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Canberra

January 20, 2023

This article is about the capital of Australia. For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation).

Canberra (/ˈkænbərə/ (listen) KAN-bər-ə)[11] is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory[12] at the northern tip of the Australian Alps, the country's highest mountain range. As of June 2021, Canberra's estimated population was 453,558.[2]

Canberra
Ngunnawal/Ngambri[1]
Australian Capital Territory
Canberra, from top left to bottom right–the city viewed from Mount Ainslie, the Land Axis featuring Old Parliament House and New Parliament House, the Australian War Memorial, the National Carillon, the National Gallery of Australia and the National Library of Australia on Lake Burley Griffin
City map plan of Canberra
Canberra
Coordinates35°17′35″S 149°07′37″E / 35.29306°S 149.12694°E / -35.29306; 149.12694Coordinates: 35°17′35″S 149°07′37″E / 35.29306°S 149.12694°E / -35.29306; 149.12694
Population453,558 (June 2021)[2] (8th)
 • Density503.932/km2 (1,305.18/sq mi)
Established12 March 1913
Elevation578 m (1,896 ft)[3]
Area814.2 km2 (314.4 sq mi)[4]
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
 • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11:00)
Location
Territory electorate(s)
Federal division(s)
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
19.7 °C
67 °F		 6.5 °C
44 °F		 616.4 mm
24.3 in

The area chosen for the capital had been inhabited by Indigenous Australians for up to 21,000 years,[13] with the principal group being the Ngunnawal people. European settlement commenced in the first half of the 19th century, as evidenced by surviving landmarks such as St John's Anglican Church and Blundells Cottage. On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved. Following a long dispute over whether Sydney or Melbourne should be the national capital,[14] a compromise was reached: the new capital would be built in New South Wales, so long as it was at least 100 mi (160 km) from Sydney. The capital city was founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913. A blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected after an international design contest, and construction commenced in 1913.[15] Unusual among Australian cities, it is an entirely planned city. The Griffins' plan featured geometric motifs and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks such as Black Mountain, Mount Ainslie, Capital Hill and City Hill. Canberra's mountainous location makes it the only mainland Australian city where snow-capped mountains can be seen in winter; although snow in the city itself is uncommon.

As the seat of the Government of Australia, Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government, national monuments and museums. This includes Parliament House, Government House, the High Court and the headquarters of numerous government agencies. It is the location of many social and cultural institutions of national significance such as the Australian War Memorial, the Australian National University, the Royal Australian Mint, the Australian Institute of Sport, the National Gallery, the National Museum and the National Library. The city is home to many important institutions of the Australian Defence Force including the Royal Military College Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy. It hosts all foreign embassies in Australia as well as regional headquarters of many international organisations, not-for-profit groups, lobbying groups and professional associations.

Canberra has been ranked among the world's best cities to live and visit.[16][17][18][19][20] Although the Commonwealth Government remains the largest single employer in Canberra, it is no longer the majority employer. Other major industries have developed in the city, including in health care, professional services, education and training, retail, accommodation and food, and construction.[21] Compared to the national averages, the unemployment rate is lower and the average income higher; tertiary education levels are higher, while the population is younger. At the 2016 Census, 32% of Canberra's inhabitants were reported as having been born overseas.[22]

Canberra's design is influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation. Its design can be viewed from its highest point at the Telstra Tower and the summit of Mount Ainslie. Other notable features include the National Arboretum, born out of the 2003 Canberra bushfires, and Lake Burley Griffin, named for the city's architects. Highlights in the annual calendar of cultural events include Floriade, the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere,[23][24] the Enlighten Festival, Skyfire, the National Multicultural Festival and Summernats. Canberra's main sporting venues are Canberra Stadium and Manuka Oval. The city is served with domestic and international flights at Canberra Airport, while interstate train and coach services depart from Canberra Railway Station and the Jolimont Centre respectively. City Interchange is the main hub of Canberra's bus and light rail transport network.

Name

The word "Canberra" is derived from the name of a local Ngunnawal clan who resided in the area and were referred to by the early British colonists as either the Canberry or Nganbra tribe. Joshua John Moore, the first European land-owner in the region, named his grant "Canberry" in 1823 after these people. "Canberry Creek" and "Canberry" first appeared on regional maps from 1830, while the derivative name "Canberra" started to appear from around 1857.[25][26][27]

Numerous local commentators, including the Ngunnawal elder Don Bell, have speculated upon possible meanings of "Canberra" over the years. These include "meeting place", "woman's breasts" and "the hollow between a woman's breasts".[28][29]

Alternative proposals for the name of the city during its planning included Austral, Australville, Aurora, Captain Cook, Caucus City, Cookaburra, Dampier, Eden, Eucalypta, Flinders, Gonebroke Home, Hopetoun, Kangaremu, Myola, Meladneyperbane, New Era, Olympus, Paradise, Shakespeare, Sydmelperadbrisho, Swindleville, The National City, Union City, Unison, Wattleton, Wheatwoolgold, Yass-Canberra.[30][31][32]

History

Main article: History of Canberra
See also: History of the Australian Capital Territory

First inhabitants

Before British colonisation, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was inhabited by Indigenous Australians. Anthropologist Norman Tindale suggested the principal group occupying the region were the Ngunnawal people, while the Ngarigo lived immediately to the south of the ACT, the Wandandian to the east, the Walgulu also to the south, Gandangara people to the north and Wiradjuri to the north-west.

The first British settlers into the Canberra area described two clans of Ngunnawal people resident to the vicinity. The Canberry or Nganbra clan lived mostly around Sullivan's Creek and had ceremonial grounds at the base of Black Mountain, while the Pialligo clan had land around what is now Canberra Airport.[33][34]

Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites as well as stone tools and arrangements.[35] Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously.[13]

British exploration and colonisation

 
St John's Anglican Church, the oldest surviving public building in the inner city, consecrated in 1845
 
Blundells Cottage, built around 1860,[36] is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first white settlers of Canberra.

In October 1820, Charles Throsby led the first British expedition to the area.[37][38][39][40] Four other expeditions occurred between 1820 and 1823 with the first accurate map being produced by explorer Mark John Currie in June 1823. By this stage the area had become known as the Limestone Plains.[37][41]

British settlement of the area probably dates from late 1823, when a sheep station was formed on what is now the Acton Peninsula by James Cowan, the head stockman employed by Joshua John Moore.[42] Moore had received a land grant in the region in 1823 and formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826. He named the property "Canberry". On 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres (405 ha) at Canberry.[43]

Other colonists soon followed Moore's example to take up land in the region. Around 1825 James Ainslie, working on behalf of the wealthy merchant Robert Campbell, arrived to establish a sheep station. He was guided to the region by a local Aboriginal girl who showed him the fine lands of her Pialligo clan.[33] The area then became the property of Campbell and it was initially named Pialligo before Campbell changed it to the Scottish title of Duntroon.[25][44][45] Campbell's family later built the imposing stone house that is now the officers' mess of the Royal Military College, Duntroon.[46] The Campbells sponsored settlement by other farmer families to work their land, such as the Southwells of "Weetangera".[47]

Other notable early colonists included Henry Donnison, who established the Yarralumla estate—now the site of the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia—in 1827, and John Palmer who employed Duncan Macfarlane to form the Jerrabomberra property in 1828. A year later, John MacPherson established the Springbank estate, becoming the first British owner-occupier in the region.[25][48][49]

The Anglican church of St John the Baptist, in the suburb of Reid,[50] was consecrated in 1845 and is now the oldest surviving public building in the city.[51][52] St John's churchyard contains the earliest graves in the district.[53] It has been described as a "sanctuary in the city",[54][55] remaining a small English village-style church even as the capital grew around it. Canberra's first school, St John's School (now a museum), was situated next to the church and opened in the same year of 1845.[56] It was built to educate local settlers children,[57] including the Blundell children who lived in nearby Blundell's Cottage.[58]

As the European presence increased, the Indigenous population dwindled largely due to the destruction of their society, dislocation from their lands and from introduced diseases such as influenza, smallpox, alcoholism and measles.[59][60]

Creation of the nation's capital

 
The opening of Parliament House in May 1927.

The district's change from a rural area in New South Wales to the national capital started during debates over federation in the late 19th century.[61][62] Following a long dispute over whether Sydney or Melbourne should be the national capital,[14] a compromise was reached: the new capital would be built in New South Wales, so long as it was at least 100 mi (160 km) from Sydney,[61] with Melbourne to be the temporary seat of government while the new capital was built.[63] A survey was conducted across several sites in New South Wales with Bombala, southern Monaro, Orange, Yass, Albury, Tamworth, Armidale, Tumut and Dalgety all discussed.[64] Dalgety was chosen by the federal parliament and it passed the Seat of Government Act 1904 confirming Dalgety as the site of the nation's capital. However, the New South Wales government refused to cede the required territory as they did not accept the site.[64] In 1906, the New South Wales Government finally agreed to cede sufficient land provided that it was in the Yass-Canberra region as this site was closer to Sydney.[61] Newspaper proprietor John Gale circulated a pamphlet titled 'Dalgety or Canberra: Which?' advocating Canberra to every member of the Commonwealth's seven state and federal parliaments. By many accounts, it was decisive in the selection of Canberra as the site in 1908 as was a result of survey work done by the government surveyor Charles Scrivener.[65] The NSW government ceded the district to the federal government in 1911 and the Federal Capital Territory was established.[61]

An international design competition was launched by the Department of Home Affairs on 30 April 1911, closing on 31 January 1912. The competition was boycotted by the Royal Institute of British Architects, the Institution of Civil Engineers and their affiliated bodies throughout the British Empire because the Minister for Home Affairs King O'Malley insisted that the final decision was for him to make rather than an expert in city planning.[66] A total of 137 valid entries were received. O'Malley appointed a three-member board to advise him but they could not reach unanimity. On 24 May 1911,[67] O'Malley came down on the side of the majority of the board with the design by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin of Chicago, Illinois, United States, being declared the winner.[68][69] Second was Eliel Saarinen of Finland and third was Alfred Agache of Brazil but resident in Paris, France.[66] O'Malley then appointed a six-member board to advise him on the implementation of the winning design. On 25 November 1912, the board advised that it could not support Griffin's plan in its entirety and suggested an alternative plan of its own devising. This plan incorporated the best features of the three place-getting designs as well as of a fourth design by H. Caswell, R.C.G. Coulter and W. Scott-Griffiths of Sydney, the rights to which it had purchased. It was this composite plan that was endorsed by Parliament and given formal approval by O'Malley on 10 January 1913.[66] In 1913, Griffin was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction and construction began.[70] On 23 February, King O'Malley drove the first peg in the construction of the future capital city.

In 1912, the government invited suggestions from the public as to the name of the future city. Almost 750 names were suggested. At midday on 12 March 1913,[71][72] Lady Denman, the wife of Governor-General Lord Denman, announced that the city would be named "Canberra" at a ceremony at Kurrajong Hill,[73][74][75] which has since become Capital Hill and the site of the present Parliament House.[76] Canberra Day is a public holiday observed in the ACT on the second Monday in March to celebrate the founding of Canberra.[60] After the ceremony, bureaucratic disputes hindered Griffin's work;[77] a Royal Commission in 1916 ruled his authority had been usurped by certain officials and his original plan was reinstated.[78] Griffin's relationship with the Australian authorities was strained and a lack of funding meant that by the time he was fired in 1920, little work had been done.[79][80] By this time, Griffin had revised his plan, overseen the earthworks of major avenues and established the Glenloch Cork Plantation.[81][82]

Development throughout 20th century

 
Canberra's Government House, the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia.
 
Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks, Parliament House and Old Parliament House (foreground). Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display. Questacon is on the right.

The Commonwealth government purchased the pastoral property of Yarralumla in 1913 to provide an official residence for the Governor-General of Australia in the new capital.[83] Renovations began in 1925 to enlarge and modernise the property.[84] In 1927, the property was official dubbed Government House.[83] On 9 May that year, the Commonwealth parliament moved to Canberra with the opening of the Provisional Parliament House.[85][86] The Prime Minister Stanley Bruce had officially taken up residence in The Lodge a few days earlier.[87][88] Planned development of the city slowed significantly during the depression of the 1930s and during World War II.[89] Some projects planned for that time, including Roman Catholic and Anglican cathedrals, were never completed.[90] (Nevertheless, in 1973 the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Christopher was remodelled into St. Christopher's Cathedral, Manuka, serving the Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn. It is the only cathedral in Canberra.[91])

From 1920 to 1957, three bodies — successively the Federal Capital Advisory Committee,[92] the Federal Capital Commission,[93] and the National Capital Planning and Development Committee — continued to plan the further expansion of Canberra in the absence of Griffin. However, they were only advisory and development decisions were made without consulting them, which increased inefficiency.[81][94]

The largest event in Canberra up to World War II was the 24th Meeting of ANZAAS in January 1939. The Canberra Times described it as "a signal event ... in the history of this, the world's youngest capital city". The city's accommodation was not nearly sufficient to house the 1,250 delegates and a tent city had to be set up on the banks of the Molonglo River. One of the prominent speakers was H. G. Wells, who was a guest of the Governor-General Lord Gowrie for a week. This event coincided with a heatwave across south-eastern Australia during which the temperature in Canberra reached 108.5 degrees Fahrenheit (42.5 Celsius) on 11 January. On Friday, 13 January, the Black Friday bushfires caused 71 deaths in Victoria and Wells accompanied the Governor-General on his tour of areas threatened by fires.[95]

Immediately after the end of the war, Canberra was criticised for resembling a village and its disorganised collection of buildings was deemed ugly.[96][97][98] Canberra was often derisively described as "several suburbs in search of a city".[99] Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies regarded the state of the national capital as an embarrassment.[100] Over time his attitude changed from one of contempt to that of championing its development. He fired two ministers charged with the development of the city for poor performance. Menzies remained in office for over a decade and in that time the development of the capital sped up rapidly.[101][102] The population grew by more than 50 per cent in every five-year period from 1955 to 1975.[102] Several Government departments, together with public servants, were moved to Canberra from Melbourne following the war.[103] Government housing projects were undertaken to accommodate the city's growing population.[104]

The National Capital Development Commission (NCDC) formed in 1957 with executive powers and ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of Lake Burley Griffin — the centrepiece of Griffin's design — and construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work.[105] The completion of the lake finally laid the platform for the development of Griffin's Parliamentary Triangle.[106] Since the initial construction of the lake, various buildings of national importance have been constructed on its shores.[107]

 
Canberra Civic (CBD) viewed from Mount Ainslie with Lake Burley Griffin and Mount Stromlo in the background.

