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Milan

Milan (/mɪˈlæn/ mil-AN, US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ mil-AHN,[4] Lombard: [miˈlãː] (listen); Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] (listen))[5] is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million,[6] while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants.[7] Its continuously built-up urban area (whose outer suburbs extend well beyond the boundaries of the administrative metropolitan city and even stretch into the nearby country of Switzerland) is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants.[8] According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area (also known as Greater Milan), is estimated between 8.2 million and 12.5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.[9][10]

Milan
Milano (Italian)
Comune di Milano
Milan
Milan
Milan
Coordinates: 45°28′01″N 09°11′24″E / 45.46694°N 9.19000°E / 45.46694; 9.19000Coordinates: 45°28′01″N 09°11′24″E / 45.46694°N 9.19000°E / 45.46694; 9.19000
Country Italy
Region Lombardy
Metropolitan city Milan (MI)
Government
 • TypeStrong Mayor–Council
 • MayorGiuseppe Sala (EV)
 • LegislatureMilan City Council
Area
 • Comune181.76 km2 (70.18 sq mi)
Elevation
120 m (390 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2022)[1]
 • Comune1,371,498
 • Density7,500/km2 (20,000/sq mi)
 • Metro4,336,121
Demonym(s)Milanese
Meneghino[3]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code0039 02
Websitewww.comune.milano.it
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Milan is considered a leading alpha global city,[11] with strengths in the fields of art, chemicals,[12] commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media (communication), services, research and tourism. Its business district hosts Italy's stock exchange (Italian: Borsa Italiana), and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies. In terms of GDP, Milan is the wealthiest city in Italy, has the third-largest economy among EU cities after Paris and Madrid, and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities.[13][14][15] Milan is viewed along with Turin as the southernmost part of the Blue Banana urban development corridor (also known as the "European Megalopolis"), and one of the Four Motors for Europe.

The city's role as a major political centre dates back to the late antiquity, when it served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire, while from the 12th century until the 16th century, Milan was one of the largest European cities, and a major trade and commercial centre, consequently becoming the capital of the Duchy of Milan, which was one of the greatest political, artistic and fashion forces in the Renaissance.[16][17] Despite losing much of its political and cultural importance in the early modern period, the city regained its status as a major economic and political centre, being considered today as the industrial and financial capital of Italy.[18][19]

The city has been recognized as one of the world's four fashion capitals (the others being London, New York, and Paris)[20] thanks to several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair, which are among the world's biggest in terms of revenue, visitors and growth.[21][22][23] It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total of enrolled students.[24] Milan received 10 million visitors in 2018, with the largest numbers of foreign visitors coming from China, United States, France and Germany.[25][26] The tourists are attracted by Milan's museums and art galleries that include some of the most important collections in the world, including major works by Leonardo da Vinci. The city is served by many luxury hotels and is the fifth-most starred in the world by Michelin Guide.[27] Milan is also home to two of Europe's most successful football teams, A.C. Milan and Inter Milan, and one of Europe's main basketball teams, Olimpia Milano. Milan will host the Winter Olympic and Paralympic games for the first time in 2026, together with Cortina d'Ampezzo.[28][29][30]

Toponymy

 
Ruins of Roman Mediolanum: the Imperial palace
 
Bas relief representing the scrofa semilanuta on the walls of Palazzo della Ragione

The etymology of the name Milan (Lombard: Milan [miˈlãː]) remains uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio (in the middle) and planus (plain).[31] However, some scholars believe that lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory (source of the Welsh word llan, meaning "a sanctuary or church", ultimately cognate to English/German Land) in which Celtic communities used to build shrines.[32] Hence Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe. Indeed, about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France bore the name "Mediolanum", for example: Saintes (Mediolanum Santonum) and Évreux (Mediolanum Aulercorum).[33] In addition, another theory links the name to the boar sow (the Scrofa semilanuta) an ancient emblem of the city, fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato's Emblemata (1584), beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls, where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation, and the etymology of Mediolanum given as "half-wool",[34] explained in Latin and in French. According to this theory, the foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples, the Bituriges and the Aedui, having as their emblems a ram and a boar;[35] therefore "The city's symbol is a wool-bearing boar, an animal of double form, here with sharp bristles, there with sleek wool."[36] Alciato credits Ambrose for his account.[37]

History

Prehistory and Roman times

 
Roman ruins in Milan: the Columns of San Lorenzo
 
The remains of the Milan amphitheatre, which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan

The Celtic Insubres, the inhabitants of the region of northern Italy called Insubria, appear to have founded a settlement around 600 BC. According to the legend reported by Livy (writing between 27 and 9 BC), the Gaulish king Ambicatus sent his nephew Bellovesus into northern Italy at the head of a party drawn from various Gaulish tribes; Bellovesus allegedly founded the settlement in the times of the Roman monarchy, during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus. Tarquin is traditionally recorded as reigning from 616 to 579 BC, according to ancient Roman historian Titus Livy.[38]

During the Roman Republic, the Romans, led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, fought the Insubres and captured the settlement in 222 BC. The chief of the Insubres then submitted to Rome, giving the Romans control of the settlement.[39] The Romans eventually conquered the entirety of the region, calling the new province "Cisalpine Gaul" (Latin: Gallia Cisalpina) – "Gaul this side of the Alps" – and may have given the city its Latinized name of Mediolanum: in Gaulish *medio- meant "middle, centre" and the name element -lanon is the Celtic equivalent of Latin -planum "plain", thus *Mediolanon (Latinized as Mediolānum) meant "(settlement) in the midst of the plain".[40][41]

In 286, the Roman Emperor Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum.[42] Diocletian himself chose to reside at Nicomedia in the Eastern Empire, leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan.

Maximian built several gigantic monuments: the large circus (470 × 85 metres), the thermae or "Baths of Hercules", a large complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which few visible traces remain. Maximian increased the city area to 375 acres by surrounding it with a new, larger stone wall (about 4.5 km long) with many 24-sided towers. The monumental area had twin towers; the one included later in the construction of the convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16.6 m high.

The Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan from Mediolanum in 313 AD, granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire, thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of Roman Europe. Constantine was in Mediolanum to celebrate the wedding of his sister to the Eastern Emperor, Licinius.

In 402, the Visigoths besieged the city and the Emperor Honorius moved the Imperial residence to Ravenna.[43] In 452 Attila in his turn besieged Mediolanum, but the real break with the city's Imperial past came in 539, during the Gothic War, when Uraia (a nephew of Witiges, formerly King of the Italian Ostrogoths) laid Mediolanum to waste with great loss of life.[44] The Lombards took Ticinum as their capital in 572 (renaming it Papia – the modern Pavia), and left early-medieval Milan to the governance of its archbishops.

Middle Ages

 
The biscione eating a child on the Visconti coat of arms
 
The Medieval Porta Ticinese (1100), is one of the three medieval gates of the city that still exist in the modern Milan.
 
The late 16th-century city encircled by the Spanish walls
 
Milan during the plague of 1630: plague carts carry the dead for burial.

After the siege of the city by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence moved to Ravenna. An age of decline began which worsened when Attila, King of the Huns, sacked and devastated the city in 452 AD.[citation needed] In 539 the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569 the Lombards (from whom the name of the Italian region Lombardy derives), conquered Milan, overpowering the small Byzantine garrison left for its defence. Some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule.[45] Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the Franks in 774.

The 11th century saw a reaction against the control of the Holy Roman Emperors. City-states emerged in northern Italy, an expression of the new political power of the cities and their will to fight against all feudal powers. Milan was no exception. It did not take long, however, for the Italian city-states to begin fighting each other to try to limit neighbouring powers.[46] The Milanese destroyed Lodi and continuously warred with Pavia, Cremona and Como, who in turn asked Frederick I Barbarossa for help. In a sally they captured Empress Beatrice and forced her to ride a donkey backwards through the city until getting out. These brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162.[citation needed] A fire destroyed the storehouses containing the entire food supply, and within just a few days Milan was forced to surrender.[citation needed]

A period of peace followed and Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its geographical position. During this time, the city was considered one of the largest European cities.[16]

In 1395, Gian Galeazzo Visconti became the first Duke of Milan after receiving the title from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. In 1447 Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, died without a male heir; following the end of the Visconti line, the Ambrosian Republic was established; it took its name from St. Ambrose, the popular patron saint of the city.[47] Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked together to bring about the Ambrosian Republic in Milan. Nonetheless, the Republic collapsed when, in 1450, Milan was conquered by Francesco I of the House of Sforza, which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian Renaissance.[47][48]

Early modern

Milan's last independent ruler, Lodovico il Moro, requested the aid of Charles VIII of France against the other Italian states, eventually unleashing the Italian Wars. The king's cousin, Louis of Orléans, took part in the expedition and realized most of Italy was virtually defenseless. This prompted him to come back a few years later in 1500, and claim the Duchy of Milan for himself, his grandmother having been a member of the ruling Visconti family. At that time, Milan was also defended by Swiss mercenaries. After the victory of Louis's successor François I over the Swiss at the Battle of Marignan, the duchy was promised to the French king François I. When the Spanish Habsburg Emperor Charles V defeated François I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, northern Italy, including Milan, passed to Habsburg Spain.[49]

 
Ceremonial reception of Russian Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov in Milan, April 1799

In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. Charles's Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and remained with the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand's Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire. The Great Plague of Milan in 1629–31, that claimed the lives of an estimated 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000, caused unprecedented devastation in the city and was effectively described by Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece "The Betrothed". This episode was seen by many as the symbol of Spanish bad rule and decadence and is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries-long pandemic of plague that began with the Black Death.[50]

In 1700, the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of Charles II. After his death, the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701 with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French Philippe of Anjou to the Spanish throne.[citation needed] In 1706, the French were defeated in Ramillies and Turin and were forced to yield northern Italy to the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1713–1714 the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Habsburg Spain's Italian possessions including Lombardy and its capital, Milan. Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796, and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic. Later, he declared Milan capital of the Kingdom of Italy and was crowned King of Italy in the cathedral. Once Napoleon's occupation ended, the Congress of Vienna returned Lombardy, and Milan, to Austrian control in 1815.[citation needed]

Late modern and contemporary

 
Popular print depicting the "Five Days" uprising against Austrian rule.

On March 18, 1848, Milan efficaciously rebelled against Austrian rule, during the so-called "Five Days" (Italian: Le Cinque Giornate), that forced Field Marshal Radetzky to temporarily withdraw from the city. The bordering kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia sent troops in order to protect the insurgents and organised a plebiscite that ratified by a huge majority the unification of Lombardy with Piedmont-Sardinia. But just a few months later the Austrians were able to send fresh forces that routed the Piedmontese army at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July and to reassert Austrian control over northern Italy. About ten years later, however, Italian nationalist politicians, officers and intellectuals such as Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini were able to gather a huge consensus and to pressure the monarchy to forge an alliance with the new French Empire of Napoleon III in order to defeat Austria and establish a large Italian state in the region. At the Battle of Solferino in 1859 French and Italian troops heavily defeated the Austrians that retreated under the Quadrilateral line.[51] Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into Piedmont-Sardinia, which then proceeded to annex all the other Italian statlets and proclaim the birth of the Kingdom of Italy on March 17, 1861.

The political unification of Italy enhanced Milan's economic dominance over northern Italy. A dense rail network, whose construction had started under Austrian patronage, was completed in a brief time, making Milan the rail hub of northern Italy and, with the opening of the Gotthard (1882) and Simplon (1906) railway tunnels, the major South European rail hub for goods and passenger transport. Indeed, Milan and Venice were among the main stops of the Orient Express that started operating from 1919. Abundant hydroelectric resources allowed the development of a strong steel and textile sector and, as Milanese banks dominated Italy's financial sphere, the city became the country's leading financial centre. Very rapid industrialization in the last two decades of the 1800s led to the birth of a massive worker class as well as bitter social conflicts.[citation needed] In May 1898, Milan was shaken by the Bava Beccaris massacre, a riot related to soaring cost of living.[citation needed]

 
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II destroyed by Allied bombings, 1943

Milan's northern location in Italy closer to Europe, secured also a leading role for the city on the political scene. It was in Milan that Benito Mussolini built his political and journalistic careers, and his fascist Blackshirts rallied for the first time in the city's Piazza San Sepolcro; here the future Fascist dictator launched his March on Rome on 28 October 1922. During the Second World War Milan large industrial and transport facilities suffered extensive damage from Allied bombings that often also hit residential districts.[52] When Italy surrendered in 1943, German forces occupied and plundered most of northern Italy, fueling the birth of a massive resistance guerrilla movement.[53] On April 29, 1945, the American 1st Armored Division was advancing on Milan but, before it arrived, the Italian resistance seized control of the city and executed Mussolini along with his mistress and several regime officers, that were later hanged and exposed in Piazzale Loreto, where one year before some resistance members had been executed.

During the post-war economic boom, the reconstruction effort and the so-called Italian economic miracle attracted a large wave of internal migration (especially from rural areas of southern Italy) to Milan. The population grew from 1.3 million in 1951 to 1.7 million in 1967.[54] During this period, Milan was rapidly rebuilt, with the construction of several innovative and modernist skyscrapers, such as the Torre Velasca and the Pirelli Tower, that soon became the symbols of this new era of prosperity.[55] The economic prosperity was, however, overshadowed in the late 1960s and early 1970s during the so-called Years of Lead, when Milan witnessed an unprecedented wave of street violence, labour strikes and political terrorism. The apex of this period of turmoil occurred on 12 December 1969, when a bomb exploded at the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana, killing 17 people and injuring 88.

 
Piazza Castello during Expo 2015

In the 1980s, with the international success of Milanese houses (like Armani, Prada, Versace, Moschino and Dolce & Gabbana), Milan became one of the world's fashion capitals. The city saw also a marked rise in international tourism, notably from America and Japan, while the stock exchange increased its market capitalisation more than five-fold.[56] This period led the mass media to nickname the metropolis "Milano da bere", literally "Milan to be drunk".[57] However, in the 1990s, Milan was badly affected by Tangentopoli, a political scandal in which many politicians and businessmen were tried for corruption. The city was also affected by a severe financial crisis and a steady decline in textiles, automobile and steel production.[55] Berlusconi's Milano 2 and Milano 3 projects were the most important housing projects of the 1980s and 1990s in Milan and brought to the city new economical and social energy.

In the early 21st century, Milan underwent a series of sweeping redevelopments over huge former industrial areas.[58] Two new business districts, Porta Nuova and CityLife, were built in the space of a decade, radically changing the skyline of the city. Its exhibition centre moved to a much larger site in Rho.[59] The long decline in traditional manufacturing has been overshadowed by a great expansion of publishing, finance, banking, fashion design, information technology, logistics and tourism.[60] The city's decades-long population decline seems to have partially reverted in recent years, as the comune gained about 100,000 new residents since the last census. The successful re-branding of the city as a global capital of innovation has been instrumental in its successful bids for hosting large international events such as 2015 Expo and 2026 Winter Olympics.

Geography

Topography

 
Satellite picture of Milan
 
Navigli by night

Milan is located in the north-western section of the Po Valley, approximately halfway between the river Po to the south and the foothills of the Alps with the great lakes (Lake Como, Lake Maggiore, Lake Lugano) to the north, the Ticino river to the west and the Adda to the east. The city's land is flat, the highest point being at 122 m (400.26 ft) above sea level.

