List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited as a city. The age claims listed are generally disputed. Differences in opinion can result from different definitions of "city" as well as "continuous habitation" and historical evidence is often disputed. Caveats (and sources) to the validity of each claim are discussed in the "Notes" column.

Africa

Northern and the Horn

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Faiyum (as Shedet)	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	c. 2181 BC	Settlement established by the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC)^[1]
Luxor (as Waset, better known by its Greek name Thebes)	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	c. 2150 BC	First established as capital of Upper Egypt, Thebes later became the religious capital of the nation until its decline in the Roman period.
Tangier (as Tingi)	Phoenicia, Carthage, then Kingdom of Mauretania	Morocco	c. 800 BC	Founded by the Phoenicians, later chief city of the Kingdom of Mauretania
Zeila/Avalites	Bilad al-Barbar	Somalia	c. 700 BC	Major trading city in the Horn of Africa.
Aswan (as Swenett)	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	c. 650 BC	Gained prominence in the Late Period (664–332 BC).^[2]
Constantine (as Cirta)	Numidia	Algeria	c. 600 BC	Founded in the 6th century BC, by the Numidians.^[3]^[circular reference]
Benghazi (as Euesperides)	Cyrenaica	Libya	c. 525 BC	Founded in the 5th century BC, by the Greeks.^[4]
Mendefera	D`mt	Eritrea	c. 500 BC	Ancient major trading city of the D`mt kingdom and the Axumite kingdom.^[5]
Aksum	Kingdom of Axum	Ethiopia	c. 100 BC	Ancient capital of the Kingdom of Axum.^[6]
Alexandria	Ancient Egypt	Egypt	332 BC	Founded by Alexander the Great on the town of Rhacotis, which dates back to the Old Kingdom^[7]^[8]
Mogadishu	Bilad al-Barbar	Somalia	c. 200 BC	Successor of the ancient trading power of Sarapion.
Old Cairo	Egypt	Egypt	c. 100 AD	Babylon Fortress moved to its current location in the reign of Emperor Trajan, forming the core of Old or Coptic Cairo.^[unreliable source?]^[9]
Kismayo	Bilad al-Barbar, after the 13th century part of the Ajuran Empre	Somalia	c. 300 AD	The Kismayo area was originally a small fishing settlement and expanded to a major trading city on the Somali coast.^[10]

Sub-Saharan

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Zanzibar	Swahili Coast	Tanzania	1st–3rd centuries AD^[citation needed]	A Greco-Roman text between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς), which is probably Unguja, the island on which the city is located.
Benin City	Kingdom of Benin	Nigeria	c. 1000 AD	City of Benin, the oldest city in Nigeria.
Ife	Osun State	Nigeria	c. 1000 AD
Sofala	Swahili Coast	Mozambique	c. 700 AD^[citation needed]	One of the oldest harbours documented in Southern Africa.
Pate	Swahili Coast	Kenya	8th century AD^[citation needed]	According to the Pate Chronicle, the town of Pate was founded by refugees from Oman in the 8th century.
Mombasa	Swahili Coast	Kenya	c. 900 AD^[citation needed]	The strategic location of this historical Swahili trading centre has seen it fall under the control of many countries.
Moroni	Swahili Coast	Comoros	10th century AD^[citation needed]	Founded, possibly during the 10th century, as the capital of a sultanate connected commercially to Zanzibar in Tanzania.
Agadez	Mali Empire, Songhai Empire	Niger	11th century AD	Founded in the 11th century, Agadez was an important stop for caravans crossing the Saharan Desert for centuries. Agadez was held by the Mali empire during part of the 14th century, captured by the Songhai empire in 1515, and controlled by Bornu in the 17th century.^[11]
Kano	Kingdom of Kano	Nigeria	11th century AD	The foundation for the construction of Kano City Walls was laid by Sakri Gijimasu at some point between 1095 and 1134, and was completed in the middle of the 14th century during the reign of Usman Zamnagawa.^[12]
Timbuktu	Mali Empire	Mali	11th century AD	Settled by Tuareg traders as an outpost, its incorporation into the Mali Empire and Mande, Soninke, and Songhai settlement from the 13th century rapidly developed the town.^[13]
Malindi	Swahili Coast	Kenya	13th–14th centuries AD^[citation needed]	Once rivaled only by Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa, it was first referenced in writing by Abu al-Fida (1273–1331), a Kurdish geographer and historian.
M'banza-Kongo	Kongo Empire	Angola	c. 1390 AD	Capital of the Kongo Empire, already organized as a city before the arrival of the Portuguese.^[citation needed]
Quelimane	Swahili Coast	Mozambique	1400 AD^[citation needed]	One of the oldest towns in the region, one tradition says that Vasco da Gama, in 1498, enquired about the name of the place from workers in the fields outside the settlement.
Cidade Velha (as Ribeira Grande)	Santiago Island	Cape Verde	1462 AD	The first European settlement in Sub Saharian Africa.^[14]
Lagos	Kingdom of Benin	Nigeria	16th century AD	Initially established as a war camp for soldiers from the Kingdom of Benin.^[15]
Ouidah	Kingdom of Whydah	Benin	16th century AD	The primary port of the Kingdom of Whydah, originally called Glehue by the Fon inhabitants. The town was conquered by the Kingdom of Dahomey in the 18th century and eventually exported more than 1 million slaves.^[16]
Antananarivo	Merina Kingdom	Madagascar	1610 AD^[17] or 1625 AD^[18]	Founded by the Merina King Andrianjaka, it is the oldest city in Madagascar.
Cape Town	Dutch East India Company	South Africa	1652 AD	Founded by Dutch settlers from Dutch East India Company and is the oldest city in South Africa.
Kumasi	Ashanti Empire	Ghana	c. 1680 AD^[citation needed]	Founded as Akan village and capital of the Kumaseman State, later becoming capital of Ashanti Empire.

