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Wikipedia

Salvador, Bahia

April 28, 2023

Salvador (English: Savior)[n 1] is a Brazilian municipality and capital city of the state of Bahia. Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region of Brazil, Salvador is recognized throughout the country and internationally for its cuisine, music and architecture. The African influence in many cultural aspects of the city makes it a center of Afro-Brazilian culture. As the first capital of Colonial Brazil, the city is one of the oldest in the Americas and one of the first planned cities in the world, having been established during the Renaissance period. Its foundation in 1549 by Tomé de Sousa took place on account of the implementation of the General Government of Brazil by the Portuguese Empire.

Salvador
Municipality
Municipality of Salvador
Município de Salvador
From the top, clockwise: Pelourinho with the Church of the Third Order of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People; view of the Lacerda Elevator from the Comércio neighborhood; Barra Lighthouse; Vitória neighborhood skyline; monument to the heroes of the battles of Independence of Bahia and panorama of Ponta de Santo Antônio and the district of Barra; panoramic view of the city from Bay of All Saints.
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Roma Negra (Black Rome) and Soterópolis
Motto(s): 
Sic illa ad arcam reversa est (Latin)
"So she returned to the ark"
Location of Salvador in the State of Bahia
Salvador
Location in Brazil
Salvador
Salvador (South America)
Coordinates: 12°58′29″S 38°28′36″W / 12.97472°S 38.47667°W / -12.97472; -38.47667Coordinates: 12°58′29″S 38°28′36″W / 12.97472°S 38.47667°W / -12.97472; -38.47667
Country Brazil
RegionNortheast
State Bahia
Founded29 March 1549
Government
 • MayorBruno Reis (UNIÃO)
 • Deputy MayorAna Paula Matos (PDT)
Area
 • Municipality693 km2 (268 sq mi)
 • Water66.91 km2 (25.83 sq mi)
 • Metro
4,375.123 km2 (1,689.244 sq mi)
Elevation
8 m (26 ft)
Population
 (2020 [4])
 • Municipality2,886,698 (4th)
 • Density4,187/km2 (10,840/sq mi)
 • Metro
3,919,864 (7th)[1][2][3]
 • Metro density891.3/km2 (2,308/sq mi)
DemonymPortuguese: Soteropolitano/a English: Soteropolitan
Time zoneUTC−3 (BRT)
Postal code
40000-001 to 42599-999
Area code+55 71
HDI (2010)0.759 – high[5]
Websitewww.salvador.ba.gov.br (in Portuguese)
Official nameHistoric Center of Salvador de Bahia
CriteriaCultural: (iv)(vi)
Reference309
Inscription1985 (9th Session)

Centralization as a capital, along with Portuguese colonization, were important factors in shaping the profile of the municipality, as were certain geographic characteristics. The construction of the city followed the uneven topography, initially with the formation of two levels – Upper Town (Cidade Alta) and Lower Town (Cidade Baixa) – on a steep escarpment, and later with the conception of valley avenues. With 692,818 square kilometers in area, its emerged territory is peninsular, and the coast is bordered by the Bay of All Saints to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The Historic Center of Salvador, iconized on the outskirts of Pelourinho, is known for its colonial architecture, with historical monuments dating from the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. The stage of one of the biggest Carnivals in the world (the biggest street party in the world, according to the Guinness World Records), the integration of the municipality to the UNESCO's Creative Cities Network as the "City of Music", a unique title in the country, added to the international recognition of Salvador's music.

With more than 2.9 million inhabitants as of 2020, it is the most populous municipality in the Northeast, the third most populous in Brazil (Brasília surpassed Salvador in 2016, but it is a federal district, not a municipality), and the ninth largest Latin American city. It is the core of the metropolitan area known as "Great Salvador", which had an estimated 3,957,123 inhabitants in 2020 according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). This makes it the second most populous metropolitan area in the Northeast, the seventh in Brazil, and one of the largest in the world. Also due to these urban-population dimensions, it is classified by the IBGE study on the Brazilian urban network as a regional metropolis. In its reports for the years 2014 and 2020, the Research Network of Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) classified Salvador as a global city in the "Sufficiency" category (the smallest). Global city surveys by consultancy Kearney also included Salvador in the 2018 and 2020 annual reports, while excluding it in the 2019.

The economic center of the state, Salvador is also a port city, administrative and tourist center. Its metropolitan region has the highest GDP among urban concentrations in the Northeast. In 2018, it had the second highest gross domestic product (GDP) among Northeastern municipalities. Furthermore, it is the headquarters of important regional, national and international companies, such as Novonor, Braskem, Neoenergy Coelba, and Suzano Papel e Celulose. In addition to companies, the city hosts or has hosted many cultural, political, educational, sports events and organizations, such as the Bahia State University, the Federal University of Bahia, the Brazilian Army Complementary Training School, the Brazilian Surfing Confederation, the 12th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (in 2010), the third Ibero-American Summit (in 1993), the 2003 Pan-American Judo Championship, the second Conference of Reeheehee from Africa and the Diaspora (in 2006), the 1989 Copa América, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and Group E of the women's football tournament in the 2016 Summer Olympics.

History

See also: Timeline of Salvador, Bahia
Historical Affiliations

  Portuguese Empire 1549–1815
  Dutch Brazil 1624–1625
  United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815–1823
  Empire of Brazil 1823–1889
  Republic of Brazil 1889–present

 
Tomé de Sousa arrives in Bahia, 16th century.
 
Solar Ferrão in Pelourinho
 
Dutch fleet commanded by Piet Pieterszoon Hein in Salvador during the unsuccessful 1624 invasion.
 
Salvador in 1875 during the Empire of Brazil.

Salvador lies on a small, roughly triangular peninsula that separates the Bay of All Saints, the largest bay in Brazil, from the Atlantic Ocean.[6] It was first reached by Gaspar de Lemos in 1501, just one year after Cabral's purported discovery of Brazil.[7] During his second voyage for Portugal, the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci sighted the bay on All Saints' Day (1 November) 1502 and, in honor of the date and his parish church in Florence, he named it the Bay of the Saint Savior of All the Saints.[8] The first European to settle nearby was Diogo Álvares Correia ("Caramuru"),[9] who was shipwrecked off the end of the peninsula in 1509. He lived among the Tupinambá, marrying Guaibimpara and others. In 1531, Martim Afonso de Sousa led an expedition from Mount St Paul (Morro de São Paulo)[10] and, in 1534, Francisco Pereira Coutinho, the first captain of Bahia, established the settlement of Pereira in modern Salvador's Ladeira da Barra neighborhood. Mistreatment of the Tupinambá by the settlers caused them to turn hostile and the Portuguese were forced to flee to Porto Seguro c. 1546.[11] An attempted restoration of the colony the next year ended in shipwreck and cannibalism.[12]

The present city was established as the fortress of São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ("Holy Savior of the Bay of All Saints")[13][n 2] in 1549 by Portuguese settlers under Tomé de Sousa, Brazil's first governor-general.[16] It is one of the oldest cities founded by Europeans in the Americas.[17] From a cliff overlooking the Bay of All Saints,[n 3] it served as Brazil's first capital and quickly became a major port for its slave trade and sugarcane industry.[19] Salvador was long divided into an upper and a lower city, divided by a sharp escarpment some 85 meters (279 ft) high.[20] The upper city formed the administrative, religious, and primary residential districts while the lower city was the commercial center, with a port and market.

In the Roman Catholic Church, Brazil and the rest of the Portuguese Empire were initially administered as part of the Diocese of Funchal in Portugal but, in 1551, Salvador became the seat of the first Roman Catholic diocese erected in Brazil.[21] The first parish church[22] was the mud-and-thatch Church of Our Lady of Help (Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Ajuda) erected by the Jesuits (Society of Jesus),[n 4] which served as the first cathedral of the diocese until the Jesuits finished construction of the original basilica on the Terreiro de Jesus in 1553.[22][n 5] Its bishop was made independent of the Archdiocese of Lisbon at the request of King Pedro II in 1676;[25] he served as the primate of the Congo and Angola in central Africa until the elevation of the Diocese of Luanda on 13 January 1844 and its bishop still serves as the national primate and premier see (diocese) of Brazil.

In 1572, the Governorate of Brazil was divided into the separate governorates of Bahia in the north and Rio de Janeiro in the south. These were reunited as Brazil six years later, then redivided from 1607 to 1613. By that time, Portugal had become temporarily united with Spain and was ruled from Madrid by its kings. In 1621, King Philip III replaced the Governorate of Brazil with the states of Brazil, still based in Salvador and now controlling the south, and the Maranhão, which was centered on São Luís and controlled what is now northern Brazil. As Spain was then prosecuting a war against the independence of the Dutch, the Dutch East and West India companies tried to conquer Brazil from them. Salvador played a strategically vital role against Dutch Brazil, but was captured and sacked by a West India Company fleet under Jacob Willekens and Piet Hein on 10 May 1624. Johan van Dorth administered the colony before his assassination, freeing its slaves. The city was recaptured by a Luso-Spanish fleet under Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza on 1 May 1625. John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, tried to conquer the city for his country, unsuccessfully besieging it between April and May 1638.

 
Monument dedicated to the heroes of the battles of Bahia's independence from Portugal in the Campo Grande Square

In 1763, the colonial administration was removed to Rio de Janeiro and elevated to a viceroyalty. Salvador remained the heart of the Recôncavo, Bahia's rich agricultural maritime district,[26] but was largely outside Brazil's early modernization. The area formed a center of royal Portuguese support against heir apparent Pedro I's declaration of independence from European Portugal on 7 September 1822. Its elites initially remained loyal to the Portuguese crown[15] while rebels from Cachoeira besieged them for a year until finally receiving Portugal's surrender of the town on 2 July 1823, which is now celebrated as Bahia Independence Day.[27] The local elite was similarly hesitant during Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca's later coup that established the republic in 1889.[15]

Owing to whales' use of the Bay of All Saints as a mating ground, Salvador became a large whaling port in the Southern Hemisphere during the 19th century but the trade had already begun to fall off by the 1870s.[14]

Under the empire and republic periods, however, the town slowly began to industrialize. In 1873, Brazil's first elevator, the powerful hydraulic Elevador Lacerda, was constructed to connect the city's upper and lower towns.[14] Having undergone several upgrades, it continues in use.[28][29] By the First World War, it was joined by a second elevator[n 6] and Salvador was connected to four railroads: the Bahia & Alagoinhas to Joazeiro, the Bahia Central, the Nazareth Tramway, and a short line to Santo Amaro.[15] Its central districts and the major suburbs of Bomfim and Victoria were served by four streetcar lines,[14][15] which had begun to electrify.[15] It also served as a port of call for most steamship lines trading between Europe and South America.[15]

In 1985, UNESCO listed the city's Pelourinho neighborhood as a World Heritage Site.[30][31] In the 1990s, a major municipal project cleaned and restored the neighborhood in order to develop it as the cultural center and heart of the city's tourist trade. The development of the Historical Center, however, involved the forced removal of thousands of working-class residents and now necessitates local and municipal events in order to attract people to the area.[32] The relocated workers, meanwhile, have encountered significant economic hardship in their new homes on the city's periphery, separated from access to work and civic amenities.[33]

In 2007, Porto da Barra Beach in Barra was named by the Guardian as the 3rd-best beach in the world.[34] In 2010, the city hosted the 12th UN Congress on Crime Prevention.[35] The city hosted the 2013 Confederations Cup and was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil at its Arena Fonte Nova.[36] As part of its preparations for the World Cup, the city re-established its public transportation lines as the Salvador Metro.

Geography

Climate

Salvador has a trade-wind tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af). Temperatures are relatively consistent, showing little variance throughout the course of the year.[37] Salvador's driest months of the year are December and January, when the city receives on average less than 10 cm (4 in) of precipitation. Salvador's wettest months are April, May and June, when at least 20 cm (8 in) of rain falls during each of these three months.[38]

Climate data for Salvador (Bahia) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1911–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.3
(93.7) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.0
(98.6) 		34.5
(94.1) 		31.6
(88.9) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.3
(93.7) 		37
(99)
Average high °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.9
(87.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		29.1
(84.4) 		29.8
(85.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		29.0
(84.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.6
(78.1)
Average low °C (°F) 23.8
(74.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		22.7
(72.9)
Record low °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.5
(63.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 76.9
(3.03) 		98.7
(3.89) 		147.3
(5.80) 		284.9
(11.22) 		302.2
(11.90) 		237.6
(9.35) 		194.1
(7.64) 		129.7
(5.11) 		99.3
(3.91) 		91.0
(3.58) 		108.2
(4.26) 		63.4
(2.50) 		1,833.3
(72.18)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9 9 11 16 18 19 18 16 11 8 8 7 150
Average relative humidity (%) 78.7 79.4 80.6 83.3 85.1 84.9 83.4 82.1 81.2 80.0 80.4 79.3 81.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 234.8 208.2 225.5 185.4 156.7 144.6 169.6 190.4 205.3 226.6 202.9 222.8 2,372.8
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[39][37][40][38][41][42][43]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[44]

Demographics

See also: Brazilians, Demographics of Brazil, and Immigration to Brazil
 
Rio Vermelho and Horto Florestal neighborhoods
 
View of Farol da Barra Lighthouse
 
Luís Viana Avenue (also known as Paralela Avenue). It connects the Financial Center to the North Zone of city (airport).