The administrative comune covers an area of about 181 square kilometres (70 sq mi), with a population, in 2013, of 1,324,169 and a population density of 7,315 inhabitants per square kilometre (18,950/sq mi). The Metropolitan City of Milan covers 1,575 square kilometres (608 sq mi) and in 2015 had a population estimated at 3,196,825, with a resulting density of 2,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,260/sq mi).[61] A larger urban area, comprising parts of the provinces of Milan, Monza e Brianza, Como, Lecco and Varese is 1,891 square kilometres (730 sq mi) wide and has a population of 5,270,000 with a density of 2,783 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,210/sq mi).[8]

The concentric layout of the city centre reflects the Navigli, an ancient system of navigable and interconnected canals, now mostly covered.[62] The suburbs of the city have expanded mainly to the north, swallowing up many comuni along the roads towards Varese, Como, Lecco and Bergamo.[63]

Climate

Milan features a mid-latitude, four-season humid subtropical climate (Cfa), according to the Köppen climate classification. Milan's climate is similar to much of Northern Italy's inland plains, with hot, humid summers and cold, foggy winters. The Alps and Apennine Mountains form a natural barrier that protects the city from the major circulations coming from northern Europe and the sea.[64]

During winter, daily average temperatures can fall below freezing (0 °C [32 °F]) and accumulations of snow can occur: the historic average of Milan's area is 25 centimetres (10 in) in the period between 1961 and 1990, with a record of 90 centimetres (35 in) in January 1985. In the suburbs the average can reach 36 centimetres (14 in).[65] The city receives on average seven days of snow per year.[66]

The city was often shrouded in thick cloud or fog during winter, although the removal of rice paddies from the southern neighbourhoods and the urban heat island effect have greatly reduced this occurrence since the turn of the 21st century. Occasionally, the Foehn winds cause the temperatures to rise unexpectedly: on 22 January 2012 the daily high reached 16 °C (61 °F) while on 22 February 2012 it reached 21 °C (70 °F).[67] Air pollution levels rise significantly in wintertime when cold air clings to the soil, causing Milan to be one of Europe's most polluted cities.[68][69]

Summers in Milan are hot and humidity levels are high with peak temperatures reaching above 35 °C (95 °F). Due to the high humidity, urban heat effect and lack of wind, nighttimes often remain muggy during the summer months.[70] Usually the summer enjoys clearer skies with an average of more than 13 hours of daylight:[71] when precipitation occurs though, it is more likely to be accompanied by thunderstorms and hail.[71] Springs and autumns are generally pleasant, with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F); these seasons are characterized by higher rainfall, especially in April and May.[72] Relative humidity typically ranges between 45% (comfortable) and 95% (very humid) throughout the year, rarely dropping below 27% (dry) and reaching as high as 100%.[71] Wind is generally absent: over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 to 14 km/h (0 to 9 mph) (calm to gentle breeze), rarely exceeding 29 km/h (18 mph) (fresh breeze), except during summer thunderstorms when winds can blow strong. In the spring, gale-force windstorms may happen, generated either by Tramontane blowing from the Alps or by Bora-like winds from the north. Due to its geographic location surrounded by mountains on 3 sides, Milan is among the least windy cities in Europe.[71]

Climate data for Milan (Linate Airport), elevation: 107 m (351 ft), normals 1971–2000, extremes 1946–present, sunshine 1991–2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1)
23.8
(74.8)
26.9
(80.4)
32.4
(90.3)
35.5
(95.9)
36.6
(97.9)
37.2
(99.0)
36.9
(98.4)
33.0
(91.4)
28.2
(82.8)
23.0
(73.4)
21.2
(70.2)
37.2
(99.0)
Average high °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6)
9.0
(48.2)
14.3
(57.7)
17.4
(63.3)
22.3
(72.1)
26.2
(79.2)
29.2
(84.6)
28.5
(83.3)
24.4
(75.9)
17.8
(64.0)
10.7
(51.3)
6.4
(43.5)
17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5)
4.7
(40.5)
9.0
(48.2)
12.2
(54.0)
17.0
(62.6)
20.8
(69.4)
23.6
(74.5)
23.0
(73.4)
19.2
(66.6)
13.4
(56.1)
7.2
(45.0)
3.3
(37.9)
13.0
(55.4)
Average low °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4)
0.3
(32.5)
3.8
(38.8)
7.0
(44.6)
11.6
(52.9)
15.4
(59.7)
18.0
(64.4)
17.6
(63.7)
14.0
(57.2)
9.0
(48.2)
3.7
(38.7)
0.1
(32.2)
8.3
(46.9)
Record low °C (°F) −15.0
(5.0)
−15.6
(3.9)
−7.4
(18.7)
−2.5
(27.5)
−0.8
(30.6)
5.6
(42.1)
8.4
(47.1)
8.0
(46.4)
3.0
(37.4)
−2.3
(27.9)
−6.2
(20.8)
−13.6
(7.5)
−15.6
(3.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.7
(2.31)
49.2
(1.94)
65.0
(2.56)
75.5
(2.97)
95.5
(3.76)
66.7
(2.63)
66.8
(2.63)
88.8
(3.50)
93.1
(3.67)
122.4
(4.82)
76.7
(3.02)
61.7
(2.43)
920.1
(36.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.7 5.3 6.7 8.1 8.9 7.7 5.4 7.1 6.1 8.3 6.4 6.3 83.0
Average relative humidity (%) 86 78 71 75 72 71 71 72 74 81 85 86 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 76 114 177 181 214 245 293 251 180 106 71 69 1,977
Source: Servizio Meteorologico, Aeronautica Militare[73][74][75]
Climate data for Milan (Malpensa Airport), elevation: 211 m (692 ft), 1961–1990 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3)
24.4
(75.9)
28.9
(84.0)
31.6
(88.9)
35.1
(95.2)
37.6
(99.7)
38.2
(100.8)
38.8
(101.8)
33.9
(93.0)
29.8
(85.6)
22.8
(73.0)
20.8
(69.4)
38.8
(101.8)
Average high °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0)
8.6
(47.5)
13.1
(55.6)
17.0
(62.6)
21.3
(70.3)
25.5
(77.9)
28.6
(83.5)
27.6
(81.7)
24.0
(75.2)
18.2
(64.8)
11.2
(52.2)
6.9
(44.4)
17.3
(63.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6)
3.1
(37.6)
6.8
(44.2)
10.7
(51.3)
15.2
(59.4)
19.1
(66.4)
22.0
(71.6)
21.2
(70.2)
17.8
(64.0)
12.3
(54.1)
6.0
(42.8)
1.7
(35.1)
11.4
(52.5)
Average low °C (°F) −4.4
(24.1)
−2.5
(27.5)
0.4
(32.7)
4.3
(39.7)
9.0
(48.2)
12.6
(54.7)
15.3
(59.5)
14.8
(58.6)
11.5
(52.7)
6.4
(43.5)
0.7
(33.3)
−3.6
(25.5)
5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F) −18.0
(−0.4)
−17.8
(0.0)
−12.2
(10.0)
−9.0
(15.8)
−5.2
(22.6)
0.6
(33.1)
4.7
(40.5)
3.0
(37.4)
0.5
(32.9)
−6.2
(20.8)
−13.6
(7.5)
−15.2
(4.6)
−18.0
(−0.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 67.5
(2.66)
77.1
(3.04)
99.7
(3.93)
106.3
(4.19)
132.0
(5.20)
93.3
(3.67)
66.8
(2.63)
97.5
(3.84)
73.2
(2.88)
107.4
(4.23)
106.3
(4.19)
54.6
(2.15)
1,081.7
(42.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.4 6.1 7.6 8.8 10.4 8.5 6.1 7.5 5.7 6.7 7.9 5.5 87.2
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 69 73 74 74 74 73 74 77 80 80 75
Source 1: NOAA[76]
Source 2: KNMI[77]

Administration

Municipal government

 
Palazzo Marino, Milan City Hall
 
Giuseppe Sala, mayor since 2016
 
The city's nine boroughs
 
Palazzo Lombardia, headquarters of the regional government of Lombardy

The legislative body of the Italian comuni is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale), which in cities with more than one million population is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, at the same time of the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale), composed by 12 assessors, that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor. The current mayor of Milan is Giuseppe Sala, an independent leading a centre-left alliance led by the Democratic Party.

The municipality of Milan is subdivided into nine administrative Borough Councils (Consigli di Municipio), down from the former twenty districts before the 1999 administrative reform.[78] Each Borough Council is governed by a Council (Consiglio) and a President, elected contextually to the city Mayor. The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. 114), the Municipal Statute[79] and several laws, notably the Legislative Decree 267/2000 or Unified Text on Local Administration (Testo Unico degli Enti Locali).[80] After the 2016 administrative reform, the Borough Councils have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics and are responsible for running most local services, such as schools, social services, waste collection, roads, parks, libraries and local commerce; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities.

Metropolitan city

Milan is the capital of the eponymous Metropolitan city. According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation, the urban area of Milan is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities (città metropolitane), new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015.[81] The new Metro municipalities, giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province, are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co-ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services (including transport, school and social programs) and environment protection.[82] In this policy framework, the Mayor of Milan is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor (Sindaco metropolitano), presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 24 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality. The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (Sindaco metropolitano) and by the Metropolitan Council (Consiglio metropolitano). Since 21 June 2016 Giuseppe Sala, as mayor of the capital city, has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City.

Regional government

Milan is also the capital of Lombardy, one of the twenty regions of Italy. Lombardy is by far the most populated region of Italy, with more than ten million inhabitants, almost one sixth of the national total. It is governed by a Regional Council, composed of 80 members elected for a five-year term. On 26 March 2018, a list of candidates of the Centre-right coalition, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Attilio Fontana, largely won the regional election, defeating a coalition of socialists, liberals and ecologists and a third-party candidate from the populist Five Stars Movement. The conservatives have governed the region almost uninterruptedly since 1970. The regional council has 48 members from the centre-right coalition, 18 from the Centre-left coalition and 13 from the Five Star Movement. The seat of the regional government is Palazzo Lombardia that, standing at 161.3 metres (529 feet),[83] is the fifth-tallest building in Milan.

Cityscape

Skyline

Two business districts dominate Milan's skyline: Porta Nuova in the north-east (boroughs n° 9 and 2) and CityLife (borough n° 8) in the north-west part of the commune. The tallest buildings include the Unicredit Tower at 231 m (though only 162 m without the spire), and the 209 m Allianz Tower, a 50-story tower.

Architecture

 
Milan Cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in the world
 
Torre del Filarete of Sforza Castle (Castello Sforzesco), a historic medieval fortress.
 
Royal Villa of Milan, one of the finest examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy
 
Art Deco Central railway station, the 8th busiest in Europe, opened in 1931
 
The Cimitero Monumentale, it is noted for the abundance of artistic tombs and monuments.
 

There are only few remains of the ancient Roman colony, notably the well-preserved Colonne di San Lorenzo. During the second half of the 4th century, Saint Ambrose, as bishop of Milan, had a strong influence on the layout of the city, reshaping the centre (although the cathedral and baptistery built in Roman times are now lost) and building the great basilicas at the city gates: Sant'Ambrogio, San Nazaro in Brolo, San Simpliciano and Sant'Eustorgio, which still stand, refurbished over the centuries, as some of the finest and most important churches in Milan. Milan's Cathedral, built between 1386 and 1877, is the fifth-largest cathedral in the world[84] and the most important example of Gothic architecture in Italy. The gilt bronze statue of the Virgin Mary, placed in 1774 on the highest pinnacle of the Duomo, soon became one of the most enduring symbols of Milan.[85]

In the 15th century, when the Sforza ruled the city, an old Viscontean fortress was enlarged and embellished to become the Castello Sforzesco, the seat of an elegant Renaissance court surrounded by a walled hunting park. Notable architects involved in the project included the Florentine Filarete, who was commissioned to build the high central entrance tower, and the military specialist Bartolomeo Gadio.[86] The alliance between Francesco Sforza and Florence's Cosimo de' Medici bore to Milan Tuscan models of Renaissance architecture, apparent in the Ospedale Maggiore and Bramante's work in the city, which includes Santa Maria presso San Satiro (a reconstruction of a small 9th-century church), the tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant'Ambrogio.[87] The Counter-Reformation in the 16th to 17th centuries was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures: Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin, Cardinal Federico Borromeo. Not only did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of Milan, but they also gave a great impulse to culture, with the creation of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, in a building designed by Francesco Maria Richini, and the nearby Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. Many notable churches and Baroque mansions were built in the city during this period by the architects, Pellegrino Tibaldi, Galeazzo Alessi and Richini himself.[88]

Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was responsible for the significant renovations carried out in Milan during the 18th century.[89] This urban and artistic renewal included the establishment of Teatro alla Scala, inaugurated in 1778, and the renovation of the Royal Palace. The late 1700s Palazzo Belgioioso by Giuseppe Piermarini and Royal Villa of Milan by Leopoldo Pollack, later the official residence of Austrian viceroys, are often regarded among the best examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy.[90] The Napoleonic rule of the city in 1805–1814, having established Milan as the capital of a satellite Kingdom of Italy, took steps in order to reshape it accordingly to its new status, with the construction of large boulevards, new squares (Porta Ticinese by Luigi Cagnola and Foro Bonaparte by Giovanni Antonio Antolini) and cultural institutions (Art Gallery and the Academy of Fine Arts).[91] The massive Arch of Peace, situated at the bottom of Corso Sempione, is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. In the second half of the 19th century, Milan quickly became the main industrial centre of the new Italian nation, drawing inspiration from the great European capitals that were hubs of the Second Industrial Revolution. The great Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, realised by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 to celebrate Vittorio Emanuele II, is a covered passage with a glass and cast iron roof, inspired by the Burlington Arcade in London. Several other arcades such as the Galleria del Corso, built between 1923 and 1931, complement it. Another late-19th-century eclectic monument in the city is the Cimitero Monumentale graveyard, built in a Neo-Romanesque style between 1863 and 1866.

The tumultuous period of early 20th century brought several, radical innovations in Milanese architecture. Art Nouveau, also known as Liberty in Italy, is recognisable in Palazzo Castiglioni, built by architect Giuseppe Sommaruga between 1901 and 1903.[92] Other examples include Hotel Corso,[92] Casa Guazzoni with its wrought iron and staircase, and Berri-Meregalli house, the latter built in a traditional Milanese Art Nouveau style combined with elements of neo-Romanesque and Gothic revival architecture, regarded as one of the last such types of architecture in the city.[93] A new, more eclectic form of architecture can be seen in buildings such as Castello Cova, built the 1910s in a distinctly neo-medieval style, evoking the architectural trends of the past.[94] An important example of Art Deco, which blended such styles with Fascist architecture, is the huge Central railway station inaugurated in 1931.[95]

The post–World War II period saw rapid reconstruction and fast economic growth, accompanied by a nearly two-fold increase in population. In the 1950s and 1960s, a strong demand for new residential and commercial areas drove to extreme urban expansion, that has produced some of the major milestones in the city's architectural history, including Gio Ponti's Pirelli Tower (1956–60), Velasca Tower (1956–58), and the creation of brand new residential satellite towns, as well as huge amounts of low quality public housings. In recent years, de-industrialization, urban decay and gentrification led to a vast urban renewal of former industrial areas, that have been transformed into modern residential and financial districts, notably Porta Nuova in downtown Milan and FieraMilano in the suburb of Rho. In addition, the old exhibition area is being completely reshaped according to the Citylife regeneration project, featuring residencial areas, museums, an urban park and three skyscrapers designed by international architects, and after whom they are named: the 202-metre (663-foot) Isozaki Arata—when completed, the tallest building in Italy,[96] the twisted Hadid Tower,[97] and the curved Libeskind Tower.[98]

Parks and gardens

The largest parks in the central area of Milan are Sempione Park, at the north-western edge, and Montanelli Gardens, situated northeast of the city. English-style Sempione Park, built in 1890, contains a Napoleonic Arena, the Milan City Aquarium, a steel lattice panoramic tower, an art exhibition centre, a Japanese garden and a public library.[99] The Montanelli gardens, created in the 18th century, hosts the Natural History Museum of Milan and a planetarium.[100] Slightly away from the city centre, heading east, Forlanini Park is characterised by a large pond and a few preserved shacks which remind of the area's agricultural past.[101] In recent years Milan's authorities pledged to develop its green areas: they planned to create twenty new urban parks and extend the already existing ones, and announced plans to plant three million trees by 2030.[102]

In addition, even though Milan is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Italy, it is surrounded by a belt of green areas and features numerous gardens even in its very centre. Since 1990, the farmlands and woodlands north (Parco Nord Milano) and south (Parco Agricolo Sud Milano) of the urban area have been protected as regional parks.[citation needed] West of the city, the Parco delle Cave (Sand pit park) has been established on a neglected site where gravel and sand used to be extracted, featuring artificial lakes and woods.

Demographics

Population census
YearPop.±%
1861 267,621—    
1871 290,518+8.6%
1881 354,045+21.9%
1901 538,483+52.1%
1911 701,411+30.3%
1921 818,161+16.6%
1931 960,682+17.4%
1936 1,115,794+16.1%
1951 1,274,187+14.2%
1961 1,582,474+24.2%
1971 1,732,068+9.5%
1981 1,604,844−7.3%
1991 1,369,295−14.7%
2001 1,256,211−8.3%
2011 1,242,123−1.1%
20191,396,059+12.4%
Istat historical data 1861–2011[103]

The official estimated population of the City of Milan was 1,378,689 as of 31 December 2018, according to ISTAT, the official Italian statistical agency,[104] up by 136,556 from the 2011 census, or a growth of about 11%. At the same date 3,250,315 people lived in Milan province-level municipality.[105] The population of Milan today is lower than its historical peak. With rapid industrialization in post-war years, the population of Milan peaked at 1,743,427 in 1973.[106] Thereafter, during the following decades, about one third of the population moved to the outer belt of suburbs and new satellite settlements that grew around the city proper.

