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Winnipeg

January 26, 2023

This article is about the Canadian city. For other uses, see Winnipeg (disambiguation).
"Winnipegger" redirects here. For the former passenger rail service, see Winnipeger.

Winnipeg (/ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ (listen)) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. As of 2021, Winnipeg had a city population of 749,607 and a metropolitan population of 834,678, making it the sixth-largest city, and eighth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.[6]

Winnipeg
City
City of Winnipeg
From top, left to right: Winnipeg panorama featuring the Canadian Museum for Human Rights, Wesley Hall at the University of Winnipeg, Downtown Winnipeg, Saint Boniface Cathedral, Esplanade Riel bridge, and the Manitoba Legislative Building
Flag
Coat of arms
Logo
Nicknames: 
"Winterpeg"
Motto(s): 
Unum Cum Virtute Multorum
(One with the Strength of Many)[1]
Interactive map of Winnipeg
Coordinates: 49°53′4″N 97°8′47″W / 49.88444°N 97.14639°W / 49.88444; -97.14639
CountryCanada
ProvinceManitoba
RegionWinnipeg Metropolitan Region
Incorporated1873
Government
 • MayorScott Gillingham
 • Governing bodyWinnipeg City Council
Area
[2][3]
 • Land461.78 km2 (178.29 sq mi)
 • Metro
5,285.46 km2 (2,040.73 sq mi)
Elevation
[4]
239 m (784 ft)
Population
 (2021[5][6])
 • City749,607 (6th)
 • Density1,430/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
 • Urban
758,515 (7th)
 • Urban density1,429/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
 • Metro
834,678 (8th)
 • Metro density157.90/km2 (409.0/sq mi)
DemonymWinnipegger
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT[7])
Area code(s)204, 431, 584
Websitewww.winnipeg.ca

The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg; the name comes from the Western Cree words for "muddy water" - “winipīhk”. The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans; it is the traditional territory of the Anishinabe (Ojibway), Ininew (Cree), Oji-Cree, Dene, and Dakota, and is the birthplace of the Métis Nation.[8] French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738. A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. Being far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January highs of around −11 °C (12 °F) and average July highs of 26 °C (79 °F).

Known as the "Gateway to the West", Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy. This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals, including the Festival du Voyageur, the Winnipeg Folk Festival, the Jazz Winnipeg Festival, the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival, and Folklorama. In 1967, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to several professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers (Canadian football), the Winnipeg Jets (ice hockey), Manitoba Moose (ice hockey), Valour FC (association football), Winnipeg Sea Bears (basketball), and the Winnipeg Goldeyes (baseball).

Etymology

Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, 65 km north of the city. English explorer Henry Kelsey may have been the first European to see the lake in 1690, and he adopted the Cree and Ojibwe name win-nipi (also transcribed win-nipiy or ouenpig) meaning "murky water" or "muddy water"[9][10][11] (modern Cree: wīnipēk, ᐑᓂᐯᐠ). French-Canadian fur trader La Vérendrye referred to the lake as Lac Gouinipique or Ouinipigon when he built the first forts in the area in the 1730s.[12] Local newspaper The Nor'-Wester included the name on its masthead on February 24, 1866, and the city was incorporated by that name under legislation by the Manitoba Assembly in 1873.[11]

History

Further information: History of Winnipeg
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Winnipeg history.

Early history

Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North, a location now known as "The Forks". This point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact.[13] Evidence provided by archaeology, petroglyphs, rock art and oral history indicates that native peoples used the area in prehistoric times for camping, harvesting, hunting, tool making, fishing, trading and, farther north, for agriculture.[14]

Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area range from 11,500 years ago for a site southwest of the present city to 6,000 years ago at The Forks.[15][16] In 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions.[17] The rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, which helped fur traders navigate the waterways of the area.[18]

Sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge.[19] French trading continued at this site for several decades before the arrival of the British Hudson's Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years' War.[20] Many French men who were trappers married First Nations women; their mixed-race children hunted, traded, and lived in the area. Their descendents are known as the Métis.[21]

 
An 1821 painting of winter fishing on the ice of the Assiniboine and Red rivers. Fort Gibraltar was erected in 1809.

Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement (known as the Red River Colony), the purchase of land from the Hudson's Bay Company, and a survey of river lots in the early 19th century.[22] The North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudson's Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg.[23] The two companies competed fiercely over trade.[24] The Métis and Lord Selkirk's settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies merged, ending their long rivalry.[25] Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudson's Bay Company.[26] A flood destroyed the fort in 1826 and it was not rebuilt until 1835.[26] A rebuilt section of the fort, consisting of the front gate and a section of the wall, is near the modern-day corner of Main Street and Broadway in downtown Winnipeg.[27]

In 1869–70, present-day Winnipeg was the site of the Red River Rebellion, a conflict between the local provisional government of Métis, led by Louis Riel, and newcomers from eastern Canada. General Garnet Wolseley was sent to put down the uprising. The Manitoba Act of 1870 made Manitoba the fifth province of the three-year-old Canadian Confederation.[28][29][30] Treaty 1, which encompassed the city and much of the surrounding area, was signed on 3 August 1871 by representatives of the Crown and local Indigenous groups, comprising the Brokenhead Ojibway, Sagkeeng, Long Plain, Peguis, Roseau River Anishinabe, Sandy Bay and Swan Lake communities.[31] On 8 November 1873, Winnipeg was incorporated as a city, with the Selkirk settlement as its nucleus.[32] Métis legislator and interpreter James McKay named the city.[33] Winnipeg's mandate was to govern and provide municipal services to citizens attracted to trade expansion between Upper Fort Garry / Lower Fort Garry and Saint Paul, Minnesota.[34]

Winnipeg developed rapidly after the coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881.[35] The railway divided the North End, which housed mainly Eastern Europeans, from the richer Anglo-Saxon southern part of the city.[15] It also contributed to a demographic shift beginning shortly after Confederation that saw the francophone population decrease from a majority to a small minority group. This shift resulted in Premier Thomas Greenway controversially ending legislative bilingualism and removing funding for French Catholic Schools in 1890.[36]

Modern history (1900–present)

 
Crowd gathered outside old City Hall during the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919

By 1911, Winnipeg was Canada's third-largest city.[15] However, the city faced financial difficulty when the Panama Canal opened in 1914.[37] The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade; the increase in shipping traffic helped Vancouver to surpass Winnipeg in both prosperity and population by the end of World War I.[38]

More than 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as the Winnipeg general strike.[39] The strike was a product of postwar recession, labour conditions, the activity of union organizers and a large influx of returning World War I soldiers seeking work.[40] After many arrests, deportations, and incidents of violence, the strike ended on 21 June 1919 when the Riot Act was read and a group of Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers charged a group of strikers.[41] Two strikers were killed and at least thirty others were injured on the day that became known as Bloody Saturday; the event polarized the population.[41] One of the leaders of the strike, J. S. Woodsworth, went on to found Canada's first major socialist party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, which later became the New Democratic Party.[42]

The Manitoba Legislative Building, constructed mainly of Tyndall stone, opened in 1920; its dome supports a bronze statue finished in gold leaf, titled "Eternal Youth and the Spirit of Enterprise" (commonly known as the "Golden Boy").[43] The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression resulted in widespread unemployment, worsened by drought and low agricultural prices.[44] The Depression ended after the start of World War II in 1939.[15]

 
In 1942, the Canadian Victory Loan campaign simulated a Nazi occupation of the city to raise war bonds.

In the Battle of Hong Kong, The Winnipeg Grenadiers were among the first Canadians to engage in combat against Japan. Battalion members who survived combat were taken prisoner and endured brutal treatment in prisoner of war camps.[45] In 1942, the Victory Loan Campaign staged a mock Nazi invasion of Winnipeg to promote awareness of the stakes of the war in Europe.[46][47] When the war ended, pent-up demand generated a boom in housing development, although building activity was checked by the 1950 Red River flood.[48] The federal government estimated damage at over $26 million, although the province indicated that it was at least double that.[49] The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway.[50]

Before 1972, Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in a metropolitan area around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. In 1960, the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg was established to co-ordinate service delivery in the metropolitan region.[34] A consolidated metropolitan "unicity" government incorporating Winnipeg and its surrounding municipalities was established on 27 July 1971, taking effect in 1972.[51] The City of Winnipeg Act incorporated the current city.[15] In 2003, the City of Winnipeg Act was repealed and replaced with the City of Winnipeg Charter.[34]