The newly built Australian National University was expanded and sculptures as well as monuments were built.[107][108] A new National Library was constructed within the Parliamentary Triangle, followed by the High Court and the National Gallery.[50][109] Suburbs in Canberra Central (often referred to as North Canberra and South Canberra) were further developed in the 1950s and urban development in the districts of Woden Valley and Belconnen commenced in the mid and late 1960s respectively.[110][111] Many of the new suburbs were named after Australian politicians such as Barton, Deakin, Reid, Braddon, Curtin, Chifley and Parkes.[112]

On 9 May 1988, a larger and permanent Parliament House was opened on Capital Hill as part of Australia's bicentenary celebrations.[113][109] The Commonwealth Parliament moved there from the Provisional Parliament House, now known as Old Parliament House.[113]

Self-government

In December 1988, the Australian Capital Territory was granted full self-government by the Commonwealth Parliament, a step proposed as early as 1965.[114] Following the first election on 4 March 1989,[115] a 17-member Legislative Assembly sat at temporary offices at 1 Constitution Avenue, Civic, on 11 May 1989.[116][117] Permanent premises were opened on London Circuit in 1994.[117] The Australian Labor Party formed the ACT's first government, led by the Chief Minister Rosemary Follett, who made history as Australia's first female head of government.[118][119]

 
The Skywhale and Skywhalepapa in 2021

Parts of Canberra were engulfed by bushfires on 18 January 2003 that killed four people, injured 435 and destroyed more than 500 homes as well as the major research telescopes of Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory.[120]

Throughout 2013, several events celebrated the 100th anniversary of the naming of Canberra.[121] On 11 March 2014, the last day of the centennial year, the Canberra Centenary Column was unveiled in City Hill. Other works included The Skywhale, a hot air balloon designed by the sculptor Patricia Piccinini,[122] and StellrScope by visual media artist Eleanor Gates-Stuart.[123] On 7 February 2021, The Skywhale was joined by Skywhalepapa to create a Skywhale family, an event marked by Skywhale-themed pastries and beer produced by local companies as well as an art pop song entitled "We are the Skywhales".[124]

In 2014, Canberra was named the best city to live in the world by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,[16] and was named the third best city to visit in the world by Lonely Planet in 2017.[19][20]

Geography

 
The Canberra region seen from space

Canberra covers an area of 814.2 km2 (314.4 sq mi)[4] and is located near the Brindabella Ranges (part of the Australian Alps), approximately 150 km (93 mi) inland from Australia's east coast. It has an elevation of approximately 580 m (1,900 ft) AHD;[125] the highest point is Mount Majura at 888 m (2,913 ft).[126][127] Other low mountains include Mount Taylor 855 m (2,805 ft),[128] Mount Ainslie 843 m (2,766 ft),[129] Mount Mugga Mugga 812 m (2,664 ft)[130] and Black Mountain 812 m (2,664 ft).[131][132]

The native forest in the Canberra region was almost wholly eucalypt species and provided a resource for fuel and domestic purposes. By the early 1960s, logging had depleted the eucalypt, and concern about water quality led to the forests being closed. Interest in forestry began in 1915 with trials of a number of species including Pinus radiata on the slopes of Mount Stromlo. Since then, plantations have been expanded, with the benefit of reducing erosion in the Cotter catchment, and the forests are also popular recreation areas.[133]

 
The location of Canberra within the ACT. Canberra's main districts are shown in yellow: Canberra Central (marked as North Canberra and South Canberra), Woden Valley, Belconnen, Weston Creek, Tuggeranong, and Gungahlin.

The urban environs of the city of Canberra straddle the Ginninderra plain, Molonglo plain, the Limestone plain, and the Tuggeranong plain (Isabella's Plain).[134] The Molonglo River which flows across the Molonglo plain has been dammed to form the national capital's iconic feature Lake Burley Griffin.[135] The Molonglo then flows into the Murrumbidgee north-west of Canberra, which in turn flows north-west toward the New South Wales town of Yass. The Queanbeyan River joins the Molonglo River at Oaks Estate just within the ACT.[134]

A number of creeks, including Jerrabomberra and Yarralumla Creeks, flow into the Molonglo and Murrumbidgee.[134] Two of these creeks, the Ginninderra and Tuggeranong, have similarly been dammed to form Lakes Ginninderra and Tuggeranong.[136][137][138] Until recently the Molonglo River had a history of sometimes calamitous floods; the area was a flood plain prior to the filling of Lake Burley Griffin.[139][140]

Climate

Under the Köppen-Geiger classification, Canberra has an oceanic climate (Cfb).[141] In January, the warmest month, the average high is approximately 29 °C (84 °F); in July, the coldest month, the average high drops to approximately 12 °C (54 °F).

Frost is common in the winter months. Snow is rare in the CBD (central business district) due to being on the leeward (eastern) side of the range, but the surrounding areas get annual snowfall through winter and often the snow-capped Brindabella Range can be seen from the CBD. The last significant snowfall in the city centre was in 1968.[125] Canberra is often affected by foehn winds, especially in winter and spring, evident by its anomalously warm maxima relative to altitude.

The highest recorded maximum temperature was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 January 2020.[142] Winter 2011 was Canberra's warmest winter on record, approximately 2 °C (4 °F) above the average temperature.[143]

 
Long-term temperature increase in Canberra

The lowest recorded minimum temperature was −10.0 °C (14.0 °F) on the morning of 11 July 1971.[125] Light snow falls only once or twice per year, and it is usually not widespread and quickly dissipates.[125]

Canberra is protected from the west by the Brindabellas which create a strong rain shadow in Canberra's valleys.[125] Canberra gets 100.4 clear days annually.[144] Annual rainfall is the third lowest of the capital cities (after Adelaide and Hobart)[145] and is spread fairly evenly over the seasons, with late spring bringing the highest rainfall.[146] Thunderstorms occur mostly between October and April,[125] owing to the effect of summer and the mountains. The area is generally sheltered from a westerly wind, though strong northwesterlies can develop. A cool, vigorous afternoon easterly change, colloquially referred to as a 'sea-breeze' or the 'Braidwood Butcher',[147][148] is common during the summer months[149] and often exceeds 40 km/h in the city. Canberra is also less humid than the nearby coastal areas.[125]

Canberra was severely affected by smoke haze during the 2019/2020 bushfires. On 1 January 2020, Canberra had the worst air quality of any major city in the world, with an AQI of 7700 (USAQI 949).[150]

Climate data for Canberra Airport, ACT (1991–2010 averages, extremes to 1939)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 44.0
(111.2) 		42.7
(108.9) 		37.5
(99.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.0
(75.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		39.9
(103.8) 		41.6
(106.9) 		44.0
(111.2)
Average high °C (°F) 28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		20.4
(68.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.3
(45.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.7
(56.7)
Average low °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−10.0
(14.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.3
(2.41) 		55.2
(2.17) 		37.6
(1.48) 		27.3
(1.07) 		31.5
(1.24) 		50.0
(1.97) 		44.3
(1.74) 		43.1
(1.70) 		55.8
(2.20) 		50.9
(2.00) 		68.4
(2.69) 		54.1
(2.13) 		579.5
(22.81)
Average precipitation days 6.8 6.7 5.7 5.4 6.3 9.7 10.0 8.5 9.8 9.1 10.2 7.2 95.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 294.5 254.3 251.1 219.0 186.0 156.0 179.8 217.0 231.0 266.6 267.0 291.4 2,813.7
Source 1: Climate averages for Canberra Airport Comparison (1939–2010); averages given are for 1991–2010[144][151]
Source 2: Records from Canberra Airport for more recent extremes[152]

Urban structure

Main article: Suburbs of Canberra
 
Inner Canberra demonstrates some aspects of the Griffin plan, in particular the Parliamentary Triangle.
 
The Woden Valley viewed from Red Hill

Canberra is a planned city and the inner-city area was originally designed by Walter Burley Griffin, a major 20th-century American architect.[153] Within the central area of the city near Lake Burley Griffin, major roads follow a wheel-and-spoke pattern rather than a grid.[154] Griffin's proposal had an abundance of geometric patterns, including concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii.[154] However, the outer areas of the city, built later, are not laid out geometrically.[155]

Lake Burley Griffin was deliberately designed so that the orientation of the components was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra.[156][157] The lakes stretch from east to west and divided the city in two; a land axis perpendicular to the central basin stretches from Capital Hill—the eventual location of the new Parliament House on a mound on the southern side—north northeast across the central basin to the northern banks along Anzac Parade to the Australian War Memorial.[97] This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill, the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of Mount Ainslie. At the southwestern end of the land axis was Bimberi Peak,[157] the highest mountain in the ACT, approximately 52 km (32 mi) south west of Canberra.[132]

The straight edge of the circular segment that formed the central basin of Lake Burley Griffin was perpendicular to the land axis and designated the water axis, and it extended northwest towards Black Mountain.[157] A line parallel to the water axis, on the northern side of the city, was designated the municipal axis.[158] The municipal axis became the location of Constitution Avenue, which links City Hill in Civic Centre and both Market Centre and the Defence precinct on Russell Hill. Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue were to run from the southern side from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Centre on the north respectively, and they formed the western and eastern edges of the central basin. The area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the Parliamentary Triangle, and formed the centrepiece of Griffin's work.[157][158]

 
Black Mountain with the landmark Telstra Tower on the right and the National Arboretum in the foreground

The Griffins assigned spiritual values to Mount Ainslie, Black Mountain, and Red Hill and originally planned to cover each of these in flowers. That way each hill would be covered with a single, primary colour which represented its spiritual value.[159] This part of their plan never came to fruition, as World War I slowed construction and planning disputes led to Griffin's dismissal by Prime Minister Billy Hughes after the war ended.[79][80][160]

The urban areas of Canberra are organised into a hierarchy of districts, town centres, group centres, local suburbs as well as other industrial areas and villages. There are seven residential districts, each of which is divided into smaller suburbs, and most of which have a town centre which is the focus of commercial and social activities.[161] The districts were settled in the following chronological order:

The Canberra Central district is substantially based on Walter Burley Griffin's designs.[157][158][165] In 1967 the then National Capital Development Commission adopted the "Y Plan" which laid out future urban development in Canberra around a series of central shopping and commercial area known as the 'town centres' linked by freeways, the layout of which roughly resembled the shape of the letter Y,[166] with Tuggeranong at the base of the Y and Belconnen and Gungahlin located at the ends of the arms of the Y.[166]

Development in Canberra has been closely regulated by government,[167][168] both through planning processes and the use of crown lease terms that have tightly limited the use of parcels of land. Land in the ACT is held on 99-year crown leases from the national government, although most leases are now administered by the Territory government.[169] There have been persistent calls for constraints on development to be liberalised,[168] but also voices in support of planning consistent with the original 'bush capital' and 'urban forest' ideals that underpin Canberra's design.[170]

Many of Canberra's suburbs are named after former Prime Ministers, famous Australians, early settlers, or use Aboriginal words for their title.[171] Street names typically follow a particular theme; for example, the streets of Duffy are named after Australian dams and reservoirs, the streets of Dunlop are named after Australian inventions, inventors and artists and the streets of Page are named after biologists and naturalists.[171] Most diplomatic missions are located in the suburbs of Yarralumla, Deakin and O'Malley.[172] There are three light industrial areas: the suburbs of Fyshwick, Mitchell and Hume.[173]

 
Panorama of Canberra and Lake Burley Griffin set against the backdrop of distant New South Wales, taken from the Telstra Tower

Sustainability and the environment

 
Floriade is held in Commonwealth Park every spring. It is the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere, employing and encouraging environmental practises, including the use of green energy.[174]

The average Canberran was responsible for 13.7 tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2005.[175] In 2012, the ACT Government legislated greenhouse gas targets to reduce its emissions by 40 per cent from 1990 levels by 2020, 80 per cent by 2050, with no net emissions by 2060.[176] The government announced in 2013 a target for 90% of electricity consumed in the ACT to be supplied from renewable sources by 2020,[177] and in 2016 set an ambitious target of 100% by 2020.[178][179]

In 1996 Canberra became the first city in the world to set a vision of no waste, proposing an ambitious target of 2010 for completion.[180] The strategy aimed to achieve a waste-free society by 2010, through the combined efforts of industry, government and community.[181] By early 2010, it was apparent that though it had reduced waste going to landfill, the ACT initiative's original 2010 target for absolutely zero landfill waste would be delayed or revised to meet the reality.[182][183]

Plastic bags made of polyethylene polymer with a thickness of less than 35 µm were banned from retail distribution in the ACT from November 2011.[184][185][186] The ban was introduced by the ACT Government in an effort to make Canberra more sustainable.[185]

Of all waste produced in the ACT, 75 per cent is recycled.[187] Average household food waste in the ACT remains above the Australian average, costing an average $641 per household per annum.[188]

Canberra's annual Floriade festival features a large display of flowers every Spring in Commonwealth Park. The organisers of the event have a strong environmental standpoint, promoting and using green energy, "green catering", sustainable paper, the conservation and saving of water.[174] The event is also smoke-free.[174]

Government and politics

 
ACT Legislative Assembly
and the statue Ethos (Tom Bass, 1961)

Territory government

See also: Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly and Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories

There is no local council or city government for the city of Canberra. The Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly performs the roles of both a city council for the city and a territory government for the rest of the Australian Capital Territory.[189] However, the vast majority of the population of the Territory reside in Canberra and the city is therefore the primary focus of the ACT Government.

The assembly consists of 25 members elected from five districts using proportional representation. The five districts are Brindabella, Ginninderra, Kurrajong, Murrumbidgee and Yerrabi, which each elect five members.[190] The Chief Minister is elected by the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and selects colleagues to serve as ministers alongside him or her in the Executive, known informally as the cabinet.[189]

Whereas the ACT has federally been dominated by Labor,[191][192] the Liberals have been able to gain some footing in the ACT Legislative Assembly and were in government during a period of six and half years from 1995 and 2001. Labor took back control of the Assembly in 2001.[118] At the 2004 election, Chief Minister Jon Stanhope and the Labor Party won 9 of the 17 seats allowing them to form the ACT's first majority government.[118] Since 2008, the ACT has been governed by a coalition of Labor and the Greens.[118][193][194] As of 2022, the Chief Minister was Andrew Barr from the Australian Labor Party.

