concern.[232]

Key project coordinators

David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, joined the project after Silverstein urged him to do so. He developed a design proposal for One World Trade Center, initially collaborating with Daniel Libeskind. In May 2005, Childs revised the design to address security concerns. He is the architect of the tower, and is responsible for overseeing its day-to-day design and development.[233]

 
Daniel Libeskind won the 2002 competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment.

Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a plan for the new tower in 2002. He gave an initial proposal, which he called "Memory Foundations", for the design of One World Trade Center. His design included aerial gardens, windmills, and off-center spire.[121] Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station. He instead placed it another block west, as it would then line up with, and resemble, the Statue of Liberty.[234] Most of Libeskind's original designs were later scrapped, and other architects were chosen to design the other WTC buildings.[note 2] However, one element of Libeskind's initial plan was included in the final design – the tower's symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m).[235]

Daniel R. Tishman – along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center – led the construction team from Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for One World Trade Center.[236][237]

Douglas and Jody Durst, the co-presidents of the Durst Organization, a real estate development company, won the right to invest at least $100 million in the project on July 7, 2010.[238]

In August 2010, Condé Nast, a long-time Durst tenant, confirmed a tentative deal to move into One World Trade Center,[239][240][241] and finalized the deal on May 26, 2011.[242] The contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization specifies that the Durst Organization will receive a $15 million fee, and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project". The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of savings up to $24 million, stepping down to 50, 25, and 15 percent as savings increase.[117] Since Durst joined the project, significant changes have been made to the building, including the 185 foot base of the tower, the spire, and the plaza to the west of the building, facing the Hudson River. The Port Authority has approved all the revisions.[117]

Port Authority construction workers

A WoodSearch Films short-subject documentary entitled How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center? was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010. It depicted construction workers who were satisfied with the working conditions at the construction site.[243] However, further analysis of the work site showed that dozens of construction-related injuries had occurred at the site during the construction of One World Trade Center, including 34 not reported to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.[244] Workers also left post-9/11-related graffiti at the site, which are supposed to symbolize rebirth and resilience.[245]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ During the initial planning stages, the building was dubbed as the Freedom Tower. In later years, the building's owners decided to call it One World Trade Center, though the older name still is used in popular culture.
  2. ^ Foster and Partners was chosen for 2 WTC, Richard Rogers was chosen for 3 WTC, Fumihiko Maki and associates was chosen for 4 WTC, Kohn Pedersen Fox was chosen for 5 WTC.

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  • Reeve, Simon (1999). The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 9781555534073.
  • Darton, Eric (1999). Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-01727-4.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
One World Trade Center (category)
  • Official website   maintained by the Durst Organization and Cushman & Wakefield
  • One World Observatory official website
  • World Trade Center – Maintained by Silverstein Properties
  • One World Trade Center on CTBUH's Skyscraper Center database
  • LowerManhattan.Info – Official site for Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center
  •  – History of Freedom Tower designs
Records
Preceded by Tallest building in the United States
1,776 feet (541 m)
2013–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by Tallest building in New York City
1,776 feet (541 m)
2013–present

January 26, 2023
world, trade, center, freedom, tower, redirects, here, other, uses, freedom, tower, freedom, tower, disambiguation, disambiguation, also, known, world, trade, formerly, freedom, tower, still, sometimes, used, colloquially, note, main, building, rebuilt, world,. Freedom Tower redirects here For other uses of Freedom Tower and One World Trade Center see Freedom Tower disambiguation and One World Trade Center disambiguation One World Trade Center also known as One World Trade One WTC and formerly the Freedom Tower still sometimes used colloquially note 1 is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan New York City Designed by David Childs of Skidmore Owings amp Merrill One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the United States the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and the seventh tallest in the world The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16 acre 6 5 ha World Trade Center site on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center It is bounded by West Street to the west Vesey Street to the north Fulton Street to the south and Washington Street to the east One World Trade CenterOne World Trade Center in 2022Alternative names1 WTCFreedom Tower pre 2009 1 Record heightTallest in North America and the Western Hemisphere since 2013 I Preceded byWillis TowerGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeOfficeObservationCommunicationArchitectural styleContemporary modernLocation285 Fulton StreetManhattan New York City U S Coordinates40 42 47 N 74 00 48 W 40 71306 N 74 01333 W 40 71306 74 01333 Coordinates 40 42 47 N 74 00 48 W 40 71306 N 74 01333 W 40 71306 74 01333Construction startedApril 27 2006 16 years ago 2006 04 27 Topped outMay 10 2013 9 years ago 2013 05 10 12 OpenedNovember 3 2014 8 years ago 2014 11 03 13 14 May 29 2015 7 years ago 2015 05 29 One World Observatory 15 CostUS 3 9 billion a 3 4 HeightArchitectural1 776 ft 541 3 m 5 8 Tip1 792 ft 546 2 m 5 Antenna spire407 9 ft 124 3 m Roof1 368 ft 417 0 m 9 Top floor1 268 ft 386 5 m 5 Observatory1 268 ft 386 5 m 5 Technical detailsFloor count94 5 below ground 28 mechanical 5 6 Floor area3 501 274 sq ft 325 279 m2 5 Lifts elevators73 5 made by ThyssenKrupp 10 Design and constructionArchitect s David Childsb 2 DeveloperPort Authority of New York and New Jersey 5 b Skidmore Owings amp Merrill EngineerJaros Baum amp Bolles MEP 5 Structural engineerWSP Cantor SeinukOther designersHill International The Louis Berger Group 11 Main contractorTishman ConstructionWebsiteonewtc wbr comReferences 5 7 The construction of below ground utility relocations footings and foundations for the new building began on April 27 2006 One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30 2012 when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building The tower s steel structure was topped out on August 30 2012 On May 10 2013 the final component of the skyscraper s spire was installed making the building including its spire reach a total height of 1 776 feet 541 m Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed The building opened on November 3 2014 14 the One World Observatory opened on May 29 2015 15 On March 26 2009 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey PANYNJ confirmed that the building would be officially known by its legal name of One World Trade Center rather than its colloquial name of Freedom Tower 16 17 18 The building has 94 stories with the top floor numbered 104 The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street as well as the National September 11 Memorial amp Museum located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex Contents 1 History 1 1 Original building 1971 2001 1 1 1 Destruction 1 2 Current building 2013 present 1 2 1 Planning 1 2 2 Construction 1 2 3 Topping out and completion 1 2 4 Opening and early