Americas

Further information: List of cities in the Americas by year of foundation

North America

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Flores	Maya civilisation, then New Spain	Guatemala	900–600 BC^[19]	Formerly Nojpetén, the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times.^[20] Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD.^[21] Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD.^[22]
Cholula	Old Cholula	Mexico	2nd century BC	Pre-Columbian Cholula grew from a small village to a regional center during the 7th century. Oldest still-inhabited city in the Americas.
Oraibi	Puebloan peoples	United States	c. 1100 AD^[23]
Acoma Pueblo	Puebloan peoples	United States	c. 1144 AD^[citation needed]	Acoma Pueblo is said to have been founded during the 1200s,^[24] but extant buildings from the 1100s and the consensus of Tribal peoples support the 1144 date.
Tucson	Hohokam	United States	c. 1300 AD^[25]	Hohokam village founded at the base of Sentinel Peak, later Tohono O'odam. Afterwards, became a Spanish presidio.^[26]
Mexico City	Mexica culture	Mexico	1325 AD	Founded as twin cities Tenōchtitlān (1325) and Tlāltelōlco (1337) by the Mexica. Name changed to Ciudad de México (Mexico City) after the Spanish conquest of the city in 1521. Several other pre-Columbian towns such as Azcapotzalco, Tlatelolco, Xochimilco and Coyoacán have been engulfed by the still growing metropolis and are now part of modern Mexico City. Oldest capital city in the Americas.
Santo Domingo	New Spain	Dominican Republic	1496 AD	Oldest European settlement in the New World.
San Juan	New Spain	Puerto Rico	1508 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited city in a U.S. territory.
Nombre de Dios, Colón	New Spain	Panama	1510 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in continental America.
Baracoa	New Spain	Cuba	1511 AD	Oldest European settlement in Cuba.
Havana	New Spain	Cuba	1519 AD	Oldest major city in Cuba, established 1515, granted city status in 1592 by Philip II of Spain as "Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies".
Veracruz	New Spain	Mexico	1519 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in the North American continent.
Panama City	Cueva Civilisation. After European colonisation: New Spain	Panama	1519 AD^[27]	Oldest European settlement on the Pacific.
Guadalajara	New Spain	Mexico	1542 AD
Cartago	New Spain	Costa Rica	1563 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Costa Rica.
St. Augustine	New Spain	United States	1565 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city of the current 50 U.S. states.
Santa Fe	New Spain	United States	1607 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited state or territorial capital in the continental United States.
Quebec City	New France	Canada	1608 AD	Oldest city in Canada and oldest French-speaking city in the Americas.
Hopewell	Virginia Company	United States	1613 AD	Founded as Bermuda City in 1613 and later known as City Point, Virginia, this location has undergone several name changes but has remained continuously inhabited.
Albany	New Netherlands	United States	1614 AD	Followed by Jersey City, New Jersey (Communipaw) in 1617 and New York City (as New Amsterdam) in 1624. (Note: While there was an abandonment in 1617 or 1618 of the Albany settlement, it was re-established within a few years; also, the Jersey City settlement was a factorij or trading post in the 1610s and did not become a "homestead" (bouwerij) until the 1630s. Settlements in New Netherlands sometimes moved around in the early years.)
Plymouth	Plymouth Colony	United States	1620 AD	Fourth oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city in the United States^[28]
New York City	New Amsterdam	United States	1624 AD	Founded in 1624 as New Amsterdam. Was renamed New York City in 1667. Is the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States ^[29]
Boston	Massachusetts Bay Colony	United States	c. 1625 AD	Settled in 1625 and established in 1630, the city of Boston, Massachusetts was established as the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Shawmut Peninsula. It is one of the oldest major cities of the United States. Boston was a key city in the early American Revolution against the British Empire, eventually becoming the first city free of British rule in the United States. Boston is still one of the wealthiest and most important cities in the United States.
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador	Newfoundland Colony	Canada	c. 1630 AD	Some claims^[citation needed] to being the oldest city in Canada. Incorporated in 1883; inhabited continuously since sometime after 1630.
Saint John	New France	Canada	1631 AD	Oldest incorporated city in Canada.
Trois-Rivières	New France	Canada	1634 AD	Fourth oldest city in Canada.
Montreal	New France	Canada	1642 AD	Fifth oldest city in Canada.
Sault Ste. Marie	New France	Canada	1668 AD	A single settlement until 1817, when it was divided into Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States. The latter is the oldest European-founded city in the Midwestern United States and third oldest US city west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Philadelphia	Province of Pennsylvania	United States	1681 AD	In 1681, King Charles II gave William Penn a large piece of his newly acquired American land holdings to repay a debt the king owed to Admiral Sir William Penn, Penn's father. Afterwards, Penn founded Philadelphia with a core group of accompanying Quakers and others seeking religious freedom on lands he purchased from the local chieftains of the Lenape or Delaware nation.^[30]
Natchitoches	New France	United States	1699 AD	Natchitoches was established in 1714 by French explorer Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent European settlement within the borders of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase.^[31] Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on the Red River for trade with Spanish-controlled Mexico; French traders settled there as early as 1699.
Detroit	New France	United States	1701 AD	First European settlement above tidewater in North America.
New Orleans	New France	United States	1718 AD	Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1718 upon the slightly elevated banks of the Mississippi River approximately 95 miles (153 km) above its mouth.^[citation needed]
Winnipeg	British America	Canada	1738 AD	Founded as Fort Rouge. Oldest city in the Canadian Prairies.
San Diego	New Spain	United States	1769 AD	Birthplace of California and oldest city on the West Coast of the United States.
Toronto	British America	Canada	1793 AD	Succeeded the destroyed Fort Rouillé. See also Teiaiagon.
Victoria	Colony of Vancouver Island	Canada	1843 AD	Oldest city on the West Coast of Canada.

South America

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Cusco	Inca Empire	Peru	c. 1100 AD^[dubious ]	The Killke occupied the region from 900 to 1200, prior to the arrival of the Incas in the 13th century. Carbon-14 dating of Sacsayhuamán, the walled complex outside Cusco, has demonstrated that the Killke culture constructed the fortress about 1100.^[32]
Quito	Quitu culture	Ecuador	15th century AD^[33]
Cumaná	New Granada	Venezuela	1515 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited, European-established settlement in the continent.
Santa Marta	New Granada	Colombia	1525 AD	Oldest still-inhabited city founded by Spaniards in Colombia.
São Vicente, São Paulo	Governorate General of Brazil	Brazil	1532 AD	First Portuguese village in South America.
Piura	Peru	Peru	1532 AD	Oldest European-founded city in Peru.^[34]
Lima	Peru	Peru	1535 AD	Second-oldest continuously inhabited European-settled capital city in South America. The oldest being Quito.
Cali	New Granada	Colombia	1536 AD	On 25 July 1536 Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali, first established a few kilometres north of the present location, near what are now the towns of Vijes and Riofrío.
Asuncion	Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata	Paraguay	1537 AD	Juan de Salazar y Espinoza, traversing the Paraguay River on his way from Buenos Aires, stopped briefly at a bay in the left bank to resupply his ships. He found the natives friendly, and decided to found a fort there in August 1537. He named it Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción (Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption – the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15).
Bogotá	New Granada	Colombia	1540 AD	The name of Bogotá, is derived from Bacatá, an indigenous area inhabitanted by the native Muisca encompassing what is presently the Colombian capital.
Santiago	Captaincy General of Chile	Chile	1541 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Chile.
Salvador	Governorate General of Brazil	Brazil	1549 AD	First city founded by Portuguese, and first capital of Brazil
Santiago del Estero	Río de la Plata	Argentina	1553 AD	Oldest continuously inhabited city in Argentina.