In 2010, the city of Salvador was the third-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.[45] The city had 474,827 opposite-sex couples and 1,595 same-sex couples. The population of Salvador was 53.3% female and 46.7% male.[46]

Ethnic groups

Race and ethnicity in Salvador
Ethnicity Percentage
Pardo (Multiracial)
 
 51.7%
Black
 
 27.8%
White
 
 18.9%
Asian
 
 1.3%
Amerindian
 
 0.3%

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 2,675,000 people residing in the city of Salvador.[47] The census revealed the following self-identification: 1,382,543 persons identify as Pardo (Multiracial) (51.7%); 743,718 as Black (27.8%); 505,645 as White (18.9%); 35,785 as Asian (1.3%); and 7,563 as Amerindian (0.3%).[46]

Salvador's population is the result of 500 years of interracial marriage. The majority of the population has African, European and Native American roots. The African ancestry of the city is from Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal and Mozambique.[48]

 
Mannerist Cathedral Basilica of Salvador, the Primate of Brazil (1657–1746[49])

According to an autosomal DNA study from 2008, the ancestral heritage of the population of Salvador was estimated to be 49.2% African, 36.3% European and 14.5% Native American.[50] The study also analyzed the genetic backgrounds of people by type of surname. Those with surnames with a religious connotation were 53.1% African in genetic ancestry and tended to be in lower economic classes. During the colonial era, it was typical practice for Portuguese priests and missionaries to baptize converted African slaves and Native Americans with surnames of religious connotations. These have been passed down to their descendants.

A 2015 autosomal DNA study found out the following ancestral composition in Salvador: 50.5% of African ancestry, 42.4% of European ancestry and 5.8% of Native American ancestry.[51][52] The researchers explained they oversampled individuals living in poor environments (page 4).[51]

Another 2015 autosomal DNA found out Salvador to be 50.8% African, 42.9% European and 6.4% Native American.[53]

And another autosomal DNA study, also in 2015, found out Salvador to be: 50.8% European, 40.5% African and 8.7% Native American.[54]

Population growth

Changing demographics of the city of Salvador

Source: Planet Barsa Ltda.[55]

Religion

 
Protestant Church in Iguatemi neighborhood
 
A temple of Afro-Brazilian religious expression in Salvador.
See also: Religion in Brazil, Protestantism in Brazil, and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil

In Salvador, religion is a major contact point between Portuguese and African influences and, in the last 20 years, Brazil's version of a North American-influenced Pentecostalism.[56] Salvador was the seat of the first bishopric in colonial Brazil (established 1551), and the first bishop, Pero Fernandes Sardinha, arrived already in 1552.[57] The Jesuits, led by the Manuel da Nóbrega, also arrived in the 16th century and worked in converting the Indigenous peoples of the region to Roman Catholicism.

Many religious orders came to the city, following its foundation: Franciscans, Benedictines and Carmelites. Subsequently, to them are created the Third Orders, the Brotherhoods, and Fraternities, which were composed mainly of professional and social groups. The most prominent of these orders were the Terceira do Carmo Order and the de São Francisco Order, founded by white men, and the Nossa Senhora do Rosário and São Beneditino Brotherhoods, composed of black men.[58] In many churches maintained by religious men, were housed the Santíssimo Sacramento brotherhoods.

Besides these organizations, the expansion of Catholicism in the city was consolidated through social care work. Santa Casa the Misericórdia was one of the institution that did this kind of work, maintaining hospitals, shelters for the poor and the elderly, as well providing assistance to convicts and to those who would face death penalties.[58] The convents, on their part, were cultural and religious formation centers, offering seminar coursed that often were attended by the lay.

Even with the present evolution, and the growth of Protestantism and other religions in the city, the Catholic faith remains as one of its most distinctive features, drawing a lot of people to its hundreds of churches. Some aspects, like the use of Portuguese in the Masses, the simplification of the liturgy, and the adoption of "pop" religious songs are key factors to the triumph of Catholicism. In the Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos Church, Masses are held in the Yorubá language, making use of African chants and typical clothes, which attract many people from the African Brazilian communities.[58]

Most enslaved Africans in Bahia were brought from Sub-Saharan Africa, especially the Yoruba-speaking nation (Iorubá or Nagô in Portuguese) from present-day Benin. The enslaved were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism, but their original religion Yorùbá was combined with Roman Catholicism to make the syncretic religion known as, Candomblé, which has survived in spite of prohibitions and persecutions. The enslaved Africans managed to preserve their religion by attributing the names and characteristics of their Yorùbá deities to Catholic saints with similar qualities. Still today all Candomble sessions are conducted in Yoruba, not Portuguese.

 
The religious house that holds the Afro-Brazilian goddess Yemanjá in Salvador.

These religious entities have been syncretised with some Catholic entities. For instance, Salvador's Feast of Bonfim, celebrated in January, is dedicated to both Our Lord of Bonfim (Jesus Christ) and Oxalá. Another important feast is the Feast de Yemanja every 2 February, on the shores of the borough of Rio Vermelho in

Salvador, on the day the church celebrates Our Lady of the Navigators. 8 December, Immaculate Conception Day for Catholics, is also commonly dedicated to Yemanja' with votive offerings made in the sea throughout the Brazilian coast.[citation needed]

Religion Percentage Number
Catholic 51.55% 1,379,252
Protestant 19.59% 524,286
No religion 17.64% 471,928
Spiritist 3.23% 86,484
Umbanda and Candomblé 1.05% 28,019
Jewish 0.04% 1,010

Source: IBGE 2010.[59]

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Salvador, Bahia and Economy of Brazil
 
Buildings on Tancredo Neves Avenue
 
The extreme southern point of the city in the neighborhood of Barra.
 
Skyscrapers in Vitória neighborhood, the most expensive address in the city

Throughout Brazilian history Salvador has played an important role. Because of its location on Brazil's northeastern coast, the city served as an important link in the Portuguese empire throughout the colonial era, maintaining close commercial ties with Portugal and Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia.[60]

Salvador remained the preeminent city in Brazil until 1763 when it was replaced as the national capital by Rio de Janeiro. In the last ten years many high-rise office and apartment buildings were constructed, sharing the same blocks with colonial-era housing or commercial buildings.[61]

With its beaches, humid tropical climate, numerous up-to-date shopping malls (The Shopping Iguatemi was the first shopping mall in Northeastern Brazil) and pleasant high-class residential areas, the city has much to offer its residents.

 
Aerial view of Iguatemi mall.

Economically Salvador is one of Brazil's more important cities. Since its founding the city has been one of Brazil's most prominent ports and international trading centers. Boasting a large oil refinery, a petrochemical plant and other important industries, the city has made great strides in reducing its historical dependence on agriculture for its prosperity.[62]

Salvador is the second most popular tourism destination in Brazil, after Rio de Janeiro.[63] Tourism and cultural activity are important generators of employment and income, boosting the arts and the preservation of artistic and cultural heritage.

Chief among the points of interest are its famous Pelourinho (named after the colonial pillories that once stood there) district, its historic churches,[64] and its beaches. Salvador's tourism infrastructure is considered one of the most modern in World, especially in terms of lodging. The city offers accommodation to suit all tastes and standards, from youth hostels to international hotels. Construction is one of the most important activities in the city, and many international (mainly from Spain, Portugal and England)[65] and national developers are investing in the city and in the Bahian littoral zone.

JAC Motors will have a plant in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, in the city of Camaçari, the new industry will result 3,500 direct jobs and 10,000 indirect jobs, the production of 100,000 vehicles by year.[66]

In December 2001, Monsanto Company inaugurated, at the Petrochemical Pole of Camaçari, in Metropolitan Region of Salvador, the first plant of the company designed to produce raw materials for the herbicide Roundup in South America. The investment is equivalent to US$500 million; US$350 million were spent in this initial phase. The Camaçari Plant, the largest unit of Monsanto outside of the United States, is also the only Monsanto plant manufacturing raw materials for the Roundup production line. The company started the civil works for the new plant in January 2000.[67]

Economy[68][69] GDP (in reais) GDP per capita (in reais)
2016 58 bilhões 19.505,84

Government and politics

 
Ruy Barbosa Forum
See also: List of mayors of Salvador, Bahia

Salvador's history as the first political capital of Brazil and as the capital of Bahia has meant that the city has historically exerted significant influence of both state and federal politics. Because of its importance as the largest port for imported slaves in Brazil, its early political history was dominated by a conservative slaveholding class. Bahia was a monarchy stronghold during the movement for Brazilian independence and was the last to join the new Empire of Brazil. Despite the abolition of slavery, expansion of the franchise and steady migration of Afro-Brazilians from the Bahian countryside into the city, the city's elected offices have and continue to be dominated by a mostly European-descended upper class in a majority Black city. Afro-Brazilians continue to be underrepresented politically and urban renewal efforts have increasingly displaced them out of the historical city center towards the suburbs.[70] Examples of the city's political elite include the Magalhães family, which in the last 50 years has held positions for mayor of Salvador (Antônio Carlos and his grandson ACM Neto), governor of Bahia (Antônio Carlos), senator (Antônio Carlos and his son Antônio Júnior) and federal deputy (uncle Luís Eduardo and nephew ACM Neto). The control of the state of Bahia, and by extension Salvador, under political boss Antônio Carlos Magalhães was marked by an authoritarian style of clientelism known locally as carlismo.[71]

Since January 2021, the mayor of Salvador has been Bruno Reis of the Democratas party (DEM). The office of mayor has a 4 year term and works with a deputy mayor, also an elected 4 year position. The current deputy mayor is Ana Paula Matos (PDT). In recent decades, the position has been held by mostly members of center-right parties such as the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and more recently the Democrats (DEM).

There are 43 councilors in the Salvador City Council, most recently elected in 2020. Geraldo Júnior (MDB) is the current president of the City Council.

Further information (in Portuguese): Salvador City Council [pt]

Tourism and recreation

 
Salvador, capital of Bahia state, is the centre of Afro-Brazilian culture.
 
Cyclists in Pituaçu Park

The Salvador coastline is one of the longest for cities in Brazil. There are 80 km (50 mi) of beaches distributed between the High City and the Low City, from Inema, in the railroad suburb to the Praia do Flamengo, on the other side of town. While the Low City beaches are bordered by the waters of the All Saints Bay (the country's most extensive bay), the High City beaches, from Farol da Barra to Flamengo, are bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The exception is Porto da Barra Beach, the only High City beach located in the All Saints Bay.

The capital's beaches range from calm inlets, ideal for swimming, sailing, diving and underwater fishing, as well as open sea inlets with strong waves, sought by surfers. There are also beaches surrounded by reefs, forming natural pools of stone, ideal for children.

Interesting places to visit near Salvador include:

  • According to the British newspaper The Guardian, in 2007, Porto da Barra Beach was the third best in the world.[72]
  • The large island of Itaparica in the Bay of All Saints can be visited either by a car-ferry, or a smaller foot-passenger ferry, which leaves from near the Mercado Modelo near the Lacerda Elevator.
  • BA-099 Highway, or "Line of Coconut" and "Green Line" of towns and cities, with exquisite beaches, north of Salvador heading towards Sergipe state.
  • Morro de São Paulo in the Valença region across the Bay of All Saints – an island that can be reached by ferry from Salvador (2 hours), by plane, or by bus to Valença and then by 'Rapido' ('fast') speedboat or smaller ferry. Morro de São Paulo is formed by five villages of the Tinharé Island.

The city is served by many shopping malls, including Shopping Iguatemi,[73] Salvador Shopping,[74] Shopping Barra,[75] and Shopping Paralela.[76]

Salvador has four parks, green areas protected, as Jardim dos Namorados Park, Costa Azul Park, Park of the city, Park of Pituaçu.

Jardim dos Namorados is located right next to Costa Azul Park and occupies an area of 15 hectares in Pituba, where many families used to spend their vacations in the 1950s. It was inaugurated in 1969, initially as a leisure area. It underwent a complete renovation in the 1990s, with the construction of an amphitheater with room for 500 people, sports courts, playgrounds and parking for cars and tourist buses.

Park of the city is an important preservation area of the Atlantic forest. It was completely renovated in 2001, becoming a modern social, cultural and leisure place. The new park has 720 square meter of green area right in the middle of the city. Among the attractions are Praça das Flores (Flowers square), with more than five thousand ornamental plants and flowers.

Besides its environment, the park has an infrastructure for children, with a special schedule of events taking place every October.[77]

Created by state decree in 1973, Pituaçu Park occupies an area of 450 hectares and is one of the few Brazilian ecological parks located in an urban area. It is surrounded by Atlantic forest, with a good variety of plants and animals. There is also an artificial pond in the park, built in 1906 along with the Pituaçu Dam, whose purpose was to supply water to the city.[78]

There are a number of possible leisure activities, ranging from cycloboats rides on the pond, to a 38 km (24 mi) long cycloway circling the entire reserve. A museum is also located in the park. Espaço Cravo is an outdoor museum with 800 pieces created by Mario Cravo, consisting of totems, winged and three-dimensional figures, as well as drawings and paintings.

Education

 
Archeology and Ethnology Museum of UFBA
 
The old Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FMB), the first medical school in the country, located in Pelourinho. In recent times, it serves as a museum.

Educational institutions

The city has several universities:

Primary and secondary schools

Top high schools of the city according to Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio are:[79]

  • Pan American School of Bahia
  • Colégio Marista
  • Colégio São Paulo
  • Colégio Oficina
  • Colégio Anchieta
  • Federal Institute of Bahia (IFBA)
  • Colégio Bernoulli
  • Cândido Portinari Academy
  • Colégio Antônio Vieira
  • Colégio Módulo
  • Military College of Salvador
  • Colégio Sartre Escola SEB
  • Colégio Integral
  • Colégio Gregor Mendel

Public safety

Salvador is one of the most crime-ridden cities in the country. The number of homicides increased 418% from 2000 to 2010. From 1998 to 2008, the number of homicides of youths between the ages of 15 and 24 increased 435.1%. Gun violence in the state of Bahia more than doubled in the period from 2004 to 2014, and the city is in the top ten for gun violence of the 26 state capitals of Brazil. In 2014 the state of Bahia had the most murderers in the country. At the same time, Salvador has one of the lowest rates of suicide in the nation.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]

Culture

See also: Culture of Brazil

Salvador's historical and cultural aspects were inherited by the intermarriage of such ethnic groups as Native-Indian, African and European. This mixture can be seen in the religion, cuisine, cultural manifestations, and custom of Bahia's people. African cultural practices are particularly celebrated.[88]

 
Forte de São Diogo in Barra neighborhood

Literature

 
Perspective view of the Salvador Bahia Pelourinho's Anchieta Plaza, cut from a Laser Scan preservationist project conducted by nonprofit CyArk.