years 2 Architecture 2 1 Form and facade 2 2 Features 2 2 1 One World Observatory 2 2 2 Sustainability 2 2 3 Security features 2 3 Design evolution 2 4 Height 3 Incidents 4 Reception 5 Owners and tenants 6 Key figures 6 1 Developer 6 2 Key project coordinators 6 3 Port Authority construction workers 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Cited sources 11 External linksHistoryOriginal building 1971 2001 For comprehensive information on the original World Trade Center see World Trade Center 1973 2001 See also List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center 1971 2001 The first One World Trade Center under construction in May 1970 The construction of the original World Trade Center was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan 19 The project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki 20 The twin towers at 1 and 2 World Trade Center were designed as framed tube structures giving tenants open floor plans unobstructed by columns or walls 21 22 One World Trade Center was the North Tower and Two World Trade Center was the South Tower 23 Each tower was over 1 350 feet 410 m high and occupied about 1 acre 0 40 ha of the total 16 acres 6 5 ha of the site s land 24 Of the 110 stories in each tower 8 were set aside as mechanical floors All the remaining floors were open for tenants Each floor of the tower had 40 000 square feet 3 700 m2 of available space The North and South tower had 3 800 000 square feet 350 000 m2 of total office space 25 Construction of the North Tower began in August 1966 extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process The first tenants moved into the North Tower in October 1971 26 27 At the time the original One World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world at 1 368 feet 417 m tall After a 360 foot 110 m tall antenna was installed in 1978 the highest point of the North Tower reached 1 728 ft 527 m 28 In the 1970s four other low level buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex 29 30 A seventh building was built in the mid 1980s 31 32 The entire complex of seven buildings had a combined total of 13 400 000 square feet 1 240 000 m2 of office space 29 30 33 Destruction Main article September 11 attacks See also Casualties of the September 11 attacks and Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks Impact locations on One and Two World Trade Center The remains from bottom to top of One Six and Seven World Trade Center on September 17 2001 At 8 46 a m EDT on September 11 2001 five hijackers affiliated with al Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors 34 35 Seventeen minutes later at 9 03 a m EDT a second group of terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower striking between the 77th and 85th floors 36 By 9 59 a m EDT the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes After burning for 102 minutes the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10 28 a m EDT 37 When the North Tower collapsed debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center damaging it and starting fires The fires burned for hours compromising the building s structural integrity Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5 21 p m EDT 38 39 Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington Virginia and a failed plane hijacking that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville Pennsylvania the attacks resulted in the deaths of 2 996 people 2 507 civilians 343 firefighters 72 law enforcement officers 55 military personnel and the 19 hijackers 40 41 42 More than 90 of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact 43 In the North Tower 1 355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped and died of smoke inhalation fell jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames or were killed when the building eventually collapsed One stairwell in the South Tower Stairwell A somehow avoided complete destruction unlike the rest of the building 44 When Flight 11 hit all three staircases in the North Tower above the impact zone were destroyed thus making it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape 107 people below the point of impact also died 43 Current building 2013 present Planning Following the destruction of the original World Trade Center there was debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site There were proposals for its reconstruction almost immediately and by 2002 the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation had organized a competition to determine how to use the site 45 The proposals were part of a larger plan to memorialize the September 11 attacks and rebuild the complex 46 47 Already the site was becoming a tourist attraction in the year following the attacks the Ground Zero site became the most visited place in the United States On September 10 2002 the Viewing Wall a temporary display containing information about the attacks and listing the names of the dead opened to the public 48 When the public rejected the first round of designs a second more open competition took place in December 2002 in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected as the winner in February 2003 Other designs were submitted by Richard Meier Peter Eisenman Charles Gwathmey and Steven Holl William Pedersen and Foster and Partners 48 This design underwent many revisions mainly because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein who held the lease to the World Trade Center site at that time 49 Peter Walker and Michael Arad s Reflecting Absence proposal was selected as the site s 9 11 Memorial in January 2004 48 There was criticism concerning the limited number of floors that were designated for office space and other amenities in an early plan Only 82 floors would have been habitable and the total office space of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex would have been reduced by more than 3 000 000 square feet 280 000 m2 in comparison with the original complex 8 The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident Much of the building s height would have consisted of a large open air steel lattice structure on the roof of the tower containing wind turbines and sky gardens 8 In a subsequent design the highest occupiable floor became comparable to the original World Trade Center and the open air lattice was removed from the plans 8 In 2002 former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect s design picked as a personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor Ronald Lauder 50 A final design for the Freedom Tower was formally unveiled on June 28 2005 To address security issues raised by the New York City Police Department a 187 foot 57 m concrete base was added to the design in April of that year The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms in order to address criticism that the building might have looked uninviting and resembled a concrete bunker However the prisms were later found to be unworkable as preliminary testing revealed that the prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards As a result it was replaced by a simpler facade consisting of stainless steel panels and blast resistant glass 51 Contrasting with Libeskind s original plan the tower s final design tapers octagonally as it rises Its designers stated that the tower would be a monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna In 2006 Larry Silverstein commented on a planned completion date By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center more magnificent more spectacular than it ever was 52 On April 26 2006 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that allowed foundation construction to begin A formal agreement was drafted the following day the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building Construction began in May a formal groundbreaking ceremony took place when the first construction team arrived 53 Construction Main article Construction of One World Trade Center One World Trade Center tower construction as of August 7 2007 One World Trade Center construction in April 2013 The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in a ceremony on July 4 2004 54 The stone had an inscription supposedly written by Arthur J Finkelstein 55 Construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money security and design 54 The last major issues were