Asia

Central and South Asia

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Multan	Punjab	Pakistan	3000–2800 BC^[35]	Perhaps the oldest city of Pakistan. The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Kandahar	Arachosia	Afghanistan	3000–1500 BC^[36]	Perhaps the oldest city in Afghanistan. Mundigak is an important archeological site and is located in the present day Kandahar Province.^[37]
Balkh	Bactria	Afghanistan	2000-1000 BC^[38]	It was considered a major stop on the Silk Road as well as the birthplace of Zoroastrianism and was a major hub for Buddhism. Arab conquerors have called it Umm-al-belad, mother of cities.
Delhi	Indraprastha	India	1200–900 BC^[39]^[40]^[41]	Established as the ancient city of Indraprastha, the later capital of the Kuru empire (after Hastinapur) by the ruling Kuru dyansty, around 12th-9th BCE over the Upper Ganges-Yamuna doabs of Northern India.
Varanasi	Kashi	India	c. 1200 BC^[42]^[43]	Oldest continuously inhabited city in India. Finds its mention in Ancient Vedas.
Sayram	Transoxiana	Kazakhstan	1000 BC^[44]	Oldest continuously inhabited city in Kazakhstan. The city of Sayram is believed by some historians to have been mentioned in the Avesta, with Sairima possibly meaning Sayram. Evidence of an early plumbing system has been found around Sayram and Transoxiana.
Samarkand	Sogdia	Uzbekistan	800–500 BC^[45]	Oldest continuously inhabited city in Uzbekistan.
Rajgir	Rajgriha	India	c. 600 BC^[citation needed]	The city of Rajgir was formed by Brihadratha, son of Uparichara Vasu.^[citation needed]
Ujjain	Malwa	India	c. 600 BC^[46]	Rose to prominence in c. 600 BC as capital of Avanti.^[citation needed]
Peshawar	Khyber	Pakistan	539 BC^[47]	One of the oldest cities of modern-day Pakistan.
Bukhara	Sogdia	Uzbekistan	c. 500 BC^[48]
Patna (Pataliputra)	Haryanka dynasty of Magadha	India	490 BC	The city of Pataliputra was formed by fortification of a village by Haryanka ruler Ajatashatru, son of Bimbisara.
Sialkot (Sagala)	Punjab	Pakistan	4th century BC	The first record of Sialkot dates from the invasion of Alexander the Great, who conquered upper Punjab in 326 BCE.^[49]
Chittagong	Chattogram	Bangladesh	4th century BC
Anuradhapura	Kingdom of Rajarata	Sri Lanka	4th century BC^[50]
Madurai	Pandyan Kingdom	India	3rd century BC	Carbon dating evidences of artefacts found at Vaigai Civilisation are found to be from 3rd Century BCE ^[51]Megasthenes may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BC, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.^[52] The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of Mathura, as it was a large and established city in the Mauryan Empire.^[53]
Kanchipuram	Pallavas	India	3rd century BC	Place of all 4 (bauddha/jaina/shaiva/vaishnava) learning^[citation needed]
Amaravati	Dharanikota	India	3rd century BC^[citation needed]
Tiruchirappalli	Chola	India	At least from 200 BCE.	Currently a major city in Tamil Nadu
Mysore	Kingdom of Mysore	India	At least from 1500 CE.	Capital of the Mysore kingdom, major city after Bengaluru in Karnataka, India.
Guwahati	Pragjyotishpura	India	2nd century BC	The Ambari excavations trace the time period of the city of Guwahati between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE, in the Shunga-Kushana period of Indian history.^[54]
Bamyan	Bactria	Afghanistan	1st century AD
Lahore	Punjab	Pakistan	c. 1-7th century AD	The origin of Lahore can be traced back somewhere between 1st and 7th centuries A.D.^[55] One of the oldest cities of Ancient India situated in modern-day Pakistan. Belief is that the son of Hindu deity Rama, named Lava, established this city. Though, the first document that mentions Lahore by name is the Hudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written by an unknown author in 982 AD.
Kathmandu-Lalitpur, Nepal	Nepal	Nepal	2nd century AD	The epigraphically attested history of Kathmandu valley begins in the 2nd century.
Quetta	Balochistan	Pakistan	c. 6-7th century AD ^[56]	There were early mentions of this city during the Islamic Conquest of Sindh when Sindhi bandits were attacked and chased to Al-Qiqan (present-day Quetta) in the year 658, suggesting its existence pre-7th century.
Tiruvannamalai	Pallava dynasty or Hoysala Empire	India	6th century AD

East Asia

 

1/1000 scale model of Heijō-kyō, held by Nara City Hall

 

1/1000 scale model of Heian-kyō, held by Kyoto City Heiankyo Sosei-Kan Museum

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Yanshi, Henan (Erlitou Site)	Xia dynasty	China	c. 1900 BC^[citation needed]
Luoyang (as Xibo, Luoyi, Zhongguo, Henan, Dongdu, Shendu)	Shang dynasty	China	c. 1600 BC^[citation needed]	Oldest continuously inhabited city in China
Xi'an (as Haojing, Fenghao, Chang'an, Jingzhao, Daxing)	Zhou dynasty	China	c. 1100 BC^[citation needed]	Oldest prefecture capital in China.
Handan	Jin	China	c. 1080 BC^[citation needed]
Beijing (as Ji, Youzhou, Fanyang, Yanjing, Zhongdu, Dadu)	Ji, Yan	China	c. 1045 BC	Paleolithic homo sapiens lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.^[57]
Zibo (as Yingqiu, Linzi, Qiling, Zichuan, Boping)	Qi	China	c. 1045 BC^[citation needed]	The Lord of Qi, Jiang Ziya, set the capital of his manor at Yingqiu(营丘), which is today's Linzi District.
Jingzhou (as Jinan, Yingdu, Jiangling, Jingsha, Nanjun)	Chu	China	c. 689 BC^[citation needed]
Weinan (as Dongfu)	Qin	China	c. 668 BC
Hefei (as Luyi, Ruyin, Luzhou, Hezhou, Lujiang)	Zhou dynasty	China	c. 650 BC	The Viscount of Lu was asked to set the capital of his manor at Luyi(庐邑), which is in the north of today's downtown Hefei.
Suzhou (as Gusu, Wu, Pingjiang)	Wu	China	514 BC
Taiyuan (as Jinyang)	Jin	China	c. 497 BC
Nanjing (as Yecheng, Moling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jinling, Yingtian, Jiangning)	Wu	China	c. 495 BC	Fu Chai, Lord of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area.
Chengdu	Shu	China	c. 400 BC	The 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Changsha (as Linxiang, Xiangzhou, Tanzhou, Tianlin)	Chu	China	c. 365 BC
Kaifeng (as Daliang, Bianzhou, Dongjing, Bianjing)	Wei	China	c. 364 BC	The State of Wei founded a city called Daliang (大梁）as its capital in this area.
Chongqing	Ba	China	c. 316 BC
Liaoyang (as Xiangping, Changping, Liaodong, Pingzhou, Liaozhou, Dongdu, Dongjing)	Yan	China	c. 279 BC
Guangzhou (as Panyu)	Qin dynasty	China	214 BC^[citation needed]
Hangzhou (as Lin'an, Yuhang, Qiantang)	Qin dynasty	China	c. 200 BC	The city of Hangzhou was founded about 2,200 years ago during the Qin Dynasty.
Kashgar	Shule Kingdom	China	2nd century BC	The city of Kashgar was the capital of the Iranic Shule Kingdom and served as a major hub of the Silk Road.^[58]
Pyeongyang (as Wanggeom-seong)	Gojoseon	North Korea	194 BC	Built as the capital city of Gojoseon in 194 BC.
Gyeongju	Silla	South Korea	57 BC	Built as the capital city of Silla in 57 BC.
Seoul (as Wiryeseong)	Baekje	South Korea	18 BC	Built as the capital city of Baekjae in 18 BC.
Osaka (as Osumi)	Japan	Japan	390 AD	It was inhabited as early at the 6th–5th centuries BC, and became a port city during the Kofun period. It temporarily served as the capital of Japan from 645 to 655.
Nara (as Heijō)	Japan	Japan	708 AD	Built in 708 and became the capital city in 710 as Heijō-kyō.
Kyoto (as Heian, and sometimes known in the west as Miyako)	Japan	Japan	710 AD	Shimogamo Shrine was built in the 6th century, but the city was officially founded as Heian in 710 and became the capital city in 794 as Heian-kyō.