Gregório de Mattos, born in Salvador in 1636, was also educated by the Jesuits. He became the most important Baroque poet in colonial Brazil for his religious and satirical works. Father António Vieira was born in Lisbon in 1608, but was raised and educated in the Jesuit school of Salvador and died in the city in 1697. His erudite sermons have earned him the title of best writer of the Portuguese language in the Baroque era.[89]

After the Independence of Brazil (1822), Salvador continued to play an important role in Brazilian literature. Significant 19th-century writers associated with the city include Romantic poet Castro Alves (1847–1871) and diplomat Ruy Barbosa (1849–1923). In the 20th century, Bahia-born Jorge Amado (1912–2001), although not born in Salvador, helped popularize the culture of the city around the world in novels such as Jubiabá, Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos, and Tenda dos Milagres, the settings of which are in Salvador.[citation needed]

Cuisine

 
Acarajé is a traditional street food in Salvador.

The local cuisine, spicy and based on seafood (shrimp, fish), strongly relies on typically African ingredients and techniques, and is much appreciated throughout Brazil and internationally. The most typical ingredient is azeite-de-dendê, an oil extracted from a palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) brought from West Africa to Brazil during colonial times.[90]

Using the milky coconut juice, they prepared a variety of seafood based dishes, such as Ensopados, Moquecas and Escabeche. The sugar cane bagasse was mixed with molasses and Rapadura, in the creation of coconut desserts like Cocada Branca and Preta. The remaining of the Portuguese Stew sauce was mixed with manioc flour to make a mush, which is a traditional Indian dish.[91] In the markets of Salvador, it is possible to find stands selling typical dishes of the colonial era. In the Sete Portas Market, customers eat Mocotó on Friday nights since the 1940s, when the market was inaugurated. In the restaurants of Mercado Modelo, Sarapatel, stews and several fried dishes are served regularly. In the São Joaquim, Santa Bárbara and São Miguel markets, there are stands selling typical food. They are also sold at stands located on the beaches, specially crab stews and oysters. The restaurants that sell typical dishes are located mostly along the coast and in Pelourinho. They prepare a wide variety of recipes that take palm tree oil.

Traditional dishes include caruru, vatapá, acarajé, bobó-de-camarão, moqueca baiana, and abará. Some of these dishes, like the acarajé and abará, are also used as offerings in Candomblé rituals. But Salvador is not only typical food. Other recipes created by the slaves were the Haussá Rice (rice and jerked beef cooked together), the Munguzá, used as offering to the Candomblé deity Oxalá (who is the father of all deities, according to the religion) pleased the matrons very much. So did the Bolinhos the Fubá, the Cuscuz (cornmeal) and the Mingau (porridge). According to Arany Santana, the African Ipetê (used in the rituals to the deity Oxum) became the Shrimp bobó, and the Akará (honoring the deities Xangô and Iansã) became the world-famous Acarajé. The city has restaurants specialized on international cuisine also. There are also places that serve dishes from other states of Brazil, especially from Minas Gerais and the Northeast region.

Capoeira

 
Capoeira in Salvador

Capoeira is a unique mix of dance and martial art of Afro-Brazilian origin, combining agile dance moves with unarmed combat techniques. Capoeira in Portuguese literally means "chicken coop". The capoeira appeared in Quilombo dos Palmares, located in the Captaincy of Pernambuco, and Salvador is considered the home of modern capoeira branches.[92][93] In the first half of the 20th century, Salvador-born masters Mestre Bimba and Mestre Pastinha founded capoeira schools and helped standardize and popularize the art in Brazil and the world. The practice of Capoeira was banned in 1892, though in 1937 it was made legal.[94] In recent years, Capoeira has become more international and accessible even in Salvador.

Museums

 
Old Customs in Pelourinho
 
Salvador's Street Carnival, one of the largest in the world

The artistic, cultural and social heritage of Salvador is preserved in museums. From Museu de Arte da Bahia (MAB), which is the oldest in the State, to Museu Náutico, the newest, the first capital of Brazil displays unique elements of history. Museu de Arte da Bahia has paintings, Chinese porcelain, furniture and sacred images from the 17th and 18th centuries. Museu Costa Pinto has privately owned items such as, pieces of art, crystal objects, and furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries. Museu da Cidade, where many items that help to preserve the heritage of old Salvador are kept. The Museum of Modern Art of Bahia, established in 1960, is located at a historic site on the Bay of All Saints, Solar da União.

Some churches and monasteries also have museums located in their premises. Examples of this are the Carmo da Misericórdia and São Bento museums. After the forts were renovated, Museu Náutico was established in the Forte de Santo Antonio da Barra (Farol da Barra) and the Museum of Communication in Forte São Diogo. Other important museums located in Salvador are: Museu do Cacau, State Museum of Geology, Museu tempostal, Solar do Ferrão, Museu de Arte Antiga e Popular Henriqueta M Catharino, Museu Eugênio Teixeira Leal, Museu Rodin Bahia, and Museu das Portas do Carmo.

Public art

The streets of Salvador are decorated with numerous murals and sculptures, many of which have been produced by the resident artist Bel Borba, a native of the city.[95]

Carnival

Main articles: Bahian Carnival and Brazilian Carnival
 
The bahian singer Ivete Sangalo in Barra – Ondina Circuit, on Oceanic Avenue

The Bahian Carnival (Portuguese: Carnaval) is the largest party on the planet.[96][97] Its dimensions are gigantic. For an entire week, almost 4 million people celebrate throughout 25 kilometers (16 mi) of streets, avenues, and squares. The direct organization of the party involves the participation of over 100,000 people[98] and Salvador receives an average of over 800,000 visitors. The affair is heavily policed and covered. Streets are patrolled by lines of police in single file and guarded by seated teams of five or six officers.[99] In 2010, coverage was provided by 4,446 journalists from the local, national, and international press and broadcast to 135 countries through 65 radio stations, 75 magazines, 139 video productions, 97 newspapers (including 21 international papers), 14 tv stations, and 168 websites.[100]

The party official begins when Rei Momo ("King Momo", the King of Carnival) is handed the key to the city in the morning of the Thursday before Mardi Gras. In the Campo Grande, streets are lined with grandstands (camarotes). 60-foot-long trucks known as Trios Eléctricos carry a kick line of scantily-clad dancers along with the city's best-loved performers, such as Ivete Sangalo, Daniela Mercury, Cláudia Leitte, Chiclete com Banana, and Carlinhos Brown.[101] Much of the music played is axé or samba-reggae. Groups known as blocos participate, with the most famous being the blocos afros such as Malé Debalé, Olodum, and Filhos de Gandhi.

The parades are organized into separate circuits. The Osmar Circuit, the oldest, goes from Campo Grande to Castro Alves Square. The Downtown Circuit runs through downtown and Pelourinho. The Dodô Circuit goes from Farol da Barra to Ondina along the coast. Since the Osmar Circuit is the oldest, it is where the event's most traditional groups parade. In Dodô, where the artist box seats are located, the party becomes lively toward the end of the afternoon and continues until morning.

Music

 
Royal Portuguese Reading Cabinet interior view.

Black Bahia Funk Balls play more American music—including English music—than their counterparts in Rio, while Rio's music is considered inferior and less played.[citation needed] The local dancehalls which host the balls are also distinct.[102]

Matrix Radio, which includes difficult and otherwise impossible to find music of Salvador and Bahia and which consists of music formerly available in Cana Brava Records, formerly located in Salvador's Centro Histórico (Pelourinho), was named by British journal The Guardian as one of "10 of the best music radio stations around the world[103]".

Libraries

The first books that arrived in Salvador, were brought by the Jesuits, who came with Tomé de Souza.[104] The first libraries or bookstores that appeared were under the control of the religious missionaries and were mostly composed of books on religion.

Handcrafts

 
Modelo Public Market.

The handcraft legacy of Bahia using only raw materials (straw, leather, clay, wood, seashells and beads), the most rudimentary crafts are reasonably inexpensive. Other pieces are created with the use of metals like gold, silver, copper and brass. The most sophisticated ones are ornamented with precious and semi-precious gems. The craftsmen and women generally choose religion as the main theme of their work.

They portray the images of Catholic saints and Candomble deities on their pieces. The good luck charms such as the clenched fist, the four-leaf clover, the garlic and the famous Bonfim ribbons express the city's religious syncretism. Nature is also portrayed on these pieces, reflecting the local wildlife. Music appears in the atabaque drums, the rain sticks, the water drums and the famous berimbau, along with other typical instruments.[105]

Salvador holds an international reputation as a city where musical instruments that produce unique sounds are made. These instruments are frequently used by world-famous artists in their recording sessions. The main handcrafts production in Salvador is located in Mercado Modelo, which is the biggest handcraft center in Latin America.[106]

Pieces can also be purchased at Instituto de Artesanato de Mauá and at Instituto do Patrimônio Artístico e Cultural (IPAC). These are organizations that promote typical art in Bahia.

Transportation

Airport

Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport has an area of 6,900 square metres (74,271 sq ft) between sand dunes and native vegetation. It is 28 km (17 mi) north of Central Salvador, and the road to the airport has already become one of the city's main scenic attractions.[107]

Salvador Air Force Base - BASV, a base of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Salvador.

Port

Main article: Port of Salvador

With cargo volume that grows every year with the economic growth of the state, the Port of Salvador, located in the Bahia de Todos os Santos, is the port with the most movement of containers of the North/Northeast and the second-leading fruit exporter in Brazil.

Metro

Main article: Salvador Metro
 
View of Salvador Metro

Salvador Metro System has been in operation since 2014. Its first stage was completed between Lapa and Acesso Norte stations and was later expanded to include new metro stations between Acesso Norte and Pirajá. Together, these segments form Line 1 of the system. In 2018, the system had 32 km (20 mi) and 20 stations and linked with the bus system.

The main shareholders in Metro Salvador are the Spanish companies Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, Dimetronic, and ICF. It is expected that Metro Salvador will invest US$150 million in rolling stock, signaling and telecommunications equipment. The contract covers the first 11.9 km (7.4 mi) line from Pirajá to Lapa, which was originally due to open in 2003. The project is also financed by a US$150 million World Bank loan and contributions from the federal, Bahia state, and Salvador city governments.[108]

 
Luís Eduardo Magalhães viaduct.

The creation of the system was one of the actions for urban mobility in preparation for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The connection of Line 2 with Line 1 connects Magalhães International Airport to Downtown Salvador and the Fonte Nova Stadium. Line 2 also integrates Rótula do Abacaxi and the neighboring beach city of Lauro de Freitas.[109]

Monorail

The two line SkyRail Bahia monorail network is due to open in 2022.[110]

Highways

The BR-101 and BR-116 federal highways cross Bahia from north to south, connecting Salvador to the rest of the country. At the Feira de Santana junction, take the BR-324 state highway. The capital of Bahia is served by several coach companies from almost every Brazilian state. BR-242, starting at São Roque do Paraguaçu (transversal direction), is linked to BR-116, bound to the middle–west region. Among the state highways stands BA-099, which makes connection to the north coast and BA-001, which makes connection to the south of Bahia. Buses provide direct service to most major Brazilian cities, including Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Brasília, as well as regional destinations. In 2007, the city had 586,951 vehicles, the largest number of the Northern and Northeastern Brazil.[111] Salvador has 2,500 public buses, and 2 million people are transported every day.[112]

 
Salvador Bus Station.

The bus station (rodoviária) is in Iguatemi, with direct buses to larger cities in the country and to many other destinations in the state. On the second floor are the counters for the different bus companies, and on the first floor is a small supermarket and a 24 h left luggage. Across the street is a large shopping center, Iguatemi, with a food court, connected by a pedestrian crossing.[113]

Four paved highways connect the city to the national highway system. Running north from the Farol (lighthouse) de Itapoã are hundreds of kilometres of beaches. The beaches are accessible by the BA-099 highway or (Line of Coconut and Green Line), a (toll) road, which is kept in excellent condition, running parallel to the coast, with access roads leading off to the coast itself. The road runs along dunes of snow-white sand, and the coast itself is an almost unbroken line of coconut palms. The communities along the coast range from fishing villages to Praia do Forte.

Further information: Ladeira da Preguiça

Public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Salvador, such as to and from work, on a weekday is 94 min, and 33% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 h every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 33 min, and 70% of riders wait for over 20 min on average every day. The average distance that people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8 km, and 18% travel for over 12 km in a single trip.[114]

Neighborhoods

 
Barra neighborhood in South Zone

Although the creation of Salvador was masterminded by the Kingdom of Portugal and its layout overseen by the Portuguese engineer Luís Dias (who was responsible for the city's original design), the continuous growth of the capital through the decades was completely spontaneous.[citation needed] The walls of the city-fortress could not hold the expansion of the city towards the Carmo and the area where now stands Castro Alves Square. At the time of its foundation, Salvador had only two squares and the first neighborhood ever built here was the Historic City Center. Pelourinho and Carmo came subsequently, created as a consequence of the growing need of space that the religious orders had. With the rapid expansion, the neighborhoods grew and many of them were clustered in the same area, so today there are not accurate records as to their exact number. For urban management purposes, the city is currently divided on 17 political-administrative zones. However, due to their very cultural relevance and to postal conveniences, the importance of the neighborhoods of Salvador remains intact.

 
Aerial view of Salvador

Salvador is divided into a number of distinct neighborhoods, which can be categorized by which geographic zone they are located in; West, South or East. The most well known districts, including Pelourinho, Comércio, and Old Downtown, are all located in the West Zone. Barra, with its beaches and starting point to one of the city's Carnival circuits, is located in the South Zone. Vitória, a neighborhood with many high rise buildings, is located in South Zone. Campo Grande, with its Dois de Julho Square and the monument to Bahia's independence, is also located in the South Zone, as is Graça, an important residential area. Ondina, with Salvador's Zoobotanical Garden and the site where the Barra-Ondina Carnival circuit ends, the neighborhood is home of the Spanish Club, is also a neighborhood in the South Zone.