resolved on April 26 2006 when a deal was made between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey so the cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23 2006 56 Soon after explosives were detonated at the construction site for two months to clear bedrock for the building s foundation onto which 400 cubic yards 310 cubic meters of concrete was poured by November 2007 57 In a December 18 2006 ceremony held in nearby Battery Park City members of the public were invited to sign the first 30 foot 9 1 m steel beam installed onto the building s base 58 59 It was welded onto the building s base on December 19 2006 60 Foundation and steel installation began shortly afterward so the tower s footings and foundation were nearly complete within a year 61 An estimate in February 2007 placed the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about 3 billion or 1 150 per square foot 12 380 per square meter 62 In January 2008 two cranes were moved onto the site Construction of the tower s concrete core which began after the cranes arrived 61 reached street level by May 17 The base was not finished until two years later after which construction of the office floors began and the first glass windows were subsequently installed during 2010 floors were constructed at a rate of about one per week 63 An advanced cocoon scaffolding system was installed to protect workers from falling and was the first such safety system installed on a steel structure in the city 64 The tower reached 52 floors and was over 600 feet 180 m tall by December 2010 The tower s steel frame was halfway complete by then 65 but grew to 80 floors by the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks at which time its concrete flooring had reached 68 floors and the glass cladding had reached 54 floors 66 In 2009 the Port Authority changed the official name of the building from Freedom Tower to One World Trade Center stating that this name was the easiest for people to identify with 1 67 The Freedom Tower name had also been subject to ridicule on programs like Saturday Night Live The name change also served a practical purpose real estate agents believed that it would be easier to lease space in a building with a traditional street address 48 The change came after board members of the Port Authority voted to sign a 21 year lease deal with Vantone Industrial Co a Chinese real estate company which would become the building s first commercial tenant to sign a lease Vantone planned to create the China Center a trade and cultural facility covering 191 000 square feet on floors 64 through 69 68 Mass media company Conde Nast became One WTC s anchor tenant in May 2011 leasing 1 million square feet 93 000 m2 and relocating from 4 Times Square 69 70 While under construction the tower was specially illuminated on several occasions For example it was lit in red white and blue for Independence Day and the anniversary of the September 11 attacks and it was illuminated in pink for Breast Cancer Awareness Month 71 The tower s loading dock could not be finished in time to move equipment into the completed building so five temporary loading bays were added at a cost of millions of dollars The temporary PATH station was not to be removed until its official replacement the World Trade Center Transportation Hub was completed blocking access to the planned loading area 72 Chadbourne amp Parke a Midtown Manhattan based law firm was supposed to lease 300 000 square feet 30 000 m2 in January 2012 73 but the deal was abruptly canceled that March 74 Topping out and completion By March 2012 One WTC s steel structure had reached 93 stories 75 growing to the 94th story labeled as floor 100 76 and 1 240 feet 380 m by the end of the month 76 The tower s estimated cost had risen to 3 9 billion by April 2012 making it the most expensive building in the world at the time 3 4 The tower s construction was partly funded by approximately 1 billion of insurance money that Silverstein received for his losses in the September 11 attacks 62 The State of New York provided an additional 250 million and the Port Authority agreed to give 1 billion which would be obtained through the sale of bonds 77 The Port Authority raised prices for bridge and tunnel tolls to raise funds with a 56 percent toll increase scheduled between 2011 and 2015 however the proceeds of these increases were not used to pay for the tower s construction 4 78 The still incomplete tower became New York City s tallest building by roof height in April 2012 passing the 1 250 foot 380 m roof height of the Empire State Building 79 80 President Barack Obama visited the construction site two months later and wrote on a steel beam that would be hoisted to the top of the tower the sentence We remember we rebuild we come back stronger 81 That same month with the tower s structure nearing completion the owners of the building began a public marketing campaign for the building seeking to attract visitors and tenants 82 One World Trade Center s steel structure topped out at floor 104 with a total height of 1 368 feet 417 m in August 2012 51 83 The tower s spire was then shipped from Quebec to New York in November 2012 84 85 following a series of delays 85 The first section of the spire was hoisted to the top of the tower on December 12 2012 84 86 and was installed on January 15 2013 87 By March 2013 two sections of the spire had been installed Bad weather delayed the delivery of the final pieces 88 89 On May 10 2013 the final piece of the spire was lifted to the top of One WTC bringing the tower to its full height of 1 776 feet 541 m and making it the fourth tallest building in the world at the time 90 91 In subsequent months the exterior elevator shaft was removed the podium glass interior decorations and other finishes were being installed and installation of concrete flooring and steel fittings was completed 75 On November 12 2013 the Height Committee of the Chicago based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat CTBUH made the controversial 92 announcement that One World Trade Center was the tallest building in the United States declaring that the mast on top of the building is a spire since it is a permanent part of the building s architecture 93 94 By the same reasoning the building was also the tallest in the Western Hemisphere 95 A report in September 2013 revealed that at the time of the report the World Trade Center Association WTCA was negotiating with regard to the World Trade Center name as the WTCA had purchased the rights to the name in 1986 The WTCA sought 500 000 worth of free office space in the tower in exchange for the use of World Trade Center in the tower s name and associated souvenirs 96 The original Twin Towers c 2000 One World Trade Center under construction behind the World Financial Center in June 2011 One World Trade Center to the left and 4 World Trade Center under construction as seen from a helicopter on April 30 2012 Opening and early years On November 1 2014 moving trucks started moving items for Conde Nast The New York Times noted that the area around the World Trade Center had transitioned from a financial area to one with technology firms residences and luxury shops coincident with the building of the new tower 97 The building opened on November 3 2014 and Conde Nast employees moved into 24 floors 98 99 13 100 Conde Nast occupied floors 20 to 44 having completed its move in early 2015 97 It was expected that the company would attract new tenants to occupy the remaining 40 of unleased space in the tower 97 as Conde Nast had revitalized Times Square after moving there in 1999 101 Only about 170 of 3 400 total employees moved into One WTC on the first day At the time future tenants included Kids Creative Legends Hospitality the BMB Group Servcorp 102 and GQ 101 On November 12 2014 shortly after the building opened supporting wire rope cables of a suspended working platform slacked trapping a two man window washing team 103 104 105 During the late 2010s the Durst Organization leased most of the remaining vacant space The tower reached 92 percent occupancy just before the onset of the COVID 19 pandemic in New York City in 2020 106 By August 2020 Conde Nast indicated it wanted to leave One World Trade Center 107 This led Advance Publications parent company of Conde Nast to start withholding rent payments in January 2021 108 109 By