Winnipeg experienced a severe economic downturn in advance of the early 1980s recession, during which the city incurred closures of prominent businesses, including the Winnipeg Tribune, as well as the Swift's and Canada Packers meat packing plants.[52] In 1981, Winnipeg was one of the first cities in Canada to sign a tripartite agreement with the provincial and federal governments to redevelop its downtown area,[53] and the three levels of government contributed over $271 million to its development.[54] In 1989, the reclamation and redevelopment of the CNR rail yards turned The Forks into Winnipeg's most popular tourist attraction.[13][15] The city was threatened by the 1997 Red River flood as well as further floods in 2009 and 2011.[55]

Geography

Main article: Geography and climate of Winnipeg
 
Docks at The Forks. The city lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a flood plain with a flat topography.

Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a flood plain with an extremely flat topography.[56] It is on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies in Western Canada and is known as the "Gateway to the West".[15] Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, although most of the native prairie grasses have been removed for agriculture and urbanization.[57] It is relatively close to many large Canadian Shield lakes and parks, as well as Lake Winnipeg (the Earth's 11th largest freshwater lake).[58] Winnipeg has North America's largest extant mature urban elm forest.[59] The city has an area of 464.08 km2 (179.18 sq mi).[2]

Winnipeg has four major rivers: the Red, Assiniboine, La Salle and Seine.[60] The city was subject to severe flooding in the past. The Red River reached its greatest flood height in 1826. Another large flood in 1950 caused millions of dollars in damage and mass evacuations.[61] This flood prompted Duff Roblin's provincial government to build the Red River Floodway to protect the city.[15] In the 1997 flood, flood control dikes were reinforced and raised using sandbags; Winnipeg suffered limited damage compared to the flood's impact on cities without such structures, such as Grand Forks, North Dakota.[62] The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the Red River Valley's clay-based soil also results in many mosquitoes during wetter years.[63]

Climate

 
Winters are cold with little precipitation in Winnipeg.

Winnipeg's location in the Canadian Prairies gives it a warm-summer humid continental climate[64] (Köppen Dfb),[65] with warm, humid summers, and long, severely cold winters. Summers have a July mean average of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F).[4] Winters are the coldest time of year, with the January mean average around −16.4 °C (2.5 °F) and total winter precipitation (December through February) averaging 55.2 mm (2.17 in).[4] Temperatures occasionally drop below −40 °C (−40 °F).[4]

On average there are 317.8 days per year with measurable sunshine, with July seeing the most on average.[66] With 2353 hours of sunshine per year, Winnipeg is the second sunniest city in Canada.[67] Total annual precipitation (both rain and snow) is just over 521 mm (20.5 in).[4] Thunderstorms are very common during summer, and sometimes severe enough to produce tornadoes.[68] Low wind chill values are a common occurrence in the local climate. The wind chill has gone down as low as −57.1 °C (−70.8 °F) and on average there are twelve days of the year that can reach a wind chill below −40 °C (−40 °F).[4]

The highest temperature ever recorded in Winnipeg was during the 1936 North American heat wave. The temperature reached 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) on 11 July 1936 while the highest minimum temperature, recorded on the following day, 12 July 1936, was 28.3 °C (82.9 °F).[69] The apparent heat can be even more extreme due to bursts of humidity, and on 25 July 2007 a humidex reading of 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) was measured.[4]

The frost-free season is comparatively long for a location with such severe winters. The last spring frost is on average around 23 May, while the first fall frost is on 22 September.[4]