Milan is home to the second largest Far East Asian community in Europe after Paris, with Philippines and China making up about a quarter of its foreign population (circa 73.000 of 277.000, in 2021). Another 3,500 foreigners come from other East Asian countries.[107]

Today, Milan's conurbation extends well beyond the borders of the city proper and of its special-status provincial authority: its contiguous built-up urban area was home to 5,270,000 people in 2015,[8] while its wider metropolitan area, the largest in Italy and fourth largest in the EU, is estimated to have a population of more than 8.2 million.[10]

Foreign residents

Origin of residents as of 2019[108]

  Italian (80.10%)
  EU area (2.32%)
  Other European (1.50%)
  African (4.47%)
  Asian (8.21%)
  Latin American (3.28%)
  Other (0.12%)
Country of foreign nationality Population at 1 January 2021
  Philippines 39,536 (+1,465)
  Egypt 39,388 (+2,056)
  China 33,871 (+4,195)
  Peru 16,729 (+143)
  Sri Lanka 16,637 (+605)
  Romania 13,440 (-723)
  Bangladesh 10,643 (+1,208)
  Ecuador 10,587 (-369)
  Ukraine 8,312 (+281)
  Morocco 8,135 (+482)
  El Salvador 5,784 (+903)
  Albania 5,055 (+422)
  France 4,173 (+712)
  Brazil 3,119 (+59)
  Spain 2,826 (+591)
  Russia 2,708 (+452)
  Senegal 2,690 (+187)
  Moldova 2,483 (+79)
  India 2,388 (+1,066)
  Turkey 2,185 (+647)
  Pakistan 2,140 (+351)
  United Kingdom 2,125 (+319)
  Iran 2,124 (+327)
  Germany 2,028 (+415)
  Bolivia 1,964 (-140)
  Japan 1,698 (+17)
  United States 1,502 (+360)
  Tunisia 1,435 (+63)
  Bulgaria 1,392 (-61)
  Nigeria 1,206 (+129)
  Eritrea 1,201 (-180)
  Colombia 1,172 (+204)
  Poland 1,125 (+51)
  Georgia 1,034 (+232)
other countries each <1000

As of 2021, some 276,776 foreign residents lived in the municipality of Milan,[108] representing 20.1% of the total resident population. These figures suggest that the immigrant population has more than doubled in the last 15 years.[109] After World War II, Milan experienced two main waves of immigration: the first, dating from the 1950s to the early 1970s, saw a large influx of migrants from poorer and rural areas within Italy; the second, starting from the late 1980s, has been characterized by the preponderance of foreign-born immigrants.[110] The early period coincided with the so-called Italian economic miracle of postwar years, an era of extraordinary growth based on rapid industrial expansion and great public works, that brought to the city a large influx of over 400,000 people, mainly from rural and underdeveloped Southern Italy.[55] In the last three decades, the foreign born share of the population soared. Immigrants came mainly from Africa (in particular Eritreans, Egyptians, Moroccans, Senegalese, and Nigerian), and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (notably Albanians, Romanians, Ukrainians, Macedonians, Moldovans, and Russians), in addition to a growing number of Asians (in particular Chinese, Sri Lankans and Filipinos) and Latin Americans (Mainly South Americans). At the beginning of the 1990s, Milan already had a population of foreign-born residents of approximately 58,000 (or 4% of the then population), that rose rapidly to over 117,000 by the end of the decade (about 9% of the total).[111]

Decades of continuing high immigration have made the city the most cosmopolitan and multicultural in Italy. Milan notably hosts the oldest and largest Chinese community in Italy, with almost 34,000 people in 2021. Situated in the 9th district, and centred on Via Paolo Sarpi, an important commercial avenue, the Milanese Chinatown was originally established in the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County, in the Zhejiang province, and used to operate small textile and leather workshops.[112]

Milan has also a substantial English-speaking community (more than 4,000 American, British, Irish and Australian expatriates), and several English schools and language publications, such as Hello Milano, Where Milano and Easy Milano.[108]

Religion

 
St. Ambrose Basilica dates back from AD 379–386

Milan's population, like that of Italy as a whole, is mostly Catholic.[113][114] It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Milan. Greater Milan is also home to Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist communities.[115][116][117][118][119]

Milan has been a Christian-majority city since the late Roman Empire.[120] Its religious history was marked by the figure of St. Ambrose, whose heritage includes the Ambrosian Rite (Italian: Rito ambrosiano), used by some five million Catholics in the greater part of the Archdiocese of Milan,[121] which consider the largest in Europe.[122] The Rite varies slightly from the canonical Roman Rite liturgy, with differences in the mass, liturgical year (Lent starts four days later than in the Roman Rite), baptism, rite of funerals, priest clothes, and sacred music (use of the Ambrosian chant rather than Gregorian).[123]

In addition, the city is home to the largest Orthodox community in Italy. Lombardy is the seat of at least 78 Orthodox parishes and monasteries, the vast majority of them located in the area of Milan.[124] The main Romanian Orthodox church in Milan is the Catholic church of Our Lady of Victory (Chiesa di Santa Maria della Vittoria), currently granted for use to the local Romanian community.[125] Similarly, the point of reference for the followers of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Catholic church of San Vito in Pasquirolo.[126][127]

The Jewish community of Milan is the second largest in Italy after Rome, with about 10,000 members, mainly Sephardi.[128] The main city synagogue, Hechal David u-Mordechai Temple, was built by architect Luca Beltrami in 1892.

Milan hosts also one of the largest Muslim communities in Italy,[129] and the city saw the construction of the country's first new mosque featuring a dome and minaret, since the destruction of the ancient mosques of Lucera in the year 1300. In 2014 the City Council agreed on the construction of a new mosque amid bitter political debate, since it is strenuously opposed by right-wing parties such as the Northern League.[130]

Currently, accurate statistics on the Hindu and Sikh presence in Milan metro area are not available; however, various sources estimate that about 40% of the total Indian population living in Italy, or about 50,000 individuals, reside in Lombardy,[131][132] where a number of Hindu and Sikh temples exist and where they form the largest such communities in Europe after the ones in Britain.[133]

Economy

 
The skyscrapers of Porta Nuova business district

Whereas Rome is Italy's political and cultural capital, Milan is the country's industrial and financial heart. With a 2021 GDP estimated at €207.4 billion,[134] the province of Milan generates approximately 10% of the national GDP; while the economy of the Lombardy region generates approximately 19.5% of Italy's GDP (or an estimated €400 billion in 2021,[135] roughly the size of Belgium). The province of Milan is home to about 45% of businesses in the Lombardy region and more than 8 percent of all businesses in Italy, including three Fortune 500 companies.[136]

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Milan was the 11th most expensive city in Europe and the 22nd most expensive city in the world in 2019,[137] while the well-known Via Monte Napoleone is Europe's most expensive shopping street according to Global Blue.[138]

Since the late 1800s, the area of Milan has been a major industrial and manufacturing centre. Alfa Romeo automobile company and Falck steel group employed thousands of workers in the city until the closure of their sites in Arese in 2004 and Sesto San Giovanni in 1995. Other global industrial companies, such as Edison, Prysmian Group, Riva Group, Saras, Saipem and Techint, maintain their headquarters and significant employment in the city and its suburbs. Other relevant industries active in metro Milan include chemicals (e.g. Mapei, Versalis, Tamoil Italy), home appliances (e.g. Candy), hospitality (UNA Hotels & Resorts), food & beverages (e.g. Bertolli, Campari), machinery, medical technologies (e.g. Amplifon, Bracco), plastics and textiles. The construction (e.g. Webuild), retail (e.g. Esselunga, La Rinascente) and utilities (e.g. A2A, Edison S.p.A., Snam, Sorgenia) sectors are also large employers in the Greater Milan.

Milan is Italy's largest financial hub. The main national insurance companies and banking groups (for a total of 198 companies) and over forty foreign insurance and banking companies are located in the city,[139] as well as a number of asset management companies, including Anima SGR, Azimut Holding, ARCA SGR, and Eurizon Capital. The Associazione Bancaria Italiana representing the Italian banking system, and Milan Stock Exchange (225 companies listed on the stock exchange) are both located in the city. Porta Nuova, the main business district of Milan and one of the most important in Europe, hosts the Italian headquarters of numerous global companies, such as Accenture, AXA, Bank of America, BNP Paribas, Celgene, China Construction Bank, Finanza & Futuro Banca, FM Global, Herbalife, HSBC, KPMG, Maire Tecnimont, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Panasonic, Pirelli, Samsung, Ubisoft, Shire, Tata Consultancy Services, Telecom Italia, UniCredit, UnipolSai. Other large multinational service companies, such as Allianz, Generali, Alleanza Assicurazioni and PricewaterhouseCoopers, have their headquarters in the CityLife business district, a new 900-acre-wide (3.6 km2) development project designed by prominent modernist architects Zaha Hadid, Daniel Liebskind and Arata Isozaki.

The city is home to numerous media and advertising agencies, national newspapers and telecommunication companies, including both the public service broadcaster RAI and private television companies like Mediaset and Sky Italia. In addition, it hosts the headquarters of the largest Italian publishing companies, such as Feltrinelli, Giunti Editore, Messaggerie Italiane [it], Mondadori, RCS Media Group, and Rusconi Libri [it]. Milan has also seen a rapid increase in the presence of IT companies, with both domestic and international companies such as Altavista, Google, Italtel, Lycos, Microsoft,[140] Virgilio and Yahoo! establishing their Italian operations in the city.

Milan is one of the fashion capitals of the world, where the sector can count on 12,000 companies, 800 show rooms, and 6,000 sales outlets; the city hosts the headquarters of global fashion houses such as Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Luxottica, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Zegna and four weeks a year are dedicated to fashion events.[139] The city is also a global hub for event management and trade fairs. FieraMilano operates the world's fourth largest[141] exhibition hall in Rho, were international exhibitions like Milan Furniture Fair, EICMA, EMO take place on 400,000 square metres of exhibition areas with more than 4 million visitors in 2018.[142]

Tourism is an increasingly important part of the city's economy: with 8.81 million registered international arrivals in 2018 (up 9.92% on the previous year), Milan ranked as the world's 15th-most visited city.[143]

Culture

 
Biblioteca Ambrosiana

Museums and art galleries

 
The Museo del Novecento displays the world's largest collection of Futurist art.[144]
 
The Triennale design and art museum

Milan is home to many cultural institutions, museums and art galleries, that account for about a tenth of the national total of visitors and receipts.[145] The Pinacoteca di Brera is one of Milan's most important art galleries. It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian painting, including masterpieces such as the Brera Madonna by Piero della Francesca. The Castello Sforzesco hosts numerous art collections and exhibitions, especially statues, ancient arms and furnitures, as well as the Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco, with an art collection including Michelangelo's last sculpture, the Rondanini Pietà, Andrea Mantegna's Trivulzio Madonna and Leonardo da Vinci's Codex Trivulzianus manuscript. The Castello complex also includes The Museum of Ancient Art, The Furniture Museum, The Museum of Musical Instruments and the Applied Arts Collection, The Egyptian and Prehistoric sections of the Archaeological Museum and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection (Civica Raccolta delle Stampe Bertarelli).

Milan's figurative art flourished in the Middle Ages, and with the Visconti family being major patrons of the arts, the city became an important centre of Gothic art and architecture (Milan Cathedral being the city's most formidable work of Gothic architecture). Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.[146]

The city was affected by the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries, and hosted numerous formidable artists, architects and painters of that period, such as Caravaggio and Francesco Hayez, which several important works are hosted in Brera Academy. The Museum of Risorgimento is specialised on the history of Italian unification Its collections include iconic paintings like Baldassare Verazzi's Episode from the Five Days and Francesco Hayez's 1840 Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. The Triennale is a design museum and events venue located in Palazzo dell'Arte, in Sempione Park. It hosts exhibitions and events highlighting contemporary Italian design, urban planning, architecture, music, and media arts, emphasising the relationship between art and industry.

Milan in the 20th century was the epicentre of the Futurist artistic movement. Filippo Marinetti, the founder of Italian Futurism wrote in his 1909 "Manifesto of Futurism" (in Italian, Manifesto Futuristico), that Milan was "grande...tradizionale e futurista" ("grand...traditional and futuristic", in English). Umberto Boccioni was also an important Futurism artist who worked in the city. Today, Milan remains a major international hub of modern and contemporary art, with numerous modern art galleries. The Modern Art Gallery, situated in the Royal Villa, hosts collections of Italian and European painting from the 18th to the early 20th centuries.[147][148][149] The Museo del Novecento, situated in the Palazzo dell'Arengario, is one of the most important art galleries in Italy about 20th-century art; of particular relevance are the sections dedicated to Futurism, Spatialism and Arte povera. In the early 1990s architect David Chipperfield was invited to convert the premises of the former Ansaldo Factory into a Museum. Museo delle Culture (MUDEC) opened in April 2015.[150] The Gallerie di Piazza Scala, a modern and contemporary museum located in Piazza della Scala in the Palazzo Brentani and the Palazzo Anguissola, hosts 195 artworks from the collections of Fondazione Cariplo with a strong representation of nineteenth-century Lombard painters and sculptors, including Antonio Canova and Umberto Boccioni. A new section was opened in the Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana in 2012. Other private ventures dedicated to contemporary art include the exhibiting spaces of the Prada Foundation and HangarBicocca. The Nicola Trussardi Foundation is renewed for organising temporary exhibition in venues around the city. Milan is also home to many public art projects, with a variety of works that range from sculptures to murals to pieces by internationally renowned artists, including Arman, Kengiro Azuma, Francesco Barzaghi, Alberto Burri, Pietro Cascella, Maurizio Cattelan, Leonardo da Vinci, Giorgio de Chirico, Kris Ruhs, Emilio Isgrò, Fausto Melotti, Joan Miró, Carlo Mo, Claes Oldenburg, Igor Mitoraj, Gianfranco Pardi, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Carlo Ramous, Aldo Rossi, Aligi Sassu, Giuseppe Spagnulo and Domenico Trentacoste.

Music

 
Founded in 1778, La Scala is the world's most famous opera house.[151]
 
The Teatro dei Filodrammatici

Milan is a major national and international centre of the performing arts, most notably opera. The city hosts La Scala operahouse, considered one of the world's most prestigious,[152] having throughout history witnessed the premieres of numerous operas, such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842, La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli, Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904, Turandot by Puccini in 1926, and more recently Teneke, by Fabio Vacchi in 2007. Other major theatres in Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi, Teatro Dal Verme, Teatro Lirico and formerly the Teatro Regio Ducale. The city is also the seat of a renowned symphony orchestra and musical conservatory, and has been, throughout history, a major centre for musical composition: numerous famous composers and musicians such as Gioseppe Caimo, Simon Boyleau, Hoste da Reggio, Verdi, Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Paolo Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan. The city is also the birthplace of many modern ensembles and bands, including Camaleonti, Camerata Mediolanense, Gli Spioni, Dynamis Ensemble, Elio e le Storie Tese, Krisma, Premiata Forneria Marconi, Quartetto Cetra, Stormy Six and Le Vibrazioni.

Fashion and design

 
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the city's largest shopping centres.

Milan is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design, fashion and architecture.[153] In the 1950s and 60s, as the main industrial centre of Italy and one of Europe's most dynamic cities, Milan became a world capital of design and architecture. There was such a revolutionary change that Milan's fashion exports accounted for US$726 million in 1952, and by 1955 that number grew to US$72.5 billion.[154] Modern skyscrapers, such as the Pirelli Tower and the Torre Velasca were built, and artists such as Bruno Munari, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Castellani and Piero Manzoni gathered in the city.[155] Today, Milan is still particularly well known for its high-quality furniture and interior design industry. The city is home to FieraMilano, Europe's largest permanent trade exhibition, and Salone Internazionale del Mobile, one of the most prestigious international furniture and design fairs.[156]

Milan is also regarded as one of the fashion capitals of the world, along with New York City, Paris, and London.[157] Milan is synonymous with the Italian prêt-à-porter industry,[158] as many of the most famous Italian fashion brands, such as Valentino, Gucci, Versace, Prada, Armani and Dolce & Gabbana, are headquartered in the city. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Milan. Furthermore, the city hosts the Milan Fashion Week twice a year, one of the most important events in the international fashion system.[159] Milan's main upscale fashion district, quadrilatero della moda, is home to the city's most prestigious shopping streets (Via Monte Napoleone, Via della Spiga, Via Sant'Andrea, Via Manzoni and Corso Venezia), in addition to Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, one of the world's oldest shopping malls.[160]

Languages and literature

 
Monument to Alessandro Manzoni

In the late 18th century, and throughout the 19th, Milan was an important centre for intellectual discussion and literary creativity. The Enlightenment found here a fertile ground. Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria, with his famous Dei delitti e delle pene, and Count Pietro Verri, with the periodical Il Caffè were able to exert a considerable influence over the new middle-class culture, thanks also to an open-minded Austrian administration.[citation needed]

In the first years of the 19th century, the ideals of the Romantic movement made their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry. Additionally, Giuseppe Parini and Ugo Foscolo published their most important works, and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics, as well as of literary craftsmanship. Foscolo's poem Dei sepolcri was inspired by a Napoleonic law that—against the will of many of its inhabitants—was being extended to the city.[citation needed]

In the third decade of the 19th century, Alessandro Manzoni wrote his novel I Promessi Sposi, considered the manifesto of Italian Romanticism, which found in Milan its centre; in the same period Carlo Porta, reputed the most renowned local vernacular poet, wrote his poems in Lombard Language. The periodical Il Conciliatore published articles by Silvio Pellico, Giovanni Berchet, Ludovico di Breme, who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics.