March 2021 Conde Nast had filed plans to reduce the amount of office space that it leased 110 After a prolonged impasse Conde Nast agreed in late 2021 to pay almost 10 million in back rent 111 112 In December 2021 the New York Liberty Development Corporation announced that it would refinance 1 WTC with a 700 million bond issue The money from this bond issue would be used to retire the debt from the building s last refinancing in 2012 113 114 By March 2022 the building was 95 percent leased a higher percentage than before the COVID 19 pandemic 115 116 The high occupancy rate of One WTC contrasted with that of the original Twin Towers which had never reached full occupancy until just before the September 11 attacks 106 Architecture Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center s reconstruction In grey are the new buildings One World Trade Center is the square at upper left and in blue is the 9 11 Memorial and Museum Many of Daniel Libeskind s original concepts from the 2002 competition were discarded from the tower s final design One World Trade Center s final design consisted of simple symmetries and a more traditional profile intended to compare with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline The tower s central spire draws from previous buildings such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building It also visually resembles the original Twin Towers rather than being an off center spire similar to the Statue of Liberty 117 118 119 120 121 One World Trade Center is considered the first major building whose construction is based upon a three dimensional Building Information Model 122 Just south of the new One World Trade Center is the National September 11 Memorial amp Museum which is located where the original Twin Towers stood Immediately to the east is World Trade Center Transportation Hub and the new Two World Trade Center site To the north is 7 World Trade Center and to the west is Brookfield Place 123 124 125 Form and facade The building occupies a 200 foot 61 m square with an area of 40 000 square feet 3 700 m2 nearly identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers The tower is built upon a 185 foot 56 m tall windowless concrete base designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground level attacks 126 From the 20th floor upwards the square edges of the tower s cubic base are chamfered back shaping the building into eight tall isosceles triangles or an elongated square antiprism 127 Near its middle the tower forms a perfect octagon and then culminates in a glass parapet whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base A 407 9 foot 124 3 m sculpted mast containing the broadcasting antenna designed in a collaboration between Skidmore Owings and Merrill SOM artist Kenneth Snelson who invented the tensegrity structure lighting designers and engineers is secured by a system of cables and rises from a circular support ring which contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment At night an intense beam of light is projected vertically from the spire 2 and shines over 1 000 feet 300 m above the tower 128 David Childs of SOM the architect of One World Trade Center said the following regarding the tower s design 129 We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real not just in sculptural sketches We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling not just beautiful The design does have great sculptural implications and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower but it also has to be a highly efficient building The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building doesn t function well if people don t want to work and visit there then we will have failed as architects 129 Originally the base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass but a simpler glass and steel facade was adopted when the prisms proved unworkable 51 The current base cladding consists of angled glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels similar to those on 7 World Trade Center LED lights behind the panels illuminate the base at night 130 There are cable net glass facade panels on all elevations of the building designed by Schlaich Bergermann will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex The facade panels are 60 feet 18 m high and range in width from 30 feet 9 1 m on the east and west sides 50 feet 15 m on the north side and 70 feet 21 m on the south side 7 The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland Oregon using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon 131 Features Entrance to the towerOne World Trade Center s top floor is officially designated as floor 104 5 despite the fact that the tower only contains 94 actual stories 99 The building has 86 usable above ground floors of which 78 are intended for office purposes approximately 2 600 000 square feet 240 000 m2 2 132 133 The base consists of floors 1 19 including a 65 foot high 20 m public lobby featuring the 90 foot mural ONE Union of the Senses by American artist Jose Parla 134 135 The office floors begin at floor 20 and go up to floor 63 There is a sky lobby on floor 64 office floors resume on floor 65 and stop at floor 90 Floors 91 99 and 103 104 are mechanical floors 7 The tenants have access to below ground parking storage and shopping access to PATH New York City Subway trains and the World Financial Center is also provided at the World Trade Center Transportation Hub Fulton Street Fulton Center and Chambers Street World Trade Center Park Place Cortlandt Street stations 136 The building allows direct access to West Street Vesey Street and Fulton Street at ground level 136 The building has an approximate underground footprint of 42 000 square feet 3 900 m2 136 One World Observatory One World Observatory The tower has a three story observation deck located on floors 100 102 in addition to existing broadcast and antenna facilities 7 Its height is 1 268 feet 386 5 m making it the highest vantage point in New York City 48 Similar to the Empire State Building visitors to the observation deck and tenants have their own separate entrances one entrance is on the West Street side of the building and the other is from within the shopping mall descending down to a below ground security screening area 137 On the observation deck the actual viewing space is on the 100th floor but there is a food court on the 101st floor and a space for events for the 102nd floor 138 To show visitors the city and give them information and stories about New York an interactive tool called City Pulse is used by Tour Ambassadors The admission fee is 32 per person 139 140 but admission discounts are available for children and seniors and the deck is free for 9 11 responders and families of 9 11 victims 138 When it opened the deck was expected to have about 3 5 million visitors per year 141 Tickets went on sale starting on April 8 2015 142 The Manhattan District Attorney probed the Port Authority about the firm to which it awarded a contract to operate the deck 143 It officially opened on May 28 2015 144 145 one day ahead of schedule 146 A plan to build a restaurant near the top of the tower similar to the original One World Trade Center s Windows on the World was abandoned as logistically impractical The tower s window washing tracks are located on a 16 square foot area which is designated as floor 110 as a symbolic reference to the 110 floors of the original tower 147 There are three eating venues at the top of the building a cafe called One Cafe a bar and small plates grill One Mix and a fine dining restaurant One Dining Some commentators including those for the New York Post and Curbed have criticized the food prices the need of a full observatory ticket purchase to enter and their reputations compared to Windows on the World the top floor restaurant in the original One World Trade Center 148 149 Views from the building Manhattan from the observatory Brooklyn Bridge Manhattan Bridge and 8 Spruce Street World Trade Center station 56 Leonard Street from the 52nd Floor Sustainability Like other buildings in the new World Trade Center complex One World Trade Center includes sustainable architecture features Much of the building s structure and interior is built from recycled materials including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles around 80 percent of the