Itaigara, Pituba, Horto Florestal, Caminho das Árvores, Loteamento Aquárius, Brotas, Stiep, Costa Azul, Armação, Jaguaribe and Stella Maris are the wealthiest communities of the city and are located in the East Zone. Rio Vermelho, a neighborhood with a rich architectural history and numerous restaurants and bars, is located in the South Zone. Itapoã, known throughout Brazil as the home of Vinicius de Moraes and for being the setting of the song "Tarde em Itapoã", is located in the East Zone.

The Northwest area of the city along the Bay of All Saints, also known as Cidade Baixa ("Lower city"), contains the impoverished neighborhoods of Periperi, Paripe, Lobato, Liberdade, Nova Esperança, and Calçada. The neighborhood of Liberdade has one of the largest proportions of Afro-Brazilians of Salvador and Brazil.[115]

Pelourinho

Main article: Historic Center (Salvador)
 
View of Largo do Pelourinho
 
Old houses in the historical center of Salvador.

The Historic Center of Salvador was designated in 1985 a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[30] The city represents a fine example of Portuguese urbanism from the middle of the 16th century with its higher administrative town and its lower commercial town, and a large portion of the city has retained the old character of its streets and colourful houses.

As the first capital of Portuguese America, Salvador cultivated slave labor and had its pillories ("pelourinhos") installed in open places like the Terreiro de Jesus and the squares know today as Tomé de Sousa and Castro Alves. The pillories were a symbol of authority and justice for some and of lashings and injustice for the majority.[116] The one erected for a short time in what is now the Historical Center, and later moved to what is now the Praça da Piedade (Square of Piety), ended up lending its name to the historical and architectural complex of Pelourinho, part of the city's upper town.

Since 1992, the Pelourinho neighborhood has been subject to a nearly US$100 million "restoration" that has led to the rebuilding of hundreds of buildings' façades and the expulsion of the vast majority of the neighborhood's Afro-descendent population. This process has given rise to substantial political debate in the State of Bahia, since the Pelourinho's former residents have been for the most part excluded from the renovation's economic benefits (reaped by a few).[117] A major restoration effort resulted in making the area a tourist attraction.[118]

Salvador's considerable wealth and status during colonial times (as capital of the colony during 250 years and which gave rise to the Pelourinho) is reflected in the magnificence of its colonial palaces, churches and convents, most of them dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. These include:

  • Cathedral of Salvador: Former Jesuit church of the city, built in the second half of the 17th century. Fine example of Mannerist architecture and decoration.
  • Convent and Church of São Francisco: Franciscan convent and church dating from the first half of the 18th century is another fine example of the Portuguese colonial architecture. The Baroque decoration of the church is among the finest in Brazil.
  • Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim: Rococo church with Neoclassical inner decoration. The image of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim is the most venerated in the city, and the Feast of Our Lord of Good Ending (Festa de Nosso Senhor do Bonfim) in January is the most important in the city after Carnival.
  • Mercado Modelo (Model Market): In 1861, at the Cayrú Square, the Customs Building was constructed, with a rotunda (large circular room with a domed ceiling) at the back end, where ships anchored to unload their merchandise.
  • Lacerda Elevator (Elevador Lacerda): Inaugurated in 1873, this elevator was planned and built by the businessman Antônio Francisco de Lacerda, The four elevator cages connect the 72 metres (236 ft) between the Thomé de Souza Square in the upper city, and the Cayru Square in the lower city. In each run, which lasts for 22 seconds, the elevator transports 128 persons, 24 hours a day.

Sports

See also: Sports in Brazil and 2014 FIFA World Cup
 
Pituaçu Stadium

Salvador provides visitors and residents with various sport activities. The Estádio Fonte Nova, also known as Estádio Octávio Mangabeira is a football stadium inaugurated on 28 January 1951 in Salvador, Bahia, with a maximum capacity of 66,080 people. The stadium has now been replaced with a new stadium named Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova with a capacity of 56,000 people. This stadium hosted matches of 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the subsequent 2014 FIFA World Cup, as well as the football competition in the 2016 Summer Olympics. The stadium is owned by the Bahia government, and is the home ground of Esporte Clube Bahia. Its formal name honors Octávio Cavalcanti Mangabeira, a civil engineer, journalist, and former Bahia state governor from 1947 to 1954. The stadium is nicknamed Fonte Nova, because it is located at Ladeira das Fontes das Pedras. The stadium was in 2007 closed due to an accident, and the E.C. Bahia home matches now happen in another stadium, in Pituaçu.

Esporte Clube Bahia and Esporte Clube Vitória are Salvador's main football teams. Bahia has won 2 national titles, the Taça Brasil in 1959 and the Brazilian League in 1988, while Vitória was a runner up in the Brazilian league in 1993 and the Copa do Brasil in 2010. Smaller teams include EC Ypiranga with 10 titles of the Campeonato Baiano, Botafogo SC with 7, Galícia EC with 5, and AD Leônico with 2.

Salvador has two large green areas for the practice of golf. Cajazeiras Golf and Country Club has an 18-hole course, instructors, caddies and equipment for rent. Itapuã Golf club, located in the area of the Sofitel Hotel, has a 9-hole course, equipment store, caddies and clubs for rent. Tennis is very popular among Salvador's elites, with a great number of players and tournaments in the city's private clubs. Brasil Open, the country's most important tournament happens every year in Bahia.[citation needed]

 
Manoel Barradas Stadium

During the last decades, volleyball has grown steadily in Salvador, especially after the gold medal won by Brazil in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.[citation needed] The most important tournaments in Bahia are the State Championship, the State League tournament and the Primavera Games, and the main teams are Associação Atlética da Bahia, Bahiano de Tênis, and Clube the Regatas Itapagipe. There are also beach volleyball events. Salvador has housed many international tournaments. Federação Bahina de Voleibol (the state league) can inform the schedule of tournaments. Bowling is practiced both by teenagers and adults in Salvador. Boliche do Aeroclube and Space Bowling are equipped with automatic lanes as well as a complete bar infrastructure.

Bahia's basketball league exists since 1993 and has 57 teams. The sport is very popular in the city of Salvador, especially among students.[119] There are several courts scattered across the city, where is possible to play for free, like the one located at Bahia Sol square, where people play.[120] There are also several gymnasiums, in clubs like Bahiano de Tênis and Associação Atlética and the Antonio Balbino Gymnasiums (popularly known as "Balbininho"), which is an arena that can hold up to 7,000 people.

Todos os Santos Bay and Salvador's climatic conditions are ideal for competition and recreational sailing. The city is equipped with good infrastructure for practice of sailing, such as rental and sale of dock space, boat maintenance, restaurants, snack bar, convenience stores, nautical products stores, boat rental agencies, VHF and SSB communication systems, events, and total assistance to crews.[121] The large number of sailing events organized by clubs and syndicates, like oceanic races and typical boats (wooden fishing boats and canoes) races, demonstrates the sport's growing force. Currently, Salvador has a national racing schedule with dozens of events, also receiving the Mini Transat 6.50 and Les Illes du Soleil races.[121]

Rowing boat races started in the city more than a hundred years ago.[122] It was originally practiced by young men from traditional families, who spent their summer vacations there. The sport is a leisure option in Cidade Baixa (the lower part of the city). Esporte Clube Vitória and Clube São Salvador were the pioneers in the sport. Nowadays, these two entities and also Clube de Regatas Itapagipe lead the competitions that take place in the city. With the recent renovation of the Dique do Tororó area, Salvador received new lanes for the practice of the sport.

Notable people

 
Supermodel Adriana Lima, Victoria's Secret Angel since 2000
 
Footballer Dante, with German club Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2011
 
Singer and politician Gilberto Gil

International relations

Salvador's twin towns and sister cities are:[123]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The presented pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese is [sawvaˈdoʁ] spoken around Brazil and most variants.
  2. ^ As late as the 19th century, it was also known in English as San Salvador,[14] although the general name continued to be "Bahia".[14][15]
  3. ^ Its exact position remains a matter of debate.[18]
  4. ^ This church was first rebuilt in stone and mortar in 1579 and then demolished in 1912 to widen a road. The present Church of Our Lady of Help is located a block away from the original site.[23]
  5. ^ This basilica was later rebuilt from 1656 to 1672.[24]
  6. ^ The development of the tramways and elevators, however, ended a long-running trade for porters and chairmen carrying people and goods up the steep staircase streets of the escarpment.[14]

References

  1. ^ (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  2. ^ "População residente, por situação do domicílio e sexo – Aglomerados urbanos – Brasil". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  3. ^ G1, Do; Paulo, em São (4 December 2010). . Brasil. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015.
  4. ^ IBGE 2020
  5. ^ (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ All Saints Bay, November 2014, from the original on 4 November 2014, retrieved 1 November 2014. (in Portuguese)
  7. ^ "Salvador – Bahia – A primeira cidade do Brasil, capital cultural – EcoViagem". Ecoviagem.uol.com.br. from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  8. ^ Bargellini & al. (1977), pp. 337–340.
  9. ^ EB (1878).
  10. ^ "SBSV", Climate Finder, from the original on 13 January 2012, retrieved 28 December 2011
  11. ^ Schwartz (1985), p. 19.
  12. ^ Bacelar, Jonildo, "Caramuru: O patriarca da Nação Brasileira", Guia Geográfico: História da Bahia, from the original on 9 January 2016, retrieved 12 January 2016. (in Portuguese)
  13. ^ Graham, Sandra Lauderdale (2002). Caetana Says No: Women's Stories from a Brazilian Slave Society (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-521-89353-4. (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  14. ^ a b c d e f EB (1878), p. 239.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g EB (1911).
  16. ^ EB (1878), p. 240.
  17. ^ Salvador – A Primeira Capital do Brasil, from the original on 1 April 2014, retrieved 20 April 2014. (in Portuguese)
  18. ^ Coelho Filho (2015), pp. 90 ff.
  19. ^ "13th International RIdIM Conference & 1st Brazilian Conference on Music Iconography – Salvador 2011". Ridim-br.mus.ufba.br. from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  20. ^ Geography. Salvador, Brazil: Aloveworld. 2006. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. from the original on 27 February 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
  21. ^ Julius III (25 February 1551), Super specula militantis Ecclesiae.... (in Latin)
  22. ^ a b "A Sé de Palha [The See of Straw]", Guia Geográfico: Igrejas da Bahia, from the original on 14 January 2016, retrieved 12 January 2016. (in Portuguese)
  23. ^ "Antiga Igreja da Ajuda [Old Church of Our Lady of Help]", Guia Geográfico: Igrejas da Bahia, from the original on 14 January 2016, retrieved 12 January 2016. (in Portuguese)
  24. ^ "Catedral Basílica de São Salvador [Basilica Cathedral of São Salvador]", Guia Geográfico: Igrejas da Bahia, from the original on 14 January 2016, retrieved 12 January 2016. (in Portuguese)
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Bibliography

See also: Timeline of Salvador, Bahia § Bibliography
  • Bargellini, Piero; Guarnieri, Ennio (1977), Le Strade di Firenze, Vol. II, Florence: Bonechi. (in Italian)
  • Coelho Filho, Luiz Walter (2015), The Fortress of Salvador in Colonial Brazil, Petropolis: translated from the Portuguese by Catherine V. Howard for KBR, ISBN 978-85-8180-325-8.
  • Collins, John F. Revolt of the Saints: Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy. Durham: Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-5320-1.
  • Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Bahia (2.)" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 239–240
  • Lamoureaux, Andrew Jackson (1911), "Bahia (city)" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 210
  • Romo, Anadelia A. Selling Black Brazil: Race, Nation, and Visual Culture in Salvador, Bahia (University of Texas Press, 2022) online review
  • Schwartz, Stuart B. (1985), Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31399-6.