After the Unification of Italy in 1861, Milan retained a sort of central position in cultural debates. New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were accepted and discussed: thus Realism and Naturalism gave birth to prewar Italian movement of Verismo in Southern Italy, its greatest Verista novelist Giovanni Verga formed in Sicily who wrote his most important books in Milan.

In addition to Italian, approximately 2 million people in Northern Italy can speak the Milanese dialect or other Western Lombard variation.[161]

Media

Milan is an important national and international media centre. Corriere della Sera, founded in 1876, is one of the oldest Italian newspapers, and it is published by Rizzoli, as well as La Gazzetta dello Sport, a daily dedicated to coverage of various sports and currently considered the most widely read daily newspaper in Italy. Other local dailies are the general broadsheets Il Giorno, Il Giornale, the Catholic newspaper Avvenire, and Il Sole 24 Ore, a daily business newspaper owned by Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation). Free daily newspapers include Leggo and Metro. Milan is also home to many architecture, art, and fashion periodicals, including Abitare, Casabella, Domus, Flash Art, Gioia, Grazia, and Vogue Italia. Panorama and Oggi, two of Italy's most important weekly news magazines, are also published in Milan.

Several commercial broadcast television networks have their national headquarters in the Milan conurbation, including Mediaset Group (owner of Canale 5, Italia 1, Iris and Rete 4), Telelombardia and MTV Italy. National radio stations based in Milan include Radio Deejay, Radio 105 Network, R101 (Italy), Radio Popolare, RTL 102.5, Radio Capital and Virgin Radio Italia.

Cuisine

Like most cities in Italy, Milan has developed its own local culinary tradition, which, as it is typical for North Italian cuisines, uses more frequently rice than pasta, butter than vegetable oil and features almost no tomato or fish. Milanese traditional dishes includes cotoletta alla milanese, a breaded veal (pork and turkey can be used) cutlet pan-fried in butter (similar to Viennese Wiener Schnitzel). Other typical dishes are cassoeula (stewed pork rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage), ossobuco (braised veal shank served with a condiment called gremolata), risotto alla milanese (with saffron and beef marrow), busecca (stewed tripe with beans), mondeghili (meatballs made with leftover meat fried in butter), and brasato (stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes).

Season-related pastries include chiacchiere (flat fritters dusted with sugar) and tortelli (fried spherical cookies) for Carnival, colomba (glazed cake shaped as a dove) for Easter, pane dei morti ("bread of the (Day of the) Dead", cookies flavoured with cinnamon) for All Souls' Day and panettone for Christmas. The salame Milano, a salami with a very fine grain, is widespread throughout Italy. Renowned Milanese cheeses are gorgonzola (from the namesake village nearby), mascarpone, used in pastry-making, taleggio and quartirolo.

Milan is well known for its world-class restaurants and cafés, characterised by innovative cuisine and design.[162] As of 2014, Milan has 157 Michelin-selected places, including three 2-Michelin-starred restaurants;[163] these include Cracco, Sadler and il Luogo di Aimo e Nadia.[164] Many historical restaurants and bars are found in the historic centre, the Brera and Navigli districts. One of the city's oldest surviving cafés, Caffè Cova, was established in 1817.[165] In total, Milan has 15 cafés, bars and restaurants registered among the Historical Places of Italy, continuously operating for at least 70 years.[166]

Sport

 
San Siro Stadium, home of A.C. Milan and Inter Milan, has a capacity of 80,000. It is Italy's biggest stadium.
 
The Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city, inside a suburban park.

Milan hosted matches at the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 and the UEFA European Championship in 1980, and more recently held the 2003 World Rowing Championships, the 2009 World Boxing Championships, and some games of the Men's Volleyball World Championship in 2010 and the final games of the Women's Volleyball World Championship in 2014. In 2018, Milan hosted the World Figure Skating Championships. Milan will host the 2026 Winter Olympics as well as the 2026 Winter Paralympics jointly with Cortina d'Ampezzo.

Milan is the only city in Europe that is home to two European Cup/Champions League winning teams: Serie A football clubs A.C. Milan and Inter. They are two of the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies. Both teams have also won the FIFA Club World Cup (formerly the Intercontinental Cup). With a combined ten Champions League titles, Milan is only second to Madrid as the city with the most European Cups. Both teams play at the UEFA 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the San Siro, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of over 80,000.[167] The Meazza Stadium has hosted four European Cup/Champions League finals, most recently in 2016, when Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5–3 in a penalty shoot-out. A third team, Brera Calcio, plays in Prima Categoria, the seventh tier of Italian football.[168] Another team, Milano City F.C. (a successor of Bustese Calcio),[169] plays in Serie D, the fourth level.

Milan is one of the host cities of the EuroBasket 2022. There are currently four professional Lega Basket clubs in Milan: Olimpia Milano, Pallacanestro Milano 1958, Società Canottieri Milano and A.S.S.I. Milano. Olimpia is the most decorated basketball club in Italy, having won 27 Italian League championships, six Italian National Cups, one Italian Super Cup, three European Champions Cups, one FIBA Intercontinental Cup, three FIBA Saporta Cups, two FIBA Korać Cups and many junior titles. The team play at the Mediolanum Forum, with a capacity of 12,700, where it has been hosted the final of the 2013–14 Euroleague. In some cases the team also plays at the PalaDesio, with a capacity of 6,700.

Milan is also home to Italy's oldest American football team: Rhinos Milano, who have won five Italian Super Bowls. The team plays at the Velodromo Vigorelli, with a capacity of 8,000. Another American football team that use the same venue is the Seamen Milano, who will join the professional European League of Football in 2023. Milan has also two cricket teams: Milano Fiori, currently competing in the second division, and Kingsgrove Milan, who won the Serie A championship in 2014. Amatori Rugby Milano, the most decorated rugby team in Italy, was founded in Milan in 1927. The Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city, inside a suburban park. It is one of the world's oldest car racing circuits. The capacity for the F1 races is currently over 113,000. It has hosted an F1 race nearly every year since the first year of competition, with the exception of 1980.

In road cycling, Milan hosts the start of the annual Milan–San Remo classic one-day race and the annual Milano–Torino one day race. Milan is also the traditional finish for the final stage of the Giro d'Italia, which, along with the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España, is one of cycling's three Grand Tours.

Education

 
The University of Milan headquarters
 
Bocconi University is a leading institution for economics, management and related disciplines in Europe.[170]
 
University of Milan Bicocca, the city's newest university, ranks as the 82nd best young college on over 300 institutions in the 2020 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[171]

Milan is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the second largest concentration of higher education institutes in Italy after Rome. Milan's higher education system includes 7 universities, 48 faculties and 142 departments, with 185,000 university students enrolled in 2011 (approximately 11 percent of the national total)[24] and the largest number of university graduates and postgraduate students (34,000 and more than 5,000, respectively) in Italy.[172]

Universities

The University of Milan (also known as the "State University") founded in 1923, is the largest public teaching and research university in the city.[173] The University of Milan is the sixth-largest university in Italy, with approximately 60,000 enrolled students and a teaching staff of 2,500.[174] Most relevant academics are in the fields of medicine, law and politics, and sustainability. Notable alumni such as former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and Nobel laureates earned their degree at University of Milan.

University of Milano-Bicocca, established in 1998 is the city's newest institution of higher education in science and technology. Built over a once industrial area, today enrolls more than 30,000 students, of which more than 60% are females.[175] As its older parent institute, it is one of the most sought-after location for medical students.[176]

The Polytechnic University of Milan is the city's oldest university, founded in 1863. With over 40,000 students, it is the largest technical university in Italy.[177]

Catholic University of the Sacred Heart is the largest private teaching university in Europe[178] and the largest Catholic University in the world with 42,000 enrolled students.[179][180]

Bocconi University is a private management and finance university established in 1902, ranking as the best university in Italy in its fields, and as one of the best in the world. In 2020, QS World University Rankings (viewed as one of the three most-widely read university rankings in the world) ranked the university 7th worldwide and 3rd in Europe in business and management studies,[181] as well as 1st in economics and econometrics outside the U.S. and the U.K.[182] The Financial Times ranked it the sixth best business school in Europe in 2018.[183] Bocconi University also ranks as the 5th best 1 year MBA course in the world, according to the Forbes 2017 ranking.[184]

Vita-Salute San Raffaele University is a private teaching medical university linked to the San Raffaele Hospital.[185]

University Institute of Languages and Communication (also known as "University IULM") is a private teaching university established in 1968, later renamed from its original name "University Institute of Languages of Milan", becoming first Italian university offering courses on public relations; later it became a point of reference also for business communication; media and advertising; translation and interpreting; communication in culture and arts markets, tourism and fashion.[186]

Art academies

Milan is also well known for its fine arts and music schools. The Milan Academy of Fine Arts (Brera Academy) is a public academic institution founded in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria; the New Academy of Fine Arts is the largest private art and design university in Italy;[187] the European Institute of Design is a private university specialised in fashion, industrial and interior design, audio/visual design including photography, advertising and marketing and business communication; the Marangoni Institute, is a fashion institute with campuses in Milan, London, and Paris; the Domus Academy is a private postgraduate institution of design, fashion, architecture, interior design and management; the Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music, a college of music founded in 1931 by the blessed cardinal A.I. Schuster, archbishop of Milan, and raised according to the rules by the Holy See in 1940, is—similarly to the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music in Rome, which is consociated with—an Institute "ad instar facultatis" and is authorised to confer university qualifications with canonical validity[188] and the Milan Conservatory, a college of music established in 1807, currently Italy's largest with more than 1,700 students and 240 music teachers.[189]

Transport

 
Sharen'go cars in Piazza Duca d'Aosta

Milan is one of the key transport nodes of Italy and southern Europe. Its central railway station is Italy's second and Europe's eighth busiest.[190][191] The Malpensa, Linate and Orio al Serio airports serve the Greater Milan, the largest metropolitan area in Italy.

Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) is the Milanese municipal transport company; it operates 5 metro lines, 18 tram lines, 131 bus lines, 4 trolleybus lines, and 1 people mover line, carrying about 776 million passengers in 2018.[192] Overall the network covers nearly 1,500 km (932 mi) reaching 46 municipalities.[193] Besides public transport, ATM manages the interchange parking lots and other transport services including bike sharing and carsharing systems.[194]

Rail

Underground

 
Milan Metro is Italy's longest rapid transit system.

The Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving the city and surrounding municipalities. The network consists of 4 lines (plus one under construction), with a total network length of 101 kilometres (63 mi), and a total of 113 stations, mostly underground.[195] It has a daily ridership of 1.15 million,[196] the largest in Italy as well as one of the largest in Europe.

Suburban

The Milan suburban railway service, operated by Trenord, comprises 12 S lines connecting the metropolitan area with the city centre, with possible transfers to all the metro lines. Most S lines run through the Milan Passerby railway, commonly referred to as "il Passante" and served by double-decker trains every 4/8 minutes in the central underground section.[197]

National and international trains

Milan Central station, with 120 million passengers per year, is the largest and eighth busiest railway station in Europe and the second busiest in Italy after Rome.[190] Milano Cadorna and Milano Porta Garibaldi stations are respectively the seventh and the eleventh busiest stations in Italy.[190] Since the end of 2009, two high-speed train lines link Milan to Rome, Naples and Turin, considerably shortening travel times with other major cities in Italy. Further high-speed lines are under construction towards Genoa and Verona. Milan is served by direct international trains to Nice, Marseille, Lyon, Paris, Lugano, Geneva, Bern, Basel, Zurich and Frankfurt, and by overnight sleeper services to Paris and Dijon (Thello), Munich and Vienna (ÖBB).[198]

Milan is also the core of Lombardy's regional train network. Regional trains were operated on two different systems by LeNord (departing from Milano Cadorna) and Trenitalia (departing from Milan Centrale and Milano Porta Garibaldi). Since 2011, a new company, Trenord, operates both Trenitalia and LeNord regional trains in Lombardy, carrying over 750,000 passengers on more than 50 routes every day.[199][200]

Buses and trams

 
Typical trams operated by ATM

The city tram network consists of approximately 160 kilometres (99 mi) of track and 18 lines, and is Europe's most advanced light rail system.[201] Bus lines cover over 1,070 km (665 mi). Milan has also taxi services operated by private companies and licensed by the City council of Milan. The city is also a key node for the national road network, being served by all the major highways of Northern Italy. Numerous long-distance bus lines link Milan with many other cities and towns in Lombardy and throughout Italy.[202]

Aviation

The Milan metropolitan area is served by three international airports, with a grand total of about 47 million passengers served in 2018.[203]

  • Malpensa Airport is Italy's second-busiest airport with 24.7 million passengers served in 2018 and Italy's busiest for freight and cargo, handling about 600,000 tons of international freight in 2018. Malpensa lays 45 km (28 mi) from downtown Milan and is connected to the city by the Malpensa Express railway service.[204]
  • Linate Airport is Milan's city airport, less than 8 km (5 miles) from central Milan, and is mainly used for domestic and short-haul international flights. It served 9.2 million passengers in 2018. Linate Airport was the second largest base for Italy's national flag carrier, Alitalia.[205]
  • Orio al Serio Airport, located some 50 km (31 mi) away, near the town of Bergamo, mainly serves the low-cost traffic of Milan and it is the main base of Ryanair (12.9 million passengers served in 2018).[206]

Lastly, Bresso Airfield is a general aviation airport, operated by Aero Club Milano.[207]

Cycling

The bicycle is becoming an increasingly important mode of transportation in Milan. Since 2008, the implementation of a city-wide network of bike paths has been initiated, to fight congestion and air pollution. During the COVID pandemic in 2019, 35 km of bike lanes have been realized on short notice, to relieve pressure on the subway occupation.[208] The bike sharing systems BikeMi has been deployed in almost all the city and enjoys increasing popularity. Stationless commercial bike and scooter sharing systems are widely available.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Milan is twinned with:[209]

The partnership with Saint Petersburg was suspended in 2012 (a decision taken by the city of Milan), because of the prohibition of the Russian government on "homosexual propaganda".[210] However, it was later restored and as of 2022, St. Petersburg is still listed on Milan's official list of twin towns.[209]

Other relations

Milan has the following collaborations:[211][better source needed]

People

Honorary citizens

People awarded the honorary citizenship of Milan are:

Date Name Notes
24 February 1972 Charlie Chaplin (1889 – 1977) English comic actor.
March 1980 Andrei Sakharov (1921 – 1989) Russian nuclear physicist, dissident and activist.
December 1988 Alexander Dubček (1921 – 1992) Czechoslovak and Slovak politician and dissident.
16 February 1990 Paola Borboni (1900 – 1995) Italian actress.
21 October 2004 Rudolph Giuliani (1944 – present) American politician, former Mayor of New York City, and attorney of Donald Trump.
3 September 2005 Rania Al-Abdullah (1970 – present) Queen consort of Jordan.
10 December 2008 Al Gore (1948 – present) American politician and former Vice President of the United States.
18 January 2012 Roberto Saviano (1979 – present) Italian journalist and writer.
4 April 2016 Nino Di Matteo (1961 – present) Italian magistrate.
20 October 2016 Dalai Lama (1935 – present) Tibetan Buddhist Spiritual Leader.[212][213]
10 December 2020 Patrick Zaki (1991 – present) Egyptian student.