The Australian federal government retains some influence over the ACT government. In the administrative sphere, most frequently this is through the actions of the National Capital Authority which is responsible for planning and development in areas of Canberra which are considered to be of national importance or which are central to Griffin's plan for the city,[195] such as the Parliamentary Triangle, Lake Burley Griffin, major approach and processional roads, areas where the Commonwealth retains ownership of the land or undeveloped hills and ridge-lines (which form part of the Canberra Nature Park).[195][196][197] The national government also retains a level of control over the Territory Assembly through the provisions of the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988.[198] This federal act defines the legislative power of the ACT assembly.[199]

Federal representation

The ACT was given its first federal parliamentary representation in 1949 when it gained a seat in the House of Representatives, the Division of Australian Capital Territory.[200][201] However, the ACT member could only vote on matters directly affecting the territory.[201] In 1974, the ACT was allocated two Senate seats and the House of Representatives seat was divided into two.[200] A third was created in 1996, but was abolished in 1998 because of changes to the regional demographic distribution.[191] At the 2019 election, the third seat has been reintroduced as the Division of Bean.

The House of Representatives seats have mostly been held by Labor and usually by comfortable margins.[191][192] The Labor Party has polled at least seven percentage points more than the Liberal Party at every federal election since 1990 and their average lead since then has been 15 percentage points.[118] The ALP and the Liberal Party held one Senate seat each until the 2022 election when Independent candidate David Pocock unseated the Liberal candidate Zed Seselja.[202]

Judiciary and policing

Main articles: Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, and ACT Policing
See also: Crime in the Australian Capital Territory

The Australian Federal Police (AFP) provides all of the constabulary services in the territory in a manner similar to state police forces, under a contractual agreement with the ACT Government.[203] The AFP does so through its community policing arm ACT Policing.[204]

People who have been charged with offences are tried either in the ACT Magistrates Court or, for more severe offences, the ACT Supreme Court.[205] Prior to its closure in 2009, prisoners were held in remand at the Belconnen Remand Centre in the ACT but usually imprisoned in New South Wales.[206] The Alexander Maconochie Centre was officially opened on 11 September 2008 by then Chief Minister Jon Stanhope. The total cost for construction was $130 million.[207] The ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal deal with minor civil law actions and other various legal matters.[208][209]

Canberra has the lowest rate of crime of any capital city in Australia as of 2019.[210] As of 2016 the most common crimes in the ACT were property related crimes, unlawful entry with intent and motor vehicle theft. They affected 2,304 and 966 people (580 and 243 per 100,000 persons respectively). Homicide and related offences—murder, attempted murder and manslaughter, but excluding driving causing death and conspiracy to murder—affect 1.0 per 100,000 persons, which is below the national average of 1.9 per 100,000. Rates of sexual assault (64.4 per 100,000 persons) are also below the national average (98.5 per 100,000).[211][212][213] However the 2017 crime statistics showed a rise in some types of personal crime, notably burglaries, thefts and assaults.

Economy

 
Just under a third of Canberrans are employed in the public sector, working in government departments such as the Treasury
 
Tourism, accommodation, retail and food are also major employers
 
Construction is the largest non-service sector, employing just over 5% of the workforce
 
A growing number of Canberrans work in the science and technology sector, such as at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex

In February 2020, the unemployment rate in Canberra was 2.9% which was lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.1%.[214] As a result of low unemployment and substantial levels of public sector and commercial employment, Canberra has the highest average level of disposable income of any Australian capital city.[215] The gross average weekly wage in Canberra is $1827 compared with the national average of $1658 (November 2019).[216]

The median house price in Canberra as of February 2020 was $745,000, lower than only Sydney among capital cities of more than 100,000 people, having surpassed Melbourne and Perth since 2005.[216][217][218] The median weekly rent paid by Canberra residents is higher than rents in all other states and territories.[219] As of January 2014 the median unit rent in Canberra was $410 per week and median housing rent was $460, making the city the third most expensive in the country.[220] Factors contributing to this higher weekly rental market include; higher average weekly incomes, restricted land supply,[221] and inflationary clauses in the ACT Residential Tenancies Act.[222]

The city's main industry is public administration and safety, which accounted for 27.1% of Gross Territory Product in 2018-19 and employed 32.49% of Canberra's workforce.[223][21] The headquarters of many Australian Public Service agencies are located in Canberra, and Canberra is also host to several Australian Defence Force establishments, most notably the Australian Defence Force headquarters and HMAS Harman, which is a naval communications centre that is being converted into a tri-service, multi-user depot.[224] Other major sectors by employment include Health Care (10.54%), Professional Services (9.77%), Education and Training (9.64%), Retail (7.27%), Accommodation & Food (6.39%) and Construction (5.80%).[21]

The former RAAF Fairbairn, adjacent to the Canberra Airport was sold to the operators of the airport,[225] but the base continues to be used for RAAF VIP flights.[226][227] A growing number of software vendors have based themselves in Canberra, to capitalise on the concentration of government customers; these include Tower Software and RuleBurst.[228][229] A consortium of private and government investors is making plans for a billion-dollar data hub, with the aim of making Canberra a leading centre of such activity in the Asia-Pacific region.[230] A Canberra Cyber Security Innovation Node was established in 2019 to grow the ACT's cyber security sector and related space, defence and education industries.[231]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Canberra
 
Shopping at the weekly Old Bus Depot Markets, Kingston

At the 2021 census, the population of Canberra was 453,558,[232] up from 395,790 at the 2016 census,[233] and 355,596 at the 2011 census.[234] Canberra has been the fastest-growing city in Australia in recent years, having grown 23.3% from 2011-2021.[232]

Canberrans are relatively young, highly mobile and well educated. The median age is 35 years and only 12.7% of the population is aged over 65 years.[233] Between 1996 and 2001, 61.9% of the population either moved to or from Canberra, which was the second highest mobility rate of any Australian capital city.[235] As at May 2017, 43% of ACT residents (25–64) had a level of educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree, significantly higher that the national average of 31%.[236]

According to statistics collected by the National Australia Bank and reported in The Canberra Times, Canberrans on average give significantly more money to charity than Australians in other states and territories, for both dollar giving and as a proportion of income.[237]

Ancestry and immigration

 
The annual Canberra Nara Candle Festival
Country of Birth (2016)[22]
Birthplace[N 1] Population
Australia 269,682
England 12,739
Mainland China 11,334
India 10,405
New Zealand 4,722
Philippines 3,789
Vietnam 3,340
United States 2,775
Sri Lanka 2,774
Malaysia 2,431
South Korea 2,283

At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[N 2][22]

The 2016 census showed that 32% of Canberra's inhabitants were born overseas.[22] Of inhabitants born outside Australia, the most prevalent countries of birth were England, China, India, New Zealand and the Philippines.[239]

1.6% of the population, or 6,476 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.[N 5][22]

Language

At the 2016 census, 72.7% of people spoke only English at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Mandarin (3.1%), Vietnamese (1.1%), Cantonese (1%), Hindi (0.9%) and Spanish (0.8%).[22]

Religion

On census night in 2016, approximately 50.0% of ACT residents described themselves as Christian (excluding not stated responses), the most common denominations being Catholic and Anglican; 36.2% described themselves as having no religion.[233]

Culture

Education

Main article: Education in the Australian Capital Territory
 
ANU School of Art (formerly the Canberra High School)

The two main tertiary institutions are the Australian National University (ANU) in Acton and the University of Canberra (UC) in Bruce, with over 10,500 and 8,000 full-time-equivalent students respectively.[240][241] Established in 1946,[242] the ANU has always had a strong research focus and is ranked among the leading universities in the world and the best in Australia by The Times Higher Education Supplement and the Shanghai Jiao Tong World University Rankings.[241][243] There are two religious university campuses in Canberra: Signadou in the northern suburb of Watson is a campus of the Australian Catholic University;[244] St Mark's Theological College in Barton is part of the secular Charles Sturt University.[245] The ACT Government announced on 5 March 2020 that the CIT campus and an adjoining carpark in Reid would be leased to the University of New South Wales (UNSW) for a peppercorn lease, for it to develop as a campus for a new UNSW Canberra.[246] UNSW released a master plan in 2021 for a 6,000 student campus to be realised over 15 years at a cost of $1 billion.[247]

The Australian Defence College has two campuses: the Australian Command and Staff College (ACSC) plus the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS) at Weston, and the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) beside the Royal Military College, Duntroon located in the inner-northern suburb of Campbell.[248][249] ADFA teaches military undergraduates and postgraduates and includes UNSW@ADFA, a campus of the University of New South Wales;[250][251] Duntroon provides Australian Army officer training.[252]

Tertiary level vocational education is also available through the Canberra Institute of Technology (CIT), with campuses in Bruce, Reid, Gungahlin, Tuggernong and Fyshwick.[253] The combined enrolment of the CIT campuses was over 28,000 students in 2019.[254] Following the transfer of land in Reid for the new UNSW Canberra, a new CIT Woden is scheduled to be completed by 2025.[255]

In 2016 there were 132 schools in Canberra; 87 were operated by the government and 45 were private.[256] During 2006, the ACT Government announced closures of up to 39 schools, to take effect from the end of the school year, and after a series of consultations unveiled its Towards 2020: Renewing Our Schools policy.[257] As a result, some schools closed during the 2006–08 period, while others were merged; the creation of combined primary and secondary government schools was to proceed over a decade. The closure of schools provoked significant opposition.[258][259][260] Most suburbs were planned to include a primary and a nearby preschool; these were usually located near open areas where recreational and sporting activities were easily available.[261] Canberra also has the highest percentage of non-government (private) school students in Australia, accounting for 40.6 per cent of ACT enrollments.[262]

Arts and entertainment

See also: Music of Canberra
 
The National Museum of Australia established in 2001 records Australia's social history and is one of Canberra's more architecturally daring buildings.

Canberra is home to many national monuments and institutions such as the Australian War Memorial, the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Portrait Gallery, the National Library,[165] the National Archives,[263] the Australian Academy of Science,[264] the National Film and Sound Archive and the National Museum.[165] Many Commonwealth government buildings in Canberra are open to the public, including Parliament House, the High Court and the Royal Australian Mint.[265][266][267]

Lake Burley Griffin is the site of the Captain James Cook Memorial and the National Carillon.[165] Other sites of interest include the Australian–American Memorial, Commonwealth Park, Commonwealth Place, the Telstra Tower, the Australian National Botanic Gardens, the National Zoo and Aquarium, the National Dinosaur Museum, and Questacon – the National Science and Technology Centre.[165][268]

 
A copy of every book published in Australia is required by law to be held by the National Library of Australia.[269]

The Canberra Museum and Gallery in the city is a repository of local history and art, housing a permanent collection and visiting exhibitions.[270] Several historic homes are open to the public: Lanyon and Tuggeranong Homesteads in the Tuggeranong Valley,[271][272] Mugga-Mugga in Symonston,[273] and Blundells' Cottage in Parkes all display the lifestyle of the early European settlers.[36] Calthorpes' House in Red Hill is a well-preserved example of a 1920s house from Canberra's very early days.[274] Strathnairn Homestead is an historic building which also dates from the 1920s.

Canberra has many venues for live music and theatre: the Canberra Theatre and Playhouse which hosts many major concerts and productions;[275] and Llewellyn Hall (within the ANU School of Music), a world-class concert hall are two of the most notable.[276] The Street Theatre is a venue with less mainstream offerings.[276] The Albert Hall was the city's first performing arts venue, opened in 1928. It was the original performance venue for theatre groups such as the Canberra Repertory Society.[277]

 
The annual Skyfire fireworks display over Lake Burley Griffin, held during the Enlighten Festival

Stonefest was a large annual festival, for some years one of the biggest festivals in Canberra.[278][279] It was downsized and rebranded as Stone Day in 2012.[280] There are numerous bars and nightclubs which also offer live entertainment, particularly concentrated in the areas of Dickson, Kingston and the city.[281] Most town centres have facilities for a community theatre and a cinema, and they all have a library.[282] Popular cultural events include the National Folk Festival, the Royal Canberra Show, the Summernats car festival, Enlighten festival, the National Multicultural Festival in February and the Celebrate Canberra festival held over 10 days in March in conjunction with Canberra Day.[283]

 
Canberra–Nara park with Kasuga stone lanterns framed by the gate

Canberra maintains sister-city relationships with both Nara, Japan and Beijing, China. Canberra has friendship-city relationships with both Dili, East Timor and Hangzhou, China.[284] City-to-city relationships encourage communities and special interest groups both locally and abroad to engage in a wide range of exchange activities. The Canberra Nara Candle Festival held annually in spring, is a community celebration of the Canberra Nara Sister City relationship.[285] The festival is held in Canberra Nara Park on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin.[286]

Media

As Australia's capital, Canberra is the most important centre for much of Australia's political reportage and thus all the major media, including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the commercial television networks, and the metropolitan newspapers maintain local bureaus. News organisations are represented in the "press gallery", a group of journalists who report on the national parliament. The National Press Club of Australia in Barton has regular television broadcasts of its lunches at which a prominent guest, typically a politician or other public figure, delivers a speech followed by a question-and-answer session.[287]

Canberra has a daily newspaper, The Canberra Times, which was established in 1926.[288][289] There are also several free weekly publications, including news magazines CityNews and Canberra Weekly as well as entertainment guide BMA Magazine. BMA Magazine first went to print in 1992; the inaugural edition featured coverage of the Nirvana Nevermind tour.[290]

There are a number of AM and FM stations broadcasting in Canberra (AM/FM Listing). The main commercial operators are the Capital Radio Network (2CA and 2CC), and Austereo/ARN (104.7 and Mix 106.3). There are also several community operated stations.
A DAB+ digital radio trial is also in operation, it simulcasts some of the AM/FM stations, and also provides several digital only stations (DAB+ Trial Listing).