Southeast Asia

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Việt Trì	Văn Lang	Vietnam		Capital of Văn Lang Kingdom (2879 BC (?)/ 7th Century BC - 258 BC) as Phong Châu, nowadays Bạch Hạc district
Hanoi	Âu Lạc	Vietnam	257 BC	In 257 BC, after defeating the last Hùng king, An Dương Vương merged Văn Lang and Nam Cương in to Âu Lạc and set the capital at Cổ Loa citadel, nowadays Đông Anh district of Hanoi. It was also mentioned as Tống Bình in 454 AD and the Đại La citadel was built in 767 during the reign of Emperor Daizong of Tang. Ly Cong Uan then renamed it Thăng Long in 1010.
Pyay	Pyu city-states	Myanmar	638 AD	Much debate surrounds the construction of Sri Ksetra. Htin Aung suggests that Pyu might have been founded in 78 CE, based on the Sanskrit / Pyu Era. D. G. E. Hall and Gordon Luce, however, claim that civilisation of the Irrawaddy Valley could not have been possible before the 4th century, thus, attributing the founding of Sri Ksetra to 638, from which the current Burmese Kawza Era begins.
Palembang	Srivijaya	Indonesia	683 AD^[59]	Believed to be the oldest city in the Malay realm, capital of the Srivijaya empire. According to Kedukan Bukit inscription^[59] Jayanasa established Srivijaya kingdom in Palembang area.
Luang Prabang	Muang Sua	Laos	698 AD
Yogyakarta	Mataram Kingdom	Indonesia	732 AD^[60]	The historic realm of Mataram of Southern Central Java region, which corresponds to today Yogyakarta city and its surrounding has its root in 8th century Mataram Kingdom. According to Canggal inscription dated 732, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya.^[60] The city reestablished again as the capital of Mataram Sultanate in 1587, and Yogyakarta Sultanate in 1755.
Malang	Kanjuruhan Kingdom	Indonesia	740 AD	According to Dinoyo inscription, Malang in the past known as Kanjuruhan kingdom and badut temple dated 740 AD but the city itself established older than the temple and inscription. Today Malang Raya or Malang city is the 2nd largest city and metro area in east Java.
Nakhon Si Thammarat	Tambralinga	Thailand	775 AD	An inscription was found at Wat Sema Muang that bore: The king of Srivijaya "had established a foothold on the Malay Peninsula at Ligor" by 775, where he "built various edifices, including a sanctuary dedicated to the Buddha and to the Bodhisattvas Padmapani and Vajrapani."^[61]^: 84–85, 91
Siem Reap	Khmer Empire	Cambodia	801 AD^[62]	Capital of the Khmer Empire.
Lamphun	Hariphunchai	Thailand	896 AD
Magelang	Mataram	Indonesia	907 AD	Magelang was established on 11 April 907. Magelang was then known as a village called Mantyasih, which is now known as Meteseh.^[63]
Hưng Yên	Tĩnh Hải quân	Vietnam	966 AD	Set as the temporary capital of area controlled by warlord Phạm Bạch Hổ during the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
Hoa Lư	Đại Cồ Việt	Vietnam	968 AD	After reunifying Vietnam and ending the anarchy of the 12 warlords, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was crowned Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt and set the capital at Hoa Lư, Ninh Bình. The city lies in a mountainous area and had a defensive position that contributed to the victory of Đại Cồ Việt against the Song dynasty of China.
Bandar Seri Begawan	Po-ni and Bruneian Empire	Brunei	977 AD^[64]	Oldest city in Borneo.
Butuan	Rajahnate of Butuan	Philippines	1001 AD^[65]^[66]	Oldest continuously inhabited city in Mindanao.
Bắc Ninh	Đại Cồ Việt	Vietnam	1009 AD	In 1009, Cổ Pháp village was converted into the city of Thiên Đức, nowadays Bắc Ninh city.
Kediri	Kediri Kingdom	Indonesia	1042 AD^[67]	Along with changes in name, it is essentially a union of the two capitals of Panjalu Kingdom and Janggala Kingdom. The settlements are always interspersed along both banks of Brantas River. Administratively, the Government of Indonesia divides Kediri into two political entities, Kediri Regency and the Town of Kediri which is located in the middle of the regency. Nevertheless, archaeological remains exist beyond administrative boundaries and settlements often spread disregarding administrative boundaries between both entities.
Yangon	Konbaung Dynasty	Myanmar	1043 AD^[68]	Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (circa 1028–1043) by the Mon but was renamed to "Yangon" after King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon.
Surabaya	Janggala Kingdom	Indonesia	1045 AD^[69]^: 147	The port city of Janggala or Hujung Galuh was one of the two Javanese capital city that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in 1045 in favour of his two sons.^[69]^: 147 The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. The other Kingdom was Kediri. Derived its name from the words "suro" (shark) and "boyo" (crocodile), two creatures which are in a local myth.^[70]
Singapore	Kingdom of Singapura	Singapore	1170 AD^[71]
Sukhothai	Lavo Kingdom	Thailand	1180 AD
Singhapala	Rajahnate of Cebu	Philippines	c. 1300 AD^[72]^[73]	Ancient city founded by Sri Rajahmura Lumaya or Sri Lumay, a half Tamil Chola prince.^[74] Now part of Barangay Mabolo in Northern district of Cebu City.^[72]^[73]
Banda Aceh	Aceh Sultanate	Indonesia	1205 AD	Originally named Kutaraja, which means "City of the King".
Manila	Tondo and Rajahnate of Maynila	Philippines	1258 AD^[75]	A settlement in the Manila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by Rajah Avirjirkaya whom described as a "Majapahit Suzerain". This settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Manila as a "Muslim principality".^[75] By 1570, when the Spanish, led by Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived, it was still inhabited and led by at least one Lakan and several Rajahs.
Nam Định	Đại Việt	Vietnam	1262 AD	In 1262, Tức Mặc village was converted into the city of Thiên Trường, nowadays Nam Định city.
Chiang Rai	Ngoenyang	Thailand	1262 AD
Chiang Mai	Lanna Kingdom	Thailand	1294 AD or 1296 AD	Mangrai founded Chiang Mai in 1294^[76] or 1296^[77]^: 209 on a site that the Lawa people called Wiang Nopburi.^[78]^[79]
Taungoo	Pagan Kingdom	Myanmar	1279 AD	Taungoo was founded in 1279 in the waning days of Pagan as part of frontier expansion southwards.
Huế	Đại Việt	Vietnam	1307 AD	The province of Châu Ô and Châu Lý, which had been ceded to Đại Việt by Champa after as a dowry for the marriage of the Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân and the Cham king Jaya Simhavarman III, were renamed to Châu Thuận and Châu Hoá, which then merged to become Thuận Hoá. The city was then renamed to Phú Xuân and served as the capital city of both Đàng Trong and Tây Sơn territory during the Trịnh-Nguyễn war and the Tây Sơn rebellion. However, it is most famously known for being the capital of the last Vietnamese dynasty, Nguyễn dynasty. After the end of this dynasty, it was renamed to Huế and is a cultural center in central Vietnam.
Sagaing	Sagaing Kingdom	Myanmar	1315 AD	Sagaing was the capital of Sagaing Kingdom (1315-1364), one of the minor kingdoms that rose up after the fall of Pagan dynasty, where one of Thihathu's sons, Athinkhaya, established himself.^[61]^: 227
Ayutthaya	Ayutthaya Kingdom	Thailand	1350 AD	Derived its name from the holy Hindu city of Ayodhya, it was the capital city of Siam from 1350 until 1767.
Muar	Majapahit	Malaysia	1361 AD^[80]
Phnom Penh	Khmer Empire	Cambodia	1372 AD^[81]
Malacca	Malacca Sultanate	Malaysia	1396^[82]
Bangkok	Ayutthaya Kingdom	Thailand	Early 15th century AD	The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, when it was a village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, under the rule of Ayutthaya.^[83]
Hải Dương	Đại Việt	Vietnam	1469 AD^[84]
Hội An	Đại Việt	Vietnam	1471 AD^[85]
Bogor	Sunda Kingdom	Indonesia	1482 AD