See also

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milan, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, disambiguation, confused, with, mulan, this, article, long, read, navigate, comfortably, current, readable, prose, size, kilobytes, please, consider, splitting, content, into, articles, condensing, adding, s. Milano redirects here For other uses see Milano disambiguation and Milan disambiguation Not to be confused with Mulan This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Its current readable prose size is 67 kilobytes Please consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page October 2022 Milan m ɪ ˈ l ae n mil AN US also m ɪ ˈ l ɑː n mil AHN 4 Lombard miˈlaː listen Italian Milano miˈlaːno listen 5 is a city in northern Italy capital of Lombardy and the second most populous city proper in Italy after Rome The city proper has a population of about 1 4 million 6 while its metropolitan city has 3 26 million inhabitants 7 Its continuously built up urban area whose outer suburbs extend well beyond the boundaries of the administrative metropolitan city and even stretch into the nearby country of Switzerland is the fourth largest in the EU with 5 27 million inhabitants 8 According to national sources the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area also known as Greater Milan is estimated between 8 2 million and 12 5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU 9 10 Milan Milano Italian ComuneComune di MilanoClockwise from top Porta Nuova Sforza Castle La Scala Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Milano Centrale railway station Arch of Peace and Milan CathedralFlagCoat of armsMilanShow map of ItalyMilanShow map of LombardyMilanShow map of EuropeCoordinates 45 28 01 N 09 11 24 E 45 46694 N 9 19000 E 45 46694 9 19000 Coordinates 45 28 01 N 09 11 24 E 45 46694 N 9 19000 E 45 46694 9 19000Country ItalyRegion LombardyMetropolitan cityMilan MI Government TypeStrong Mayor Council MayorGiuseppe Sala EV LegislatureMilan City CouncilArea Comune181 76 km2 70 18 sq mi Elevation120 m 390 ft Population 1 January 2022 1 Comune1 371 498 Density7 500 km2 20 000 sq mi Metro 2 4 336 121Demonym s MilaneseMeneghino 3 Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Area code0039 02Websitewww comune milano itClick on the map for a fullscreen viewMilan is considered a leading alpha global city 11 with strengths in the fields of art chemicals 12 commerce design education entertainment fashion finance healthcare media communication services research and tourism Its business district hosts Italy s stock exchange Italian Borsa Italiana and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies In terms of GDP Milan is the wealthiest city in Italy has the third largest economy among EU cities after Paris and Madrid and is the wealthiest among EU non capital cities 13 14 15 Milan is viewed along with Turin as the southernmost part of the Blue Banana urban development corridor also known as the European Megalopolis and one of the Four Motors for Europe The city s role as a major political centre dates back to the late antiquity when it served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire while from the 12th century until the 16th century Milan was one of the largest European cities and a major trade and commercial centre consequently becoming the capital of the Duchy of Milan which was one of the greatest political artistic and fashion forces in the Renaissance 16 17 Despite losing much of its political and cultural importance in the early modern period the city regained its status as a major economic and political centre being considered today as the industrial and financial capital of Italy 18 19 The city has been recognized as one of the world s four fashion capitals the others being London New York and Paris 20 thanks to several international events and fairs including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair which are among the world s biggest in terms of revenue visitors and growth 21 22 23 It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 The city hosts numerous cultural institutions academies and universities with 11 of the national total of enrolled students 24 Milan received 10 million visitors in 2018 with the largest numbers of foreign visitors coming from China United States France and Germany 25 26 The tourists are attracted by Milan s museums and art galleries that include some of the most important collections in the world including major works by Leonardo da Vinci The city is served by many luxury hotels and is the fifth most starred in the world by Michelin Guide 27 Milan is also home to two of Europe s most successful football teams A C Milan and Inter Milan and one of Europe s main basketball teams Olimpia Milano Milan will host the Winter Olympic and Paralympic games for the first time in 2026 together with Cortina d Ampezzo 28 29 30 Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2 1 Prehistory and Roman times 2 2 Middle Ages 2 3 Early modern 2 4 Late modern and contemporary 3 Geography 3 1 Topography 3 2 Climate 4 Administration 4 1 Municipal government 4 2 Metropolitan city 4 3 Regional government 5 Cityscape 5 1 Skyline 5 2 Architecture 5 3 Parks and gardens 6 Demographics 6 1 Foreign residents 6 2 Religion 7 Economy 8 Culture 8 1 Museums and art galleries 8 2 Music 8 3 Fashion and design 8 4 Languages and literature 8 5 Media 8 6 Cuisine 8 7 Sport 9 Education 9 1 Universities 9 2 Art academies 10 Transport 10 1 Rail 10 1 1 Underground 10 1 2 Suburban 10 1 3 National and international trains 10 2 Buses and trams 10 3 Aviation 10 4 Cycling 11 International relations 11 1 Twin towns sister cities 11 2 Other relations 12 People 13 Honorary citizens 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External linksToponymy Edit Ruins of Roman Mediolanum the Imperial palace Bas relief representing the scrofa semilanuta on the walls of Palazzo della Ragione The etymology of the name Milan Lombard Milan miˈlaː remains uncertain One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio in the middle and planus plain 31 However some scholars believe that lanum comes from the Celtic root lan meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory source of the Welsh word llan meaning a sanctuary or church ultimately cognate to English German Land in which Celtic communities used to build shrines 32 Hence Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe Indeed about sixty Gallo Roman sites in France bore the name Mediolanum for example Saintes Mediolanum Santonum and Evreux Mediolanum Aulercorum 33 In addition another theory links the name to the boar sow the Scrofa semilanuta an ancient emblem of the city fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato s Emblemata 1584 beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation and the etymology of Mediolanum given as half wool 34 explained in Latin and in French According to this theory the foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples the Bituriges and the Aedui having as their emblems a ram and a boar 35 therefore The city s symbol is a wool bearing boar an animal of double form here with sharp bristles there with sleek wool 36 Alciato credits Ambrose for his account 37 History EditMain article History of Milan For a chronological guide see Timeline of Milan Prehistory and Roman times Edit Roman ruins in Milan the Columns of San Lorenzo The remains of the Milan amphitheatre which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan The Celtic Insubres the inhabitants of the region of northern Italy called Insubria appear to have founded a settlement around 600 BC According to the legend reported by Livy writing between 27 and 9 BC the Gaulish king Ambicatus sent his nephew Bellovesus into northern Italy at the head of a party drawn from various Gaulish tribes Bellovesus allegedly founded the settlement in the times of the Roman monarchy during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus Tarquin is traditionally recorded as reigning from 616 to 579 BC according to ancient Roman historian Titus Livy 38 During the Roman Republic the Romans led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus fought the Insubres and captured the settlement in 222 BC The chief of the Insubres then submitted to Rome giving the Romans control of the settlement 39 The Romans eventually conquered the entirety of the region calling the new province Cisalpine Gaul Latin Gallia Cisalpina Gaul this side of the Alps and may have given the city its Latinized name of Mediolanum in Gaulish medio meant middle centre and the name element lanon is the Celtic equivalent of Latin planum plain thus Mediolanon Latinized as Mediolanum meant settlement in the midst of the plain 40 41 In 286 the Roman Emperor Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum 42 Diocletian himself chose to reside at Nicomedia in the Eastern Empire leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan Maximian built several gigantic monuments the large circus 470 85 metres the thermae or Baths of Hercules a large complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which few visible traces remain Maximian increased the city area to 375 acres by surrounding it with a new larger stone wall about 4 5 km long with many 24 sided towers The monumental area had twin towers the one included later in the construction of the convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16 6 m high The Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan from Mediolanum in 313 AD granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of Roman Europe Constantine was in Mediolanum to celebrate the wedding of his sister to the Eastern Emperor Licinius In 402 the Visigoths besieged the city and the Emperor Honorius moved the Imperial residence to Ravenna 43 In 452 Attila in his turn besieged Mediolanum but the real break with the city s Imperial past came in 539 during the Gothic War when Uraia a nephew of Witiges formerly King of the Italian Ostrogoths laid Mediolanum to waste with great loss of life 44 The Lombards took Ticinum as their capital in 572 renaming it Papia the modern Pavia and left early medieval Milan to the governance of its archbishops Middle Ages Edit The biscione eating a child on the Visconti coat of arms The Medieval Porta Ticinese 1100 is one of the three medieval gates of the city that still exist in the modern Milan The late 16th century city encircled by the Spanish walls Milan during the plague of 1630 plague carts carry the dead for burial After the siege of the city by the Visigoths in 402 the imperial residence moved to Ravenna An age of decline began which worsened when Attila King of the Huns sacked and devastated the city in 452 AD citation needed In 539 the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I In the summer of 569 the Lombards from whom the name of the Italian region Lombardy derives conquered Milan overpowering the small Byzantine garrison left for its defence Some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule 45 Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the Franks in 774 The 11th century saw a reaction against the control of the Holy Roman Emperors City states emerged in northern Italy an expression of the new political power of the cities and their will to fight against all feudal powers Milan was no exception It did not take long however for the Italian city states to begin fighting each other to try to limit neighbouring powers 46 The Milanese destroyed Lodi and continuously warred with Pavia Cremona and Como who in turn asked Frederick I Barbarossa for help In a sally they captured Empress Beatrice and forced her to ride a donkey backwards through the city until getting out These brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162 citation needed A fire destroyed the storehouses containing the entire food supply and within just a few days Milan was forced to surrender citation needed A period of peace followed and Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its geographical position During this time the city was considered one of the largest European cities 16 In 1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti became the first Duke of Milan after receiving the title from Wenceslaus King of the Romans In 1447 Filippo Maria Visconti Duke of Milan died without a male heir following the end of the Visconti line the Ambrosian Republic was established it took its name from St Ambrose the popular patron saint of the city 47 Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked together to bring about the Ambrosian Republic in Milan Nonetheless the Republic collapsed when in 1450 Milan was conquered by Francesco I of the House of Sforza which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian Renaissance 47 48 Early modern Edit Milan s last independent ruler Lodovico il Moro requested the aid of Charles VIII of France against the other Italian states eventually unleashing the Italian Wars The king s cousin Louis of Orleans took part in the expedition and realized most of Italy was virtually defenseless This prompted him to come back a few years later in 1500 and claim the Duchy of Milan for himself his grandmother having been a member of the ruling Visconti family At that time Milan was also defended by Swiss mercenaries After the victory of Louis s successor Francois I over the Swiss at the Battle of Marignan the duchy was promised to the French king Francois I When the Spanish Habsburg Emperor Charles V defeated Francois I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 northern Italy including Milan passed to Habsburg Spain 49 Ceremonial reception of Russian Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov in Milan April 1799 In 1556 Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I Charles s Italian possessions including Milan passed to Philip II and remained with the Spanish line of Habsburgs while Ferdinand s Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire The Great Plague of Milan in 1629 31 that claimed the lives of an estimated 60 000 people out of a population of 130 000 caused unprecedented devastation in the city and was effectively described by Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece The Betrothed This episode was seen by many as the symbol of Spanish bad rule and decadence and is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries long pandemic of plague that began with the Black Death 50 In 1700 the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of Charles II After his death the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701 with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French Philippe of Anjou to the Spanish throne citation needed In 1706 the French were defeated in Ramillies and Turin and were forced to yield northern Italy to the Austrian Habsburgs In 1713 1714 the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Habsburg Spain s Italian possessions including Lombardy and its capital Milan Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796 and Milan was declared capital of the Cisalpine Republic Later he declared Milan capital of the Kingdom of Italy and was crowned King of Italy in the cathedral Once Napoleon s occupation ended the Congress of Vienna returned Lombardy and Milan to Austrian control in 1815 citation needed Late modern and contemporary Edit Popular print depicting the Five Days uprising against Austrian rule On March 18 1848 Milan efficaciously rebelled against Austrian rule during the so called Five Days Italian Le Cinque Giornate that forced Field Marshal Radetzky to temporarily withdraw from the city The bordering kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia sent troops in order to protect the insurgents and organised a plebiscite that ratified by a huge majority the unification of Lombardy with Piedmont Sardinia But just a few months later the Austrians were able to send fresh forces that routed the Piedmontese army at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July and to reassert Austrian control over northern Italy About ten years later however Italian nationalist politicians officers and intellectuals such as Cavour Garibaldi and Mazzini were able to gather a huge consensus and to pressure the monarchy to forge an alliance with the new French Empire of Napoleon III in order to defeat Austria and establish a large Italian state in the region At the Battle of Solferino in 1859 French and Italian troops heavily defeated the Austrians that retreated under the Quadrilateral line 51 Following this battle Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into Piedmont Sardinia which then proceeded to annex all the other Italian statlets and proclaim the birth of the Kingdom of Italy on March 17 1861 The political unification of Italy enhanced Milan s economic dominance over northern Italy A dense rail network whose construction had started under Austrian patronage was completed in a brief time making Milan the rail hub of northern Italy and with the opening of the Gotthard 1882 and Simplon 1906 railway tunnels the major South European rail hub for goods and passenger transport Indeed Milan and Venice were among the main stops of the Orient Express that started operating from 1919 Abundant hydroelectric resources allowed the development of a strong steel and textile sector and as Milanese banks dominated Italy s financial sphere the city became the country s leading financial centre Very rapid industrialization in the last two decades of the 1800s led to the birth of a massive worker class as well as bitter social conflicts citation needed In May 1898 Milan was shaken by the Bava Beccaris massacre a riot related to soaring cost of living citation needed Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II destroyed by Allied bombings 1943 Milan s northern location in Italy closer to Europe secured also a leading role for the city on the political scene It was in Milan that Benito Mussolini built his political and journalistic careers and his fascist Blackshirts rallied for the first time in the city s Piazza San Sepolcro here the future Fascist dictator launched his March on Rome on 28 October 1922 During the Second World War Milan large industrial and transport facilities suffered extensive damage from Allied bombings that often also hit residential districts 52 When Italy surrendered in 1943 German forces occupied and plundered most of northern Italy fueling the birth of a massive resistance guerrilla movement 53 On April 29 1945 the American 1st Armored Division was advancing on Milan but before it arrived the Italian resistance seized control of the city and executed Mussolini along with his mistress and several regime officers that were later hanged and exposed in Piazzale Loreto where one year before some resistance members had been executed During the post war economic boom the reconstruction effort and the so called Italian economic miracle attracted a large wave of internal migration especially from rural areas of southern Italy to Milan The population grew from 1 3 million in 1951 to 1 7 million in 1967 54 During this period Milan was rapidly rebuilt with the construction of several innovative and modernist skyscrapers such as the Torre Velasca and the Pirelli Tower that soon became the symbols of this new era of prosperity 55 The economic prosperity was however overshadowed in the late 1960s and early 1970s during the so called Years of Lead when Milan witnessed an unprecedented wave of street violence labour strikes and political terrorism The apex of this period of turmoil occurred on 12 December 1969 when a bomb exploded at the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana killing 17 people and injuring 88 Piazza Castello during Expo 2015 In the 1980s with the international success of Milanese houses like Armani Prada Versace Moschino and Dolce amp Gabbana Milan became one of the world s fashion capitals The city saw also a marked rise in international tourism notably from America and Japan while the stock exchange increased its market capitalisation more than five fold 56 This period led the mass media to nickname the metropolis Milano da bere literally Milan to be drunk 57 However in the 1990s Milan was badly affected by Tangentopoli a political scandal in which many politicians and businessmen were tried for corruption The city was also affected by a severe financial crisis and a steady decline in textiles automobile and steel production 55 Berlusconi s Milano 2 and Milano 3 projects were the most important housing projects of the 1980s and 1990s in Milan and brought to the city new economical and social energy