Five free-to-air television stations service Canberra:

Each station broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels. Of the three main commercial networks:

  • WIN airs a half-hour local WIN News each weeknight at 6pm, produced from a newsroom in the city and broadcast from studios in Wollongong.
  • Southern Cross 10 airs short local news updates throughout the day, produced and broadcast from its Hobart studios. It previously aired a regional edition of Nine News from Sydney each weeknight at 6pm, featuring opt-outs for Canberra and the ACT when it was a Nine affiliate.
  • 7 Regional airs short local news and weather updates throughout the day, produced and broadcast from its Canberra studios.

Prior to 1989, Canberra was serviced by just the ABC, SBS and Capital Television (CTC), which later became Ten Capital in 1994 then Southern Cross Ten in 2002 then Channel 9/Southern Cross Nine in 2016 and finally Channel 10 in 2021, with Prime Television (now Prime7) and WIN Television arriving as part of the Government's regional aggregation program in that year.[291]

Pay television services are available from Foxtel (via satellite) and telecommunications company TransACT (via cable).[292]

Sport

Main article: Sport in the Australian Capital Territory
 
A rugby league match at Canberra Stadium

In addition to local sporting leagues, Canberra has a number of sporting teams that compete in national and international competitions. The best known teams are the Canberra Raiders and the Brumbies who play rugby league and rugby union respectively; both have been champions of their leagues.[293][294] Both teams play their home games at Canberra Stadium,[295] which is the city's largest stadium and was used to hold group matches in soccer for the 2000 Summer Olympics and in rugby union for the 2003 Rugby World Cup.[296][297] The city also has a successful basketball team, the Canberra Capitals, which has won seven out of the last eleven national women's basketball titles.[298] Canberra United FC represents the city in the A-League Women (formerly the W-League), the national women's association football league, and were champions in the 2011–12 season.[299] The Canberra Vikings represent the city in the National Rugby Championship and finished second in the 2015 season.

There are also teams that participate in national competitions in netball, field hockey, ice hockey, cricket and baseball.

The historic Prime Minister's XI cricket match is played at Manuka Oval annually.[300] Other significant annual sporting events include the Canberra Marathon[301] and the City of Canberra Half Ironman Triathlon.

Canberra has been bidding for an Australian Football League club since 1981 when Australian rules football in the Australian Capital Territory was more popular.[302] While the league has knocked back numerous proposals, according to the AFL Canberra belongs to the Greater Western Sydney Giants[303] who play three home games at Manuka Oval each season.

Other significant annual sporting events include the Canberra Marathon[301] and the City of Canberra Half Ironman Triathlon.

The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) is located in the Canberra suburb of Bruce.[304] The AIS is a specialised educational and training institution providing coaching for elite junior and senior athletes in a number of sports. The AIS has been operating since 1981 and has achieved significant success in producing elite athletes, both local and international.[304] The majority of Australia's team members and medallists at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney were AIS graduates.[305]

Canberra has numerous sporting ovals, golf courses, skate parks, and swimming pools that are open to the public. Tennis courts include those at the National Sports Club, Lyneham, former home of the Canberra Women's Tennis Classic. A Canberra-wide series of bicycle paths are available to cyclists for recreational and sporting purposes. Canberra Nature Parks have a large range of walking paths, horse and mountain bike trails. Water sports like sailing, rowing, dragon boating and water skiing are held on Canberra's lakes.[306][307] The Rally of Canberra is an annual motor sport event, and from 2000 to 2002, Canberra hosted the Canberra 400 event for V8 Supercars on the temporary Canberra Street Circuit, which was located inside the Parliamentary Triangle.

A popular form of exercise for people working near or in the Parliamentary Triangle is to do the "bridge to bridge walk/run" of about 5 km around Lake Burley Griffin, crossing the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge and Kings Avenue Bridge, using the paths beside the lake. The walk takes about 1 hour, making it ideal for a lunchtime excursion. This is also popular on weekends. Such was the popularity during the COVID-19 isolation in 2020 that the ACT Government initiated a 'Clockwise is COVID-wise' rule for walkers and runners.[308]

Infrastructure

Health

Canberra has two large public hospitals, the approximately 600-bed Canberra Hospital—formerly the Woden Valley Hospital—in Garran and the 174-bed Calvary Public Hospital in Bruce. Both are teaching institutions.[309][310][311][312] The largest private hospital is the Calvary John James Hospital in Deakin.[313][314] Calvary Private Hospital in Bruce and Healthscope's National Capital Private Hospital in Garran are also major healthcare providers.[309][311]

The Royal Canberra Hospital was located on Acton Peninsula on Lake Burley Griffin; it was closed in 1991 and was demolished in 1997 in a controversial and fatal implosion to facilitate construction of the National Museum of Australia.[107][158][165][315][316] The city has 10 aged care facilities. Canberra's hospitals receive emergency cases from throughout southern New South Wales,[317] and ACT Ambulance Service is one of four operational agencies of the ACT Emergency Services Authority.[318] NETS provides a dedicated ambulance service for inter-hospital transport of sick newborns within the ACT and into surrounding New South Wales.[319]

Transport

 
Aerial view of Tuggeranong Parkway, a major highway which links Canberra's city centre with Tuggeranong
 
ACTION Volgren bodied Scania K360UA
 
Alinga Street Light Rail Station, City Interchange
 
A Canberra Ford Falcon Taxicab

The automobile is by far the dominant form of transport in Canberra.[320] The city is laid out so that arterial roads connecting inhabited clusters run through undeveloped areas of open land or forest, which results in a low population density;[321] this also means that idle land is available for the development of future transport corridors if necessary without the need to build tunnels or acquire developed residential land. In contrast, other capital cities in Australia have substantially less green space.[322]

Canberra's districts are generally connected by parkways—limited access dual carriageway roads[320][323] with speed limits generally set at a maximum of 100 km/h (62 mph).[324][325] An example is the Tuggeranong Parkway which links Canberra's CBD and Tuggeranong, and bypasses Weston Creek.[326] In most districts, discrete residential suburbs are bounded by main arterial roads with only a few residential linking in, to deter non-local traffic from cutting through areas of housing.[327]

In an effort to improve road safety, traffic cameras were first introduced to Canberra by the Kate Carnell Government in 1999.[328] The traffic cameras installed in Canberra include fixed red-light and speed cameras and point-to-point speed cameras; together they bring in revenue of approximately $11 million per year in fines.[328]

ACTION, the government-operated bus service, provides public transport throughout the city.[329] Qcity Transit provides bus services between Canberra and nearby areas of New South Wales through their Transborder Express brand (Murrumbateman and Yass)[330] and as Qcity Transit (Queanbeyan).[331] A light rail line commenced service on 20 April 2019 linking the CBD with the northern district of Gungahlin.[332] A planned Stage 2A of Canberra's light rail network will run from Alinga Street station to Commonwealth Park, adding three new stops at City West, City South and Commonwealth Park.[333] In February 2021 ACT Minister for Transport and City Services Chris Steel said he expects construction on Stage 2A to commence in the 2021-22 financial year, and for "tracks to be laid" by the next Territory election in 2024.[334] At the 2016 census, 7.1% of the journeys to work involved public transport, while 4.5% walked to work.[233]

There are two local taxi companies. Aerial Capital Group enjoyed monopoly status until the arrival of Cabxpress in 2007.[335] In October 2015 the ACT Government passed legislation to regulate ride sharing, allowing ride share services including Uber to operate legally in Canberra.[336][337][338] The ACT Government was the first jurisdiction in Australia to enact legislation to regulate the service.[339] Since then many other ride sharing and taxi services have started in ACT namely Ola, Glide Taxi[340] and GoCatch[341]

An interstate NSW TrainLink railway service connects Canberra to Sydney.[342] Canberra's railway station is in the inner south suburb of Kingston.[343] Between 1920 and 1922 the train line crossed the Molonglo River and ran as far north as the city centre, although the line was closed following major flooding and was never rebuilt, while plans for a line to Yass were abandoned. A 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge construction railway was built in 1923 between the Yarralumla brickworks and the provisional Parliament House; it was later extended to Civic, but the whole line was closed in May 1927.[344] Train services to Melbourne are provided by way of a NSW TrainLink bus service which connects with a rail service between Sydney and Melbourne in Yass, about a one-hour drive from Canberra.[342][345]

Plans to establish a high-speed rail service between Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney,[346] have not been implemented, as the various proposals have been deemed economically unviable.[347][348] The original plans for Canberra included proposals for railed transport within the city,[349] however none eventuated.[349] The phase 2 report of the most recent proposal, the High Speed Rail Study, was published by the Department of Infrastructure and Transport on 11 April 2013.[350] A railway connecting Canberra to Jervis Bay was also planned but never constructed.[351]

Canberra is about three hours by road from Sydney on the Federal Highway (National Highway 23),[352] which connects with the Hume Highway (National Highway 31) near Goulburn, and seven hours by road from Melbourne on the Barton Highway (National Highway 25), which joins the Hume Highway at Yass.[352] It is a two-hour drive on the Monaro Highway (National Highway 23) to the ski fields of the Snowy Mountains and the Kosciuszko National Park.[345] Batemans Bay, a popular holiday spot on the New South Wales coast, is also two hours away via the Kings Highway.[345]

Canberra Airport provides direct domestic services to Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Gold Coast, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, Sunshine Coast and Sydney with connections to other domestic centres.[353] There are also direct flights to small regional towns: Ballina, Dubbo, Newcastle and Port Macquarie in New South Wales. Regular commercial international flights will operate to, from 1 April, 2023, Doha.[354][355] Canberra Airport is, as of September 2013, designated by the Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development as a restricted use designated international airport.[356] Until 2003 the civilian airport shared runways with RAAF Base Fairbairn. In June of that year, the Air Force base was decommissioned and from that time the airport was fully under civilian control.[357]

Canberra has one of the highest rates of active travel of all Australian major cities, with 7.1 per cent of commuters walking or cycling to work in 2011.[358] An ACT Government survey conducted in late 2010 found that Canberrans walk an average of 26 minutes each day.[359] According to The Canberra Times in March 2014, Canberra's cyclists are involved in an average of four reported collisions every week.[360] The newspaper also reported that Canberra is home to 87,000 cyclists, translating to the highest cycling participation rate in Australia; and, with higher popularity, bike injury rates in 2012 were twice the national average.[361]

Since late 2020, two scooter-sharing systems have been operational in Canberra: orange scooters from Neuron Mobility and purple scooters from Beam Mobility,[362] both Singapore-based companies that operate in many Australian cities. These services cover much of Canberra Central and Central Belconnen, with plans to expand coverage to more areas of the city in 2022.[363]

Utilities

 
The Mount Majura Solar Farm has a rated output of 2.3 megawatts and was opened on 6 October 2016.[364]

The government-owned ACTEW Corporation manages Canberra's water and sewerage infrastructure.[365] ActewAGL is a joint venture between ACTEW and AGL, and is the retail provider of Canberra's utility services including water, natural gas, electricity, and also some telecommunications services via a subsidiary TransACT.[366]

Canberra's water is stored in four reservoirs, the Corin, Bendora and Cotter dams on the Cotter River and the Googong Dam on the Queanbeyan River. Although the Googong Dam is located in New South Wales, it is managed by the ACT government.[367] ACTEW Corporation owns Canberra's two wastewater treatment plants, located at Fyshwick and on the lower reaches of the Molonglo River.[368][369]

Electricity for Canberra mainly comes from the national power grid through substations at Holt and Fyshwick (via Queanbeyan).[370] Power was first supplied from the Kingston Powerhouse near the Molonglo River, a thermal plant built in 1913, but this was finally closed in 1957.[371][372] The ACT has four solar farms, which were opened between 2014 and 2017: Royalla (rated output of 20 megawatts, 2014),[373] Mount Majura (2.3 MW, 2016),[364] Mugga Lane (13 MW, 2017)[374] and Williamsdale (11 MW, 2017).[375] In addition numerous houses in Canberra have photovoltaic panels and/or solar hot water systems. In 2015/16, rooftop solar systems supported by the ACT government's feed-in tariff had a capacity of 26.3 megawatts, producing 34,910 MWh. In the same year, retailer-supported schemes had a capacity of 25.2 megawatts and exported 28,815 MWh to the grid (power consumed locally was not recorded).[376]

There are no wind-power generators in Canberra, but several have been built or are being built or planned in nearby New South Wales, such as the 140.7 megawatt Capital Wind Farm. The ACT government announced in 2013 that it was raising the target for electricity consumed in the ACT to be supplied from renewable sources to 90% by 2020,[177] raising the target from 210 to 550 megawatts.[377] It announced in February 2015 that three wind farms in Victoria and South Australia would supply 200 megawatts of capacity; these are expected to be operational by 2017.[378] Contracts for the purchase of an additional 200 megawatts of power from two wind farms in South Australia and New South Wales were announced in December 2015 and March 2016.[379][380] The ACT government announced in 2014 that up to 23 megawatts of feed-in-tariff entitlements would be made available for the establishment of a facility in the ACT or surrounding region for burning household and business waste to produce electricity by 2020.[381]

The ACT has the highest rate with internet access at home (94 per cent of households in 2014–15).[382]

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania

Canberra has three sister cities:

In addition, Canberra has the following friendship cities:

  •   Hangzhou, China: The ACT Government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Hangzhou Municipal People's Government on 29 October 1998. The Agreement was designed to promote business opportunities and cultural exchanges between the two cities.[384]
  •   Dili, East Timor: The Canberra Dili Friendship Agreement was signed in 2004, aiming to build friendship and mutual respect and promote educational, cultural, economic, humanitarian and sporting links between Canberra and Dili.[385]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
  2. ^ As a percentage of 373,561 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
  3. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[238]
  4. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  5. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