External links

April 28, 2023
salvador, bahia, salvador, english, savior, brazilian, municipality, capital, city, state, bahia, situated, zona, mata, northeast, region, brazil, salvador, recognized, throughout, country, internationally, cuisine, music, architecture, african, influence, man. Salvador English Savior n 1 is a Brazilian municipality and capital city of the state of Bahia Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region of Brazil Salvador is recognized throughout the country and internationally for its cuisine music and architecture The African influence in many cultural aspects of the city makes it a center of Afro Brazilian culture As the first capital of Colonial Brazil the city is one of the oldest in the Americas and one of the first planned cities in the world having been established during the Renaissance period Its foundation in 1549 by Tome de Sousa took place on account of the implementation of the General Government of Brazil by the Portuguese Empire SalvadorMunicipalityMunicipality of SalvadorMunicipio de SalvadorFrom the top clockwise Pelourinho with the Church of the Third Order of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People view of the Lacerda Elevator from the Comercio neighborhood Barra Lighthouse Vitoria neighborhood skyline monument to the heroes of the battles of Independence of Bahia and panorama of Ponta de Santo Antonio and the district of Barra panoramic view of the city from Bay of All Saints FlagSealNickname s Roma Negra Black Rome and SoteropolisMotto s Sic illa ad arcam reversa est Latin So she returned to the ark Location of Salvador in the State of BahiaSalvadorLocation in BrazilShow map of BrazilSalvadorSalvador South America Show map of South AmericaCoordinates 12 58 29 S 38 28 36 W 12 97472 S 38 47667 W 12 97472 38 47667 Coordinates 12 58 29 S 38 28 36 W 12 97472 S 38 47667 W 12 97472 38 47667Country BrazilRegionNortheastState BahiaFounded29 March 1549Government MayorBruno Reis UNIAO Deputy MayorAna Paula Matos PDT Area Municipality693 km2 268 sq mi Water66 91 km2 25 83 sq mi Metro4 375 123 km2 1 689 244 sq mi Elevation8 m 26 ft Population 2020 4 Municipality2 886 698 4th Density4 187 km2 10 840 sq mi Metro3 919 864 7th 1 2 3 Metro density891 3 km2 2 308 sq mi DemonymPortuguese Soteropolitano a English SoteropolitanTime zoneUTC 3 BRT Postal code40000 001 to 42599 999Area code 55 71HDI 2010 0 759 high 5 Websitewww wbr salvador wbr ba wbr gov wbr br in Portuguese UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameHistoric Center of Salvador de BahiaCriteriaCultural iv vi Reference309Inscription1985 9th Session Centralization as a capital along with Portuguese colonization were important factors in shaping the profile of the municipality as were certain geographic characteristics The construction of the city followed the uneven topography initially with the formation of two levels Upper Town Cidade Alta and Lower Town Cidade Baixa on a steep escarpment and later with the conception of valley avenues With 692 818 square kilometers in area its emerged territory is peninsular and the coast is bordered by the Bay of All Saints to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east The Historic Center of Salvador iconized on the outskirts of Pelourinho is known for its colonial architecture with historical monuments dating from the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 The stage of one of the biggest Carnivals in the world the biggest street party in the world according to the Guinness World Records the integration of the municipality to the UNESCO s Creative Cities Network as the City of Music a unique title in the country added to the international recognition of Salvador s music With more than 2 9 million inhabitants as of 2020 it is the most populous municipality in the Northeast the third most populous in Brazil Brasilia surpassed Salvador in 2016 but it is a federal district not a municipality and the ninth largest Latin American city It is the core of the metropolitan area known as Great Salvador which had an estimated 3 957 123 inhabitants in 2020 according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics IBGE This makes it the second most populous metropolitan area in the Northeast the seventh in Brazil and one of the largest in the world Also due to these urban population dimensions it is classified by the IBGE study on the Brazilian urban network as a regional metropolis In its reports for the years 2014 and 2020 the Research Network of Globalization and World Cities GaWC classified Salvador as a global city in the Sufficiency category the smallest Global city surveys by consultancy Kearney also included Salvador in the 2018 and 2020 annual reports while excluding it in the 2019 The economic center of the state Salvador is also a port city administrative and tourist center Its metropolitan region has the highest GDP among urban concentrations in the Northeast In 2018 it had the second highest gross domestic product GDP among Northeastern municipalities Furthermore it is the headquarters of important regional national and international companies such as Novonor Braskem Neoenergy Coelba and Suzano Papel e Celulose In addition to companies the city hosts or has hosted many cultural political educational sports events and organizations such as the Bahia State University the Federal University of Bahia the Brazilian Army Complementary Training School the Brazilian Surfing Confederation the 12th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in 2010 the third Ibero American Summit in 1993 the 2003 Pan American Judo Championship the second Conference of Reeheehee from Africa and the Diaspora in 2006 the 1989 Copa America the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup the 2014 FIFA World Cup and Group E of the women s football tournament in the 2016 Summer Olympics Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 Ethnic groups 3 2 Population growth 3 3 Religion 4 Economy 5 Government and politics 6 Tourism and recreation 7 Education 7 1 Educational institutions 7 2 Primary and secondary schools 8 Public safety 9 Culture 9 1 Literature 9 2 Cuisine 9 3 Capoeira 9 4 Museums 9 5 Public art 9 6 Carnival 9 7 Music 9 8 Libraries 9 9 Handcrafts 10 Transportation 10 1 Airport 10 2 Port 10 3 Metro 10 3 1 Monorail 10 4 Highways 10 5 Public transportation statistics 11 Neighborhoods 11 1 Pelourinho 12 Sports 13 Notable people 14 International relations 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17 1 Bibliography 18 External linksHistory EditSee also Timeline of Salvador Bahia Historical Affiliations Portuguese Empire 1549 1815 Dutch Brazil 1624 1625 United Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and the Algarves 1815 1823 Empire of Brazil 1823 1889 Republic of Brazil 1889 present Tome de Sousa arrives in Bahia 16th century Solar Ferrao in Pelourinho Dutch fleet commanded by Piet Pieterszoon Hein in Salvador during the unsuccessful 1624 invasion Salvador in 1875 during the Empire of Brazil Salvador lies on a small roughly triangular peninsula that separates the Bay of All Saints the largest bay in Brazil from the Atlantic Ocean 6 It was first reached by Gaspar de Lemos in 1501 just one year after Cabral s purported discovery of Brazil 7 During his second voyage for Portugal the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci sighted the bay on All Saints Day 1 November 1502 and in honor of the date and his parish church in Florence he named it the Bay of the Saint Savior of All the Saints 8 The first European to settle nearby was Diogo Alvares Correia Caramuru 9 who was shipwrecked off the end of the peninsula in 1509 He lived among the Tupinamba marrying Guaibimpara and others In 1531 Martim Afonso de Sousa led an expedition from Mount St Paul Morro de Sao Paulo 10 and in 1534 Francisco Pereira Coutinho the first captain of Bahia established the settlement of Pereira in modern Salvador s Ladeira da Barra neighborhood Mistreatment of the Tupinamba by the settlers caused them to turn hostile and the Portuguese were forced to flee to Porto Seguro c 1546 11 An attempted restoration of the colony the next year ended in shipwreck and cannibalism 12 The present city was established as the fortress of Sao Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos Holy Savior of the Bay of All Saints 13 n 2 in 1549 by Portuguese settlers under Tome de Sousa Brazil s first governor general 16 It is one of the oldest cities founded by Europeans in the Americas 17 From a cliff overlooking the Bay of All Saints n 3 it served as Brazil s first capital and quickly became a major port for its slave trade and sugarcane industry 19 Salvador was long divided into an upper and a lower city divided by a sharp escarpment some 85 meters 279 ft high 20 The upper city formed the administrative religious and primary residential districts while the lower city was the commercial center with a port and market In the Roman Catholic Church Brazil and the rest of the Portuguese Empire were initially administered as part of the Diocese of Funchal in Portugal but in 1551 Salvador became the seat of the first Roman Catholic diocese erected in Brazil 21 The first parish church 22 was the mud and thatch Church of Our Lady of Help Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Ajuda erected by the Jesuits Society of Jesus n 4 which served as the first cathedral of the diocese until the Jesuits finished construction of the original basilica on the Terreiro de Jesus in 1553 22 n 5 Its bishop was made independent of the Archdiocese of Lisbon at the request of King Pedro II in 1676 25 he served as the primate of the Congo and Angola in central Africa until the elevation of the Diocese of Luanda on 13 January 1844 and its bishop still serves as the national primate and premier see diocese of Brazil In 1572 the Governorate of Brazil was divided into the separate governorates of Bahia in the north and Rio de Janeiro in the south These were reunited as Brazil six years later then redivided from 1607 to 1613 By that time Portugal had become temporarily united with Spain and was ruled from Madrid by its kings In 1621 King Philip III replaced the Governorate of Brazil with the states of Brazil still based in Salvador and now controlling the south and the Maranhao which was centered on Sao Luis and controlled what is now northern Brazil As Spain was then prosecuting a war against the independence of the Dutch the Dutch East and West India companies tried to conquer Brazil from them Salvador played a strategically vital role against Dutch Brazil but was captured and sacked by a West India Company fleet under Jacob Willekens and Piet Hein on 10 May 1624 Johan van Dorth administered the colony before his assassination freeing its slaves The city was recaptured by a Luso Spanish fleet under Fadrique Alvarez de Toledo y Mendoza on 1 May 1625 John Maurice Prince of Nassau Siegen tried to conquer the city for his country unsuccessfully besieging it between April and May 1638 Monument dedicated to the heroes of the battles of Bahia s independence from Portugal in the Campo Grande Square In 1763 the colonial administration was removed to Rio de Janeiro and elevated to a viceroyalty Salvador remained the heart of the Reconcavo Bahia s rich agricultural maritime district 26 but was largely outside Brazil s early modernization The area formed a center of royal Portuguese support against heir apparent Pedro I s declaration of independence from European Portugal on 7 September 1822 Its elites initially remained loyal to the Portuguese crown 15 while rebels from Cachoeira besieged them for a year until finally receiving Portugal s surrender of the town on 2 July 1823 which is now celebrated as Bahia Independence Day 27 The local elite was similarly hesitant during Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca s later coup that established the republic in 1889 15 Owing to whales use of the Bay of All Saints as a mating ground Salvador became a large whaling port in the Southern Hemisphere during the 19th century but the trade had already begun to fall off by the 1870s 14 Under the empire and republic periods however the town slowly began to industrialize In 1873 Brazil s first elevator the powerful hydraulic Elevador Lacerda was constructed to connect the city s upper and lower towns 14 Having undergone several upgrades it continues in use 28 29 By the First World War it was joined by a second elevator n 6 and Salvador was connected to four railroads the Bahia amp Alagoinhas to Joazeiro the Bahia Central the Nazareth Tramway and a short line to Santo Amaro 15 Its central districts and the major suburbs of Bomfim and Victoria were served by four streetcar lines 14 15 which had begun to electrify 15 It also served as a port of call for most steamship lines trading between Europe and South America 15 In 1985 UNESCO listed the city s Pelourinho neighborhood as a World Heritage Site 30 31 In the 1990s a major municipal project cleaned and restored the neighborhood in order to develop it as the cultural center and heart of the city s tourist trade The development of the Historical Center however involved the forced removal of thousands of working class residents and now necessitates local and municipal events in order to attract people to the area 32 The relocated workers meanwhile have encountered significant economic hardship in their new homes on the city s periphery separated from access to work and civic amenities 33 In 2007 Porto da Barra Beach in Barra was named by the Guardian as the 3rd best beach in the world 34 In 2010 the city hosted the 12th UN Congress on Crime Prevention 35 The city hosted the 2013 Confederations Cup and was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil at its Arena Fonte Nova 36 As part of its preparations for the World Cup the city re established its public transportation lines as the Salvador Metro Geography EditClimate Edit Salvador has a trade wind tropical rainforest climate Koppen Af Temperatures are relatively consistent showing little variance throughout the course of the year 37 Salvador s driest months of the year are December and January when the city receives on average less than 10 cm 4 in of precipitation Salvador s wettest months are April May and June when at least 20 cm 8 in of rain falls during each of these three months 38 Climate data for Salvador Bahia 1991 2020 normals extremes 1911 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 34 3 93 7 34 7 94 5 37 0 98 6 34 5 94 1 31 6 88 9 30 6 87 1 30 7 87 3 31 3 88 3 30 7 87 3 33 5 92 3 33 5 92 3 34 3 93 7 37 99 Average high C F 31 0 87 8 31 1 88 0 30 9 87 6 29 6 85 3 28 1 82 6 27 1 80 8 26 6 79 9 26 7 80 1 27 7 81 9 29 1 84 4 29 8 85 6 30 6 87 1 29 0 84 2 Daily mean C F 26 9 80 4 27 1 80 8 27 1 80 8 26 4 79 5 25 3 77 5 24 3 75 7 23 7 74 7 23 6 74 5 24 3 75 7 25 4 77 7 26 1 79 0 26 6 79 9 25 6 78 1 Average low C F 23 8 74 8 24 0 75 2 24 1 75 4 23 6 74 5 22 8 73 0 21 9 71 4 21 1 70 0 21 0 69 8 21 5 70 7 22 5 72 5 23 1 73 6 23 5 74 3 22 7 72 9 Record low C F 19 8 67 6 19 5 67 1 18 7 65 7 18 7 65 7 18 0 64 4 18 2 64 8 17 5 63 5 17 7 63 9 17 6 63 7 18 3 64 9 18 9 66 0 19 8 67 6 17 5 63 5 Average precipitation mm inches 76 9 3 03 98 7 3 89 147 3 5 80 284 9 11 22 302 2 11 90 237 6 9 35 194 1 7 64 129 7 5 11 99 3 3 91 91 0 3 58 108 2 4 26 63 4 2 50 1 833 3 72 18 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 9 9 11 16 18 19 18 16 11 8 8 7 150Average relative humidity 78 7 79 4 80 6 83 3 85 1 84 9 83 4 82 1 81 2 80 0 80 4 79 3 81 5Mean monthly sunshine hours 234 8 208 2 225 5 185 4 156 7 144 6 169 6 190 4 205 3 226 6 202 9 222 8 2 372 8Source 1 Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia 39 37 40 38 41 42 43 Source 2 Meteo Climat record highs and lows 44 Demographics EditSee also Brazilians Demographics of Brazil and Immigration to Brazil Rio Vermelho and Horto Florestal neighborhoods View of Farol da Barra Lighthouse Luis Viana Avenue also known as Paralela Avenue It connects the Financial Center to the North Zone of city airport In 2010 the city of Salvador was the third most populous city in Brazil after Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro 45 The city had 474 827 opposite sex couples and 1 595 same sex couples The population of Salvador was 53 3 female and 46 7 male 46 Ethnic groups Edit Race and ethnicity in SalvadorEthnicity PercentagePardo Multiracial 51 7 Black 27 8 White 18 9 Asian 1 3 Amerindian 0 3 According to the 2010 IBGE Census there were 2 675 000 people residing in the city of Salvador 47 The census revealed the following self identification 1 382 543 persons identify as Pardo Multiracial 51 7 743 718 as Black 27 8 505 645 as White 18 9 35 785 as Asian 1 3 and 7 563 as Amerindian 0 3 46 Salvador s population is the result of 500 years of interracial marriage The majority of the population has African European and Native American roots The African ancestry of the city is from Angola Benin Congo Ethiopia Nigeria Senegal and Mozambique 48 Mannerist Cathedral Basilica of Salvador the Primate of Brazil 1657 1746 49 According to an autosomal DNA study from 