tower s waste products are recycled 150 Although the roof area of any tower is limited the building implements a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems The building s PureCell phosphoric acid fuel cells generate 4 8 megawatts MW of power and its waste steam generates electricity 151 The New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower s fuel cell system which was one of the largest fuel cell installations in the world once completed 152 The tower also makes use of off site hydroelectric and wind power 153 The windows are made of an ultra clear glass which allows maximum sunlight to pass through the interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically dim the lights on sunny days reducing energy costs 128 Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site One World Trade Center is heated by steam with limited oil or natural gas utilities on site 154 One World Trade Center received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED Gold Certification making it one of the most environmentally sustainable skyscrapers in the world 155 Security features One World Trade Center and adjacent buildings at dusk Along with the protection provided by the reinforced concrete base a number of other safety features were included in the building s design so that it would be prepared for a major accident or terrorist attack Like 7 World Trade Center the building has 3 foot 91 cm thick reinforced concrete walls in all stairwells elevator shafts risers and sprinkler systems There are also extra wide pressurized stairwells along with a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters and biological and chemical filters throughout the ventilation system 128 156 In comparison the original Twin Towers used a purely steel central core to house utility functions protected only by lightweight drywall panels 157 The building is no longer 25 feet 8 m away from West Street as the Twin Towers were at its closest point West Street is 65 feet 20 m away 128 The Port Authority has stated Its structure is designed around a strong redundant steel moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting Paired with a concrete core shear wall the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing column free interior spans for maximum flexibility 156 In addition to safety design new security measures were implemented All vehicles will be screened for radioactive materials and other potentially dangerous objects before they enter the site through the underground road Four hundred closed circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around the site with live camera feeds being continuously monitored by the NYPD A computer system will use video analytic computer software designed to detect potential threats such as unattended bags and retrieve images based on descriptions of terrorists or other criminal suspects New York City and Port Authority police will patrol the site 158 Before the World Trade Center site was fully completed the plaza was not completely opened to the public as the original World Trade Center plaza was 159 The initial stage of the opening process began on Thursday May 15 2014 when the Interim Operating Period of the National September 11 Memorial ended During this period all visitors were required to undergo airport style security screening 160 as part of the Interim Operating Period which was expected to end on December 31 2013 161 Screening did not fully end until the official dedication and opening of the museum 162 163 on May 21 2014 after which visitors were allowed to use the plaza without needing passes 159 Design evolution The original design went through significant changes after the Durst Organization joined the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the project s co developer in 2010 117 Height comparison of major skyscrapers in New York City with One World Trade Center shown at far left The North Tower of WTC was 1 727 ft 526 3 m The 185 foot 56 m tall base corners were originally designed to gently slope upward and have prismatic glass 117 120 The corners were later squared In addition the base s walls are now covered in hundreds of pairs of 13 foot vertical glass fins set against horizontal bands of eight inch wide stainless steel slats 117 120 The spire was originally to be enclosed with a protective radome described as a sculptural sheath of interlocking fiberglass panels 117 118 119 The radome enclosed spire was then changed to a plain antenna 117 Douglas Durst the chairman of the Durst Organization stated that the design change would save 20 million 119 164 SOM strongly criticized the change and Childs said Eliminating this integral part of the building s design and leaving an exposed antenna and equipment is unfortunate We stand ready to work with the Port on an alternate design 119 After joining the project in 2010 the Durst Organization had suggested eliminating the radome to reduce costs but the proposal was rejected by the Port Authority s then executive director Christopher O Ward 119 Ward was replaced by Patrick Foye in September 2011 118 Foye changed the Port Authority s position and the radome was removed from the plans In 2012 Douglas Durst gave a statement regarding the final decision the antenna is going to be mounted on the building over the summer There s no way to do anything at this point 119 The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center was originally planned to have stainless steel steps descending to West Street but the steps were changed to a terrace in the final design The terrace can be accessed through a staircase on Vesey Street The terrace is paved in granite and has 12 sweetgum trees in addition to a block long planter bench 117 Durst also removed a skylight from the plaza s plans the skylight was designed to allow natural light to enter the below ground observation deck lobby 117 The plaza is 5 ft 8 in 1 73 m higher than the adjacent sidewalk 117 The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions and the revisions were first reported by the New York Post 165 Patrick Foye the executive director of the Port Authority said that he thought that the changes were few and minor in a telephone interview 117 A contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization states that the Durst Organization will receive a 15 million fee and a percentage of base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 of the savings up to 24 million with further returns going down to 50 25 and 15 as the savings increase 117 Height When viewed from street level in proximity to the tower One World Trade Center appears to ascend to a pyramid point The top floor of One World Trade Center is 1 368 feet 417 m above ground level along with a 33 ft 4 in 10 16 m parapet this is identical to the roof height of the original One World Trade Center 166 The tower s spire brings it to a pinnacle height of 1 776 feet 541 m 5 167 a figure intended to symbolize the year 1776 when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed 2 168 169 170 When the spire is included in the building s height as stated by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat CTBUH One World Trade Center surpasses the height of Taipei 101 1 671 foot 509 m is the world s tallest all office building and the seventh tallest skyscraper in the world behind the Burj Khalifa 171 Merdeka 118 Shanghai Tower 172 Abraj Al Bait 173 Ping An Finance Centre and Lotte World Tower One World Trade Center is the second tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere as the CN Tower in Toronto exceeds One World Trade Center s pinnacle height by approximately 40 ft 12 2 m 174 The Chicago Spire with a planned height of 2 000 feet 610 m was expected to exceed the height of One World Trade Center but its construction was canceled due to financial difficulties in 2009 175 Spire atop One World Trade Center After design changes for One World Trade Center s spire were revealed in May 2012 there were questions as to whether the 407 9 foot 124 3 m tall structure would still qualify as a spire and thus be included in the building s height 176 177 Since the tower s spire is not enclosed in a radome as originally planned it could be classified as a simple antenna which is not included in a building s height according to the CTBUH 177 Without the spire One World Trade Center would be 1 368 