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January 20, 2023
canberra, this, article, about, capital, australia, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, bər, capital, city, australia, founded, following, federation, colonies, australia, seat, government, nation, australia, largest, inland, city, eighth, largest, city, over. This article is about the capital of Australia For other uses see Canberra disambiguation Canberra ˈ k ae n b er e listen KAN ber e 11 is the capital city of Australia Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation it is Australia s largest inland city and the eighth largest city overall The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory 12 at the northern tip of the Australian Alps the country s highest mountain range As of June 2021 update Canberra s estimated population was 453 558 2 Canberra Ngunnawal Ngambri 1 Australian Capital TerritoryCanberra from top left to bottom right the city viewed from Mount Ainslie the Land Axis featuring Old Parliament House and New Parliament House the Australian War Memorial the National Carillon the National Gallery of Australia and the National Library of Australia on Lake Burley GriffinCity map plan of CanberraCanberraCoordinates35 17 35 S 149 07 37 E 35 29306 S 149 12694 E 35 29306 149 12694 Coordinates 35 17 35 S 149 07 37 E 35 29306 S 149 12694 E 35 29306 149 12694Population453 558 June 2021 2 8th Density503 932 km2 1 305 18 sq mi Established12 March 1913Elevation578 m 1 896 ft 3 Area814 2 km2 314 4 sq mi 4 Time zoneAEST UTC 10 00 Summer DST AEDT UTC 11 00 Location248 km 154 mi SW of Sydney 5 654 km 406 mi NE of Melbourne 6 958 km 595 mi E of Adelaide 7 945 km 587 mi SSW of Brisbane 8 3 087 km 1 918 mi ESE of Perth 9 Territory electorate s BrindabellaGinninderraKurrajongMurrumbidgeeYerrabiFederal division s CanberraFennerBean 10 Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall19 7 C 67 F 6 5 C 44 F 616 4 mm 24 3 inThe area chosen for the capital had been inhabited by Indigenous Australians for up to 21 000 years 13 with the principal group being the Ngunnawal people European settlement commenced in the first half of the 19th century as evidenced by surviving landmarks such as St John s Anglican Church and Blundells Cottage On 1 January 1901 federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved Following a long dispute over whether Sydney or Melbourne should be the national capital 14 a compromise was reached the new capital would be built in New South Wales so long as it was at least 100 mi 160 km from Sydney The capital city was founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 A blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected after an international design contest and construction commenced in 1913 15 Unusual among Australian cities it is an entirely planned city The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks such as Black Mountain Mount Ainslie Capital Hill and City Hill Canberra s mountainous location makes it the only mainland Australian city where snow capped mountains can be seen in winter although snow in the city itself is uncommon As the seat of the Government of Australia Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government national monuments and museums This includes Parliament House Government House the High Court and the headquarters of numerous government agencies It is the location of many social and cultural institutions of national significance such as the Australian War Memorial the Australian National University the Royal Australian Mint the Australian Institute of Sport the National Gallery the National Museum and the National Library The city is home to many important institutions of the Australian Defence Force including the Royal Military College Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy It hosts all foreign embassies in Australia as well as regional headquarters of many international organisations not for profit groups lobbying groups and professional associations Canberra has been ranked among the world s best cities to live and visit 16 17 18 19 20 Although the Commonwealth Government remains the largest single employer in Canberra it is no longer the majority employer Other major industries have developed in the city including in health care professional services education and training retail accommodation and food and construction 21 Compared to the national averages the unemployment rate is lower and the average income higher tertiary education levels are higher while the population is younger At the 2016 Census 32 of Canberra s inhabitants were reported as having been born overseas 22 Canberra s design is influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation Its design can be viewed from its highest point at the Telstra Tower and the summit of Mount Ainslie Other notable features include the National Arboretum born out of the 2003 Canberra bushfires and Lake Burley Griffin named for the city s architects Highlights in the annual calendar of cultural events include Floriade the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere 23 24 the Enlighten Festival Skyfire the National Multicultural Festival and Summernats Canberra s main sporting venues are Canberra Stadium and Manuka Oval The city is served with domestic and international flights at Canberra Airport while interstate train and coach services depart from Canberra Railway Station and the Jolimont Centre respectively City Interchange is the main hub of Canberra s bus and light rail transport network Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 First inhabitants 2 2 British exploration and colonisation 2 3 Creation of the nation s capital 2 4 Development throughout 20th century 2 5 Self government 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Urban structure 3 3 Sustainability and the environment 4 Government and politics 4 1 Territory government 4 2 Federal representation 4 3 Judiciary and policing 5 Economy 6 Demographics 6 1 Ancestry and immigration 6 2 Language 6 3 Religion 7 Culture 7 1 Education 7 2 Arts and entertainment 7 3 Media 7 4 Sport 8 Infrastructure 8 1 Health 8 2 Transport 8 3 Utilities 9 Twin towns and sister cities 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Citations 12 2 Sources 13 External linksNameThe word Canberra is derived from the name of a local Ngunnawal clan who resided in the area and were referred to by the early British colonists as either the Canberry or Nganbra tribe Joshua John Moore the first European land owner in the region named his grant Canberry in 1823 after these people Canberry Creek and Canberry first appeared on regional maps from 1830 while the derivative name Canberra started to appear from around 1857 25 26 27 Numerous local commentators including the Ngunnawal elder Don Bell have speculated upon possible meanings of Canberra over the years These include meeting place woman s breasts and the hollow between a woman s breasts 28 29 Alternative proposals for the name of the city during its planning included Austral Australville Aurora Captain Cook Caucus City Cookaburra Dampier Eden Eucalypta Flinders Gonebroke Home Hopetoun Kangaremu Myola Meladneyperbane New Era Olympus Paradise Shakespeare Sydmelperadbrisho Swindleville The National City Union City Unison Wattleton Wheatwoolgold Yass Canberra 30 31 32 HistoryMain article History of Canberra See also History of the Australian Capital Territory First inhabitants Before British colonisation the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was inhabited by Indigenous Australians Anthropologist Norman Tindale suggested the principal group occupying the region were the Ngunnawal people while the Ngarigo lived immediately to the south of the ACT the Wandandian to the east the Walgulu also to the south Gandangara people to the north and Wiradjuri to the north west The first British settlers into the Canberra area described two clans of Ngunnawal people resident to the vicinity The Canberry or Nganbra clan lived mostly around Sullivan s Creek and had ceremonial grounds at the base of Black Mountain while the Pialligo clan had land around what is now Canberra Airport 33 34 Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters rock paintings and engravings burial places camps and quarry sites as well as stone tools and arrangements 35 Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21 000 years previously 13 British exploration and colonisation St John s Anglican Church the oldest surviving public building in the inner city consecrated in 1845 Blundells Cottage built around 1860 36 is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first white settlers of Canberra In October 1820 Charles Throsby led the first British expedition to the area 37 38 39 40 Four other expeditions occurred between 1820 and 1823 with the first accurate map being produced by explorer Mark John Currie in June 1823 By this stage the area had become known as the Limestone Plains 37 41 British settlement of the area probably dates from late 1823 when a sheep station was formed on what is now the Acton Peninsula by James Cowan the head stockman employed by Joshua John Moore 42 Moore had received a land grant in the region in 1823 and formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826 He named the property Canberry On 30 April 1827 Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1 000 acres 405 ha at Canberry 43 Other colonists soon followed Moore s example to take up land in the region Around 1825 James Ainslie working on behalf of the wealthy merchant Robert Campbell arrived to establish a sheep station He was guided to the region by a local Aboriginal girl who showed him the fine lands of her Pialligo clan 33 The area then became the property of Campbell and it was initially named Pialligo before Campbell changed it to the Scottish title of Duntroon 25 44 45 Campbell s family later built the imposing stone house that is now the officers mess of the Royal Military College Duntroon 46 The Campbells sponsored settlement by other farmer families to work their land such as the Southwells of Weetangera 47 Other notable early colonists included Henry Donnison who established the Yarralumla estate now the site of the official residence of the Governor General of Australia in 1827 and John Palmer who employed Duncan Macfarlane to form the Jerrabomberra property in 1828 A year later John MacPherson established the Springbank estate becoming the first British owner occupier in the region 25 48 49 The Anglican church of St John the Baptist in the suburb of Reid 50 was consecrated in 1845 and is now the oldest surviving public building in the city 51 52 St John s churchyard contains the earliest graves in the district 53 It has been described as a sanctuary in the city 54 55 remaining a small English village style church even as the capital grew around it Canberra s first school St John s School now a museum was situated next to the church and opened in the same year of 1845 56 It was built to educate local settlers children 57 including the Blundell children who lived in nearby Blundell s Cottage 58 As the European presence increased the Indigenous population dwindled largely due to the destruction of their society dislocation from their lands and from introduced diseases such as influenza smallpox alcoholism and measles 59 60 Creation of the nation s capital The opening of Parliament House in May 1927 The district s change from a rural area in New South Wales to the national capital started during debates over federation in the late 19th century 61 62 Following a long dispute over whether Sydney or Melbourne should be the national capital 14 a compromise was reached the new capital would be built in New South Wales so long as it was at least 100 mi 160 km from Sydney 61 with Melbourne to be the temporary seat of government while the new capital was built 63 A survey was conducted across several sites in New South Wales with Bombala southern Monaro Orange Yass Albury Tamworth Armidale Tumut and Dalgety all discussed 64 Dalgety was chosen by the federal parliament and it passed the Seat of Government Act 1904 confirming Dalgety as the site of the nation s capital However the New South Wales government refused to cede the required territory as they did not accept the site 64 In 1906 the New South Wales Government finally agreed to cede sufficient land provided that it was in the Yass Canberra region as this site was closer to Sydney 61 Newspaper proprietor John Gale circulated a pamphlet titled Dalgety or Canberra Which advocating Canberra to every member of the Commonwealth s seven state and federal parliaments By many accounts it was decisive in the selection of Canberra as the site in 1908 as was a result of survey work done by the government surveyor Charles Scrivener 65 The NSW government ceded the district to the federal government in 1911 and the Federal Capital Territory was established 61 An international design competition was launched by the Department of Home Affairs on 30 April 1911 closing on 31 January 1912 The competition was boycotted by the Royal Institute of British Architects the Institution of Civil Engineers and their affiliated bodies throughout the British Empire because the Minister for Home Affairs King O Malley insisted that the final decision was for him to make rather than an expert in city planning 66 A total of 137 valid entries were received O Malley appointed a three member board to advise him but they could not reach unanimity On 24 May 1911 67 O Malley came down on the side of the majority of the board with the design by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin of Chicago Illinois United States being declared the winner 68 69 Second was Eliel Saarinen of Finland and third was Alfred Agache of Brazil but resident in Paris France 66 O Malley then appointed a six member board to advise him on the implementation of the winning design On 25 November 1912 the board advised that it could not support Griffin s plan in its entirety and suggested an alternative plan of its own devising This plan incorporated the best features of the three place getting designs as well as of a fourth design by H Caswell R C G Coulter and W Scott Griffiths of Sydney the rights to which it had purchased It was this composite plan that was endorsed by Parliament and given formal approval by O Malley on 10 January 1913 66 In 1913 Griffin was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction and construction began 70 On 23 February King O Malley drove the first peg in the construction of the future capital city In 1912 the government invited suggestions from the public as to the name of the future city Almost 750 names were suggested At midday on 12 March 1913 71 72 Lady Denman the wife of Governor General Lord Denman announced that the city would be named Canberra at a ceremony at Kurrajong Hill 73 74 75 which has since become Capital Hill and the site of the present Parliament House 76 Canberra Day is a public holiday observed in the ACT on the second Monday in March to celebrate the founding of Canberra 60 After the ceremony bureaucratic disputes hindered Griffin s work 77 a Royal Commission in 1916 ruled his authority had been usurped by certain officials and his original plan was reinstated 78 Griffin s relationship with the Australian authorities was strained and a lack of funding meant that by the time he was fired in 1920 little work had been done 79 80 By this time Griffin had revised his plan overseen the earthworks of major avenues and established the Glenloch Cork Plantation 81 82 Development throughout 20th century Canberra s Government House the official residence of the Governor General of Australia Two of Canberra s best known landmarks Parliament House and Old Parliament House foreground Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display Questacon is on the right The Commonwealth government purchased the pastoral property of Yarralumla in 1913 to provide an official residence for the Governor General of Australia in the new capital 83 Renovations began in 1925 to enlarge and modernise the property 84 In 1927 the property was official dubbed Government House 83 On 9 May that year the Commonwealth parliament moved to Canberra with the opening of the Provisional Parliament House 85 86 The Prime Minister Stanley Bruce had officially taken up residence in The Lodge a few days earlier 87 88 Planned development of the city slowed significantly during the depression of the 1930s and during World War II 89 Some projects planned for that time including Roman Catholic and Anglican cathedrals were never completed 90 Nevertheless in 1973 the Roman Catholic parish church of St Christopher was remodelled into St Christopher s Cathedral Manuka serving the Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn It is the only cathedral in Canberra 91 From 1920 to 1957 three bodies successively the Federal Capital Advisory Committee 92 the Federal Capital Commission 93 and the National Capital Planning and Development Committee continued to plan the further expansion of Canberra in the absence of Griffin However they were only advisory and development decisions were made without consulting them which increased inefficiency 81 94 The largest event in Canberra up to World War II was the 24th Meeting of ANZAAS in January 1939 The Canberra Times described it as a signal event in the history of this the world s youngest capital city The city s accommodation was not nearly sufficient to house the 1 250 delegates and a tent city had to be set up on the banks of the Molonglo River One of the prominent speakers was H G Wells who was a guest of the Governor General Lord Gowrie for a week This event coincided with a heatwave across south eastern Australia during which the temperature in