Climate data for Winnipeg (Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport)
WMO ID: 71852; coordinates 49°55′N 97°14′W / 49.917°N 97.233°W / 49.917; -97.233 (Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport); elevation: 238.7 m (783 ft); 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1872–present[a]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 6.3 11.1 28.0 34.1 40.2 46.1 47.3 45.5 45.9 34.3 23.9 9.3 47.3
Record high °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		34.3
(93.7) 		37.8
(100.0) 		38.3
(100.9) 		42.2
(108.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.8
(101.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		23.9
(75.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		42.2
(108.0)
Average high °C (°F) −11.3
(11.7) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		10.5
(50.9) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		8.7
(47.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −16.4
(2.5) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		11.6
(52.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		12.7
(54.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		3.0
(37.4)
Average low °C (°F) −21.4
(−6.5) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−2.7
(27.1)
Record low °C (°F) −44.4
(−47.9) 		−45.0
(−49.0) 		−38.9
(−38.0) 		−27.8
(−18.0) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−20.6
(−5.1) 		−36.7
(−34.1) 		−47.8
(−54.0) 		−47.8
(−54.0)
Record low wind chill −56.4 −57.1 −49.6 −35.8 −20.8 −7.9 0.0 0.0 −11.5 −24.2 −48.1 −50.6 −57.1
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.9
(0.78) 		13.8
(0.54) 		24.5
(0.96) 		30.0
(1.18) 		56.7
(2.23) 		90.0
(3.54) 		79.5
(3.13) 		77.0
(3.03) 		45.8
(1.80) 		37.5
(1.48) 		25.0
(0.98) 		21.5
(0.85) 		521.1
(20.52)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.2
(0.01) 		2.7
(0.11) 		9.7
(0.38) 		19.2
(0.76) 		54.1
(2.13) 		90.0
(3.54) 		79.5
(3.13) 		77.0
(3.03) 		45.5
(1.79) 		32.7
(1.29) 		6.9
(0.27) 		1.5
(0.06) 		418.9
(16.49)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 23.7
(9.3) 		12.5
(4.9) 		16.5
(6.5) 		10.6
(4.2) 		2.6
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.1) 		4.8
(1.9) 		19.9
(7.8) 		23.0
(9.1) 		113.7
(44.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 12.2 8.0 9.2 7.2 11.5 13.3 11.4 10.7 10.4 9.4 10.3 11.8 125.3
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 0.67 0.93 2.9 5.1 11.3 13.3 11.4 10.7 10.3 7.9 3.0 0.84 78.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 12.4 7.7 7.4 2.9 0.56 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.11 2.3 8.6 11.5 53.5
Average relative humidity (%) 72.7 71.7 68.5 49.1 46.7 54.5 55.6 52.4 54.8 60.1 72.0 75.1 61.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 114.7 133.9 181.9 241.4 285.2 276.3 308.3 281.4 189.0 147.4 93.9 99.5 2,352.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.7 4.8 5.9 8.0 9.2 9.2 9.9 9.1 6.3 4.8 3.1 3.2 6.4
Percent possible sunshine 42.9 47.2 49.5 58.6 59.8 56.6 62.6 62.8 49.8 44.1 34.4 39.2 50.6
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 4
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[70][71][72] and Weather Atlas (daily sunshine hours and UV index)[73]


Cityscape

See also: List of Winnipeg neighbourhoods, List of tallest buildings in Winnipeg, and Subdivisions of Winnipeg
 
Centred on the intersection of Portage and Main, Downtown Winnipeg is the city's central business district.

There are officially 236 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg.[74] Downtown Winnipeg, the city's financial heart and economic core, is centred on the intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street and covers about 2.6 km2 (1 sq mi). More than 72,000 people work downtown, and over 40,000 students attend classes at its universities and colleges.[75]

Downtown Winnipeg's Exchange District is named after the area's original grain exchange, which operated from 1880 to 1913.[75] The 30-block district received National Historic Site of Canada status in 1997; it includes North America's most extensive collection of early 20th-century terracotta and cut stone architecture, Stephen Juba Park, and Old Market Square.[75] Other major downtown areas are The Forks, Central Park, Broadway-Assiniboine and Chinatown. Many of Downtown Winnipeg's major buildings are linked with the Winnipeg Walkway.[76]