feet 417 m tall making it the seventh tallest building in the United States behind the Trump International Hotel amp Tower in Chicago 178 179 Upon completion the building became the tallest in New York City with the antenna but its roof was surpassed in 2015 by 432 Park Avenue which topped out at 1 396 feet 426 m high 180 181 182 One World Trade Center s developers had disputed the claim that the spire should be reclassified as an antenna following the redesign 183 with Port Authority spokesman Steve Coleman reiterating that One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere 176 In 2012 the CTBUH announced that it would wait to make its final decision as to whether or not the redesigned spire would count towards the building s height 176 On November 12 2013 the CTBUH announced that One World Trade Center s spire would count as part of the building s recognized height giving it a final height of 1 776 feet and making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere 93 IncidentsIn March 2014 the tower was scaled by 16 year old Weehawken New Jersey resident Justin Casquejo who entered the site through a hole in a fence He was subsequently arrested on trespassing charges 184 He allegedly dressed like a construction worker sneaked in and convinced an elevator operator to lift him to the tower s 88th floor according to news sources He then used stairways to get to the 104th floor walked past a sleeping security guard and climbed up a ladder to get to the antenna where he took pictures for two hours 185 The elevator operator was reassigned and the guard was fired 186 187 It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the tower which facilitated Casquejo s entry to the site 188 189 Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of community service as a result 190 ReceptionThe social center of the previous One World Trade Center included a restaurant on the 107th floor called Windows on the World and The Greatest Bar on Earth these were tourist attractions in their own right and a gathering spot for people who worked in the towers 191 192 This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States called Windows on the World Wine School run by wine personality Kevin Zraly 193 Despite numerous assurances that these attractions would be rebuilt 194 the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild them which has outraged some observers 195 The fortified base of the tower has also been a source of controversy Some critics including Deroy Murdock of the National Review 196 have said that it is alienating and dull and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom leading them to dub the building the Fear Tower 197 Nicolai Ouroussoff the architecture critic for The New York Times calls the tower base a grotesque attempt to disguise its underlying paranoia 198 Owners and tenantsMain article List of tenants in One World Trade Center Seen at sunset the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge is in the background One World Trade Center is principally owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Around 5 percent equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization a private real estate company in exchange for an investment of at least 100 million The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the building s construction and manages the building for the Port Authority having responsibility for leasing property management and tenant installations 199 200 By September 2012 around 55 percent of the building s floor space had been leased 201 but no new leases were signed for three years until May 2014 202 the amount of space leased had gone up to 62 8 percent by November 2014 203 In 2006 the State of New York agreed to a 15 year 415 000 square feet 38 600 m2 lease with an option to extend the lease s term and occupy up to 1 000 000 square feet 90 000 m2 204 The General Services Administration GSA initially agreed to a lease of around 645 000 square feet 59 900 m2 154 204 and New York State s Office of General Services OGS planned to occupy around 412 000 square feet 38 300 m2 However the GSA ceded most of its floor space to the Port Authority in July 2011 and the OGS withdrew from the lease contract 205 In April 2008 the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate the 18 000 sq ft 1 700 m2 observation deck on the tower s 102nd floor 206 in 2013 Legends Hospitality Management agreed to operate the observatory in a 15 year 875 million contract 207 The building s first lease a joint project between the Port Authority and Beijing based Vantone Industrial was announced on March 28 2009 A 190 810 sq ft 17 727 m2 China Center combining business and cultural facilities that would be planned between floors 64 and 69 it is intended to represent Chinese business and cultural links to the United States and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China 201 Vantone Industrial s lease is for 20 years and 9 months 208 In April 2011 a new interior design for the China Center was unveiled featuring a vertical Folding Garden based on a proposal by the Chinese artist Zhou Wei 209 In September 2015 China Center agreed to reduce the leased space to a single floor 210 On August 3 2010 Conde Nast Publications signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters and offices for its magazines into One World Trade Center occupying up to 1 000 000 square feet 90 000 m2 of floor space 211 On May 17 2011 Conde Nast reached a final agreement with the Port Authority securing a 25 year lease with an estimated value of 2 billion 69 212 On May 25 2011 Conde Nast finalized the lease contract obtaining 1 008 012 square feet 93 647 4 m2 of office space between floors 20 41 and 30 000 square feet 2 800 m2 of usable space in the podium and below grade floors 70 Conde Nast leased 133 000 square feet 10 000 m2 of space on floors 42 to 44 in January 2012 213 In the late 2010s and early 2020s Conde Nast subleased some of its space to other companies This included Ambac Financial Group in March 2019 214 215 Ennead Architects in April 2019 216 217 and Constellation Agency and Reddit in 2021 218 219 In August 2014 it was announced Servcorp signed a 15 year lease for 34 775 square feet 3 230 7 m2 taking the entire 85th floor 220 Servcorp subsequently subleased all of its space on the 85th floor as private offices boardrooms and co working space to numerous medium sized businesses such as ThinkCode D100 Radio and Cherie L Atelier des Fleurs 221 222 Key figuresDeveloper Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties the leaseholder and developer of the complex retains control of the surrounding buildings while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself Silverstein signed a 99 year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001 and remains actively involved in most aspects of the site s redevelopment process 223 Before construction of the new tower began Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute regarding the tower The terms of the lease agreement signed in 2001 for which Silverstein paid 14 million 224 gave Silverstein as leaseholder the right and obligation to rebuild the structures if they were destroyed 225 After the September 11 attacks there were a series of disputes between Silverstein and insurance companies concerning the insurance policies that covered the original towers this resulted in the construction of One World Trade Center being delayed After a trial resulted a verdict was given on April 29 2004 The verdict was that ten of the insurers involved in the dispute were subject to the one occurrence interpretation so their liability was limited to the face value of those policies Three insurers were added to the second trial group 226 227 At that time the jury was unable to reach a verdict on one insurer Swiss Reinsurance but it did so several days later on May 3 2004 finding that this company was also subject to the one occurrence interpretation 228 Silverstein appealed the Swiss Reinsurance decision but the appeal failed on October 19 2006 229 The second trial resulted in a verdict on December 6 2004 The jury determined that nine insurers were subject to the two occurrences interpretation referring to the fact that two different planes had destroyed the towers during the September 11 attacks They were therefore liable for a maximum of double the face