West Asia

 

Ruins of ancient city of Damascus

 

Ruins in Byblos

 

Ancient city of Aleppo

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Byblos	Levant	Lebanon	Chalcolithic; 3000 BC^[86]	Settled from the Neolithic (carbon-dating tests have set the age of earliest settlement around 7000 BC^[87]), a city since the 3rd millennium BC.^[88]^[86] Byblos had a reputation as the "oldest city in the world" in Antiquity (according to Philo of Byblos).
Rey	Media	Iran	6000 B.C.^[89]	It was an important Median city. Later in the 20th century Rey merged with Tehran as a result of the two cities' close proximity and the latter's rapid growth.
Hamadan (Ecbatana)	Media	Iran	c. 800 BC^[90]	The capital city of the Median Empire.
Tabriz	Caucasus	Iran	714 B.C.^[91]	An important and prosperous city along the silk road, it was made the capital city several times during various periods under various ruling dynasties of the region.
Neyshabour	Khorasan/Parthia	Iran	c. 200 AD	The capital city of the Tahirid dynasty. It was founded by Shapur I.^[92]
Damascus	Levant	Syria	early 2nd millennium BC	It is not documented as an important city until the arrival of the Aramaeans.^[93]^[94]
Jeddah	Hejaz	Saudi Arabia	6th century BC
Jericho	Levant	Palestine	early 1st millennium BC	Traces of habitation from 9000 BC.^[95]^[96] Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city.^[97] Archaeological evidence indicates that the city was destroyed and abandoned several times (sometimes remaining uninhabited for hundreds of years at a time), with later rebuilding and expansion.^[98]^[99]
Beirut	Levant	Lebanon	3000 BC^[100]
Jerusalem	Levant	Disputed between   Israel and   Palestine	?c. 3000 BC^[101]^[102]	The Execration Texts (c. 19th century BC), which refer to a city called rwš3lmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum/Urušalimum/Rôsh-ramen^[103]^[104] and the Amarna letters (c. 14th century BC) may be the earliest mention of the city.^[105]^[106] Nadav Na'aman argues its fortification as the centre of a kingdom dates to around the 18th century BC.^[107]
Tyre	Levant	Lebanon	2750 BC^[108]
Tarsus	Anatolia	Turkey	c. 2500 BC^[109]	Prehistoric development of Tarsus reaches back to the Neolithic Period.
Jenin	Levant	Palestine	c. 2450 BC	Jenin's history goes back to 2450 BC, when it was built by the Canaanites. After 1244, Jenin flourished economically because of its location on the trade route, until a major earthquake completely destroyed the city.
Aleppo	Levant	Syria	2nd millennium BC
Tripoli (as Oyat)	Phoenicia	Lebanon	c. 700 BC	Founded in the 7th century BC, by the Phoenicians.^[110]
Homs	Levant	Syria	possibly early 3rd century BC	May have been founded by Seleucus I Nicator
Erbil	Mesopotamia	Iraq	2300 BC^[111]	The Citadel of Erbil is a fortified settlement in Erbil, Iraq. The city corresponds to the ancient Assyrian city of Arbela. Settlement at Erbil can be dated back to possibly 5000 BC, but not urban life until c. 2300.
Kirkuk (as Arrapha)	Mesopotamia	Iraq	3000–2200 BC^[112]
Ankara	Anatolia	Turkey	at least 2000 BC	The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age.
Jaffa	Levant	Israel	c. 2000 BC	Archaeological evidence shows habitation from 7500 BC.^[113]
Acre	Levant	Israel	c. 2000 BC	There were initial settlements in the Acre area dated around 3000 BC.^[114]
Sidon	Levant	Lebanon	2nd millennium BC	Sidon becomes a city-state during the 2nd millennium BC.^[115]
Medina	Hejaz	Saudi Arabia	9th century BC^[116]	Medina has been inhabited at least 1500 years before the Hijra.^[116]
Hebron	Levant	Palestine	Iron Age^[117]
Tripoli	Levant	Lebanon	14th century BC
Batroun	Levant	Lebanon	14th century BC	The Phoenicians founded Batroun on the southern side of the promontory called in Antiquity, Theoprosopon and during the Byzantine Empire, Cape Lithoprosopon. Batroun is said to have been founded by Ithobaal I (Ethbaal), king of Tyre, whose daughter Jezabel (897–866 B.C.) married Ahab.^[118]
Eskişehir	Anatolia	Turkey	c. 1000 BC	The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4,000 years old. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum.
Gaza	Levant	Palestine	c. 1000 BC	While evidence of habitation dates back at least 5,000 years, it is said to be continuously inhabited for a little more than 3,000 years.^[119]^[120]
Yerevan	Urartu	Armenia	782 BC^[121]	Founded as Erebuni.
Istanbul (as Byzantion)	Thrace, Anatolia	Turkey	685 BC Anatolia; 660 BC Thrace^[122]	Founded as a colony of Megara. Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC.
Qabala (as Kabalaka)	Caucasian Albania	Azerbaijan	4th century BC^[123]	Archeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the Caucasian Albania as early as the 4th century BC.^[123]
Dumat al-Jandal	Al-Jawf	Saudi Arabia	10th century BC	It was named after Dumah son of Ishmael and was The Capital City of Qedarite Kingdom
Zgharta	Levant	Lebanon	200 BC^[124]^[125]	The Plain of Zgharta around Zgharta was likely inhabited from at least the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution by the Qaraoun culture as evidenced by some large, heavy Neolithic flints and double-headed axes found in the area that are documented by R. Wetzel and J. Haller in 1945.^[124]^[125]
Lod	Levant	Israel	c. 200 AD^[126]
Yazd	Media	Iran	c. 500 AD^[127]	It has long been a haven for Zoroastrians.^[127]