Residential neighbourhoods surround the downtown in all directions; expansion is greatest to the south and west, although several areas remain underdeveloped.[77] The city's largest park, Assiniboine Park, houses the Assiniboine Park Zoo and the Leo Mol Sculpture Garden.[78] Other large city parks include Kildonan Park and St. Vital Park. The city's major commercial areas are Polo Park, Kildonan Crossing, South St. Vital, Garden City (West Kildonan), Pembina Strip, Kenaston Smart Centre, Osborne Village, and the Corydon strip.[79] The main cultural and nightlife areas are the Exchange District, The Forks, Osborne Village and Corydon Village (both in Fort Rouge), Sargent and Ellice Avenues (West End) and Old St. Boniface.[80] Osborne Village is Winnipeg's most densely populated neighbourhood[81] and one of the most densely populated neighbourhoods in Western Canada.[82]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Winnipeg
Population growth since 1871
YearPop.±%
1871241—    
18817,995+3217.4%
189126,529+231.8%
190142,540+60.4%
1911136,035+219.8%
1921179,097+31.7%
YearPop.±%
1931218,785+22.2%
1941221,969+1.5%
1951235,710+6.2%
1961265,420+12.6%
1971246,246−7.2%
1981564,373+129.2%
YearPop.±%
1991616,790+9.3%
2001619,544+0.4%
2011663,617+7.1%
2021749,607+13.0%
The drastic population increase between 1971 and 1981 was due in part to Winnipeg's amalgamation in 1972.
Source: [83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][5]

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Winnipeg had a population of 749,607 living in 300,431 of its 315,465 total private dwellings, a change of 6.3% from its 2016 population of 705,244. With a land area of 461.78 km2 (178.29 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,623.3/km2 (4,204.3/sq mi) in 2021.[91] As of the 2021 census, 16.6 percent of residents were 14 years old or younger, 66.4 percent were between 15 and 64 years old, and 17.0 percent were 65 or over. The average age of a Winnipegger was 40.3.[5]

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Winnipeg CMA had a population of 834,678 living in 330,326 of its 347,144 total private dwellings, a change of 6.6% from its 2016 population of 783,099. With a land area of 5,285.46 km2 (2,040.73 sq mi), it had a population density of 157.9/km2 (409.0/sq mi) in 2021.[92]

Winnipeg represents 54.9% of the population of the province of Manitoba, the highest population concentration in one city of any province in Canada.[93][94] Apart from the city of Winnipeg, the Winnipeg CMA includes the rural municipalities of Springfield, St. Clements, Taché, East St. Paul, Macdonald, Ritchot, West St. Paul, Headingley, the Brokenhead 4 reserve, Rosser and St. François Xavier.[95] Statistics Canada's estimate of the Winnipeg CMA population as of 1 July 2020 is 850,056, making it the 7th largest CMA in Canada.[96]

Winnipeg has a significant and increasing Indigenous population, with both the highest percentage of Indigenous peoples (12.4%) for any major Canadian city, and the highest total number of Indigenous peoples (90,995) for any single non-reserve municipality.[5] The Aboriginal population grew by 22% between 2001 and 2006, compared to an increase of 3% for the city as a whole; this population tends to be younger and less wealthy than non-Aboriginal residents.[97] Winnipeg also has the highest Métis population in both percentage (6.5%) and numbers (47,915);[5] the growth rate for this population between 2001 and 2006 was 30%.[97]

The 2021 census reported that immigrants comprise 201,040 persons or 27.3% of the total population of Winnipeg. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were the Philippines (62,100 persons or 30.9%), India (27,605 persons or 13.7%), and China (8,900 persons or 4.4%).[5] The city receives over 10,000 net international immigrants per year.[98] Winnipeg has the greatest percentage of Filipino residents (11.3%) of any major Canadian city, although Toronto has more Filipinos by total population.[5] As of 2021, 34% of residents were of a visible minority.[5]

More than a hundred languages are spoken in Winnipeg, of which the most common is English: 95 percent of Winnipeggers speak English as their first language, and 2.8 percent have a first language of French (Canada's other official language). Other languages spoken as a mother tongue in Winnipeg include Tagalog (6.0%), Punjabi (4.1%), and Mandarin (1.5%). Several Indigenous languages are also spoken, such as Ojibwe (0.2%) and Cree (0.1%).[5]

The 2021 Census reported the religious make-up of Winnipeg as: 50.4% Christian, including 24.0% Catholic, 4.0% United Church, and 2.7% Anglican; 4.4% Sikh; 3.3% Muslim; 2.0% Hindu; 1.5% Jewish; 0.9% Buddhist; 0.4% traditional (aboriginal) spirituality; 0.7% other; and 36.4% no religious affiliation.[5]

Economy

See also: List of corporations based in Winnipeg
 
The Royal Canadian Mint's facility in Winnipeg produces Canadian coins for circulation, as well as foreign coins.