In the early 21st century Milan underwent a series of sweeping redevelopments over huge former industrial areas 58 Two new business districts Porta Nuova and CityLife were built in the space of a decade radically changing the skyline of the city Its exhibition centre moved to a much larger site in Rho 59 The long decline in traditional manufacturing has been overshadowed by a great expansion of publishing finance banking fashion design information technology logistics and tourism 60 The city s decades long population decline seems to have partially reverted in recent years as the comune gained about 100 000 new residents since the last census The successful re branding of the city as a global capital of innovation has been instrumental in its successful bids for hosting large international events such as 2015 Expo and 2026 Winter Olympics Geography EditTopography Edit Satellite picture of Milan Navigli by night Milan is located in the north western section of the Po Valley approximately halfway between the river Po to the south and the foothills of the Alps with the great lakes Lake Como Lake Maggiore Lake Lugano to the north the Ticino river to the west and the Adda to the east The city s land is flat the highest point being at 122 m 400 26 ft above sea level The administrative comune covers an area of about 181 square kilometres 70 sq mi with a population in 2013 of 1 324 169 and a population density of 7 315 inhabitants per square kilometre 18 950 sq mi The Metropolitan City of Milan covers 1 575 square kilometres 608 sq mi and in 2015 had a population estimated at 3 196 825 with a resulting density of 2 029 inhabitants per square kilometre 5 260 sq mi 61 A larger urban area comprising parts of the provinces of Milan Monza e Brianza Como Lecco and Varese is 1 891 square kilometres 730 sq mi wide and has a population of 5 270 000 with a density of 2 783 inhabitants per square kilometre 7 210 sq mi 8 The concentric layout of the city centre reflects the Navigli an ancient system of navigable and interconnected canals now mostly covered 62 The suburbs of the city have expanded mainly to the north swallowing up many comuni along the roads towards Varese Como Lecco and Bergamo 63 Climate Edit Milan features a mid latitude four season humid subtropical climate Cfa according to the Koppen climate classification Milan s climate is similar to much of Northern Italy s inland plains with hot humid summers and cold foggy winters The Alps and Apennine Mountains form a natural barrier that protects the city from the major circulations coming from northern Europe and the sea 64 During winter daily average temperatures can fall below freezing 0 C 32 F and accumulations of snow can occur the historic average of Milan s area is 25 centimetres 10 in in the period between 1961 and 1990 with a record of 90 centimetres 35 in in January 1985 In the suburbs the average can reach 36 centimetres 14 in 65 The city receives on average seven days of snow per year 66 The city was often shrouded in thick cloud or fog during winter although the removal of rice paddies from the southern neighbourhoods and the urban heat island effect have greatly reduced this occurrence since the turn of the 21st century Occasionally the Foehn winds cause the temperatures to rise unexpectedly on 22 January 2012 the daily high reached 16 C 61 F while on 22 February 2012 it reached 21 C 70 F 67 Air pollution levels rise significantly in wintertime when cold air clings to the soil causing Milan to be one of Europe s most polluted cities 68 69 Summers in Milan are hot and humidity levels are high with peak temperatures reaching above 35 C 95 F Due to the high humidity urban heat effect and lack of wind nighttimes often remain muggy during the summer months 70 Usually the summer enjoys clearer skies with an average of more than 13 hours of daylight 71 when precipitation occurs though it is more likely to be accompanied by thunderstorms and hail 71 Springs and autumns are generally pleasant with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 C 50 and 68 F these seasons are characterized by higher rainfall especially in April and May 72 Relative humidity typically ranges between 45 comfortable and 95 very humid throughout the year rarely dropping below 27 dry and reaching as high as 100 71 Wind is generally absent over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 to 14 km h 0 to 9 mph calm to gentle breeze rarely exceeding 29 km h 18 mph fresh breeze except during summer thunderstorms when winds can blow strong In the spring gale force windstorms may happen generated either by Tramontane blowing from the Alps or by Bora like winds from the north Due to its geographic location surrounded by mountains on 3 sides Milan is among the least windy cities in Europe 71 Climate data for Milan Linate Airport elevation 107 m 351 ft normals 1971 2000 extremes 1946 present sunshine 1991 2010Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 21 7 71 1 23 8 74 8 26 9 80 4 32 4 90 3 35 5 95 9 36 6 97 9 37 2 99 0 36 9 98 4 33 0 91 4 28 2 82 8 23 0 73 4 21 2 70 2 37 2 99 0 Average high C F 5 9 42 6 9 0 48 2 14 3 57 7 17 4 63 3 22 3 72 1 26 2 79 2 29 2 84 6 28 5 83 3 24 4 75 9 17 8 64 0 10 7 51 3 6 4 43 5 17 7 63 9 Daily mean C F 2 5 36 5 4 7 40 5 9 0 48 2 12 2 54 0 17 0 62 6 20 8 69 4 23 6 74 5 23 0 73 4 19 2 66 6 13 4 56 1 7 2 45 0 3 3 37 9 13 0 55 4 Average low C F 0 9 30 4 0 3 32 5 3 8 38 8 7 0 44 6 11 6 52 9 15 4 59 7 18 0 64 4 17 6 63 7 14 0 57 2 9 0 48 2 3 7 38 7 0 1 32 2 8 3 46 9 Record low C F 15 0 5 0 15 6 3 9 7 4 18 7 2 5 27 5 0 8 30 6 5 6 42 1 8 4 47 1 8 0 46 4 3 0 37 4 2 3 27 9 6 2 20 8 13 6 7 5 15 6 3 9 Average precipitation mm inches 58 7 2 31 49 2 1 94 65 0 2 56 75 5 2 97 95 5 3 76 66 7 2 63 66 8 2 63 88 8 3 50 93 1 3 67 122 4 4 82 76 7 3 02 61 7 2 43 920 1 36 22 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 6 7 5 3 6 7 8 1 8 9 7 7 5 4 7 1 6 1 8 3 6 4 6 3 83 0Average relative humidity 86 78 71 75 72 71 71 72 74 81 85 86 77Mean monthly sunshine hours 76 114 177 181 214 245 293 251 180 106 71 69 1 977Source Servizio Meteorologico Aeronautica Militare 73 74 75 Climate data for Milan Malpensa Airport elevation 211 m 692 ft 1961 1990 normals extremes 1951 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 22 4 72 3 24 4 75 9 28 9 84 0 31 6 88 9 35 1 95 2 37 6 99 7 38 2 100 8 38 8 101 8 33 9 93 0 29 8 85 6 22 8 73 0 20 8 69 4 38 8 101 8 Average high C F 6 1 43 0 8 6 47 5 13 1 55 6 17 0 62 6 21 3 70 3 25 5 77 9 28 6 83 5 27 6 81 7 24 0 75 2 18 2 64 8 11 2 52 2 6 9 44 4 17 3 63 2 Daily mean C F 0 9 33 6 3 1 37 6 6 8 44 2 10 7 51 3 15 2 59 4 19 1 66 4 22 0 71 6 21 2 70 2 17 8 64 0 12 3 54 1 6 0 42 8 1 7 35 1 11 4 52 5 Average low C F 4 4 24 1 2 5 27 5 0 4 32 7 4 3 39 7 9 0 48 2 12 6 54 7 15 3 59 5 14 8 58 6 11 5 52 7 6 4 43 5 0 7 33 3 3 6 25 5 5 4 41 7 Record low C F 18 0 0 4 17 8 0 0 12 2 10 0 9 0 15 8 5 2 22 6 0 6 33 1 4 7 40 5 3 0 37 4 0 5 32 9 6 2 20 8 13 6 7 5 15 2 4 6 18 0 0 4 Average precipitation mm inches 67 5 2 66 77 1 3 04 99 7 3 93 106 3 4 19 132 0 5 20 93 3 3 67 66 8 2 63 97 5 3 84 73 2 2 88 107 4 4 23 106 3 4 19 54 6 2 15 1 081 7 42 61 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 6 4 6 1 7 6 8 8 10 4 8 5 6 1 7 5 5 7 6 7 7 9 5 5 87 2Average relative humidity 78 76 69 73 74 74 74 73 74 77 80 80 75Source 1 NOAA 76 Source 2 KNMI 77 Administration EditMunicipal government Edit See also Mayor of Milan City Council of Milan Elections in Milan and Boroughs of Milan Palazzo Marino Milan City Hall Giuseppe Sala mayor since 2016 The city s nine boroughs Palazzo Lombardia headquarters of the regional government of Lombardy The legislative body of the Italian comuni is the City Council Consiglio Comunale which in cities with more than one million population is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system at the same time of the mayoral elections The executive body is the City Committee Giunta Comunale composed by 12 assessors that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor The current mayor of Milan is Giuseppe Sala an independent leading a centre left alliance led by the Democratic Party The municipality of Milan is subdivided into nine administrative Borough Councils Consigli di Municipio down from the former twenty districts before the 1999 administrative reform 78 Each Borough Council is governed by a Council Consiglio and a President elected contextually to the city Mayor The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution art 114 the Municipal Statute 79 and several laws notably the Legislative Decree 267 2000 or Unified Text on Local Administration Testo Unico degli Enti Locali 80 After the 2016 administrative reform the Borough Councils have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics and are responsible for running most local services such as schools social services waste collection roads parks libraries and local commerce in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities Metropolitan city Edit Milan is the capital of the eponymous Metropolitan city According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation the urban area of Milan is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities citta metropolitane new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015 81 The new Metro municipalities giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services including transport school and social programs and environment protection 82 In this policy framework the Mayor of Milan is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor Sindaco metropolitano presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 24 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor Sindaco metropolitano and by the Metropolitan Council Consiglio metropolitano Since 21 June 2016 Giuseppe Sala as mayor of the capital city has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City Regional government Edit Milan is also the capital of Lombardy one of the twenty regions of Italy Lombardy is by far the most populated region of Italy with more than ten million inhabitants almost one sixth of the national total It is governed by a Regional Council composed of 80 members elected for a five year term On 26 March 2018 a list of candidates of the Centre right coalition a coalition of centrist and right wing parties led by Attilio Fontana largely won the regional election defeating a coalition of socialists liberals and ecologists and a third party candidate from the populist Five Stars Movement The conservatives have governed the region almost uninterruptedly since 1970 The regional council has 48 members from the centre right coalition 18 from the Centre left coalition and 13 from the Five Star Movement The seat of the regional government is Palazzo Lombardia that standing at 161 3 metres 529 feet 83 is the fifth tallest building in Milan Cityscape EditSkyline Edit Two business districts dominate Milan s skyline Porta Nuova in the north east boroughs n 9 and 2 and CityLife borough n 8 in the north west part of the commune The tallest buildings include the Unicredit Tower at 231 m though only 162 m without the spire and the 209 m Allianz Tower a 50 story tower Architecture Edit See also List of buildings in Milan and Villas and palaces in Milan Milan Cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in the world Torre del Filarete of Sforza Castle Castello Sforzesco a historic medieval fortress The Royal Palace of Milan Royal Villa of Milan one of the finest examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy Art Deco Central railway station the 8th busiest in Europe opened in 1931 The Cimitero Monumentale it is noted for the abundance of artistic tombs and monuments The Arch of the Peace 1807 There are only few remains of the ancient Roman colony notably the well preserved Colonne di San Lorenzo During the second half of the 4th century Saint Ambrose as bishop of Milan had a strong influence on the layout of the city reshaping the centre although the cathedral and baptistery built in Roman times are now lost and building the great basilicas at the city gates Sant Ambrogio San Nazaro in Brolo San Simpliciano and Sant Eustorgio which still stand refurbished over the centuries as some of the finest and most important churches in Milan Milan s Cathedral built between 1386 and 1877 is the fifth largest cathedral in the world 84 and the most important example of Gothic architecture in Italy The gilt bronze statue of the Virgin Mary placed in 1774 on the highest pinnacle of the Duomo soon became one of the most enduring symbols of Milan 85 In the 15th century when the Sforza ruled the city an old Viscontean fortress was enlarged and embellished to become the Castello Sforzesco the seat of an elegant Renaissance court surrounded by a walled hunting park Notable architects involved in the project included the Florentine Filarete who was commissioned to build the high central entrance tower and the military specialist Bartolomeo Gadio 86 The alliance between Francesco Sforza and Florence s Cosimo de Medici bore to Milan Tuscan models of Renaissance architecture apparent in the Ospedale Maggiore and Bramante s work in the city which includes Santa Maria presso San Satiro a reconstruction of a small 9th century church the tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant Ambrogio 87 The Counter Reformation in the 16th to 17th centuries was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin Cardinal Federico Borromeo Not only did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of Milan but they also gave a great impulse to culture with the creation of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in a building designed by Francesco Maria Richini and the nearby Pinacoteca Ambrosiana Many notable churches and Baroque mansions were built in the city during this period by the architects Pellegrino Tibaldi Galeazzo Alessi and Richini himself 88 Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was responsible for the significant renovations carried out in Milan during the 18th century 89 This urban and artistic renewal included the establishment of Teatro alla Scala inaugurated in 1778 and the renovation of the Royal Palace The late 1700s Palazzo Belgioioso by Giuseppe Piermarini and Royal Villa of Milan by Leopoldo Pollack later the official residence of Austrian viceroys are often regarded among the best examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy 90 The Napoleonic rule of the city in 1805 1814 having established Milan as the capital of a satellite Kingdom of Italy took steps in order to reshape it accordingly to its new status with the construction of large boulevards new squares Porta Ticinese by Luigi Cagnola and Foro Bonaparte by Giovanni Antonio Antolini and cultural institutions Art Gallery and the Academy of Fine Arts 91 The massive Arch of Peace situated at the bottom of Corso Sempione is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris In the second half of the 19th century Milan quickly became the main industrial centre of the new Italian nation drawing inspiration from the great European capitals that were hubs of the Second Industrial Revolution The great Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II realised by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 to celebrate Vittorio Emanuele II is a covered passage with a glass and cast iron roof inspired by the Burlington Arcade in London Several other arcades such as the Galleria del Corso built between 1923 and 1931 complement it Another late 19th century eclectic monument in the city is the Cimitero Monumentale graveyard built in a Neo Romanesque style between 1863 and 1866 The tumultuous period of early 20th century brought several radical innovations in Milanese architecture Art Nouveau also known as Liberty in Italy is recognisable in Palazzo Castiglioni built by architect Giuseppe Sommaruga between 1901 and 1903 92 Other examples include Hotel Corso 92 Casa Guazzoni with its wrought iron and staircase and Berri Meregalli house the latter built in a traditional Milanese Art Nouveau style combined with elements of neo Romanesque and Gothic revival architecture regarded as one of the last such types of architecture in the city 93 A new more eclectic form of architecture can be seen in buildings such as Castello Cova built the 1910s in a distinctly neo medieval style evoking the architectural trends of the past 94 An important example of Art Deco which blended such styles with Fascist architecture is the huge Central railway station inaugurated in 1931 95 The post World War II period saw rapid reconstruction and fast economic growth accompanied by a nearly two fold increase in population In the 1950s and 1960s a strong demand for new residential and commercial areas drove to extreme urban expansion that has produced some of the major milestones in the city s architectural history including Gio Ponti s Pirelli Tower 1956 60 Velasca Tower 1956 58 and the creation of brand new residential satellite towns as well as huge amounts of low quality public housings In recent years de industrialization urban decay and gentrification led to a vast urban renewal of former industrial areas that have been transformed into modern residential and financial districts notably Porta Nuova in downtown Milan and FieraMilano in the suburb of Rho In addition the old exhibition area is being completely reshaped according to the Citylife regeneration project featuring residencial areas museums an urban park and three skyscrapers designed by international architects and after whom they are named the 202 metre 663 foot Isozaki Arata when completed the tallest building in Italy 96 the twisted Hadid Tower 97 and the curved Libeskind Tower 98 Parks and gardens Edit Sempione Park and the Arch of Peace The largest parks in the central area of Milan are Sempione Park at the north western edge and Montanelli Gardens situated northeast of the city English style Sempione Park built in 1890 contains a Napoleonic Arena the Milan City Aquarium a steel lattice panoramic tower an art exhibition centre a Japanese garden and a public library 99 The Montanelli gardens created in the 18th century hosts the Natural History Museum of Milan and a planetarium 100 Slightly away from the city centre heading east Forlanini Park is characterised by a large pond and a few preserved shacks which remind of the area s agricultural past 101 In recent years Milan s authorities pledged to develop its green areas they planned to create twenty new urban parks and extend the already existing ones and announced plans to plant three million trees by 2030 102 In addition even though Milan is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Italy it is surrounded by a belt of green areas and features numerous gardens even in its very centre Since 1990 the farmlands and woodlands north Parco Nord Milano and south Parco Agricolo Sud Milano of the urban area have been protected as regional parks citation needed West of the city the Parco delle Cave Sand pit park has been established on a neglected site where gravel and sand used to be extracted featuring artificial lakes and woods Demographics EditPopulation censusYearPop 1861267 621 1871290 518 8 6 1881354 045 21 9 1901538 483 52 1 1911701 411 30 3 1921818 161 16 6 1931960 682 17 4 19361 115 794 16 1 19511 274 187 14 2 19611 582 474 24 2 19711 732 068 9 5 19811 604 844 7 3 19911 369 295 14 7 20011 256 211 8 3 20111 242 123 1 1 20191 396 059 12 4 Istat historical data 1861 2011 103 The official estimated population of the City of Milan was 1 378 689 as of 31 December 2018 according to ISTAT the official Italian statistical agency 104 up by 136 556 from the 2011 census or a growth of about 11 At the same date 3 250 315 people lived in Milan province level municipality 105 The population of Milan today is lower than its historical peak With rapid industrialization in post war years the population of Milan peaked at 1 743 427 in 1973 106 Thereafter during the following decades about one third of the population moved to the outer belt of suburbs and new satellite settlements that grew around the city proper Milan is home to the second largest Far East Asian community in Europe after Paris with Philippines and China making up about a quarter of its foreign population circa 73 000 of 277 000 in 2021 Another 3 500 foreigners come from other East Asian countries 107 Today Milan s conurbation extends well beyond the borders of the city proper and of its special status provincial authority its contiguous built up urban area was home to 5 270 000 people in 2015 8 while its wider metropolitan area the largest in Italy and fourth largest in the EU is estimated to have a population of