2008 the ancestral heritage of the population of Salvador was estimated to be 49 2 African 36 3 European and 14 5 Native American 50 The study also analyzed the genetic backgrounds of people by type of surname Those with surnames with a religious connotation were 53 1 African in genetic ancestry and tended to be in lower economic classes During the colonial era it was typical practice for Portuguese priests and missionaries to baptize converted African slaves and Native Americans with surnames of religious connotations These have been passed down to their descendants A 2015 autosomal DNA study found out the following ancestral composition in Salvador 50 5 of African ancestry 42 4 of European ancestry and 5 8 of Native American ancestry 51 52 The researchers explained they oversampled individuals living in poor environments page 4 51 Another 2015 autosomal DNA found out Salvador to be 50 8 African 42 9 European and 6 4 Native American 53 And another autosomal DNA study also in 2015 found out Salvador to be 50 8 European 40 5 African and 8 7 Native American 54 Population growth Edit Changing demographics of the city of Salvador Source Planet Barsa Ltda 55 Religion Edit Protestant Church in Iguatemi neighborhood A temple of Afro Brazilian religious expression in Salvador See also Religion in Brazil Protestantism in Brazil and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil In Salvador religion is a major contact point between Portuguese and African influences and in the last 20 years Brazil s version of a North American influenced Pentecostalism 56 Salvador was the seat of the first bishopric in colonial Brazil established 1551 and the first bishop Pero Fernandes Sardinha arrived already in 1552 57 The Jesuits led by the Manuel da Nobrega also arrived in the 16th century and worked in converting the Indigenous peoples of the region to Roman Catholicism Many religious orders came to the city following its foundation Franciscans Benedictines and Carmelites Subsequently to them are created the Third Orders the Brotherhoods and Fraternities which were composed mainly of professional and social groups The most prominent of these orders were the Terceira do Carmo Order and the de Sao Francisco Order founded by white men and the Nossa Senhora do Rosario and Sao Beneditino Brotherhoods composed of black men 58 In many churches maintained by religious men were housed the Santissimo Sacramento brotherhoods Besides these organizations the expansion of Catholicism in the city was consolidated through social care work Santa Casa the Misericordia was one of the institution that did this kind of work maintaining hospitals shelters for the poor and the elderly as well providing assistance to convicts and to those who would face death penalties 58 The convents on their part were cultural and religious formation centers offering seminar coursed that often were attended by the lay Even with the present evolution and the growth of Protestantism and other religions in the city the Catholic faith remains as one of its most distinctive features drawing a lot of people to its hundreds of churches Some aspects like the use of Portuguese in the Masses the simplification of the liturgy and the adoption of pop religious songs are key factors to the triumph of Catholicism In the Nossa Senhora do Rosario dos Pretos Church Masses are held in the Yoruba language making use of African chants and typical clothes which attract many people from the African Brazilian communities 58 Most enslaved Africans in Bahia were brought from Sub Saharan Africa especially the Yoruba speaking nation Ioruba or Nago in Portuguese from present day Benin The enslaved were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism but their original religion Yoruba was combined with Roman Catholicism to make the syncretic religion known as Candomble which has survived in spite of prohibitions and persecutions The enslaved Africans managed to preserve their religion by attributing the names and characteristics of their Yoruba deities to Catholic saints with similar qualities Still today all Candomble sessions are conducted in Yoruba not Portuguese The religious house that holds the Afro Brazilian goddess Yemanja in Salvador These religious entities have been syncretised with some Catholic entities For instance Salvador s Feast of Bonfim celebrated in January is dedicated to both Our Lord of Bonfim Jesus Christ and Oxala Another important feast is the Feast de Yemanja every 2 February on the shores of the borough of Rio Vermelho inSalvador on the day the church celebrates Our Lady of the Navigators 8 December Immaculate Conception Day for Catholics is also commonly dedicated to Yemanja with votive offerings made in the sea throughout the Brazilian coast citation needed Religion Percentage NumberCatholic 51 55 1 379 252Protestant 19 59 524 286No religion 17 64 471 928Spiritist 3 23 86 484Umbanda and Candomble 1 05 28 019Jewish 0 04 1 010Source IBGE 2010 59 Economy EditMain articles Economy of Salvador Bahia and Economy of Brazil Buildings on Tancredo Neves Avenue The extreme southern point of the city in the neighborhood of Barra Skyscrapers in Vitoria neighborhood the most expensive address in the city Convent and Church of Sao Francisco in Pelourinho Throughout Brazilian history Salvador has played an important role Because of its location on Brazil s northeastern coast the city served as an important link in the Portuguese empire throughout the colonial era maintaining close commercial ties with Portugal and Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia 60 Salvador remained the preeminent city in Brazil until 1763 when it was replaced as the national capital by Rio de Janeiro In the last ten years many high rise office and apartment buildings were constructed sharing the same blocks with colonial era housing or commercial buildings 61 With its beaches humid tropical climate numerous up to date shopping malls The Shopping Iguatemi was the first shopping mall in Northeastern Brazil and pleasant high class residential areas the city has much to offer its residents Aerial view of Iguatemi mall Economically Salvador is one of Brazil s more important cities Since its founding the city has been one of Brazil s most prominent ports and international trading centers Boasting a large oil refinery a petrochemical plant and other important industries the city has made great strides in reducing its historical dependence on agriculture for its prosperity 62 Salvador is the second most popular tourism destination in Brazil after Rio de Janeiro 63 Tourism and cultural activity are important generators of employment and income boosting the arts and the preservation of artistic and cultural heritage Chief among the points of interest are its famous Pelourinho named after the colonial pillories that once stood there district its historic churches 64 and its beaches Salvador s tourism infrastructure is considered one of the most modern in World especially in terms of lodging The city offers accommodation to suit all tastes and standards from youth hostels to international hotels Construction is one of the most important activities in the city and many international mainly from Spain Portugal and England 65 and national developers are investing in the city and in the Bahian littoral zone JAC Motors will have a plant in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador in the city of Camacari the new industry will result 3 500 direct jobs and 10 000 indirect jobs the production of 100 000 vehicles by year 66 In December 2001 Monsanto Company inaugurated at the Petrochemical Pole of Camacari in Metropolitan Region of Salvador the first plant of the company designed to produce raw materials for the herbicide Roundup in South America The investment is equivalent to US 500 million US 350 million were spent in this initial phase The Camacari Plant the largest unit of Monsanto outside of the United States is also the only Monsanto plant manufacturing raw materials for the Roundup production line The company started the civil works for the new plant in January 2000 67 Economy 68 69 GDP in reais GDP per capita in reais 2016 58 bilhoes 19 505 84Government and politics Edit Ruy Barbosa Forum See also List of mayors of Salvador BahiaSalvador s history as the first political capital of Brazil and as the capital of Bahia has meant that the city has historically exerted significant influence of both state and federal politics Because of its importance as the largest port for imported slaves in Brazil its early political history was dominated by a conservative slaveholding class Bahia was a monarchy stronghold during the movement for Brazilian independence and was the last to join the new Empire of Brazil Despite the abolition of slavery expansion of the franchise and steady migration of Afro Brazilians from the Bahian countryside into the city the city s elected offices have and continue to be dominated by a mostly European descended upper class in a majority Black city Afro Brazilians continue to be underrepresented politically and urban renewal efforts have increasingly displaced them out of the historical city center towards the suburbs 70 Examples of the city s political elite include the Magalhaes family which in the last 50 years has held positions for mayor of Salvador Antonio Carlos and his grandson ACM Neto governor of Bahia Antonio Carlos senator Antonio Carlos and his son Antonio Junior and federal deputy uncle Luis Eduardo and nephew ACM Neto The control of the state of Bahia and by extension Salvador under political boss Antonio Carlos Magalhaes was marked by an authoritarian style of clientelism known locally as carlismo 71 Since January 2021 the mayor of Salvador has been Bruno Reis of the Democratas party DEM The office of mayor has a 4 year term and works with a deputy mayor also an elected 4 year position The current deputy mayor is Ana Paula Matos PDT In recent decades the position has been held by mostly members of center right parties such as the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party PMDB Brazilian Social Democracy Party PSDB and more recently the Democrats DEM There are 43 councilors in the Salvador City Council most recently elected in 2020 Geraldo Junior MDB is the current president of the City Council Further information in Portuguese Salvador City Council pt This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2018 Tourism and recreation Edit Porto da Barra Beach in Barra Salvador capital of Bahia state is the centre of Afro Brazilian culture Cyclists in Pituacu Park The Salvador coastline is one of the longest for cities in Brazil There are 80 km 50 mi of beaches distributed between the High City and the Low City from Inema in the railroad suburb to the Praia do Flamengo on the other side of town While the Low City beaches are bordered by the waters of the All Saints Bay the country s most extensive bay the High City beaches from Farol da Barra to Flamengo are bordered by the Atlantic Ocean The exception is Porto da Barra Beach the only High City beach located in the All Saints Bay The capital s beaches range from calm inlets ideal for swimming sailing diving and underwater fishing as well as open sea inlets with strong waves sought by surfers There are also beaches surrounded by reefs forming natural pools of stone ideal for children Interesting places to visit near Salvador include According to the British newspaper The Guardian in 2007 Porto da Barra Beach was the third best in the world 72 The large island of Itaparica in the Bay of All Saints can be visited either by a car ferry or a smaller foot passenger ferry which leaves from near the Mercado Modelo near the Lacerda Elevator BA 099 Highway or Line of Coconut and Green Line of towns and cities with exquisite beaches north of Salvador heading towards Sergipe state Morro de Sao Paulo in the Valenca region across the Bay of All Saints an island that can be reached by ferry from Salvador 2 hours by plane or by bus to Valenca and then by Rapido fast speedboat or smaller ferry Morro de Sao Paulo is formed by five villages of the Tinhare Island The city is served by many shopping malls including Shopping Iguatemi 73 Salvador Shopping 74 Shopping Barra 75 and Shopping Paralela 76 Salvador has four parks green areas protected as Jardim dos Namorados Park Costa Azul Park Park of the city Park of Pituacu Jardim dos Namorados is located right next to Costa Azul Park and occupies an area of 15 hectares in Pituba where many families used to spend their vacations in the 1950s It was inaugurated in 1969 initially as a leisure area It underwent a complete renovation in the 1990s with the construction of an amphitheater with room for 500 people sports courts playgrounds and parking for cars and tourist buses Park of the city is an important preservation area of the Atlantic forest It was completely renovated in 2001 becoming a modern social cultural and leisure place The new park has 720 square meter of green area right in the middle of the city Among the attractions are Praca das Flores Flowers square with more than five thousand ornamental plants and flowers Besides its environment the park has an infrastructure for children with a special schedule of events taking place every October 77 Created by state decree in 1973 Pituacu Park occupies an area of 450 hectares and is one of the few Brazilian ecological parks located in an urban area It is surrounded by Atlantic forest with a good variety of plants and animals There is also an artificial pond in the park built in 1906 along with the Pituacu Dam whose purpose was to supply water to the city 78 There are a number of possible leisure activities ranging from cycloboats rides on the pond to a 38 km 24 mi long cycloway circling the entire reserve A museum is also located in the park Espaco Cravo is an outdoor museum with 800 pieces created by Mario Cravo consisting of totems winged and three dimensional figures as well as drawings and paintings Education Edit Archeology and Ethnology Museum of UFBA The old Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia FMB the first medical school in the country located in Pelourinho In recent times it serves as a museum Educational institutions Edit The city has several universities Universidade Federal da Bahia UFBA Federal University of Bahia Universidade Catolica do Salvador UCSal Catholic University of Salvador Universidade do Estado da Bahia UNEB Bahia State University Universidade Salvador UNIFACS Salvador University Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciencias FTC College of Technology and Science Instituto Federal da Bahia IFBA Federal Institute of Bahia Faculdade Ruy Barbosa FRB Ruy Barbosa College Campus Integrado de Manufatura e Tecnologia CIMATEC Integrated Campus of Manufacturing and Technology Faculdade Castro Alves FCA Castro Alves College Centro Universitario Jorge Amado UNIJORGE Jorge Amado University Center Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica EBMSP Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health Primary and secondary schools Edit Top high schools of the city according to Exame Nacional do Ensino Medio are 79 Pan American School of Bahia Colegio Marista Colegio Sao Paulo Colegio Oficina Colegio Anchieta Federal Institute of Bahia IFBA Colegio Bernoulli Candido Portinari Academy Colegio Antonio Vieira Colegio Modulo Military College of Salvador Colegio Sartre Escola SEB Colegio Integral Colegio Gregor MendelPublic safety EditSalvador is one of the most crime ridden cities in the country The number of homicides increased 418 from 2000 to 2010 From 1998 to 2008 the number of homicides of youths between the ages of 15 and 24 increased 435 1 Gun violence in the state of Bahia more than doubled in the period from 2004 to 2014 and the city is in the top ten for gun violence of the 26 state capitals of Brazil In 2014 the state of Bahia had the most murderers in the country At the same time Salvador has one of the lowest rates of suicide in the nation 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Culture EditSee also Culture of Brazil Salvador s historical and cultural aspects were inherited by the intermarriage of such ethnic groups as Native Indian African and European This mixture can be seen in the religion cuisine cultural manifestations and custom of Bahia s people African cultural practices are particularly celebrated 88 Forte de Sao Diogo in Barra neighborhood Literature Edit Perspective view of the Salvador Bahia Pelourinho s Anchieta Plaza cut from a Laser Scan preservationist project conducted by nonprofit CyArk Gregorio de Mattos born in Salvador in 1636 was also educated by the Jesuits He became the most important Baroque poet in colonial Brazil for his religious and satirical works Father Antonio Vieira was born in Lisbon in 1608 but was raised and educated in the Jesuit school of Salvador and died in the city in 1697 His erudite sermons have earned him the title of best writer of the Portuguese language in the Baroque era 89 After the Independence of Brazil 1822 Salvador continued to play an important