Winnipeg is an economic base and regional centre. It has a diversified economy, with major employment in the health care and social assistance (15%), retail (11%), manufacturing (8%), and public administration (8%) sectors.[99] There were approximately 444,000 jobs in the city as of 2016.[99] Some of Winnipeg's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including the Province of Manitoba, the University of Manitoba, the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba Hydro, and Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation. Major private-sector employers include Canad Corporation of Manitoba, Canada Life Assurance Company, StandardAero, and SkipTheDishes.[100]

According to the Conference Board of Canada, Winnipeg was projected to experience a real GDP growth of 1.9 percent in 2019. Gross Domestic Product was $43.3 Billion in 2018.[101]

The city had an unemployment rate of 5.3% in 2019, compared to a national rate of 5.7%. Household income per capita was $47,824, compared to $49,744 nationally.[102]

The Royal Canadian Mint, established in 1976, produces all circulating coinage in Canada.[103] The facility, located in southeastern Winnipeg, also produces coins for many other countries.[104]

In 2012, Winnipeg was ranked by KPMG as the least expensive location to do business in western Canada.[105] Like many prairie cities, Winnipeg has a relatively low cost of living.[106] The average house price in Winnipeg was $301,518 as of 2018.[102] As of May 2014, the Consumer Price Index was 125.8 relative to 2002 prices, reflecting consumer costs at the Canadian average.[107][108]

Culture

Main article: Winnipeg arts and culture
See also: List of people from Winnipeg, Category:Museums in Winnipeg, Category:Theatre companies in Manitoba, List of TV and films shot in Winnipeg, and List of Winnipeg musicians
 
The Esplanade Riel is a landmark and pedestrian bridge in the city. It connects downtown Winnipeg with the St. Boniface neighbourhood.

Winnipeg was named the Cultural Capital of Canada in 2010 by Canadian Heritage.[109] As of 2021, there are 26 National Historic Sites of Canada in Winnipeg.[110] One of these, The Forks, attracts four million visitors a year.[111] It is home to the City television studio, Manitoba Theatre for Young People, the Winnipeg International Children's Festival, and the Manitoba Children's Museum. It also features a 2,800 m2 (30,000 sq ft) skate plaza, a 790 m2 (8,500 sq ft) bowl complex, which features a mural of Winnipeg skateboarding pioneer Jai Pereira, the Esplanade Riel bridge,[112] a river walkway, Shaw Park, and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights.[111] The Winnipeg Public Library is a public library network with 20 branches throughout the city, including the main Millennium Library.[113]

Winnipeg the Bear, which would become the inspiration for part of the name of Winnie-the-Pooh, was purchased in Ontario by Lieutenant Harry Colebourn of the Fort Garry Horse. He named the bear after the regiment's home town of Winnipeg.[114] A. A. Milne later wrote a series of books featuring the fictional Winnie-the-Pooh. The series' illustrator, Ernest H. Shepard, created the only known oil painting of Winnipeg's adopted fictional bear, displayed in Assiniboine Park.[115]

The city has developed many distinct dishes and cooking styles, notably in the areas of confectionery and hot-smoked fish. Both the First Nations and more recent Eastern Canadian, European, and Asian immigrants have helped shape Winnipeg's dining scene, giving birth to dishes such as the desserts schmoo torte and wafer pie.[116][117]

The Winnipeg Art Gallery is Western Canada's oldest public art gallery, founded in 1912. It is the sixth-largest in the country[118] and includes the world's largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art.[15][119] Since the late 1970s Winnipeg has also had an active artist run centre culture.[120]

Winnipeg's three largest performing arts venues, the Centennial Concert Hall, Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre and the Pantages Playhouse Theatre, are downtown. The Royal Manitoba is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre, with over 250 performances yearly.[121] The Pantages Playhouse Theatre opened as a vaudeville house in 1913.[122] Other city theatres include the Burton Cummings Theatre (a National Historic Site of Canada built in 1906[123]) and Prairie Theatre Exchange. Le Cercle Molière, based in St Boniface, is Canada's oldest theatre company; it was founded in 1925.[124] Rainbow Stage is a musical theatre production company based in Kildonan Park that produces professional, live Broadway musical shows and is Canada's longest-surviving outdoor theatre.[15][125] The Manitoba Theatre for Young People at The Forks is one of only two Theatres for Young Audiences in Canada with a permanent residence and the only Theatre for Young Audiences that offers a full season of plays for teenagers.[126] The Winnipeg Jewish Theatre is the only professional theatre in Canada dedicated to Jewish themes.[127] Shakespeare in the Ruins (SIR) presents adaptations of Shakespeare plays.[128]