more than 8 2 million 10 Foreign residents Edit Origin of residents as of 2019 108 Italian 80 10 EU area 2 32 Other European 1 50 African 4 47 Asian 8 21 Latin American 3 28 Other 0 12 Country of foreign nationality Population at 1 January 2021 Philippines 39 536 1 465 Egypt 39 388 2 056 China 33 871 4 195 Peru 16 729 143 Sri Lanka 16 637 605 Romania 13 440 723 Bangladesh 10 643 1 208 Ecuador 10 587 369 Ukraine 8 312 281 Morocco 8 135 482 El Salvador 5 784 903 Albania 5 055 422 France 4 173 712 Brazil 3 119 59 Spain 2 826 591 Russia 2 708 452 Senegal 2 690 187 Moldova 2 483 79 India 2 388 1 066 Turkey 2 185 647 Pakistan 2 140 351 United Kingdom 2 125 319 Iran 2 124 327 Germany 2 028 415 Bolivia 1 964 140 Japan 1 698 17 United States 1 502 360 Tunisia 1 435 63 Bulgaria 1 392 61 Nigeria 1 206 129 Eritrea 1 201 180 Colombia 1 172 204 Poland 1 125 51 Georgia 1 034 232 other countries each lt 1000As of 2021 some 276 776 foreign residents lived in the municipality of Milan 108 representing 20 1 of the total resident population These figures suggest that the immigrant population has more than doubled in the last 15 years 109 After World War II Milan experienced two main waves of immigration the first dating from the 1950s to the early 1970s saw a large influx of migrants from poorer and rural areas within Italy the second starting from the late 1980s has been characterized by the preponderance of foreign born immigrants 110 The early period coincided with the so called Italian economic miracle of postwar years an era of extraordinary growth based on rapid industrial expansion and great public works that brought to the city a large influx of over 400 000 people mainly from rural and underdeveloped Southern Italy 55 In the last three decades the foreign born share of the population soared Immigrants came mainly from Africa in particular Eritreans Egyptians Moroccans Senegalese and Nigerian and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe notably Albanians Romanians Ukrainians Macedonians Moldovans and Russians in addition to a growing number of Asians in particular Chinese Sri Lankans and Filipinos and Latin Americans Mainly South Americans At the beginning of the 1990s Milan already had a population of foreign born residents of approximately 58 000 or 4 of the then population that rose rapidly to over 117 000 by the end of the decade about 9 of the total 111 Decades of continuing high immigration have made the city the most cosmopolitan and multicultural in Italy Milan notably hosts the oldest and largest Chinese community in Italy with almost 34 000 people in 2021 Situated in the 9th district and centred on Via Paolo Sarpi an important commercial avenue the Milanese Chinatown was originally established in the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County in the Zhejiang province and used to operate small textile and leather workshops 112 Milan has also a substantial English speaking community more than 4 000 American British Irish and Australian expatriates and several English schools and language publications such as Hello Milano Where Milano and Easy Milano 108 Religion Edit Santa Maria delle Grazie 1497 St Ambrose Basilica dates back from AD 379 386 Milan s population like that of Italy as a whole is mostly Catholic 113 114 It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Milan Greater Milan is also home to Protestant Eastern Orthodox Jewish Muslim Hindu Sikh and Buddhist communities 115 116 117 118 119 Milan has been a Christian majority city since the late Roman Empire 120 Its religious history was marked by the figure of St Ambrose whose heritage includes the Ambrosian Rite Italian Rito ambrosiano used by some five million Catholics in the greater part of the Archdiocese of Milan 121 which consider the largest in Europe 122 The Rite varies slightly from the canonical Roman Rite liturgy with differences in the mass liturgical year Lent starts four days later than in the Roman Rite baptism rite of funerals priest clothes and sacred music use of the Ambrosian chant rather than Gregorian 123 In addition the city is home to the largest Orthodox community in Italy Lombardy is the seat of at least 78 Orthodox parishes and monasteries the vast majority of them located in the area of Milan 124 The main Romanian Orthodox church in Milan is the Catholic church of Our Lady of Victory Chiesa di Santa Maria della Vittoria currently granted for use to the local Romanian community 125 Similarly the point of reference for the followers of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Catholic church of San Vito in Pasquirolo 126 127 The Jewish community of Milan is the second largest in Italy after Rome with about 10 000 members mainly Sephardi 128 The main city synagogue Hechal David u Mordechai Temple was built by architect Luca Beltrami in 1892 Milan hosts also one of the largest Muslim communities in Italy 129 and the city saw the construction of the country s first new mosque featuring a dome and minaret since the destruction of the ancient mosques of Lucera in the year 1300 In 2014 the City Council agreed on the construction of a new mosque amid bitter political debate since it is strenuously opposed by right wing parties such as the Northern League 130 Currently accurate statistics on the Hindu and Sikh presence in Milan metro area are not available however various sources estimate that about 40 of the total Indian population living in Italy or about 50 000 individuals reside in Lombardy 131 132 where a number of Hindu and Sikh temples exist and where they form the largest such communities in Europe after the ones in Britain 133 Economy EditMain article Economy of Milan The skyscrapers of Porta Nuova business district Whereas Rome is Italy s political and cultural capital Milan is the country s industrial and financial heart With a 2021 GDP estimated at 207 4 billion 134 the province of Milan generates approximately 10 of the national GDP while the economy of the Lombardy region generates approximately 19 5 of Italy s GDP or an estimated 400 billion in 2021 135 roughly the size of Belgium The province of Milan is home to about 45 of businesses in the Lombardy region and more than 8 percent of all businesses in Italy including three Fortune 500 companies 136 According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Milan was the 11th most expensive city in Europe and the 22nd most expensive city in the world in 2019 137 while the well known Via Monte Napoleone is Europe s most expensive shopping street according to Global Blue 138 Since the late 1800s the area of Milan has been a major industrial and manufacturing centre Alfa Romeo automobile company and Falck steel group employed thousands of workers in the city until the closure of their sites in Arese in 2004 and Sesto San Giovanni in 1995 Other global industrial companies such as Edison Prysmian Group Riva Group Saras Saipem and Techint maintain their headquarters and significant employment in the city and its suburbs Other relevant industries active in metro Milan include chemicals e g Mapei Versalis Tamoil Italy home appliances e g Candy hospitality UNA Hotels amp Resorts food amp beverages e g Bertolli Campari machinery medical technologies e g Amplifon Bracco plastics and textiles The construction e g Webuild retail e g Esselunga La Rinascente and utilities e g A2A Edison S p A Snam Sorgenia sectors are also large employers in the Greater Milan Milan is Italy s largest financial hub The main national insurance companies and banking groups for a total of 198 companies and over forty foreign insurance and banking companies are located in the city 139 as well as a number of asset management companies including Anima SGR Azimut Holding ARCA SGR and Eurizon Capital The Associazione Bancaria Italiana representing the Italian banking system and Milan Stock Exchange 225 companies listed on the stock exchange are both located in the city Porta Nuova the main business district of Milan and one of the most important in Europe hosts the Italian headquarters of numerous global companies such as Accenture AXA Bank of America BNP Paribas Celgene China Construction Bank Finanza amp Futuro Banca FM Global Herbalife HSBC KPMG Maire Tecnimont Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Panasonic Pirelli Samsung Ubisoft Shire Tata Consultancy Services Telecom Italia UniCredit UnipolSai Other large multinational service companies such as Allianz Generali Alleanza Assicurazioni and PricewaterhouseCoopers have their headquarters in the CityLife business district a new 900 acre wide 3 6 km2 development project designed by prominent modernist architects Zaha Hadid Daniel Liebskind and Arata Isozaki The city is home to numerous media and advertising agencies national newspapers and telecommunication companies including both the public service broadcaster RAI and private television companies like Mediaset and Sky Italia In addition it hosts the headquarters of the largest Italian publishing companies such as Feltrinelli Giunti Editore Messaggerie Italiane it Mondadori RCS Media Group and Rusconi Libri it Milan has also seen a rapid increase in the presence of IT companies with both domestic and international companies such as Altavista Google Italtel Lycos Microsoft 140 Virgilio and Yahoo establishing their Italian operations in the city Milan is one of the fashion capitals of the world where the sector can count on 12 000 companies 800 show rooms and 6 000 sales outlets the city hosts the headquarters of global fashion houses such as Armani Dolce amp Gabbana Luxottica Prada Versace Valentino Zegna and four weeks a year are dedicated to fashion events 139 The city is also a global hub for event management and trade fairs FieraMilano operates the world s fourth largest 141 exhibition hall in Rho were international exhibitions like Milan Furniture Fair EICMA EMO take place on 400 000 square metres of exhibition areas with more than 4 million visitors in 2018 142 Tourism is an increasingly important part of the city s economy with 8 81 million registered international arrivals in 2018 up 9 92 on the previous year Milan ranked as the world s 15th most visited city 143 Culture Edit Biblioteca Ambrosiana Main article Culture of Milan Museums and art galleries Edit Main articles Tourism in Milan and List of museums in Milan Leonardo da Vinci s The Last Supper together with the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie is a UNESCO World Heritage Site The Museo del Novecento displays the world s largest collection of Futurist art 144 The Pinacoteca di Brera The Triennale design and art museum The San Carlo al Corso Milan is home to many cultural institutions museums and art galleries that account for about a tenth of the national total of visitors and receipts 145 The Pinacoteca di Brera is one of Milan s most important art galleries It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian painting including masterpieces such as the Brera Madonna by Piero della Francesca The Castello Sforzesco hosts numerous art collections and exhibitions especially statues ancient arms and furnitures as well as the Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco with an art collection including Michelangelo s last sculpture the Rondanini Pieta Andrea Mantegna s Trivulzio Madonna and Leonardo da Vinci s Codex Trivulzianus manuscript The Castello complex also includes The Museum of Ancient Art The Furniture Museum The Museum of Musical Instruments and the Applied Arts Collection The Egyptian and Prehistoric sections of the Archaeological Museum and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection Civica Raccolta delle Stampe Bertarelli Milan s figurative art flourished in the Middle Ages and with the Visconti family being major patrons of the arts the city became an important centre of Gothic art and architecture Milan Cathedral being the city s most formidable work of Gothic architecture Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499 He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie 146 The city was affected by the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries and hosted numerous formidable artists architects and painters of that period such as Caravaggio and Francesco Hayez which several important works are hosted in Brera Academy The Museum of Risorgimento is specialised on the history of Italian unification Its collections include iconic paintings like Baldassare Verazzi s Episode from the Five Days and Francesco Hayez s 1840 Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria The Triennale is a design museum and events venue located in Palazzo dell Arte in Sempione Park It hosts exhibitions and events highlighting contemporary Italian design urban planning architecture music and media arts emphasising the relationship between art and industry Milan in the 20th century was the epicentre of the Futurist artistic movement Filippo Marinetti the founder of Italian Futurism wrote in his 1909 Manifesto of Futurism in Italian Manifesto Futuristico that Milan was grande tradizionale e futurista grand traditional and futuristic in English Umberto Boccioni was also an important Futurism artist who worked in the city Today Milan remains a major international hub of modern and contemporary art with numerous modern art galleries The Modern Art Gallery situated in the Royal Villa hosts collections of Italian and European painting from the 18th to the early 20th centuries 147 148 149 The Museo del Novecento situated in the Palazzo dell Arengario is one of the most important art galleries in Italy about 20th century art of particular relevance are the sections dedicated to Futurism Spatialism and Arte povera In the early 1990s architect David Chipperfield was invited to convert the premises of the former Ansaldo Factory into a Museum Museo delle Culture MUDEC opened in April 2015 150 The Gallerie di Piazza Scala a modern and contemporary museum located in Piazza della Scala in the Palazzo Brentani and the Palazzo Anguissola hosts 195 artworks from the collections of Fondazione Cariplo with a strong representation of nineteenth century Lombard painters and sculptors including Antonio Canova and Umberto Boccioni A new section was opened in the Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana in 2012 Other private ventures dedicated to contemporary art include the exhibiting spaces of the Prada Foundation and HangarBicocca The Nicola Trussardi Foundation is renewed for organising temporary exhibition in venues around the city Milan is also home to many public art projects with a variety of works that range from sculptures to murals to pieces by internationally renowned artists including Arman Kengiro Azuma Francesco Barzaghi Alberto Burri Pietro Cascella Maurizio Cattelan Leonardo da Vinci Giorgio de Chirico Kris Ruhs Emilio Isgro Fausto Melotti Joan Miro Carlo Mo Claes Oldenburg Igor Mitoraj Gianfranco Pardi Michelangelo Pistoletto Arnaldo Pomodoro Carlo Ramous Aldo Rossi Aligi Sassu Giuseppe Spagnulo and Domenico Trentacoste Music Edit See also Music of Milan Founded in 1778 La Scala is the world s most famous opera house 151 The Teatro dei Filodrammatici Milan is a major national and international centre of the performing arts most notably opera The city hosts La Scala operahouse considered one of the world s most prestigious 152 having throughout history witnessed the premieres of numerous operas such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842 La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904 Turandot by Puccini in 1926 and more recently Teneke by Fabio Vacchi in 2007 Other major theatres in Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi Teatro Dal Verme Teatro Lirico and formerly the Teatro Regio Ducale The city is also the seat of a renowned symphony orchestra and musical conservatory and has been throughout history a major centre for musical composition numerous famous composers and musicians such as Gioseppe Caimo Simon Boyleau Hoste da Reggio Verdi Giulio Gatti Casazza Paolo Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan The city is also the birthplace of many modern ensembles and bands including Camaleonti Camerata Mediolanense Gli Spioni Dynamis Ensemble Elio e le Storie Tese Krisma Premiata Forneria Marconi Quartetto Cetra Stormy Six and Le Vibrazioni Fashion and design Edit Main article Fashion in Milan Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the city s largest shopping centres Milan is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design fashion and architecture 153 In the 1950s and 60s as the main industrial centre of Italy and one of Europe s most dynamic cities Milan became a world capital of design and architecture There was such a revolutionary change that Milan s fashion exports accounted for US 726 million in 1952 and by 1955 that number grew to US 72 5 billion 154 Modern skyscrapers such as the Pirelli Tower and the Torre Velasca were built and artists such as Bruno Munari Lucio Fontana Enrico Castellani and Piero Manzoni gathered in the city 155 Today Milan is still particularly well known for its high quality furniture and interior design industry The city is home to FieraMilano Europe s largest permanent trade exhibition and Salone Internazionale del Mobile one of the most prestigious international furniture and design fairs 156 Milan is also regarded as one of the fashion capitals of the world along with New York City Paris and London 157 Milan is synonymous with the Italian pret a porter industry 158 as many of the most famous Italian fashion brands such as Valentino Gucci Versace Prada Armani and Dolce amp Gabbana are headquartered in the city Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Milan Furthermore the city hosts the Milan Fashion Week twice a year one of the most important events in the international fashion system 159 Milan s main upscale fashion district quadrilatero della moda is home to the city s most prestigious shopping streets Via Monte Napoleone Via della Spiga Via Sant Andrea Via Manzoni and Corso Venezia in addition to Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II one of the world s oldest shopping malls 160 Languages and literature Edit Main article Milanese literature Monument to Alessandro Manzoni In the late 18th century and throughout the 19th Milan was an important centre for intellectual discussion and literary creativity The Enlightenment found here a fertile ground Cesare Marquis of Beccaria with his famous Dei delitti e delle pene and Count Pietro Verri with the periodical Il Caffe were able to exert a considerable influence over the new middle class culture thanks also to an open minded Austrian administration citation needed In the first years of the 19th century the ideals of the Romantic movement made their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry Additionally Giuseppe Parini and Ugo Foscolo published their most important works and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics as well as of literary craftsmanship Foscolo s poem Dei sepolcri was inspired by a Napoleonic law that against the will of many of its inhabitants was being extended to the city citation needed In the third decade of the 19th century Alessandro Manzoni wrote his novel I Promessi Sposi considered the manifesto of Italian Romanticism which found in Milan its centre in the same period Carlo Porta reputed the most renowned local vernacular poet wrote his poems in Lombard Language The periodical Il Conciliatore published articles by Silvio Pellico Giovanni Berchet Ludovico di Breme who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics After the Unification of Italy in 1861 Milan retained a sort of central position in cultural debates New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were accepted and discussed thus Realism and Naturalism gave birth to prewar Italian movement of Verismo in Southern Italy its greatest Verista novelist Giovanni Verga formed in Sicily who wrote his most important books in Milan In addition to Italian approximately 2 million people in Northern Italy can speak the Milanese dialect or other Western Lombard variation 161 Media Edit Milan is an important national and international media centre Corriere della Sera founded in 1876 is one of the oldest Italian newspapers and it is published by Rizzoli as well as La Gazzetta dello Sport a daily dedicated to coverage of various sports and currently considered the most widely read daily newspaper in Italy Other local dailies are the general broadsheets Il Giorno Il Giornale the Catholic newspaper Avvenire and Il Sole 24 Ore a daily business newspaper owned by Confindustria the Italian employers federation Free