Europe

Name	Historical region/period	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Argos	Neolithic Europe, Mycenaean Greece	Greece	5000 BC, continuous habitation as a city uncertain^[128]	The city has been cycling between village and city status for 7,000 years. Recorded history begins in mid 2nd millennium BC.
Athens	Mycenaean Greece	Greece	5th–4th millennia BC^[129]^[130]^[131]	Oldest recorded history begins at least from 1600 BC,^[132] making it the oldest European capital city
Thebes	Mycenaean Greece	Greece	c. 3000 BC^[133]
Chania	Crete	Greece	c. 1700–1500 BC^[134]^[unreliable source?]	Minoan foundation as Kydonia.
Nafplio	Mycenaean Greece	Greece	Early 14th century BC^[135]	Mentioned as Nuplija, the port of Mycenae, in the "Aegean List" of the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, early 14th century BC.^[135]
Larnaca	Alashiya	Cyprus	c. 1400 BC^[citation needed]	Mycenaean, then Phoenician colony.
Trikala	Mycenaean Greece	Greece	before 1200 BC^[citation needed]	Founded as Trikke.
Chalcis	Mycenaean Greece	Greece	before 1200 BC^[citation needed]	Mentioned by Homer.
Patras	Mycenaean Greece	Greece	c. 1100 BC^[citation needed]	Founded by Patreus.
Chios	Chios	Greece	c. 1100 BC^[citation needed]
Nicosia	Mycenaean Greece	Cyprus	c. 1050 BC^[citation needed]	Mycenaean foundation as Ledra. Archaeological evidence of continuous habitation since the beginning of the Bronze Age 2500 years BC.^[citation needed]
Mtskheta	Caucasian Iberia	Georgia	c. 1000 BC^[citation needed]	Remains of towns at this location have been dated to earlier than the year 1000 BC, and Mtskheta was capital of the early Georgian Kingdom of Iberia during the 3rd century BC – 5th century AD. It was the site of early Christian activity, and the location where Christianity was proclaimed the state religion of Georgia in 337.
Mytilene	Lesbos	Greece	10th century BC^[citation needed]
Stolac	Illyria	Bosnia and Herzegovina	9th century BC^[136]	The area has been inhabited for at least 15,000 years, as evidenced by the markings of Badanj Cave. It was known as Daorson and was the capital of the Illyrian tribe Daorsi.
Vani	Colchis	Georgia	before 8th century BC^[137]^[138]
Seville	Iron Age Iberia	Spain	8th century BC^[citation needed]	founded as Tartessian Spal.^[139]
Málaga	Iron Age Iberia	Spain	8th century BC^[citation needed]	founded as Phoenician Malaka.^[140]^[page needed]
Mdina	Antiquity Malta	Malta	8th century BC^[141]	founded as Phoenician Melite.
Cagliari	Sardinia	Italy	8th century BC^[citation needed]	Founded by Phoenicians from Tyre as Krly, Caralis in Roman times, Calaris in Middle Ages.
Messina (as Zancle)	Sicily	Italy	8th century BC^[citation needed]	Greek colony
Derbent	Caucasus	Russia	8th century BC	Continuously inhabited since the 8th century BC, it was a part of Caucasian Albania that became a satrap of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.^[142]
Como	Southern Alps	Italy	8th century BC	As a city. Scattered settlements since Mesolithic (c. 8000 BC); foundation as a pre-urban centre during Canegrate culture (c. 1200 BC).
Rome	Latium	Italy	753 BC^[citation needed]	Continuous habitation since approximately 1000 BC.; pastoral village on the northern part of the Palatine Hill dated to the 9th century BC; see also History of Rome and Founding of Rome.
Reggio di Calabria (as Rhégion)	Magna Graecia	Italy	743 BC^[143]	Continuous habitation since approximately 1500 BC, as we have notice about the Ausonian-Italic pre-Greek settlement and about the sculptor Léarchos of Reggio (late 15th century BC)^[144] and King Iokastos (early 13th century BC).^[145]
Palermo (as זִיז, Ziz)	Phoenicia	Italy	734 BC^[citation needed]	Settlement presence since approximately 8000 BC, as we know through cave drawings in the area now known as Addaura, but continuous documented habitation since the Phoenician times (734 BC is traditionally considered as the founding year).
Syracuse	Sicily	Italy	734 BC^[citation needed]	A colony of the Greek city of Corinth.
Volterra	Tuscany	Italy	c. 725 BC^[citation needed]	An Etruscan mining settlement.^[146]
Crotone (as Kroton)	Calabria	Italy	710 BC^[citation needed]	Greek colony.
Taranto (as Taras)	Magna Graecia	Italy	706 BC^[citation needed]	Founded as the only Spartan colony by the Partheniae, children of unmarried Spartan women and perioikoi, free non-citizen residents of Sparta and her territories.
Corfu, Kerkyra	Corfu	Greece	700 BC^[citation needed]	A colony of the Greek city of Corinth.
Istanbul (as Byzantion)	Thrace, Anatolia	Turkey	685 BC Anatolia; 660 BC Thrace^[122]	Founded as a colony of Megara; Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC.
Naples	Magna Graecia	Italy	c. 680 BC^[147]	Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, called Parthenope, was founded by settlers from Cumae. This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC.
Ibiza (Eivissa) (as Ybsm)	Balearic Islands	Spain	654 BC^[citation needed]	Founded by the Phoenicians, according to Diodorus Siculus, book 5, chap. 16. Date consistent with archaeological finds.^[148]
Durrës	Illyria	Albania	627–625 BC^[149]	Founded as the Greek colony of Epidamnos.
Sozopol	Thrace	Bulgaria	610 BC^[150]	Founded by Miletian colonists around 610 BC, was named Apollonia Pontica in honour of the patron deity of Miletus – Apollo. The Ancient authors identify the philosopher named Anaximander as the founder of the city.
Edessa, Greece	Macedonia (ancient kingdom)	Greece	before the 6th century BC^[citation needed]	Greek city, capital of the kingdom of Macedon up to the 6th century BC.
Marseille	Gaul	France	600 BC^[citation needed]	A colony of the Greek city of Phocaea.
Kavala	Macedonia (ancient kingdom)	Greece	6th century BC^[citation needed]	Greek colony. Founded as Neapolis.
Mangalia	Dacia	Romania	6th century BC^[citation needed]	Founded as Callatis.
Constanţa	Dacia	Romania	6th century BC^[citation needed]	Founded as Tomis.
Mantua	Po Valley	Italy	6th century BC^[citation needed]	Village settlement since c. 2000 BC; became an Etruscan city in the 6th century BC.
Milan	Po Valley, Cisalpine Gaul	Italy	6th century BC	Founded by the Insubres in the 6th century BC according to Titus Livy. Conquered by the Romans in 222 BC.
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi / (Cetatea Albă) (as Tyras)	Bessarabia	Ukraine	6th century BC^[citation needed]
Kerch	Crimea	Disputed	c. 610 BC	Founded as an Ancient Greek colony known as Panticapaeum.^[151]
Kutaisi	Colchis	Georgia	6th to 4th century BC	Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom of Colchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC.^[152]
Nesebar	Thrace	Bulgaria	beginning of the 6th century BC ^[153]	Originally a Thracian settlement, known as Mesembria, the town became a Greek colony when settled by Dorians from Megara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, then known as Mesembria. It was an important trading centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol). It remained the only Dorian colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were typical Ionian colonies. At 425-424 BC the town joined the Delian League, under the leadership of Athens.^[153]
Varna	Thrace	Bulgaria	585–570 BC^[154]	Founded^[155] as Odessos by settlers from the Greek city of Miletus.
Sant Martí d'Empúries (as Emporion)	Iberia	Spain	c. 575 BC^[citation needed]	A colony of the Greek city of Massalia, actual Marseille (France). Present Sant Martí is on the ancient Palaiopolis of Emporion, in an island next to the coast; in 550 BC, the inhabitants moved to the mainland, creating the Neapolis: Palaiapolis remained as a small neighbourhood.
Lamia		Greece	before the 5th century BC^[citation needed]	Greek city. First mentioned 424 BC
Serres	Macedonia (ancient kingdom)	Greece	5th century BC^[citation needed]	Greek city. First mentioned in the 5th century BC as Siris.