value of those particular policies 2 2 billion 230 The highest potential payout was 4 577 billion for buildings 1 2 4 and 5 231 In March 2007 Silverstein appeared at a rally of construction workers and public officials outside an insurance industry conference He highlighted what he describes as the failures of insurers Allianz and Royal amp Sun Alliance to pay 800 million in claims related to the attacks Insurers state that an agreement to split payments between Silverstein and the Port Authority is a cause for concern 232 Key project coordinators David Childs one of Silverstein s favorite architects joined the project after Silverstein urged him to do so He developed a design proposal for One World Trade Center initially collaborating with Daniel Libeskind In May 2005 Childs revised the design to address security concerns He is the architect of the tower and is responsible for overseeing its day to day design and development 233 Daniel Libeskind won the 2002 competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center s redevelopment Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a plan for the new tower in 2002 He gave an initial proposal which he called Memory Foundations for the design of One World Trade Center His design included aerial gardens windmills and off center spire 121 Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station He instead placed it another block west as it would then line up with and resemble the Statue of Liberty 234 Most of Libeskind s original designs were later scrapped and other architects were chosen to design the other WTC buildings note 2 However one element of Libeskind s initial plan was included in the final design the tower s symbolic height of 1 776 feet 541 m 235 Daniel R Tishman along with his father John Tishman builder of the original World Trade Center led the construction team from Tishman Realty amp Construction the selected builder for One World Trade Center 236 237 Douglas and Jody Durst the co presidents of the Durst Organization a real estate development company won the right to invest at least 100 million in the project on July 7 2010 238 In August 2010 Conde Nast a long time Durst tenant confirmed a tentative deal to move into One World Trade Center 239 240 241 and finalized the deal on May 26 2011 242 The contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization specifies that the Durst Organization will receive a 15 million fee and a percentage of base building changes that result in net economic benefit to the project The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of savings up to 24 million stepping down to 50 25 and 15 percent as savings increase 117 Since Durst joined the project significant changes have been made to the building including the 185 foot base of the tower the spire and the plaza to the west of the building facing the Hudson River The Port Authority has approved all the revisions 117 Port Authority construction workers A WoodSearch Films short subject documentary entitled How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center was uploaded to YouTube on August 31 2010 It depicted construction workers who were satisfied with the working conditions at the construction site 243 However further analysis of the work site showed that dozens of construction related injuries had occurred at the site during the construction of One World Trade Center including 34 not reported to the U S Occupational Safety and Health Administration 244 Workers also left post 9 11 related graffiti at the site which are supposed to symbolize rebirth and resilience 245 See also Architecture portal New York City portalArtwork in the World Trade Center Architecture of New York City Observation deck Elevated sightseeing platformNotes During the initial planning stages the building was dubbed as the Freedom Tower In later years the building s owners decided to call it One World Trade Center though the older name still is used in popular culture Foster and Partners was chosen for 2 WTC Richard Rogers was chosen for 3 WTC Fumihiko Maki and associates was chosen for 4 WTC Kohn Pedersen Fox was chosen for 5 WTC 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CN Tower Canada com Archived from the original on May 2 2014 Retrieved April 30 2014 Barrett Joe December 9 2009 Push to Finish Tallest Tower The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on May 26 2018 Retrieved April 24 2013 a b c Change Means One World Trade Center Might Not Be America s Tallest Building CBS New York May 10 2012 Archived from the original on June 4 2012 Retrieved August 17 2012 a b Questions on One World Trade Center Height CTBUH May 10 2012 Archived from the original on October 12 2013 Retrieved July 24 2013 Brown Eliot May 10 2012 Pointed Spat Over World Trade Spire The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on December 23 2014 Retrieved August 17 2012 Dispute over antenna could cost One World Trade Center title of tallest building in US FOX News Network May 9 2012 Archived from the original on July 3 2012 Retrieved August 17 2012 432 Park Avenue Archived from the original on November 16 2016 Retrieved January 30 2016 432 Park Avenue SkyscraperPage com Archived from the original on August 10 2019 Retrieved August 17 2012 Ewing Michael March 30 2012 432 Park Avenue Will Reach 1 397 Feet Taller Even Than the World Trade Center The New York Observer Archived from the original on June 16 2012 Retrieved August 17 2012 One World Trade Center s Skinny Spire Redesign Might Not Measure Up Architectural Record The McGraw Hill Companies Inc August 15 2012 Archived from the original on August 17 2012 Retrieved August 17 2012 New Jersey teen sneaks to top of 1 World Trade Center police say CNN March 20 2014 Archived from the original on March 26 2014 Retrieved March 26 2014 Peyser Andrea April 4 2014 Trespassers at 1 WTC are a wakeup call New York Post Archived from the original on March 19 2021 Retrieved April 24 2014 Messing Philip Rosario Frank Golding Bruce March 20 2014 Teen sneaks past guard to reach WTC spire New York Post Archived from the original on March 19 2021 Retrieved April 24 2014 Stepansky Joseph amp Thomas Tracy March 20 2014 Daredevil teen sneaked into 1 World Trade Center Daily News New York Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved April 24 2014 Margolin Josh amp Alyssa Newcomb March 20 2014 Teen Sneaks Past Security Climbs Atop 1 World Trade Center ABC News Archived from the original on April 23 2014 Retrieved April 24 2014 Teen s Stunt Exposes That WTC Has No Working Surveillance Cameras Mashable March 20 2014 Archived from the original on April 25 2014 Retrieved April 24 2014 Teen who climbed World Trade Center sentenced CBS News September 3 2014 Archived from the original on April 8 2018 Retrieved April 8 2018 Greg Morabito September 11 2013 Windows on the World New York s Sky High Restaurant Flashbacks Eater NY Ny eater com Archived from the original on July 21 2022 Retrieved April 29 2014 PHOTOS The Stunning Views Atop One World Trade Center The Huffington Post April 2 2013 Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved April 24 2014 Fussman Cal November 22 2013 Windows on the World September 11 A 9 11 Story About Wine and Wisdom Esquire Archived from the original on December 22 2013 Retrieved April 29 2014 Kramer Louise September 17 2001 Owner vows to reopen Windows On The World Crain s New York Archived from the original on March 30 2017 Retrieved April 24 2014 Saxena Jaya March 8 2011 WTC Scraps Windows on the World Plan Gothamist Archived from the original on March 13 2013 Murdock Deroy March 11 2005 What Are We Afraid Of National Review Archived from the original on March 11 2005 Retrieved November 8 2012 Letters to the editor Taking the Measure of the New Freedom Tower The New York Times July 1 2005 Archived from the original on November 10 2014 Retrieved November 8 2012 Ouroussoff Nicolai March 4 2007 Medieval Modern Design Strikes a Defensive Posture The New York Times Archived from the original on May 31 2013 Retrieved May 20 2010 David M Levitt July 8 2010 Durst Onetime Critic Wins Bid for Stake in 1 WTC Bloomberg BusinessWeek Archived from the original on August 13 2011 Retrieved July 17 2013 Joe Nocera September 17 2010 In Skyscraper at Ground Zero Sentiment Trumped Numbers The New York Times Archived from the original on April 15 2016 Retrieved