Canberra reached 108 5 degrees Fahrenheit 42 5 Celsius on 11 January On Friday 13 January the Black Friday bushfires caused 71 deaths in Victoria and Wells accompanied the Governor General on his tour of areas threatened by fires 95 Immediately after the end of the war Canberra was criticised for resembling a village and its disorganised collection of buildings was deemed ugly 96 97 98 Canberra was often derisively described as several suburbs in search of a city 99 Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies regarded the state of the national capital as an embarrassment 100 Over time his attitude changed from one of contempt to that of championing its development He fired two ministers charged with the development of the city for poor performance Menzies remained in office for over a decade and in that time the development of the capital sped up rapidly 101 102 The population grew by more than 50 per cent in every five year period from 1955 to 1975 102 Several Government departments together with public servants were moved to Canberra from Melbourne following the war 103 Government housing projects were undertaken to accommodate the city s growing population 104 The National Capital Development Commission NCDC formed in 1957 with executive powers and ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of Lake Burley Griffin the centrepiece of Griffin s design and construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work 105 The completion of the lake finally laid the platform for the development of Griffin s Parliamentary Triangle 106 Since the initial construction of the lake various buildings of national importance have been constructed on its shores 107 Canberra Civic CBD viewed from Mount Ainslie with Lake Burley Griffin and Mount Stromlo in the background The newly built Australian National University was expanded and sculptures as well as monuments were built 107 108 A new National Library was constructed within the Parliamentary Triangle followed by the High Court and the National Gallery 50 109 Suburbs in Canberra Central often referred to as North Canberra and South Canberra were further developed in the 1950s and urban development in the districts of Woden Valley and Belconnen commenced in the mid and late 1960s respectively 110 111 Many of the new suburbs were named after Australian politicians such as Barton Deakin Reid Braddon Curtin Chifley and Parkes 112 On 9 May 1988 a larger and permanent Parliament House was opened on Capital Hill as part of Australia s bicentenary celebrations 113 109 The Commonwealth Parliament moved there from the Provisional Parliament House now known as Old Parliament House 113 Self government In December 1988 the Australian Capital Territory was granted full self government by the Commonwealth Parliament a step proposed as early as 1965 114 Following the first election on 4 March 1989 115 a 17 member Legislative Assembly sat at temporary offices at 1 Constitution Avenue Civic on 11 May 1989 116 117 Permanent premises were opened on London Circuit in 1994 117 The Australian Labor Party formed the ACT s first government led by the Chief Minister Rosemary Follett who made history as Australia s first female head of government 118 119 The Skywhale and Skywhalepapa in 2021 Parts of Canberra were engulfed by bushfires on 18 January 2003 that killed four people injured 435 and destroyed more than 500 homes as well as the major research telescopes of Australian National University s Mount Stromlo Observatory 120 Throughout 2013 several events celebrated the 100th anniversary of the naming of Canberra 121 On 11 March 2014 the last day of the centennial year the Canberra Centenary Column was unveiled in City Hill Other works included The Skywhale a hot air balloon designed by the sculptor Patricia Piccinini 122 and StellrScope by visual media artist Eleanor Gates Stuart 123 On 7 February 2021 The Skywhale was joined by Skywhalepapa to create a Skywhale family an event marked by Skywhale themed pastries and beer produced by local companies as well as an art pop song entitled We are the Skywhales 124 In 2014 Canberra was named the best city to live in the world by the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development 16 and was named the third best city to visit in the world by Lonely Planet in 2017 19 20 Geography The Canberra region seen from space Canberra covers an area of 814 2 km2 314 4 sq mi 4 and is located near the Brindabella Ranges part of the Australian Alps approximately 150 km 93 mi inland from Australia s east coast It has an elevation of approximately 580 m 1 900 ft AHD 125 the highest point is Mount Majura at 888 m 2 913 ft 126 127 Other low mountains include Mount Taylor 855 m 2 805 ft 128 Mount Ainslie 843 m 2 766 ft 129 Mount Mugga Mugga 812 m 2 664 ft 130 and Black Mountain 812 m 2 664 ft 131 132 The native forest in the Canberra region was almost wholly eucalypt species and provided a resource for fuel and domestic purposes By the early 1960s logging had depleted the eucalypt and concern about water quality led to the forests being closed Interest in forestry began in 1915 with trials of a number of species including Pinus radiata on the slopes of Mount Stromlo Since then plantations have been expanded with the benefit of reducing erosion in the Cotter catchment and the forests are also popular recreation areas 133 The location of Canberra within the ACT Canberra s main districts are shown in yellow Canberra Central marked as North Canberra and South Canberra Woden Valley Belconnen Weston Creek Tuggeranong and Gungahlin The urban environs of the city of Canberra straddle the Ginninderra plain Molonglo plain the Limestone plain and the Tuggeranong plain Isabella s Plain 134 The Molonglo River which flows across the Molonglo plain has been dammed to form the national capital s iconic feature Lake Burley Griffin 135 The Molonglo then flows into the Murrumbidgee north west of Canberra which in turn flows north west toward the New South Wales town of Yass The Queanbeyan River joins the Molonglo River at Oaks Estate just within the ACT 134 A number of creeks including Jerrabomberra and Yarralumla Creeks flow into the Molonglo and Murrumbidgee 134 Two of these creeks the Ginninderra and Tuggeranong have similarly been dammed to form Lakes Ginninderra and Tuggeranong 136 137 138 Until recently the Molonglo River had a history of sometimes calamitous floods the area was a flood plain prior to the filling of Lake Burley Griffin 139 140 Climate Under the Koppen Geiger classification Canberra has an oceanic climate Cfb 141 In January the warmest month the average high is approximately 29 C 84 F in July the coldest month the average high drops to approximately 12 C 54 F Frost is common in the winter months Snow is rare in the CBD central business district due to being on the leeward eastern side of the range but the surrounding areas get annual snowfall through winter and often the snow capped Brindabella Range can be seen from the CBD The last significant snowfall in the city centre was in 1968 125 Canberra is often affected by foehn winds especially in winter and spring evident by its anomalously warm maxima relative to altitude The highest recorded maximum temperature was 44 0 C 111 2 F on 4 January 2020 142 Winter 2011 was Canberra s warmest winter on record approximately 2 C 4 F above the average temperature 143 Long term temperature increase in Canberra The lowest recorded minimum temperature was 10 0 C 14 0 F on the morning of 11 July 1971 125 Light snow falls only once or twice per year and it is usually not widespread and quickly dissipates 125 Canberra is protected from the west by the Brindabellas which create a strong rain shadow in Canberra s valleys 125 Canberra gets 100 4 clear days annually 144 Annual rainfall is the third lowest of the capital cities after Adelaide and Hobart 145 and is spread fairly evenly over the seasons with late spring bringing the highest rainfall 146 Thunderstorms occur mostly between October and April 125 owing to the effect of summer and the mountains The area is generally sheltered from a westerly wind though strong northwesterlies can develop A cool vigorous afternoon easterly change colloquially referred to as a sea breeze or the Braidwood Butcher 147 148 is common during the summer months 149 and often exceeds 40 km h in the city Canberra is also less humid than the nearby coastal areas 125 Canberra was severely affected by smoke haze during the 2019 2020 bushfires On 1 January 2020 Canberra had the worst air quality of any major city in the world with an AQI of 7700 USAQI 949 150 Climate data for Canberra Airport ACT 1991 2010 averages extremes to 1939 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 44 0 111 2 42 7 108 9 37 5 99 5 32 6 90 7 24 5 76 1 20 1 68 2 19 7 67 5 24 0 75 2 30 2 86 4 32 7 90 9 39 9 103 8 41 6 106 9 44 0 111 2 Average high C F 28 8 83 8 27 8 82 0 24 9 76 8 20 7 69 3 16 6 61 9 12 9 55 2 12 1 53 8 13 8 56 8 16 8 62 2 20 1 68 2 23 4 74 1 26 5 79 7 20 4 68 7 Daily mean C F 21 4 70 5 20 8 69 4 17 9 64 2 13 7 56 7 10 0 50 0 7 3 45 1 6 2 43 2 7 5 45 5 10 4 50 7 13 4 56 1 16 5 61 7 19 3 66 7 13 7 56 7 Average low C F 14 0 57 2 13 8 56 8 10 9 51 6 6 6 43 9 3 4 38 1 1 6 34 9 0 3 32 5 1 2 34 2 4 0 39 2 6 7 44 1 9 6 49 3 12 1 53 8 7 0 44 6 Record low C F 1 6 34 9 2 8 37 0 1 1 30 0 3 7 25 3 7 5 18 5 8 5 16 7 10 0 14 0 8 5 16 7 6 8 19 8 3 4 25 9 1 8 28 8 0 3 32 5 10 0 14 0 Average precipitation mm inches 61 3 2 41 55 2 2 17 37 6 1 48 27 3 1 07 31 5 1 24 50 0 1 97 44 3 1 74 43 1 1 70 55 8 2 20 50 9 2 00 68 4 2 69 54 1 2 13 579 5 22 81 Average precipitation days 6 8 6 7 5 7 5 4 6 3 9 7 10 0 8 5 9 8 9 1 10 2 7 2 95 4Mean monthly sunshine hours 294 5 254 3 251 1 219 0 186 0 156 0 179 8 217 0 231 0 266 6 267 0 291 4 2 813 7Source 1 Climate averages for Canberra Airport Comparison 1939 2010 averages given are for 1991 2010 144 151 Source 2 Records from Canberra Airport for more recent extremes 152 Urban structure Main article Suburbs of Canberra Inner Canberra demonstrates some aspects of the Griffin plan in particular the Parliamentary Triangle The Woden Valley viewed from Red Hill Canberra is a planned city and the inner city area was originally designed by Walter Burley Griffin a major 20th century American architect 153 Within the central area of the city near Lake Burley Griffin major roads follow a wheel and spoke pattern rather than a grid 154 Griffin s proposal had an abundance of geometric patterns including concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii 154 However the outer areas of the city built later are not laid out geometrically 155 Lake Burley Griffin was deliberately designed so that the orientation of the components was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra 156 157 The lakes stretch from east to west and divided the city in two a land axis perpendicular to the central basin stretches from Capital Hill the eventual location of the new Parliament House on a mound on the southern side north northeast across the central basin to the northern banks along Anzac Parade to the Australian War Memorial 97 This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of Mount Ainslie At the southwestern end of the land axis was Bimberi Peak 157 the highest mountain in the ACT approximately 52 km 32 mi south west of Canberra 132 The straight edge of the circular segment that formed the central basin of Lake Burley Griffin was perpendicular to the land axis and designated the water axis and it extended northwest towards Black Mountain 157 A line parallel to the water axis on the northern side of the city was designated the municipal axis 158 The municipal axis became the location of Constitution Avenue which links City Hill in Civic Centre and both Market Centre and the Defence precinct on Russell Hill Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue were to run from the southern side from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Centre on the north respectively and they formed the western and eastern edges of the central basin The area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the Parliamentary Triangle and formed the centrepiece of Griffin s work 157 158 Black Mountain with the landmark Telstra Tower on the right and the National Arboretum in the foreground The Griffins assigned spiritual values to Mount Ainslie Black Mountain and Red Hill and originally planned to cover each of these in flowers That way each hill would be covered with a single primary colour which represented its spiritual value 159 This part of their plan never came to fruition as World War I slowed construction and planning disputes led to Griffin s dismissal by Prime Minister Billy Hughes after the war ended 79 80 160 The urban areas of Canberra are organised into a hierarchy of districts town centres group centres local suburbs as well as other industrial areas and villages There are seven residential districts each of which is divided into smaller suburbs and most of which have a town centre which is the focus of commercial and social activities 161 The districts were settled in the following chronological order Canberra Central mostly settled in the 1920s and 1930s with expansion up to the 1960s 162 25 suburbs Woden Valley first settled in 1964 111 12 suburbs Belconnen first settled in 1966 111 27 suburbs 2 not yet developed Weston Creek settled in 1969 8 suburbs 163 Tuggeranong settled in 1974 164 18 suburbs Gungahlin settled in the early 1990s 18 suburbs 3 not yet developed Molonglo Valley development began in 2010 13 suburbs planned The Canberra Central district is substantially based on Walter Burley Griffin s designs 157 158 165 In 1967 the then National Capital Development Commission adopted the Y Plan which laid out future urban development in Canberra around a series of central shopping and commercial area known as the town centres linked by freeways the layout of which roughly resembled the shape of the letter Y 166 with Tuggeranong at the base of the Y and Belconnen and Gungahlin located at the ends of the arms of the Y 166 Development in Canberra has been closely regulated by government 167 168 both through planning processes and the use of crown lease terms that have tightly limited the use of parcels of land Land in the ACT is held on 99 year crown leases from the national government although most leases are now administered by the Territory government 169 There have been persistent calls for constraints on development to be liberalised 168 but also voices in support of planning consistent with the original bush capital and urban forest ideals that underpin Canberra s design 170 Many of Canberra s suburbs are named after former Prime Ministers famous Australians early settlers or use Aboriginal words for their title 171 Street names typically follow a particular theme for example the streets of Duffy are named after Australian dams and reservoirs the streets of Dunlop are named after Australian inventions inventors and artists and the streets of Page are named after biologists and naturalists 171 Most diplomatic missions are located in the suburbs of Yarralumla Deakin and O Malley 172 There are three light industrial areas the suburbs of Fyshwick Mitchell and Hume 173 Panorama of Canberra and Lake Burley Griffin set against the backdrop of distant New South Wales taken from the Telstra Tower 123456789101112131415161718192021Points of Interest Looking South from Mount Ainslie1War Memorial2Anzac Parade3Old Parliament House4New Parliament House5National Gallery6High Court7Questacon8National Library9Edmund Barton Building10Brindabella Ranges11Lovett Tower12Ben Chifley Building13Lake Burley Griffin14Limestone Avenue15Fairbairn Avenue16Parkes Way17R G Casey Building18John Gorton Building19King Edward Terrace20Presbyterian Church of Saint Andrew21St John s Anglican ChurchSustainability and the environment Floriade is held in Commonwealth Park every spring It is the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere employing and encouraging environmental practises including the use of green energy 174 The average Canberran was responsible for 13 7 tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2005 175 In 2012 the ACT Government legislated greenhouse gas targets to reduce its emissions by 40 per cent from 1990 levels by 2020 80 per cent by 2050 with no net emissions by 2060 176 The government announced in 2013 a target for 90 of electricity consumed in the ACT to be supplied from renewable sources by 2020 177 and in 2016 set an ambitious target of 100 by 2020 178 179 In 1996 Canberra became the first city in the world to set a vision of no waste proposing an ambitious target of 2010 for completion 180 The strategy aimed to achieve a waste free society by 2010 through the combined efforts of industry government and community 181 By early 2010 it was apparent that though it had reduced waste going to landfill the ACT initiative s original 2010 target for absolutely zero landfill waste would be delayed or revised to meet the reality 182 183 Plastic bags made of polyethylene polymer with a thickness of less than 35 µm were banned from retail distribution in the ACT from November 2011 184 185 186 The ban was introduced by the ACT Government in an effort to make Canberra more sustainable 185 Of all waste produced in the ACT 75 per cent is recycled 187 Average household food waste in the ACT remains above the Australian average costing an average 641 per household per annum 188 Canberra s annual Floriade festival features a large display of flowers every Spring in Commonwealth Park The organisers of the event have a strong environmental standpoint promoting and using green energy green catering sustainable paper the conservation and saving of water 174 The event is also smoke free 174 Government and politics ACT