role in Brazilian literature Significant 19th century writers associated with the city include Romantic poet Castro Alves 1847 1871 and diplomat Ruy Barbosa 1849 1923 In the 20th century Bahia born Jorge Amado 1912 2001 although not born in Salvador helped popularize the culture of the city around the world in novels such as Jubiaba Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos and Tenda dos Milagres the settings of which are in Salvador citation needed Cuisine Edit Acaraje is a traditional street food in Salvador The local cuisine spicy and based on seafood shrimp fish strongly relies on typically African ingredients and techniques and is much appreciated throughout Brazil and internationally The most typical ingredient is azeite de dende an oil extracted from a palm tree Elaeis guineensis brought from West Africa to Brazil during colonial times 90 Using the milky coconut juice they prepared a variety of seafood based dishes such as Ensopados Moquecas and Escabeche The sugar cane bagasse was mixed with molasses and Rapadura in the creation of coconut desserts like Cocada Branca and Preta The remaining of the Portuguese Stew sauce was mixed with manioc flour to make a mush which is a traditional Indian dish 91 In the markets of Salvador it is possible to find stands selling typical dishes of the colonial era In the Sete Portas Market customers eat Mocoto on Friday nights since the 1940s when the market was inaugurated In the restaurants of Mercado Modelo Sarapatel stews and several fried dishes are served regularly In the Sao Joaquim Santa Barbara and Sao Miguel markets there are stands selling typical food They are also sold at stands located on the beaches specially crab stews and oysters The restaurants that sell typical dishes are located mostly along the coast and in Pelourinho They prepare a wide variety of recipes that take palm tree oil Traditional dishes include caruru vatapa acaraje bobo de camarao moqueca baiana and abara Some of these dishes like the acaraje and abara are also used as offerings in Candomble rituals But Salvador is not only typical food Other recipes created by the slaves were the Haussa Rice rice and jerked beef cooked together the Munguza used as offering to the Candomble deity Oxala who is the father of all deities according to the religion pleased the matrons very much So did the Bolinhos the Fuba the Cuscuz cornmeal and the Mingau porridge According to Arany Santana the African Ipete used in the rituals to the deity Oxum became the Shrimp bobo and the Akara honoring the deities Xango and Iansa became the world famous Acaraje The city has restaurants specialized on international cuisine also There are also places that serve dishes from other states of Brazil especially from Minas Gerais and the Northeast region Capoeira Edit Capoeira in Salvador Capoeira is a unique mix of dance and martial art of Afro Brazilian origin combining agile dance moves with unarmed combat techniques Capoeira in Portuguese literally means chicken coop The capoeira appeared in Quilombo dos Palmares located in the Captaincy of Pernambuco and Salvador is considered the home of modern capoeira branches 92 93 In the first half of the 20th century Salvador born masters Mestre Bimba and Mestre Pastinha founded capoeira schools and helped standardize and popularize the art in Brazil and the world The practice of Capoeira was banned in 1892 though in 1937 it was made legal 94 In recent years Capoeira has become more international and accessible even in Salvador Museums Edit Old Customs in Pelourinho Salvador s Street Carnival one of the largest in the world The artistic cultural and social heritage of Salvador is preserved in museums From Museu de Arte da Bahia MAB which is the oldest in the State to Museu Nautico the newest the first capital of Brazil displays unique elements of history Museu de Arte da Bahia has paintings Chinese porcelain furniture and sacred images from the 17th and 18th centuries Museu Costa Pinto has privately owned items such as pieces of art crystal objects and furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries Museu da Cidade where many items that help to preserve the heritage of old Salvador are kept The Museum of Modern Art of Bahia established in 1960 is located at a historic site on the Bay of All Saints Solar da Uniao Some churches and monasteries also have museums located in their premises Examples of this are the Carmo da Misericordia and Sao Bento museums After the forts were renovated Museu Nautico was established in the Forte de Santo Antonio da Barra Farol da Barra and the Museum of Communication in Forte Sao Diogo Other important museums located in Salvador are Museu do Cacau State Museum of Geology Museu tempostal Solar do Ferrao Museu de Arte Antiga e Popular Henriqueta M Catharino Museu Eugenio Teixeira Leal Museu Rodin Bahia and Museu das Portas do Carmo Public art Edit The streets of Salvador are decorated with numerous murals and sculptures many of which have been produced by the resident artist Bel Borba a native of the city 95 Carnival Edit Main articles Bahian Carnival and Brazilian Carnival The bahian singer Ivete Sangalo in Barra Ondina Circuit on Oceanic Avenue The Bahian Carnival Portuguese Carnaval is the largest party on the planet 96 97 Its dimensions are gigantic For an entire week almost 4 million people celebrate throughout 25 kilometers 16 mi of streets avenues and squares The direct organization of the party involves the participation of over 100 000 people 98 and Salvador receives an average of over 800 000 visitors The affair is heavily policed and covered Streets are patrolled by lines of police in single file and guarded by seated teams of five or six officers 99 In 2010 coverage was provided by 4 446 journalists from the local national and international press and broadcast to 135 countries through 65 radio stations 75 magazines 139 video productions 97 newspapers including 21 international papers 14 tv stations and 168 websites 100 The party official begins when Rei Momo King Momo the King of Carnival is handed the key to the city in the morning of the Thursday before Mardi Gras In the Campo Grande streets are lined with grandstands camarotes 60 foot long trucks known as Trios Electricos carry a kick line of scantily clad dancers along with the city s best loved performers such as Ivete Sangalo Daniela Mercury Claudia Leitte Chiclete com Banana and Carlinhos Brown 101 Much of the music played is axe or samba reggae Groups known as blocos participate with the most famous being the blocos afros such as Male Debale Olodum and Filhos de Gandhi The parades are organized into separate circuits The Osmar Circuit the oldest goes from Campo Grande to Castro Alves Square The Downtown Circuit runs through downtown and Pelourinho The Dodo Circuit goes from Farol da Barra to Ondina along the coast Since the Osmar Circuit is the oldest it is where the event s most traditional groups parade In Dodo where the artist box seats are located the party becomes lively toward the end of the afternoon and continues until morning Music Edit Royal Portuguese Reading Cabinet interior view Black Bahia Funk Balls play more American music including English music than their counterparts in Rio while Rio s music is considered inferior and less played citation needed The local dancehalls which host the balls are also distinct 102 Matrix Radio which includes difficult and otherwise impossible to find music of Salvador and Bahia and which consists of music formerly available in Cana Brava Records formerly located in Salvador s Centro Historico Pelourinho was named by British journal The Guardian as one of 10 of the best music radio stations around the world 103 Libraries Edit The first books that arrived in Salvador were brought by the Jesuits who came with Tome de Souza 104 The first libraries or bookstores that appeared were under the control of the religious missionaries and were mostly composed of books on religion Handcrafts Edit Modelo Public Market The handcraft legacy of Bahia using only raw materials straw leather clay wood seashells and beads the most rudimentary crafts are reasonably inexpensive Other pieces are created with the use of metals like gold silver copper and brass The most sophisticated ones are ornamented with precious and semi precious gems The craftsmen and women generally choose religion as the main theme of their work They portray the images of Catholic saints and Candomble deities on their pieces The good luck charms such as the clenched fist the four leaf clover the garlic and the famous Bonfim ribbons express the city s religious syncretism Nature is also portrayed on these pieces reflecting the local wildlife Music appears in the atabaque drums the rain sticks the water drums and the famous berimbau along with other typical instruments 105 Salvador holds an international reputation as a city where musical instruments that produce unique sounds are made These instruments are frequently used by world famous artists in their recording sessions The main handcrafts production in Salvador is located in Mercado Modelo which is the biggest handcraft center in Latin America 106 Pieces can also be purchased at Instituto de Artesanato de Maua and at Instituto do Patrimonio Artistico e Cultural IPAC These are organizations that promote typical art in Bahia Transportation EditAirport Edit Deputado Luis Eduardo Magalhaes International Airport SSA Deputado Luis Eduardo Magalhaes International Airport has an area of 6 900 square metres 74 271 sq ft between sand dunes and native vegetation It is 28 km 17 mi north of Central Salvador and the road to the airport has already become one of the city s main scenic attractions 107 Salvador Air Force Base BASV a base of the Brazilian Air Force is located in Salvador Port Edit Main article Port of Salvador Port of Salvador With cargo volume that grows every year with the economic growth of the state the Port of Salvador located in the Bahia de Todos os Santos is the port with the most movement of containers of the North Northeast and the second leading fruit exporter in Brazil Metro Edit Main article Salvador Metro View of Salvador Metro Salvador Metro System has been in operation since 2014 Its first stage was completed between Lapa and Acesso Norte stations and was later expanded to include new metro stations between Acesso Norte and Piraja Together these segments form Line 1 of the system In 2018 the system had 32 km 20 mi and 20 stations and linked with the bus system The main shareholders in Metro Salvador are the Spanish companies Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles Dimetronic and ICF It is expected that Metro Salvador will invest US 150 million in rolling stock signaling and telecommunications equipment The contract covers the first 11 9 km 7 4 mi line from Piraja to Lapa which was originally due to open in 2003 The project is also financed by a US 150 million World Bank loan and contributions from the federal Bahia state and Salvador city governments 108 Luis Eduardo Magalhaes viaduct The creation of the system was one of the actions for urban mobility in preparation for the 2014 FIFA World Cup The connection of Line 2 with Line 1 connects Magalhaes International Airport to Downtown Salvador and the Fonte Nova Stadium Line 2 also integrates Rotula do Abacaxi and the neighboring beach city of Lauro de Freitas 109 Monorail Edit The two line SkyRail Bahia monorail network is due to open in 2022 110 Highways Edit The BR 101 and BR 116 federal highways cross Bahia from north to south connecting Salvador to the rest of the country At the Feira de Santana junction take the BR 324 state highway The capital of Bahia is served by several coach companies from almost every Brazilian state BR 242 starting at Sao Roque do Paraguacu transversal direction is linked to BR 116 bound to the middle west region Among the state highways stands BA 099 which makes connection to the north coast and BA 001 which makes connection to the south of Bahia Buses provide direct service to most major Brazilian cities including Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo and Brasilia as well as regional destinations In 2007 the city had 586 951 vehicles the largest number of the Northern and Northeastern Brazil 111 Salvador has 2 500 public buses and 2 million people are transported every day 112 Salvador Bus Station The bus station rodoviaria is in Iguatemi with direct buses to larger cities in the country and to many other destinations in the state On the second floor are the counters for the different bus companies and on the first floor is a small supermarket and a 24 h left luggage Across the street is a large shopping center Iguatemi with a food court connected by a pedestrian crossing 113 Four paved highways connect the city to the national highway system Running north from the Farol lighthouse de Itapoa are hundreds of kilometres of beaches The beaches are accessible by the BA 099 highway or Line of Coconut and Green Line a toll road which is kept in excellent condition running parallel to the coast with access roads leading off to the coast itself The road runs along dunes of snow white sand and the coast itself is an almost unbroken line of coconut palms The communities along the coast range from fishing villages to Praia do Forte Further information Ladeira da Preguica Public transportation statistics Edit The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Salvador such as to and from work on a weekday is 94 min and 33 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 h every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 33 min and 70 of riders wait for over 20 min on average every day The average distance that people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8 km and 18 travel for over 12 km in a single trip 114 Neighborhoods Edit Barra neighborhood in South Zone Although the creation of Salvador was masterminded by the Kingdom of Portugal and its layout overseen by the Portuguese engineer Luis Dias who was responsible for the city s original design the continuous growth of the capital through the decades was completely spontaneous citation needed The walls of the city fortress could not hold the expansion of the city towards the Carmo and the area where now stands Castro Alves Square At the time of its foundation Salvador had only two squares and the first neighborhood ever built here was the Historic City Center Pelourinho and Carmo came subsequently created as a consequence of the growing need of space that the religious orders had With the rapid expansion the neighborhoods grew and many of them were clustered in the same area so today there are not accurate records as to their exact number For urban management purposes the city is currently divided on 17 political administrative zones However due to their very cultural relevance and to postal conveniences the importance of the neighborhoods of Salvador remains intact Aerial view of Salvador Salvador is divided into a number of distinct neighborhoods which can be categorized by which geographic zone they are located in West South or East The most well known districts including Pelourinho Comercio and Old Downtown are all located in the West Zone Barra with its beaches and starting point to one of the city s Carnival circuits is located in the South Zone Vitoria a neighborhood with many high rise buildings is located in South Zone Campo Grande with its Dois de Julho Square and the monument to Bahia s independence is also located in the South Zone as is Graca an important residential area Ondina with Salvador s Zoobotanical Garden and the site where the Barra Ondina Carnival circuit ends the neighborhood is home of the Spanish Club is also a neighborhood in the South Zone Itaigara Pituba Horto Florestal Caminho das Arvores Loteamento Aquarius Brotas Stiep Costa Azul Armacao Jaguaribe and Stella Maris are the wealthiest communities of the city and are located in the East Zone Rio Vermelho a neighborhood with a rich architectural history and numerous restaurants and bars is located in the South Zone Itapoa known throughout Brazil as the home of Vinicius de Moraes and for being the setting of the song Tarde em Itapoa is located in the East Zone The Northwest area of the city along the Bay of All Saints also known as Cidade Baixa Lower city contains the impoverished neighborhoods of Periperi Paripe Lobato Liberdade Nova Esperanca and Calcada The neighborhood of Liberdade has one of the largest proportions of Afro Brazilians of Salvador and Brazil 115 Pelourinho Edit Main article Historic Center Salvador View of Largo do Pelourinho Old houses in the historical center of Salvador The Historic Center of Salvador was designated in 1985 a World Heritage Site by UNESCO 30 The city represents a fine example of Portuguese urbanism from the middle of the 16th century with its higher administrative town and its lower commercial town and a large portion of the city has retained the old character of its streets and colourful houses As the first capital of Portuguese America Salvador cultivated slave