January 21 2017 a b Smith Aaron September 11 2012 World Trade Center returns to New York skyline CNN Archived from the original on January 5 2013 Retrieved January 4 2013 New WTC towers fill with tech tenants Crain s New York Bloomberg News January 7 2015 Archived from the original on March 29 2017 Retrieved April 6 2015 Advertising firm KiDS Creative which in May agreed to the first private commercial lease at the skyscraper in three years Steve Cuozzo November 18 2015 Floors filling up fast at 1 World Trade Center New York Post Archived from the original on April 1 2015 Retrieved April 6 2015 The two most recent transactions bring 1 WTC s 3 million square feet to 62 8 percent leased said Durst rep Jordan Barowitz a b Gov Pataki Governor Corzine Mayor Bloomberg Announce Agreements to Occupy Freedom Tower US States News September 17 2006 A GSA haircut at 1 WTC Archived January 21 2012 at the Wayback Machine New York Post July 18 2011 Retrieved December 6 2011 Feiden Douglas April 10 2008 Freedom Tower to open observation deck on 102nd floor Daily News Archived from the original on October 23 2010 Retrieved July 20 2013 Geiger Daniel May 12 2013 World Trade Center site sits empty as rivals lease up Crain s New York Business Archived from the original on April 1 2017 Retrieved July 20 2013 Owners drop Freedom Tower name for new WTC skyscraper CNN March 28 2009 Archived from the original on May 14 2011 Retrieved May 20 2010 China Center Unveils Folding Garden Design For Its Space In 1 WTC Archived December 23 2011 at the Wayback Machine ChinaCenter com April 14 2011 Retrieved January 2 2012 Lash Herbert September 24 2015 China Center cuts WTC lease investment slowdown feared Reuters Archived from the original on June 9 2021 Retrieved February 14 2021 Bagli Charles V August 3 2010 Conde Nast to Move to Skyscraper at Ground Zero The New York Times Archived from the original on September 21 2021 Retrieved August 3 2010 Polsky Sara May 18 2011 Conde Nast Officially Signs on at 1 World Trade Center Curbed NY Retrieved July 28 2022 Cuozzo Steve January 17 2012 Conde Nast taking more space at One World Trade Center New York Post Archived from the original on April 9 2012 Retrieved June 23 2012 Kim Betsy April 5 2019 Conde Nast Signs Two Subleases Totaling 94 000 SF at One WTC GlobeSt Retrieved July 28 2022 Conde Nast subleases 50K sf at 1 WTC to cut costs The Real Deal March 1 2019 Archived from the original on January 30 2021 Retrieved February 14 2021 Baird Remba Rebecca April 4 2019 Ennead Architects Nabs 47K SF of Conde Space at 1 WTC Commercial Observer Retrieved July 28 2022 Sun Kevin April 3 2019 Conde Nast lands a second full floor to sublease its space at 1 WTC The Real Deal Archived from the original on April 19 2021 Retrieved February 14 2021 Young Celia August 30 2021 Constellation Agency Takes 48K SF of Conde Nast s Space at One WTC Commercial Observer Retrieved July 28 2022 Jones Sasha August 30 2021 Constellation Agency leases 21st floor of One WTC The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on December 10 2021 Retrieved March 13 2022 Weiss Lois August 25 2014 Servcorp books a floor at 1 WTC New York Post Archived from the original on September 26 2018 Retrieved September 26 2018 Schram Lauren August 26 2014 Servcorp Takes 35K SF at 1 WTC Commercial Observer Archived from the original on September 26 2018 Retrieved September 26 2018 Clarke Katherine February 26 2015 SNEAK PEEK You can have an office at One World Trade Center for 750 a month NY Daily News Archived from the original on September 26 2018 Retrieved September 26 2018 Verdict in 9 11 insurance battle CNN April 30 2004 Archived from the original on May 1 2011 Frankel Alison September 3 2002 Double Indemnity Was the WTC disaster one incident or two The American Lawyer Archived from the original on September 17 2002 Goldberger Paul May 20 2002 Groundwork How the future of Ground Zero is being resolved The New Yorker Archived from the original on September 17 2004 Hamblett Mark April 30 2004 Jurors Deal World Trade Center Leaseholder Major Setback New York Law Journal Law com Archived from the original on June 15 2006 Retrieved April 30 2014 Starkman Dean April 30 2004 Jury s Decision Leaves Rebuilding of World Trade Center in Turmoil The Wall Street Journal p A1 Archived from the original on January 19 2019 Retrieved January 18 2019 Parekh Rupal October 18 2006 Appeals court rules for Swiss Re in WTC dispute Business Insurance Archived from the original on November 11 2006 Retrieved April 30 2014 Hamblett Mark October 19 2006 Circuit Resolves Distribution Of 9 11 Insurance Proceeds New York Law Journal Starkman Dean December 7 2004 Jury Rules for Silverstein on Trade Center Insurance The Wall Street Journal p A11 Archived from the original on November 20 2017 Retrieved January 18 2019 Murray Barbra March 2007 WTC Developer to Get Additional 12 5M Payment from Insurer TIG Commercial Property News Archived from the original on November 9 2007 Silverstein Lashes Out Against WTC Insurers The New York Sun March 13 2007 Archived from the original on December 4 2008 Retrieved April 25 2014 Profile of David Childs Archived April 15 2016 at the Wayback Machine America Rebuilds 2006 Retrieved January 15 2012 Architecture Daniel Libeskind Master Planner for the New York World Trade Center Archived July 7 2011 at the Wayback Machine About com Retrieved January 15 2012 What Ever Happened to Daniel Libeskind s Original WTC Freedom Tower Design Archived December 24 2016 at the Wayback Machine Inhabitat com September 7 2011 Retrieved April 11 2012 Marino Vivian January 29 2010 Daniel R Tishman The New York Times Archived from the original on May 31 2013 Retrieved October 14 2011 WTC builder on the project s status The Real Deal February 1 2010 Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved October 14 2011 Dunlap David W June 15 2012 1 World Trade Center Is a Growing Presence and a Changed One City Room Archived from the original on May 14 2020 Retrieved April 2 2020 Bagli Charles V August 5 2010 Dursts Make Deal for Stake in 1 World Trade Center The New York Times Archived from the original on May 31 2013 Retrieved July 17 2013 Bagli Charles V July 7 2010 Dursts Stake in World Trade Tower Helps Project The New York Times Archived from the original on May 31 2013 Retrieved July 17 2013 Conde Nast May Move to New World Trade Center Site WNYC News WNYC August 3 2010 Archived from the original XHTML 1 0 Transitional CSS3 on August 21 2010 Retrieved October 14 2011 Brown Eliot May 26 2011 A Day of Deals at One World Trade Center The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on September 23 2017 Retrieved August 4 2017 How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center WoodSearch Films August 31 2010 Archived from the original on October 28 2021 Retrieved January 13 2011 Greg B Smith November 3 2014 Dozens of injuries at World Trade Center construction site went unreported NY Daily News Archived from the original on April 16 2015 Retrieved April 6 2015 Verena Dobnik January 24 2013 WTC Graffiti Workers Visitors Leave Messages Of Hope Defiance Huffington Post Associated Press Archived from the original on April 12 2015 Retrieved April 6 2015 Cited sourcesReeve Simon 1999 The New Jackals Ramzi Yousef Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism Northeastern University Press ISBN 9781555534073 Darton Eric 1999 Divided We Stand A Biography of New York s World Trade Center Basic Books ISBN 0 465 01727 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to One World Trade Center category Official website maintained by the Durst Organization and Cushman amp Wakefield One World Observatory official website World Trade Center Maintained by Silverstein Properties One World Trade Center on CTBUH s Skyscraper Center database LowerManhattan Info Official site for Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center Glass Steel and Stone History of Freedom Tower designsRecordsPreceded byWillis Tower Tallest building in the United States1 776 feet 541 m 2013 present IncumbentPreceded byEmpire State Building Tallest building in New York City1 776 feet 541 m 2013 present Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title One World Trade Center amp oldid 1133719571, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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