Legislative Assemblyand the statue Ethos Tom Bass 1961 Territory government See also Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly and Electoral systems of the Australian states and territoriesThere is no local council or city government for the city of Canberra The Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly performs the roles of both a city council for the city and a territory government for the rest of the Australian Capital Territory 189 However the vast majority of the population of the Territory reside in Canberra and the city is therefore the primary focus of the ACT Government The assembly consists of 25 members elected from five districts using proportional representation The five districts are Brindabella Ginninderra Kurrajong Murrumbidgee and Yerrabi which each elect five members 190 The Chief Minister is elected by the Members of the Legislative Assembly MLA and selects colleagues to serve as ministers alongside him or her in the Executive known informally as the cabinet 189 Whereas the ACT has federally been dominated by Labor 191 192 the Liberals have been able to gain some footing in the ACT Legislative Assembly and were in government during a period of six and half years from 1995 and 2001 Labor took back control of the Assembly in 2001 118 At the 2004 election Chief Minister Jon Stanhope and the Labor Party won 9 of the 17 seats allowing them to form the ACT s first majority government 118 Since 2008 the ACT has been governed by a coalition of Labor and the Greens 118 193 194 As of 2022 update the Chief Minister was Andrew Barr from the Australian Labor Party The Australian federal government retains some influence over the ACT government In the administrative sphere most frequently this is through the actions of the National Capital Authority which is responsible for planning and development in areas of Canberra which are considered to be of national importance or which are central to Griffin s plan for the city 195 such as the Parliamentary Triangle Lake Burley Griffin major approach and processional roads areas where the Commonwealth retains ownership of the land or undeveloped hills and ridge lines which form part of the Canberra Nature Park 195 196 197 The national government also retains a level of control over the Territory Assembly through the provisions of the Australian Capital Territory Self Government Act 1988 198 This federal act defines the legislative power of the ACT assembly 199 Federal representation The ACT was given its first federal parliamentary representation in 1949 when it gained a seat in the House of Representatives the Division of Australian Capital Territory 200 201 However the ACT member could only vote on matters directly affecting the territory 201 In 1974 the ACT was allocated two Senate seats and the House of Representatives seat was divided into two 200 A third was created in 1996 but was abolished in 1998 because of changes to the regional demographic distribution 191 At the 2019 election the third seat has been reintroduced as the Division of Bean The House of Representatives seats have mostly been held by Labor and usually by comfortable margins 191 192 The Labor Party has polled at least seven percentage points more than the Liberal Party at every federal election since 1990 and their average lead since then has been 15 percentage points 118 The ALP and the Liberal Party held one Senate seat each until the 2022 election when Independent candidate David Pocock unseated the Liberal candidate Zed Seselja 202 Judiciary and policing Main articles Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory and ACT Policing See also Crime in the Australian Capital TerritoryThe Australian Federal Police AFP provides all of the constabulary services in the territory in a manner similar to state police forces under a contractual agreement with the ACT Government 203 The AFP does so through its community policing arm ACT Policing 204 People who have been charged with offences are tried either in the ACT Magistrates Court or for more severe offences the ACT Supreme Court 205 Prior to its closure in 2009 prisoners were held in remand at the Belconnen Remand Centre in the ACT but usually imprisoned in New South Wales 206 The Alexander Maconochie Centre was officially opened on 11 September 2008 by then Chief Minister Jon Stanhope The total cost for construction was 130 million 207 The ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal deal with minor civil law actions and other various legal matters 208 209 Canberra has the lowest rate of crime of any capital city in Australia as of 2019 update 210 As of 2016 update the most common crimes in the ACT were property related crimes unlawful entry with intent and motor vehicle theft They affected 2 304 and 966 people 580 and 243 per 100 000 persons respectively Homicide and related offences murder attempted murder and manslaughter but excluding driving causing death and conspiracy to murder affect 1 0 per 100 000 persons which is below the national average of 1 9 per 100 000 Rates of sexual assault 64 4 per 100 000 persons are also below the national average 98 5 per 100 000 211 212 213 However the 2017 crime statistics showed a rise in some types of personal crime notably burglaries thefts and assaults Economy Just under a third of Canberrans are employed in the public sector working in government departments such as the Treasury Tourism accommodation retail and food are also major employers Construction is the largest non service sector employing just over 5 of the workforce A growing number of Canberrans work in the science and technology sector such as at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex In February 2020 the unemployment rate in Canberra was 2 9 which was lower than the national unemployment rate of 5 1 214 As a result of low unemployment and substantial levels of public sector and commercial employment Canberra has the highest average level of disposable income of any Australian capital city 215 The gross average weekly wage in Canberra is 1827 compared with the national average of 1658 November 2019 216 The median house price in Canberra as of February 2020 was 745 000 lower than only Sydney among capital cities of more than 100 000 people having surpassed Melbourne and Perth since 2005 216 217 218 The median weekly rent paid by Canberra residents is higher than rents in all other states and territories 219 As of January 2014 the median unit rent in Canberra was 410 per week and median housing rent was 460 making the city the third most expensive in the country 220 Factors contributing to this higher weekly rental market include higher average weekly incomes restricted land supply 221 and inflationary clauses in the ACT Residential Tenancies Act 222 The city s main industry is public administration and safety which accounted for 27 1 of Gross Territory Product in 2018 19 and employed 32 49 of Canberra s workforce 223 21 The headquarters of many Australian Public Service agencies are located in Canberra and Canberra is also host to several Australian Defence Force establishments most notably the Australian Defence Force headquarters and HMAS Harman which is a naval communications centre that is being converted into a tri service multi user depot 224 Other major sectors by employment include Health Care 10 54 Professional Services 9 77 Education and Training 9 64 Retail 7 27 Accommodation amp Food 6 39 and Construction 5 80 21 The former RAAF Fairbairn adjacent to the Canberra Airport was sold to the operators of the airport 225 but the base continues to be used for RAAF VIP flights 226 227 A growing number of software vendors have based themselves in Canberra to capitalise on the concentration of government customers these include Tower Software and RuleBurst 228 229 A consortium of private and government investors is making plans for a billion dollar data hub with the aim of making Canberra a leading centre of such activity in the Asia Pacific region 230 A Canberra Cyber Security Innovation Node was established in 2019 to grow the ACT s cyber security sector and related space defence and education industries 231 DemographicsMain article Demographics of Canberra Shopping at the weekly Old Bus Depot Markets Kingston At the 2021 census the population of Canberra was 453 558 232 up from 395 790 at the 2016 census 233 and 355 596 at the 2011 census 234 Canberra has been the fastest growing city in Australia in recent years having grown 23 3 from 2011 2021 232 Canberrans are relatively young highly mobile and well educated The median age is 35 years and only 12 7 of the population is aged over 65 years 233 Between 1996 and 2001 61 9 of the population either moved to or from Canberra which was the second highest mobility rate of any Australian capital city 235 As at May 2017 43 of ACT residents 25 64 had a level of educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor s degree significantly higher that the national average of 31 236 According to statistics collected by the National Australia Bank and reported in The Canberra Times Canberrans on average give significantly more money to charity than Australians in other states and territories for both dollar giving and as a proportion of income 237 Ancestry and immigration The annual Canberra Nara Candle Festival Country of Birth 2016 22 Birthplace N 1 PopulationAustralia 269 682England 12 739Mainland China 11 334India 10 405New Zealand 4 722Philippines 3 789Vietnam 3 340United States 2 775Sri Lanka 2 774Malaysia 2 431South Korea 2 283At the 2016 census the most commonly nominated ancestries were N 2 22 English 35 Australian 34 N 3 Irish 14 Scottish 11 Chinese 6 German 4 7 Indian 3 9 Italian 3 5 Dutch 1 7 Indigenous 1 6 N 4 Filipino 1 3 Vietnamese 1 3 Greek 1 3 Croatian 1 2 Polish 1 1 The 2016 census showed that 32 of Canberra s inhabitants were born overseas 22 Of inhabitants born outside Australia the most prevalent countries of birth were England China India New Zealand and the Philippines 239 1 6 of the population or 6 476 people identified as Indigenous Australians Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders in 2016 N 5 22 Language At the 2016 census 72 7 of people spoke only English at home The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Mandarin 3 1 Vietnamese 1 1 Cantonese 1 Hindi 0 9 and Spanish 0 8 22 Religion On census night in 2016 approximately 50 0 of ACT residents described themselves as Christian excluding not stated responses the most common denominations being Catholic and Anglican 36 2 described themselves as having no religion 233 CultureEducation Main article Education in the Australian Capital Territory ANU School of Art formerly the Canberra High School The two main tertiary institutions are the Australian National University ANU in Acton and the University of Canberra UC in Bruce with over 10 500 and 8 000 full time equivalent students respectively 240 241 Established in 1946 242 the ANU has always had a strong research focus and is ranked among the leading universities in the world and the best in Australia by The Times Higher Education Supplement and the Shanghai Jiao Tong World University Rankings 241 243 There are two religious university campuses in Canberra Signadou in the northern suburb of Watson is a campus of the Australian Catholic University 244 St Mark s Theological College in Barton is part of the secular Charles Sturt University 245 The ACT Government announced on 5 March 2020 that the CIT campus and an adjoining carpark in Reid would be leased to the University of New South Wales UNSW for a peppercorn lease for it to develop as a campus for a new UNSW Canberra 246 UNSW released a master plan in 2021 for a 6 000 student campus to be realised over 15 years at a cost of 1 billion 247 The Australian Defence College has two campuses the Australian Command and Staff College ACSC plus the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies CDSS at Weston and the Australian Defence Force Academy ADFA beside the Royal Military College Duntroon located in the inner northern suburb of Campbell 248 249 ADFA teaches military undergraduates and postgraduates and includes UNSW ADFA a campus of the University of New South Wales 250 251 Duntroon provides Australian Army officer training 252 Tertiary level vocational education is also available through the Canberra Institute of Technology CIT with campuses in Bruce Reid Gungahlin Tuggernong and Fyshwick 253 The combined enrolment of the CIT campuses was over 28 000 students in 2019 254 Following the transfer of land in Reid for the new UNSW Canberra a new CIT Woden is scheduled to be completed by 2025 255 In 2016 there were 132 schools in Canberra 87 were operated by the government and 45 were private 256 During 2006 the ACT Government announced closures of up to 39 schools to take effect from the end of the school year and after a series of consultations unveiled its Towards 2020 Renewing Our Schools policy 257 As a result some schools closed during the 2006 08 period while others were merged the creation of combined primary and secondary government schools was to proceed over a decade The closure of schools provoked significant opposition 258 259 260 Most suburbs were planned to include a primary and a nearby preschool these were usually located near open areas where recreational and sporting activities were easily available 261 Canberra also has the highest percentage of non government private school students in Australia accounting for 40 6 per cent of ACT enrollments 262 Arts and entertainment See also Music of Canberra The National Museum of Australia established in 2001 records Australia s social history and is one of Canberra s more architecturally daring buildings The Australian War Memorial Canberra is home to many national monuments and institutions such as the Australian War Memorial the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies the National Gallery of Australia the National Portrait Gallery the National Library 165 the National Archives 263 the Australian Academy of Science 264 the National Film and Sound Archive and the National Museum 165 Many Commonwealth government buildings in Canberra are open to the public including Parliament House the High Court and the Royal Australian Mint 265 266 267 Lake Burley Griffin is the site of the Captain James Cook Memorial and the National Carillon 165 Other sites of interest include the Australian American Memorial Commonwealth Park Commonwealth Place the Telstra Tower the Australian National Botanic Gardens the National Zoo and Aquarium the National Dinosaur Museum and Questacon the National Science and Technology Centre 165 268 A copy of every book published in Australia is required by law to be held by the National Library of Australia 269 The Canberra Museum and Gallery in the city is a repository of local history and art housing a permanent collection and visiting exhibitions 270 Several historic homes are open to the public Lanyon and Tuggeranong Homesteads in the Tuggeranong Valley 271 272 Mugga Mugga in Symonston 273 and Blundells Cottage in Parkes all display the lifestyle of the early European settlers 36 Calthorpes House in Red Hill is a well preserved example of a 1920s house from Canberra s very early days 274 Strathnairn Homestead is an historic building which also dates from the 1920s Canberra has many venues for live music and theatre the Canberra Theatre and Playhouse which hosts many major concerts and productions 275 and Llewellyn Hall within the ANU School of Music a world class concert hall are two of the most notable 276 The Street Theatre is a venue with less mainstream offerings 276 The Albert Hall was the city s first performing arts venue opened in 1928 It was the original performance venue for theatre groups such as the Canberra Repertory Society 277 The annual Skyfire fireworks display over Lake Burley Griffin held during the Enlighten Festival Stonefest was a large annual festival for some years one of the biggest festivals in Canberra 278 279 It was downsized and rebranded as Stone Day in 2012 280 There are numerous bars and nightclubs which also offer live entertainment particularly concentrated in the areas of Dickson Kingston and the city 281 Most town centres have facilities for a community theatre and a cinema and they all have a library 282 Popular cultural events include the National Folk Festival the Royal Canberra Show the Summernats car festival Enlighten festival the National Multicultural Festival in February and the Celebrate Canberra festival held over 10 days in March in conjunction with Canberra Day 283 Canberra Nara park with Kasuga stone lanterns framed by the gate Canberra maintains sister city relationships with both Nara Japan and Beijing China Canberra has friendship city relationships with both Dili East Timor and Hangzhou China 284 City to city relationships encourage communities and special interest groups both locally and abroad to engage in a wide range of exchange activities The Canberra Nara Candle Festival held annually in spring is a community celebration of the Canberra Nara Sister City relationship 285 The festival is held in Canberra Nara Park on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin 286 Media As Australia s capital Canberra is the most important centre for much of Australia s political reportage and thus all the major media including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation the commercial television networks and the metropolitan newspapers maintain local bureaus News organisations are represented in the press gallery a group of journalists who report on the national parliament The National Press Club of Australia in Barton has regular television broadcasts of its lunches at which a prominent guest typically a politician or other public figure