Veria	Macedonia (ancient kingdom)	Greece	c. 432 BC^[citation needed]	Greek city. First mentioned by Thucydides in 432 BC.
Rhodes	Rhodes, Aegean Sea	Greece	c. 408 BC^[citation needed]	Greek city.
Plovdiv	Thrace	Bulgaria	4th century BC^[156]^[157]	Hypothesized that it was precisely in the 4th Century BC when Philipopolis (Plovdiv) emerged as a city, founded as such by Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, although the site is inhabited since Neolithic times. There is evidence of habitation in Plovdiv dating back to the 6th millennium BCE, when the first Neolithic settlements were established.^[158]
Bitola (as Heraclea Lyncestis)	Macedonia (ancient kingdom)	North Macedonia	4th century BC	Founded by Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great
Sofia	Moesia	Bulgaria	4th century BC^[159]	Celtic foundation as Serdica.^[160] Habition in the area since 7000 BC,^[161]
Metz	Gaul	France	4th century BC^[citation needed]	Founded as the oppidum of Celtic Mediomatrici. However, human permanent presence has been established in the site since 2500 BC.
Roses (as Rhode)	Iberia	Spain	4th century BC^[citation needed]	The exactly origin of the city is unknown, but there are remains of a Greek colony from the 4th century BC, although some historians consider the foundation earlier, at the 8th century BC. However, permanent human presence has been established in the site since 3000 BC as evidenced by the different megalithic monuments surrounding the city.
Shkodra	Illyria	Albania	4th century BC^[162]^[163]	Founded in the 4th century BC as an urban settlement with the name Scodra and fortified in moenia aeacia style,^[162] it became the capital of the Illyrian Kingdom under the Ardiaei and has been continuously inhabited ever since.^[citation needed]
Stara Zagora	Thrace	Bulgaria	342 BC^[citation needed]	It was called Beroe in ancient times and was founded by Philip II of Macedon^[164]^[165]^[166]^[167] although a Thracian settlement neolithic inhabitation have been discovered as well. It also has the oldest copper mines in Europe (5th millennium BC)
Thessaloniki	Macedonia (ancient kingdom)	Greece	315 BC^[citation needed]	Greek city. Founded as a new city in the same place of the older city Therme.
Berat	Macedonia (ancient kingdom)	Albania	314 BC^[citation needed]	Founded^[168] by Cassander as Antipatreia.
Solin, (as Salona)	Dalmatia	Croatia	3rd century BC^[citation needed]	Capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Salona is located in the modern town of Solin, next to Split, in Croatia.
Barcelona (as Barkeno)	Iberia	Spain	3rd century BC^[citation needed]	Unknown origin. Several neolithic tombs (5000–4500 BC) and remains from the Iberian period have been found, as well as several drachma coins inscribed with the word "Barkeno". The first archaeological remains of buildings are from the Roman period.
Belgrade	Illyria	Serbia	279 BC^[169]	The present day territory of Belgrade continuously inhabited for more than 7000 years. Proto-urban Vinča culture prospered around Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. The fortified city of Belgrade founded around 279 BC as Singidunum.
Niš	Illyria	Serbia	279 BC^[citation needed]	Founded as Navissos. Neolithic settlements date to 5000–2000 BC.
Cartagena (as Carthago Nova)	Iberia	Spain	228 BC^[citation needed]	Carthaginian colony, founded by Hasdrubal Barca.
Tarragona (as Tarraco)	Iberia	Spain	218 BC^[citation needed]	Roman colony, founded by Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio.
Stobi/Gradsko	Macedonia (Roman province)	North Macedonia	217 BC^[citation needed]	Founded as Stobi by Philip V of Macedon.
Bratislava	Pannonia	Slovakia	2nd century BC^[citation needed]	Founded by Celtic Boii tribe. The first written reference to a Slavic settlement dates to 907.
Valencia	Iberia	Spain	138 BC	Roman colony founded as Valentia Edetanorum.
Sremska Mitrovica	Illyria	Serbia	1st century BC^[citation needed]	Founded as Sirmium. Neolithic settlements date to 5000 BC and are with other archeological findings evidence to continuous habitation.
Smederevo	Illyria	Serbia	1st century BC^[citation needed]	Founded as Semendria.
Ptuj	Pannonia	Slovenia	1st century BC^[citation needed]	Ptuj is the oldest city in Slovenia. There is evidence that the area was settled in the Stone Age. In the Late Iron Age it was settled by Celts. By the 1st century BC, the settlement was controlled by Ancient Rome.
Évora	Lusitania	Portugal	53 BC (Roman conquest)^[citation needed]	Evidence of Lusitanian settlement prior to Roman occupation.
Paris	Lutetia	France	52 BC^[citation needed]	Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation as early as 4200 BC.^[170] During the Gallic Wars, Caesar's armies set fire to Lutetia "a town of the Parisii, situated on an island on the river Seine."^[171] While only a garrison at best on the Île de la Cité during some periods after 1st and 2nd century, was renamed Paris in 360 AD^[172]^[173]
Zürich (Lindenhof)	Gaul	Switzerland	c. 50 BC^[citation needed]	Lakeside settlement traces dating to the Neolithic.
Cologne	Germania Inferior	Germany	38 BC^[citation needed]	Founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, a Germanic tribe, as Oppidum Ubiorum. In 50 AD, the Romans adopted the location as Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium and the city became in 85 AD the capital of the Roman province "Germania Inferior".
Trier	Gallia Belgica	Germany	30 BC^[citation needed]	Time of Roman conquest of an older Celtic settlement
Lugo	Gallaecia	Spain	c. 25 BC	Lucus Augusti was founded in 25 BC under the order of the emperor Augustus.
Cáceres	Lusitania	Spain	c. 25 BC	There have been settlements near Cáceres since prehistoric times. Evidence of this can be found in the caves of Maltravieso and El Conejar. The city was founded by the Romans in 25 BC.
Mérida	Lusitania	Spain	c. 25 BC	Emerita Augusta was founded as a Roman colony in 25 AD under the order of the emperor Augustus to serve as a retreat for the veteran soldiers (emeritus) of the legions V Alaudae and X Gemina. The city, one of the most important in Roman Hispania, was endowed with all the comforts of a large Roman city and served as capital of the Roman province of Lusitania since its founding and as the capital of the entire Diocese of Hispania during the fourth century.
Nijmegen		Netherlands	c. 17 BC^[citation needed]
Braga	Lusitania	Portugal	c. 16-15 BC^[174]	Bracara Augusta was founded in 16-15 BC under the order of the emperor Augustus.
Augsburg	Raetia, Roman Empire	Germany	15 BC	Third oldest city in Germany after Cologne and Trier. Located in the Swabian region of Bavaria. Founded by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum.
Chur	Raetia Prima	Switzerland	15 BC^[citation needed]	habitation since the 4th millennium BC (Pfyn culture).
Worms	Germania Superior	Germany	14 BC^[citation needed]	The name of the city derives from the Latin designation Borbetomagus which is of Celtic origin.
Skopje	Macedonia (Roman province)	North Macedonia	13–11 BC	Founded in the time of Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus as Scupi.
Strasbourg	Germania Superior	France	12 BC	First official mention as the Roman camp of Argentoratum. The area had been populated since the Middle Paleolithic.^[175]
Tongeren	Germania Inferior	Belgium	10 BC^[citation needed]	Oldest city in Belgium.
Colchester	Britain	United Kingdom	20-10 BC	Considered to be the oldest recorded town in the United Kingdom. First British town to be given the status Colonia in the Roman empire, where it was known as Camulodunum and was recorded by Pliny the Elder. The Celtic name of the city, Camulodunon appears on coins minted by tribal chieftain Tasciovanus in the period 20–10 BC. Before the Roman conquest of Britain, it was already a centre of power for Celtic king Cunobeline.^[176]