daily newspapers include Leggo and Metro Milan is also home to many architecture art and fashion periodicals including Abitare Casabella Domus Flash Art Gioia Grazia and Vogue Italia Panorama and Oggi two of Italy s most important weekly news magazines are also published in Milan Several commercial broadcast television networks have their national headquarters in the Milan conurbation including Mediaset Group owner of Canale 5 Italia 1 Iris and Rete 4 Telelombardia and MTV Italy National radio stations based in Milan include Radio Deejay Radio 105 Network R101 Italy Radio Popolare RTL 102 5 Radio Capital and Virgin Radio Italia Cuisine Edit Main article Lombard cuisine Risotto alla Milanese Cotoletta alla Milanese Like most cities in Italy Milan has developed its own local culinary tradition which as it is typical for North Italian cuisines uses more frequently rice than pasta butter than vegetable oil and features almost no tomato or fish Milanese traditional dishes includes cotoletta alla milanese a breaded veal pork and turkey can be used cutlet pan fried in butter similar to Viennese Wiener Schnitzel Other typical dishes are cassoeula stewed pork rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage ossobuco braised veal shank served with a condiment called gremolata risotto alla milanese with saffron and beef marrow busecca stewed tripe with beans mondeghili meatballs made with leftover meat fried in butter and brasato stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes Season related pastries include chiacchiere flat fritters dusted with sugar and tortelli fried spherical cookies for Carnival colomba glazed cake shaped as a dove for Easter pane dei morti bread of the Day of the Dead cookies flavoured with cinnamon for All Souls Day and panettone for Christmas The salame Milano a salami with a very fine grain is widespread throughout Italy Renowned Milanese cheeses are gorgonzola from the namesake village nearby mascarpone used in pastry making taleggio and quartirolo Milan is well known for its world class restaurants and cafes characterised by innovative cuisine and design 162 As of 2014 update Milan has 157 Michelin selected places including three 2 Michelin starred restaurants 163 these include Cracco Sadler and il Luogo di Aimo e Nadia 164 Many historical restaurants and bars are found in the historic centre the Brera and Navigli districts One of the city s oldest surviving cafes Caffe Cova was established in 1817 165 In total Milan has 15 cafes bars and restaurants registered among the Historical Places of Italy continuously operating for at least 70 years 166 Sport Edit San Siro Stadium home of A C Milan and Inter Milan has a capacity of 80 000 It is Italy s biggest stadium Mediolanum Forum home of Olimpia Milano The Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city inside a suburban park Milan hosted matches at the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 and the UEFA European Championship in 1980 and more recently held the 2003 World Rowing Championships the 2009 World Boxing Championships and some games of the Men s Volleyball World Championship in 2010 and the final games of the Women s Volleyball World Championship in 2014 In 2018 Milan hosted the World Figure Skating Championships Milan will host the 2026 Winter Olympics as well as the 2026 Winter Paralympics jointly with Cortina d Ampezzo Milan is the only city in Europe that is home to two European Cup Champions League winning teams Serie A football clubs A C Milan and Inter They are two of the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies Both teams have also won the FIFA Club World Cup formerly the Intercontinental Cup With a combined ten Champions League titles Milan is only second to Madrid as the city with the most European Cups Both teams play at the UEFA 5 star rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium more commonly known as the San Siro that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe with a seating capacity of over 80 000 167 The Meazza Stadium has hosted four European Cup Champions League finals most recently in 2016 when Real Madrid defeated Atletico Madrid 5 3 in a penalty shoot out A third team Brera Calcio plays in Prima Categoria the seventh tier of Italian football 168 Another team Milano City F C a successor of Bustese Calcio 169 plays in Serie D the fourth level Milan is one of the host cities of the EuroBasket 2022 There are currently four professional Lega Basket clubs in Milan Olimpia Milano Pallacanestro Milano 1958 Societa Canottieri Milano and A S S I Milano Olimpia is the most decorated basketball club in Italy having won 27 Italian League championships six Italian National Cups one Italian Super Cup three European Champions Cups one FIBA Intercontinental Cup three FIBA Saporta Cups two FIBA Korac Cups and many junior titles The team play at the Mediolanum Forum with a capacity of 12 700 where it has been hosted the final of the 2013 14 Euroleague In some cases the team also plays at the PalaDesio with a capacity of 6 700 Milan is also home to Italy s oldest American football team Rhinos Milano who have won five Italian Super Bowls The team plays at the Velodromo Vigorelli with a capacity of 8 000 Another American football team that use the same venue is the Seamen Milano who will join the professional European League of Football in 2023 Milan has also two cricket teams Milano Fiori currently competing in the second division and Kingsgrove Milan who won the Serie A championship in 2014 Amatori Rugby Milano the most decorated rugby team in Italy was founded in Milan in 1927 The Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city inside a suburban park It is one of the world s oldest car racing circuits The capacity for the F1 races is currently over 113 000 It has hosted an F1 race nearly every year since the first year of competition with the exception of 1980 In road cycling Milan hosts the start of the annual Milan San Remo classic one day race and the annual Milano Torino one day race Milan is also the traditional finish for the final stage of the Giro d Italia which along with the Tour de France and the Vuelta a Espana is one of cycling s three Grand Tours Education Edit The University of Milan headquarters Bocconi University is a leading institution for economics management and related disciplines in Europe 170 University of Milan Bicocca the city s newest university ranks as the 82nd best young college on over 300 institutions in the 2020 Times Higher Education World University Rankings 171 Milan is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and has the second largest concentration of higher education institutes in Italy after Rome Milan s higher education system includes 7 universities 48 faculties and 142 departments with 185 000 university students enrolled in 2011 approximately 11 percent of the national total 24 and the largest number of university graduates and postgraduate students 34 000 and more than 5 000 respectively in Italy 172 Universities Edit The University of Milan also known as the State University founded in 1923 is the largest public teaching and research university in the city 173 The University of Milan is the sixth largest university in Italy with approximately 60 000 enrolled students and a teaching staff of 2 500 174 Most relevant academics are in the fields of medicine law and politics and sustainability Notable alumni such as former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and Nobel laureates earned their degree at University of Milan University of Milano Bicocca established in 1998 is the city s newest institution of higher education in science and technology Built over a once industrial area today enrolls more than 30 000 students of which more than 60 are females 175 As its older parent institute it is one of the most sought after location for medical students 176 The Polytechnic University of Milan is the city s oldest university founded in 1863 With over 40 000 students it is the largest technical university in Italy 177 Catholic University of the Sacred Heart is the largest private teaching university in Europe 178 and the largest Catholic University in the world with 42 000 enrolled students 179 180 Bocconi University is a private management and finance university established in 1902 ranking as the best university in Italy in its fields and as one of the best in the world In 2020 QS World University Rankings viewed as one of the three most widely read university rankings in the world ranked the university 7th worldwide and 3rd in Europe in business and management studies 181 as well as 1st in economics and econometrics outside the U S and the U K 182 The Financial Times ranked it the sixth best business school in Europe in 2018 183 Bocconi University also ranks as the 5th best 1 year MBA course in the world according to the Forbes 2017 ranking 184 Vita Salute San Raffaele University is a private teaching medical university linked to the San Raffaele Hospital 185 University Institute of Languages and Communication also known as University IULM is a private teaching university established in 1968 later renamed from its original name University Institute of Languages of Milan becoming first Italian university offering courses on public relations later it became a point of reference also for business communication media and advertising translation and interpreting communication in culture and arts markets tourism and fashion 186 Art academies Edit Milan is also well known for its fine arts and music schools The Milan Academy of Fine Arts Brera Academy is a public academic institution founded in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria the New Academy of Fine Arts is the largest private art and design university in Italy 187 the European Institute of Design is a private university specialised in fashion industrial and interior design audio visual design including photography advertising and marketing and business communication the Marangoni Institute is a fashion institute with campuses in Milan London and Paris the Domus Academy is a private postgraduate institution of design fashion architecture interior design and management the Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music a college of music founded in 1931 by the blessed cardinal A I Schuster archbishop of Milan and raised according to the rules by the Holy See in 1940 is similarly to the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music in Rome which is consociated with an Institute ad instar facultatis and is authorised to confer university qualifications with canonical validity 188 and the Milan Conservatory a college of music established in 1807 currently Italy s largest with more than 1 700 students and 240 music teachers 189 Transport EditMain article Transport in Milan Sharen go cars in Piazza Duca d Aosta Milan is one of the key transport nodes of Italy and southern Europe Its central railway station is Italy s second and Europe s eighth busiest 190 191 The Malpensa Linate and Orio al Serio airports serve the Greater Milan the largest metropolitan area in Italy Azienda Trasporti Milanesi ATM is the Milanese municipal transport company it operates 5 metro lines 18 tram lines 131 bus lines 4 trolleybus lines and 1 people mover line carrying about 776 million passengers in 2018 192 Overall the network covers nearly 1 500 km 932 mi reaching 46 municipalities 193 Besides public transport ATM manages the interchange parking lots and other transport services including bike sharing and carsharing systems 194 Rail Edit Underground Edit Milan Metro is Italy s longest rapid transit system The Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving the city and surrounding municipalities The network consists of 4 lines plus one under construction with a total network length of 101 kilometres 63 mi and a total of 113 stations mostly underground 195 It has a daily ridership of 1 15 million 196 the largest in Italy as well as one of the largest in Europe Suburban Edit The Milan suburban railway service operated by Trenord comprises 12 S lines connecting the metropolitan area with the city centre with possible transfers to all the metro lines Most S lines run through the Milan Passerby railway commonly referred to as il Passante and served by double decker trains every 4 8 minutes in the central underground section 197 National and international trains Edit Milano Centrale railway station Milan Central station with 120 million passengers per year is the largest and eighth busiest railway station in Europe and the second busiest in Italy after Rome 190 Milano Cadorna and Milano Porta Garibaldi stations are respectively the seventh and the eleventh busiest stations in Italy 190 Since the end of 2009 two high speed train lines link Milan to Rome Naples and Turin considerably shortening travel times with other major cities in Italy Further high speed lines are under construction towards Genoa and Verona Milan is served by direct international trains to Nice Marseille Lyon Paris Lugano Geneva Bern Basel Zurich and Frankfurt and by overnight sleeper services to Paris and Dijon Thello Munich and Vienna OBB 198 Milan is also the core of Lombardy s regional train network Regional trains were operated on two different systems by LeNord departing from Milano Cadorna and Trenitalia departing from Milan Centrale and Milano Porta Garibaldi Since 2011 a new company Trenord operates both Trenitalia and LeNord regional trains in Lombardy carrying over 750 000 passengers on more than 50 routes every day 199 200 Buses and trams Edit Typical trams operated by ATM The city tram network consists of approximately 160 kilometres 99 mi of track and 18 lines and is Europe s most advanced light rail system 201 Bus lines cover over 1 070 km 665 mi Milan has also taxi services operated by private companies and licensed by the City council of Milan The city is also a key node for the national road network being served by all the major highways of Northern Italy Numerous long distance bus lines link Milan with many other cities and towns in Lombardy and throughout Italy 202 Aviation Edit Malpensa Airport The Milan metropolitan area is served by three international airports with a grand total of about 47 million passengers served in 2018 203 Malpensa Airport is Italy s second busiest airport with 24 7 million passengers served in 2018 and Italy s busiest for freight and cargo handling about 600 000 tons of international freight in 2018 Malpensa lays 45 km 28 mi from downtown Milan and is connected to the city by the Malpensa Express railway service 204 Linate Airport is Milan s city airport less than 8 km 5 miles from central Milan and is mainly used for domestic and short haul international flights It served 9 2 million passengers in 2018 Linate Airport was the second largest base for Italy s national flag carrier Alitalia 205 Orio al Serio Airport located some 50 km 31 mi away near the town of Bergamo mainly serves the low cost traffic of Milan and it is the main base of Ryanair 12 9 million passengers served in 2018 206 Lastly Bresso Airfield is a general aviation airport operated by Aero Club Milano 207 Cycling Edit The bicycle is becoming an increasingly important mode of transportation in Milan Since 2008 the implementation of a city wide network of bike paths has been initiated to fight congestion and air pollution During the COVID pandemic in 2019 35 km of bike lanes have been realized on short notice to relieve pressure on the subway occupation 208 The bike sharing systems BikeMi has been deployed in almost all the city and enjoys increasing popularity Stationless commercial bike and scooter sharing systems are widely available International relations EditTwin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Milan is twinned with 209 Sao Paulo Brazil since 1961 Chicago United States since 1962 Lyon France since 1967 Saint Petersburg Russia since 1967 Frankfurt Germany since 1969 Birmingham United Kingdom since 1974 Dakar Senegal since 1974 Shanghai China since 1979 Osaka Japan since 1981 Tel Aviv Israel since 1997 Bethlehem Palestine since 2000 Toronto Canada since 2003 Krakow Poland since 2003 Melbourne Australia since 2004 Daegu South Korea since 2015 The partnership with Saint Petersburg was suspended in 2012 a decision taken by the city of Milan because of the prohibition of the Russian government on homosexual propaganda 210 However it was later restored and as of 2022 St Petersburg is still listed on Milan s official list of twin towns 209 Other relations Edit Milan has the following collaborations 211 better source needed Algiers Algeria Amsterdam Netherlands Astana Kazakhstan Bilbao Spain Chengdu China Copenhagen Denmark Guangzhou China Dubai United Arab Emirates Moscow Russia New York City United States Saitama Prefecture Japan Tegucigalpa Honduras Tehran IranPeople EditMain article List of people from MilanHonorary citizens EditPeople awarded the honorary citizenship of Milan are Date Name Notes24 February 1972 Charlie Chaplin 1889 1977 English comic actor March 1980 Andrei Sakharov 1921 1989 Russian nuclear physicist dissident and activist December 1988 Alexander Dubcek 1921 1992 Czechoslovak and Slovak politician and dissident 16 February 1990 Paola Borboni 1900 1995 Italian actress 21 October 2004 Rudolph Giuliani 1944 present American politician former Mayor of New York City and attorney of Donald Trump 3 September 2005 Rania Al Abdullah 1970 present Queen consort of Jordan 10 December 2008 Al Gore 1948 present American politician and former Vice President of the United States 18 January 2012 Roberto Saviano 1979 present Italian journalist and writer 4 April 2016 Nino Di Matteo 1961 present Italian magistrate 20 October 2016 Dalai Lama 1935 present Tibetan Buddhist Spiritual Leader 212 213 10 December 2020 Patrick Zaki 1991 present Egyptian student See also EditList of cities in the European Union by population within city limits Outline of Italy Outline of Milan BiscioneReferences Edit Resident Population on 1st January All Municipalities I Stat OECD Retrieved 24 July 2022 Database ec europa eu Eurostat Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 8 January 2020 click General and regional statistics Regional statistics by typology Metropolitan regions Demography statistics by metropolitan regions Population on 1 January by broad age group sex and metropolitan regions met pjanaggr3 In reference to the Meneghino mask Milan Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Archived from the original on 1 March 2019 Retrieved 28 February 2019 Milan Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 28 February 2019 Dizionario di toponomastica Storia e significato dei nomi geografici italiani in Italian Torino UTET 1990 Milan map explo re com 2017 Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 Retrieved 31 August 2017 Statistiche demografiche ISTAT demo istat it Archived from the original on 24 July 2019 Retrieved 23 November 2019 Public Data istat it Archived from the original on 13 June 2020 Retrieved 23 October 2018 a b c Demographia World Urban Areas Archived 3 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 6 September 2015 Le aree metropolitane in Italia occupano il 9 per cento del territorio Universita degli Studi di Milano Bicocca www old unimib it in Italian 6 December 2013 permanent dead link a b OECD Territorial Reviews Milan Italy PDF OECD Retrieved 13 October 2017 permanent dead link Campagna Michele et al 2012 Planning Support Tools Policy Analysis Implementation and Evaluation Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Informatics and Urban and Regional Planning INPUT2012 Milan FrancoAngeli pp 1853 1856 ISBN 978 88 568 7597 3 Osservatorio sulla citta metropolitana di Milano Rapporto 2016 PDF Polytechnic University of Milan Archived from the original PDF on 26 September 2017 Retrieved 13 October 2017 Salet Willem Thornley Andy Kreukels Anton 2003 Metropolitan governance and spatial planning comparative case studies of European city regions New York Spon Press p 265 ISBN 978 0 415 27449 4 GaWC The World According to GaWC 2018 www lboro ac uk Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Milano cuore dell industria chimica Assolombarda it Retrieved 18 July 2022 Gert Jan Hospers 2002 Beyond the Blue Banana Structural Change in Europe s Geo Economy PDF 42nd EUROPEAN CONGRESS of the Regional Science Association Young Scientist Session Submission for EPAINOS Award 27 31 August 2002 Dortmund Germany Archived from the original PDF on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 27 September 2006 Global city GDP 2013 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