labor and had its pillories pelourinhos installed in open places like the Terreiro de Jesus and the squares know today as Tome de Sousa and Castro Alves The pillories were a symbol of authority and justice for some and of lashings and injustice for the majority 116 The one erected for a short time in what is now the Historical Center and later moved to what is now the Praca da Piedade Square of Piety ended up lending its name to the historical and architectural complex of Pelourinho part of the city s upper town Since 1992 the Pelourinho neighborhood has been subject to a nearly US 100 million restoration that has led to the rebuilding of hundreds of buildings facades and the expulsion of the vast majority of the neighborhood s Afro descendent population This process has given rise to substantial political debate in the State of Bahia since the Pelourinho s former residents have been for the most part excluded from the renovation s economic benefits reaped by a few 117 A major restoration effort resulted in making the area a tourist attraction 118 Salvador s considerable wealth and status during colonial times as capital of the colony during 250 years and which gave rise to the Pelourinho is reflected in the magnificence of its colonial palaces churches and convents most of them dating from the 17th and 18th centuries These include Cathedral of Salvador Former Jesuit church of the city built in the second half of the 17th century Fine example of Mannerist architecture and decoration Convent and Church of Sao Francisco Franciscan convent and church dating from the first half of the 18th century is another fine example of the Portuguese colonial architecture The Baroque decoration of the church is among the finest in Brazil Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim Rococo church with Neoclassical inner decoration The image of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim is the most venerated in the city and the Feast of Our Lord of Good Ending Festa de Nosso Senhor do Bonfim in January is the most important in the city after Carnival Mercado Modelo Model Market In 1861 at the Cayru Square the Customs Building was constructed with a rotunda large circular room with a domed ceiling at the back end where ships anchored to unload their merchandise Lacerda Elevator Elevador Lacerda Inaugurated in 1873 this elevator was planned and built by the businessman Antonio Francisco de Lacerda The four elevator cages connect the 72 metres 236 ft between the Thome de Souza Square in the upper city and the Cayru Square in the lower city In each run which lasts for 22 seconds the elevator transports 128 persons 24 hours a day Sports EditSee also Sports in Brazil and 2014 FIFA World Cup Pituacu Stadium Salvador provides visitors and residents with various sport activities The Estadio Fonte Nova also known as Estadio Octavio Mangabeira is a football stadium inaugurated on 28 January 1951 in Salvador Bahia with a maximum capacity of 66 080 people The stadium has now been replaced with a new stadium named Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova with a capacity of 56 000 people This stadium hosted matches of 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the subsequent 2014 FIFA World Cup as well as the football competition in the 2016 Summer Olympics The stadium is owned by the Bahia government and is the home ground of Esporte Clube Bahia Its formal name honors Octavio Cavalcanti Mangabeira a civil engineer journalist and former Bahia state governor from 1947 to 1954 The stadium is nicknamed Fonte Nova because it is located at Ladeira das Fontes das Pedras The stadium was in 2007 closed due to an accident and the E C Bahia home matches now happen in another stadium in Pituacu Esporte Clube Bahia and Esporte Clube Vitoria are Salvador s main football teams Bahia has won 2 national titles the Taca Brasil in 1959 and the Brazilian League in 1988 while Vitoria was a runner up in the Brazilian league in 1993 and the Copa do Brasil in 2010 Smaller teams include EC Ypiranga with 10 titles of the Campeonato Baiano Botafogo SC with 7 Galicia EC with 5 and AD Leonico with 2 Salvador has two large green areas for the practice of golf Cajazeiras Golf and Country Club has an 18 hole course instructors caddies and equipment for rent Itapua Golf club located in the area of the Sofitel Hotel has a 9 hole course equipment store caddies and clubs for rent Tennis is very popular among Salvador s elites with a great number of players and tournaments in the city s private clubs Brasil Open the country s most important tournament happens every year in Bahia citation needed Manoel Barradas Stadium During the last decades volleyball has grown steadily in Salvador especially after the gold medal won by Brazil in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona citation needed The most important tournaments in Bahia are the State Championship the State League tournament and the Primavera Games and the main teams are Associacao Atletica da Bahia Bahiano de Tenis and Clube the Regatas Itapagipe There are also beach volleyball events Salvador has housed many international tournaments Federacao Bahina de Voleibol the state league can inform the schedule of tournaments Bowling is practiced both by teenagers and adults in Salvador Boliche do Aeroclube and Space Bowling are equipped with automatic lanes as well as a complete bar infrastructure Fonte Nova Arena Bahia s basketball league exists since 1993 and has 57 teams The sport is very popular in the city of Salvador especially among students 119 There are several courts scattered across the city where is possible to play for free like the one located at Bahia Sol square where people play 120 There are also several gymnasiums in clubs like Bahiano de Tenis and Associacao Atletica and the Antonio Balbino Gymnasiums popularly known as Balbininho which is an arena that can hold up to 7 000 people Todos os Santos Bay and Salvador s climatic conditions are ideal for competition and recreational sailing The city is equipped with good infrastructure for practice of sailing such as rental and sale of dock space boat maintenance restaurants snack bar convenience stores nautical products stores boat rental agencies VHF and SSB communication systems events and total assistance to crews 121 The large number of sailing events organized by clubs and syndicates like oceanic races and typical boats wooden fishing boats and canoes races demonstrates the sport s growing force Currently Salvador has a national racing schedule with dozens of events also receiving the Mini Transat 6 50 and Les Illes du Soleil races 121 Rowing boat races started in the city more than a hundred years ago 122 It was originally practiced by young men from traditional families who spent their summer vacations there The sport is a leisure option in Cidade Baixa the lower part of the city Esporte Clube Vitoria and Clube Sao Salvador were the pioneers in the sport Nowadays these two entities and also Clube de Regatas Itapagipe lead the competitions that take place in the city With the recent renovation of the Dique do Tororo area Salvador received new lanes for the practice of the sport Notable people Edit Supermodel Adriana Lima Victoria s Secret Angel since 2000 Footballer Dante with German club Borussia Monchengladbach in 2011 Singer and politician Gilberto Gil Joselia Aguiar writer Castro Alves poet Jorge Amado writer Ruy Barbosa de Oliveira writer jurist and politician Maria Bethania singer Simone Bittencourt singer Jadson de Brito Lima footballer Carlinhos Brown singer Dorival Caymmi singer Hebert Conceicao 2021 Olympic gold medalist boxer Robson Conceicao 2016 Olympic gold medalist boxer Elsimar M Coutinho scientist and professor Gal Costa singer Duda footballer Edmilton Conceicao dos Santos Irma Dulce Catholic nun Priscila Fantin actress Adriana Ferreyr actress Adelia Josefina de Castro Fonseca writer oscar Freire physician and professor Acelino Freitas boxer Bebeto Gama football forward Gilberto Gil singer Joao Gilberto musician Dias Gomes playwright Klementina Kalasova Czech opera singer who died at Salvador Tony Kanaan race car driver Adriana Lima supermodel Manuel dos Reis Machado Bimba capoeira master Lyoto Machida mixed martial artist Antonio Carlos Magalhaes politician Carlos Marighella politician writer and guerilla Gregorio de Mattos poet Margareth Menezes singer Maria Jose de Castro Rebello Mendes Brazilian diplomat Daniela Mercury musician Wagner Moura actor Antonio Rodrigo Nogueira Minotauro MMA fighter Amanda Nunes mixed martial artist in UFC Paquito musician Leticia Parente visual artist Vicente Ferreira Pastinha capoeira master Pitty musician Lazaro Ramos actor Joao Ubaldo Ribeiro writer Rogerio da Silva Rego lawyer public servant and politician Glauber Rocha movie director Ivete Sangalo singer Dante Bonfim Costa Santos professional soccer player Junior dos Santos mixed martial artist Lateef Crowder Dos Santos Capoeira practitioner Marcos Andre Batista Santos Vampeta soccer player Milton Santos geographer Ricardo Santos beach volleyball player Raul Seixas musician Nelson de Jesus Silva Dida soccer goalkeeper Hugo Viana fighter mixed martial artist in UFC Edvaldo Valerio swimmer Martha Vasconcellos Miss Bahia 1968 Miss Brazil 1968 and Miss Universe 1968 Caetano Veloso musician Antonio Carlos Vovo leader of Ile Aiye Afro Bloco Tom Ze musician International relations EditSalvador s twin towns and sister cities are 123 Country City State Region Since United States Los Angeles California 1962 123 Portugal Lisbon Lisboa Region 1985 123 124 125 Portugal Angra do Heroismo Azores 1985 123 Portugal Cascais Lisbon Region 1985 123 Benin Cotonou Littoral Department 1987 123 Spain Pontevedra Galicia 1992 123 Cuba Havana La Havana 1993 123 Italy Sciacca Sicily 2001 123 China Harbin Heilongjiang 2003 123 United States Miami Florida 2006 126 China Chongqing Government of China 2011See also Edit Brazil portalAnglican Chapel of Salvador Sao Marcelo FortNotes Edit The presented pronunciation in Brazilian Portuguese is sawvaˈdoʁ spoken around Brazil and most variants As late as the 19th century it was also known in English as San Salvador 14 although the general name continued to be Bahia 14 15 Its exact position remains a matter of debate 18 This church was first rebuilt in stone and mortar in 1579 and then demolished in 1912 to widen a road The present Church of Our Lady of Help is located a block away from the original site 23 This basilica was later rebuilt from 1656 to 1672 24 The development of the tramways and elevators however ended a long running trade for porters and chairmen carrying people and goods up the steep staircase streets of the escarpment 14 References Edit Primeiros resultados do Censo 2010 in Portuguese Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 Retrieved 26 February 2019 Populacao residente por situacao do domicilio e sexo Aglomerados urbanos Brasil Brazilian Institute of 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November 2018 Retrieved 21 April 2019 Caopeira Travelblog org 9 June 2011 Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Capoeira Information Brazilplaces com Archived from the original on 9 June 2009 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Rohter Larry 18 September 2012 Brazil s Pied Piper of Street Art The New York Times Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 17 September 2013 Guinness Book of World Records verification needed Carnaval de Salvador archived from the original on 25 March 2014 retrieved 20 April 2014 in Portuguese Carnaval of Salvador Home centraldocarnaval com br Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Collins John F 2014 Policing s Productive Folds Secretism and Authenticity in Brazilian Cultural Heritage Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 19 3 473 501 doi 10 1111 jlca 2015 20 issue 1 Numbers of Carnival Salvador Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Brooke James 14 February 1993 In Brazilian Town It s Faith Versus Festival The New York Times Retrieved 17 April 2010 Osmundo Pinho Ethnographies of the Brau body masculinity and race in the reafricanization in Salvador In Estudos Feministas 2006 University of Campinas 10 of the best music radio stations around the world The Guardian Tome de Souza in Salvador Muse jhu edu Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Salvador Information Archived 28 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine in English Model Market of Salvador Portalmercadomodelo com br Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Aeroporto de Salvador Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 Retrieved 1 January 2014 Salvador Metro 2001 Archived from the original on 19 November 2004 Retrieved 17 April 2010 via Find Articles nosso time 2014 FIFA World Cup in Portuguese Portal2014 org br Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Salvador monorail construction starts Railway Gazette 4 March 2020 Retrieved 13 March 2020 Salvador City Hall Number of Vehicles Sim salvador ba gov br Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Bus in Salvador in Portuguese Correio24horas com br Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Bus station Salvador Virtualtourist com Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Salvador Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 Retrieved 19 June 2017 The material was copied from this source which is available by a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Liberdade Neighborhood Smec salvador ba gov br Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Projecto Brazil 25 July 2008 Projecto Brazil Projectobrazil blogspot com Archived from the original on 20 October 2008 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Collins John 2015 Revolt of the Saints Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy Durham Duke University Press ISBN 9780822353065 New Pelourinho Gosouthamerica about com 5 March 2010 Archived from the original on 7 August 2009 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Basketball in Salvador Asbacsalvador com br Archived from the original on 25 September 2008 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Brazilian Federation of Basketball Digidata com br Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 17 April 2010 a b Salvador 2014 soccer World Cup Host City Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Rowing boat in Salvador Campos rj gov br Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 Retrieved 17 April 2010 a b c d e f g h i j Mayor s International Council Sister Cities Program Salvador Bahia Archived from the original on 15 July 2009 Retrieved 17 August 2008 Lisboa Geminacoes de Cidades e Vilas Lisbon Twinning of Cities and Towns Associacao Nacional de Municipios Portugueses National Association of Portuguese Municipalities in Portuguese Archived from the original on 1 February 2015 Retrieved 23 August 2013 Acordos de Geminacao de Cooperacao e ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa Lisbon Twinning Agreements Cooperation and Friendship Camara Municipal de Lisboa in Portuguese Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 Retrieved 23 August 2013 Miami and Salvador are Sister Cities Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 Bibliography Edit See also Timeline of Salvador Bahia Bibliography Bargellini Piero Guarnieri Ennio 1977 Le Strade di Firenze Vol II Florence Bonechi in Italian Coelho Filho Luiz Walter 2015 The Fortress of Salvador in Colonial Brazil Petropolis translated from the Portuguese by Catherine V Howard for KBR ISBN 978 85 8180 325 8 Collins John F Revolt of the Saints Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy Durham Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 5320 1 Baynes T S ed 1878 Bahia 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 3 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons pp 239 240 Lamoureaux Andrew Jackson 1911 Bahia city in Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 3 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 210Romo Anadelia A Selling Black Brazil Race Nation and Visual Culture in Salvador Bahia University of Texas Press 2022 online reviewSchwartz Stuart B 1985 Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society Bahia 1550 1835 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 31399 6 External links EditSalvador at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pelourinho of Salvador Bahia Digital Media Archive archived from the original on 18 November 2011 retrieved 10 October 2011 creative commons licensed images and data from a Federal University of Bahia University of Ferrara Leica Geosystems CyArk research partnership Explore the Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture The City of Salvador 1671 a map by Arnoldus Montanus in English and Latin Geographic data related to Salvador Bahia at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Salvador Bahia amp oldid 1149898789, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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