Oceania

Further information: List of towns and cities in Australia by year of settlement

Name	Historical region	Present location	Continuously inhabited since	Notes
Sydney	New South Wales	Australia	1788 AD	Oldest city in Australia and oldest city in Oceania. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the Upper Paleolithic period.^[177]^[178] However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's far western suburbs' gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought.^[179]^[180] The first people to occupy the Sydney region were an Indigenous Australian group called the Eora.^[181]^[182]
Hobart	Tasmania	Australia	1803 AD	Second-oldest city in Australia. Prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied for at least 8,000 years, but possibly for as long as 35,000 years,^[183] by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe, a sub-group of the Nuennone, or South-East tribe.^[184]
George Town	Tasmania	Australia	1804 AD	Third oldest city in Australia.
Newcastle	New South Wales	Australia	1804 AD	Fourth oldest city in Australia.
Launceston	Tasmania	Australia	1806 AD	Fifth oldest city in Australia.
Kerikeri	Northland	New Zealand	c. 1818 AD	Oldest European-founded settlement in New Zealand.
Bluff	Southland	New Zealand	1824 AD	Previously known as Campbelltown, the oldest European-founded settlement in the South Island.
Brisbane	Queensland	Australia	1825 AD	Oldest city in Northern Australia, State Capital.
Albany	Western Australia	Australia	1827 AD	Oldest city on the West Coast of Australia.
Perth	Western Australia	Australia	1829 AD	The area had been inhabited by the Whadjuk Noongar people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.^[185]
Melbourne	Victoria	Australia	1835 AD	Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years.^[186] At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 20,000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous regional tribes: the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong.^[187]^[188]
Kingscote	South Australia	Australia	1836 AD	First official European settlement in South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. Kangaroo Island was occupied by an Aboriginal group from as long as 16,000 years ago until their disappearance 2,000 – 4,000 years ago.
Adelaide	South Australia	Australia	1836 AD	State Capital of South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. European settlement began in 1836.
Wellington	Wellington Region	New Zealand	1839 AD	New Zealand's capital city from 1865 until the present day. Prior to this, it was said to have been discovered by Polynesian explorer Kupe c. 950 AD.^[189]
Auckland	Auckland Region	New Zealand	1840 AD	New Zealand's capital city from 1841 to 1865. Prior to this, it was inhabited by Māori from about the 14th century.
Darwin	Northern Territory	Australia	1869 AD	Territory Capital.
Levuka	Ovalau	Fiji	1877 AD^[190]	Oldest municipality in Fiji.^[190]
Canberra	Australian Capital Territory	Australia	1913 AD	Capital city of Australia. Artifacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in Canberra dating at around 21,000 years ago.^[191]

See also

• Historical urban community sizes
• List of cities in the Americas by year of foundation (includes ancient native sites)
• List of cities of the ancient Near East
• List of largest cities throughout history, including ones no longer inhabited
• List of oldest known surviving buildings

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