delivers a speech followed by a question and answer session 287 Canberra has a daily newspaper The Canberra Times which was established in 1926 288 289 There are also several free weekly publications including news magazines CityNews and Canberra Weekly as well as entertainment guide BMA Magazine BMA Magazine first went to print in 1992 the inaugural edition featured coverage of the Nirvana Nevermind tour 290 There are a number of AM and FM stations broadcasting in Canberra AM FM Listing The main commercial operators are the Capital Radio Network 2CA and 2CC and Austereo ARN 104 7 and Mix 106 3 There are also several community operated stations A DAB digital radio trial is also in operation it simulcasts some of the AM FM stations and also provides several digital only stations DAB Trial Listing Five free to air television stations service Canberra ABC Canberra ABC SBS New South Wales SBS Southern Cross 10 Southern NSW amp ACT CTC Network 10 affiliate Seven Network Southern NSW amp ACT CBN Seven Network owned station WIN Television Southern NSW amp ACT WIN Nine Network affiliateEach station broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels Of the three main commercial networks WIN airs a half hour local WIN News each weeknight at 6pm produced from a newsroom in the city and broadcast from studios in Wollongong Southern Cross 10 airs short local news updates throughout the day produced and broadcast from its Hobart studios It previously aired a regional edition of Nine News from Sydney each weeknight at 6pm featuring opt outs for Canberra and the ACT when it was a Nine affiliate 7 Regional airs short local news and weather updates throughout the day produced and broadcast from its Canberra studios Prior to 1989 Canberra was serviced by just the ABC SBS and Capital Television CTC which later became Ten Capital in 1994 then Southern Cross Ten in 2002 then Channel 9 Southern Cross Nine in 2016 and finally Channel 10 in 2021 with Prime Television now Prime7 and WIN Television arriving as part of the Government s regional aggregation program in that year 291 Pay television services are available from Foxtel via satellite and telecommunications company TransACT via cable 292 Sport Main article Sport in the Australian Capital Territory A rugby league match at Canberra Stadium In addition to local sporting leagues Canberra has a number of sporting teams that compete in national and international competitions The best known teams are the Canberra Raiders and the Brumbies who play rugby league and rugby union respectively both have been champions of their leagues 293 294 Both teams play their home games at Canberra Stadium 295 which is the city s largest stadium and was used to hold group matches in soccer for the 2000 Summer Olympics and in rugby union for the 2003 Rugby World Cup 296 297 The city also has a successful basketball team the Canberra Capitals which has won seven out of the last eleven national women s basketball titles 298 Canberra United FC represents the city in the A League Women formerly the W League the national women s association football league and were champions in the 2011 12 season 299 The Canberra Vikings represent the city in the National Rugby Championship and finished second in the 2015 season There are also teams that participate in national competitions in netball field hockey ice hockey cricket and baseball The historic Prime Minister s XI cricket match is played at Manuka Oval annually 300 Other significant annual sporting events include the Canberra Marathon 301 and the City of Canberra Half Ironman Triathlon Canberra has been bidding for an Australian Football League club since 1981 when Australian rules football in the Australian Capital Territory was more popular 302 While the league has knocked back numerous proposals according to the AFL Canberra belongs to the Greater Western Sydney Giants 303 who play three home games at Manuka Oval each season Other significant annual sporting events include the Canberra Marathon 301 and the City of Canberra Half Ironman Triathlon The Australian Institute of Sport AIS is located in the Canberra suburb of Bruce 304 The AIS is a specialised educational and training institution providing coaching for elite junior and senior athletes in a number of sports The AIS has been operating since 1981 and has achieved significant success in producing elite athletes both local and international 304 The majority of Australia s team members and medallists at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney were AIS graduates 305 Canberra has numerous sporting ovals golf courses skate parks and swimming pools that are open to the public Tennis courts include those at the National Sports Club Lyneham former home of the Canberra Women s Tennis Classic A Canberra wide series of bicycle paths are available to cyclists for recreational and sporting purposes Canberra Nature Parks have a large range of walking paths horse and mountain bike trails Water sports like sailing rowing dragon boating and water skiing are held on Canberra s lakes 306 307 The Rally of Canberra is an annual motor sport event and from 2000 to 2002 Canberra hosted the Canberra 400 event for V8 Supercars on the temporary Canberra Street Circuit which was located inside the Parliamentary Triangle A popular form of exercise for people working near or in the Parliamentary Triangle is to do the bridge to bridge walk run of about 5 km around Lake Burley Griffin crossing the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge and Kings Avenue Bridge using the paths beside the lake The walk takes about 1 hour making it ideal for a lunchtime excursion This is also popular on weekends Such was the popularity during the COVID 19 isolation in 2020 that the ACT Government initiated a Clockwise is COVID wise rule for walkers and runners 308 InfrastructureHealth The Canberra Hospital Canberra has two large public hospitals the approximately 600 bed Canberra Hospital formerly the Woden Valley Hospital in Garran and the 174 bed Calvary Public Hospital in Bruce Both are teaching institutions 309 310 311 312 The largest private hospital is the Calvary John James Hospital in Deakin 313 314 Calvary Private Hospital in Bruce and Healthscope s National Capital Private Hospital in Garran are also major healthcare providers 309 311 The Royal Canberra Hospital was located on Acton Peninsula on Lake Burley Griffin it was closed in 1991 and was demolished in 1997 in a controversial and fatal implosion to facilitate construction of the National Museum of Australia 107 158 165 315 316 The city has 10 aged care facilities Canberra s hospitals receive emergency cases from throughout southern New South Wales 317 and ACT Ambulance Service is one of four operational agencies of the ACT Emergency Services Authority 318 NETS provides a dedicated ambulance service for inter hospital transport of sick newborns within the ACT and into surrounding New South Wales 319 Transport Canberra International Airport terminal Aerial view of Tuggeranong Parkway a major highway which links Canberra s city centre with Tuggeranong ACTION Volgren bodied Scania K360UA Alinga Street Light Rail Station City Interchange A Canberra Ford Falcon Taxicab The automobile is by far the dominant form of transport in Canberra 320 The city is laid out so that arterial roads connecting inhabited clusters run through undeveloped areas of open land or forest which results in a low population density 321 this also means that idle land is available for the development of future transport corridors if necessary without the need to build tunnels or acquire developed residential land In contrast other capital cities in Australia have substantially less green space 322 Canberra s districts are generally connected by parkways limited access dual carriageway roads 320 323 with speed limits generally set at a maximum of 100 km h 62 mph 324 325 An example is the Tuggeranong Parkway which links Canberra s CBD and Tuggeranong and bypasses Weston Creek 326 In most districts discrete residential suburbs are bounded by main arterial roads with only a few residential linking in to deter non local traffic from cutting through areas of housing 327 In an effort to improve road safety traffic cameras were first introduced to Canberra by the Kate Carnell Government in 1999 328 The traffic cameras installed in Canberra include fixed red light and speed cameras and point to point speed cameras together they bring in revenue of approximately 11 million per year in fines 328 ACTION the government operated bus service provides public transport throughout the city 329 Qcity Transit provides bus services between Canberra and nearby areas of New South Wales through their Transborder Express brand Murrumbateman and Yass 330 and as Qcity Transit Queanbeyan 331 A light rail line commenced service on 20 April 2019 linking the CBD with the northern district of Gungahlin 332 A planned Stage 2A of Canberra s light rail network will run from Alinga Street station to Commonwealth Park adding three new stops at City West City South and Commonwealth Park 333 In February 2021 ACT Minister for Transport and City Services Chris Steel said he expects construction on Stage 2A to commence in the 2021 22 financial year and for tracks to be laid by the next Territory election in 2024 334 At the 2016 census 7 1 of the journeys to work involved public transport while 4 5 walked to work 233 There are two local taxi companies Aerial Capital Group enjoyed monopoly status until the arrival of Cabxpress in 2007 335 In October 2015 the ACT Government passed legislation to regulate ride sharing allowing ride share services including Uber to operate legally in Canberra 336 337 338 The ACT Government was the first jurisdiction in Australia to enact legislation to regulate the service 339 Since then many other ride sharing and taxi services have started in ACT namely Ola Glide Taxi 340 and GoCatch 341 An interstate NSW TrainLink railway service connects Canberra to Sydney 342 Canberra s railway station is in the inner south suburb of Kingston 343 Between 1920 and 1922 the train line crossed the Molonglo River and ran as far north as the city centre although the line was closed following major flooding and was never rebuilt while plans for a line to Yass were abandoned A 3 ft 6 in 1 067 mm gauge construction railway was built in 1923 between the Yarralumla brickworks and the provisional Parliament House it was later extended to Civic but the whole line was closed in May 1927 344 Train services to Melbourne are provided by way of a NSW TrainLink bus service which connects with a rail service between Sydney and Melbourne in Yass about a one hour drive from Canberra 342 345 Plans to establish a high speed rail service between Melbourne Canberra and Sydney 346 have not been implemented as the various proposals have been deemed economically unviable 347 348 The original plans for Canberra included proposals for railed transport within the city 349 however none eventuated 349 The phase 2 report of the most recent proposal the High Speed Rail Study was published by the Department of Infrastructure and Transport on 11 April 2013 350 A railway connecting Canberra to Jervis Bay was also planned but never constructed 351 Canberra is about three hours by road from Sydney on the Federal Highway National Highway 23 352 which connects with the Hume Highway National Highway 31 near Goulburn and seven hours by road from Melbourne on the Barton Highway National Highway 25 which joins the Hume Highway at Yass 352 It is a two hour drive on the Monaro Highway National Highway 23 to the ski fields of the Snowy Mountains and the Kosciuszko National Park 345 Batemans Bay a popular holiday spot on the New South Wales coast is also two hours away via the Kings Highway 345 Canberra Airport provides direct domestic services to Adelaide Brisbane Cairns Darwin Gold Coast Hobart Melbourne Perth Sunshine Coast and Sydney with connections to other domestic centres 353 There are also direct flights to small regional towns Ballina Dubbo Newcastle and Port Macquarie in New South Wales Regular commercial international flights will operate to from 1 April 2023 Doha 354 355 Canberra Airport is as of September 2013 designated by the Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development as a restricted use designated international airport 356 Until 2003 the civilian airport shared runways with RAAF Base Fairbairn In June of that year the Air Force base was decommissioned and from that time the airport was fully under civilian control 357 Canberra has one of the highest rates of active travel of all Australian major cities with 7 1 per cent of commuters walking or cycling to work in 2011 358 An ACT Government survey conducted in late 2010 found that Canberrans walk an average of 26 minutes each day 359 According to The Canberra Times in March 2014 Canberra s cyclists are involved in an average of four reported collisions every week 360 The newspaper also reported that Canberra is home to 87 000 cyclists translating to the highest cycling participation rate in Australia and with higher popularity bike injury rates in 2012 were twice the national average 361 Since late 2020 two scooter sharing systems have been operational in Canberra orange scooters from Neuron Mobility and purple scooters from Beam Mobility 362 both Singapore based companies that operate in many Australian cities These services cover much of Canberra Central and Central Belconnen with plans to expand coverage to more areas of the city in 2022 363 Utilities The Mount Majura Solar Farm has a rated output of 2 3 megawatts and was opened on 6 October 2016 364 The government owned ACTEW Corporation manages Canberra s water and sewerage infrastructure 365 ActewAGL is a joint venture between ACTEW and AGL and is the retail provider of Canberra s utility services including water natural gas electricity and also some telecommunications services via a subsidiary TransACT 366 Canberra s water is stored in four reservoirs the Corin Bendora and Cotter dams on the Cotter River and the Googong Dam on the Queanbeyan River Although the Googong Dam is located in New South Wales it is managed by the ACT government 367 ACTEW Corporation owns Canberra s two wastewater treatment plants located at Fyshwick and on the lower reaches of the Molonglo River 368 369 Electricity for Canberra mainly comes from the national power grid through substations at Holt and Fyshwick via Queanbeyan 370 Power was first supplied from the Kingston Powerhouse near the Molonglo River a thermal plant built in 1913 but this was finally closed in 1957 371 372 The ACT has four solar farms which were opened between 2014 and 2017 Royalla rated output of 20 megawatts 2014 373 Mount Majura 2 3 MW 2016 364 Mugga Lane 13 MW 2017 374 and Williamsdale 11 MW 2017 375 In addition numerous houses in Canberra have photovoltaic panels and or solar hot water systems In 2015 16 rooftop solar systems supported by the ACT government s feed in tariff had a capacity of 26 3 megawatts producing 34 910 MWh In the same year retailer supported schemes had a capacity of 25 2 megawatts and exported 28 815 MWh to the grid power consumed locally was not recorded 376 There are no wind power generators in Canberra but several have been built or are being built or planned in nearby New South Wales such as the 140 7 megawatt Capital Wind Farm The ACT government announced in 2013 that it was raising the target for electricity consumed in the ACT to be supplied from renewable sources to 90 by 2020 177 raising the target from 210 to 550 megawatts 377 It announced in February 2015 that three wind farms in Victoria and South Australia would supply 200 megawatts of capacity these are expected to be operational by 2017 378 Contracts for the purchase of an additional 200 megawatts of power from two wind farms in South Australia and New South Wales were announced in December 2015 and March 2016 379 380 The ACT government announced in 2014 that up to 23 megawatts of feed in tariff entitlements would be made available for the establishment of a facility in the ACT or surrounding region for burning household and business waste to produce electricity by 2020 381 The ACT has the highest rate with internet access at home 94 per cent of households in 2014 15 382 Twin towns and sister citiesSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania Canberra has three sister cities Beijing China 284 Nara Japan 284 Wellington New Zealand 383 In addition Canberra has the following friendship cities Hangzhou China The ACT Government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Hangzhou Municipal People s Government on 29 October 1998 The Agreement was designed to promote business opportunities and cultural exchanges between the two cities 384 Dili East Timor The Canberra Dili Friendship Agreement was signed in 2004 aiming to build friendship and mutual respect and promote educational cultural economic humanitarian and sporting links between Canberra and Dili 385 See also Australia portal1971 Canberra flood 2003 Canberra bushfires List of planned cities List of tallest buildings in Canberra Lists of capitalsNotes In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source England Scotland Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately As a percentage of 373 561 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate Australian as their ancestry are part of the Anglo Celtic group 238 Of any ancestry Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry Of any ancestry Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry ReferencesCitations Do you know what Aboriginal land you re on today 4 July 2022 a b Regional population 2021 Australian Bureau of Statistics 26 July 2022 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