Winnipeg has hosted numerous Hollywood productions: Shall We Dance? (2004), Capote (2005), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), and A Dog's Purpose (2017), among others were filmed in the city.[129][130] The Winnipeg Film Group has produced numerous award-winning films.[131] There are several TV and film production companies in Winnipeg: the most prominent are Farpoint Films, Frantic Films, Buffalo Gal Pictures, and Les Productions Rivard.[132] Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg, an independent film released in 2008, is a comedic rumination on the city's history.[133]

The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra is the largest and oldest professional musical ensemble in Winnipeg.[134] The Manitoba Chamber Orchestra runs a series of chamber orchestral concerts each year.[135] Manitoba Opera is Manitoba's only full-time professional opera company.[136] Among the most notable musical acts associated with Winnipeg are Bachman–Turner Overdrive,[137] The Guess Who,[138] Neil Young,[139] The Weakerthans,[140] the Crash Test Dummies,[141] Propagandhi,[142] Bif Naked,[143] and The Watchmen[144] among many others.[137] Winnipeg also has a significant place in Canadian jazz history, being the location of Canada's first jazz concert in 1914 at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre.[145]

The Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB) is Canada's oldest ballet company and the longest continuously operating ballet company in North America. It was the first organization to be granted a royal title by Queen Elizabeth II, and has included notable dancers such as Evelyn Hart and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The RWB also runs a full-time classical dance school.[146]

The Manitoba Museum, the city's largest museum, depicts the history of the city and province. The full-size replica of the ship Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.[147] The Manitoba Children's Museum is a nonprofit children's museum at The Forks that features twelve permanent galleries.[148][149] The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is the only Canadian national museum for human rights and the only national museum west of Ottawa.[150] The federal government contributed $100 million towards the estimated $311-million project.[151] Construction of the museum began on 1 April 2008,[152] and the museum opened to the public 27 September 2014.[153]

The Western Canada Aviation Museum, in a hangar at Winnipeg's James Richardson International Airport, features military jets, commercial aircraft, Canada's first helicopter, the "flying saucer" Avrocar, flight simulators, and a Black Brant rocket built in Manitoba by Bristol Aerospace.[154] The Winnipeg Railway Museum at Via Rail Station has a variety of locomotives, notably the Countess of Dufferin, the first steam locomotive in Western Canada.[155]

Festivals

See also: List of festivals in Winnipeg
 
The Korean Pavilion during Folklorama.

Festival du Voyageur, Western Canada's largest winter festival, celebrates the early French explorers of the Red River Valley.[156] Folklorama is the largest and longest-running cultural celebration festival in the world.[157] The Jazz Winnipeg Festival and the Winnipeg Folk Festival both celebrate Winnipeg's music community. The Winnipeg Music Festival offers a competition venue to amateur musicians. The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is the second-largest alternative theatre festival in North America.[158] The Winnipeg International Writers Festival (also called THIN AIR) brings writers to Winnipeg for workshops and readings.[159] The LGBT community in the city is served by Pride Winnipeg, an annual gay pride festival and parade, and Reel Pride, a film festival of LGBT-themed films.[160]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Winnipeg

Winnipeg has been home to several professional hockey teams. The Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL) have called the city home since 2011.[161] The original Winnipeg Jets, the city's former NHL team, left for Phoenix, Arizona after the 1995–96 season due to mounting financial troubles, despite a campaign effort to "Save the Jets".[162] The Jets play at Canada Life Centre, which is ranked the world's 19th-busiest arena among non-sporting touring events, 13th-busiest among facilities in North America, and 3rd-busiest in Canada as of 2009.[163]

 
Canada Life Centre is an indoor arena in downtown Winnipeg. It is the home arena of the NHL's Winnipeg Jets and the AHL's Manitoba Moose.

Past hockey teams based in Winnipeg include the Winnipeg Maroons, Winnipeg Warriors, three time Stanley Cup Champion Winnipeg Victorias and the Winnipeg Falcons, who were the first ever Gold Medal Olympians, representing Canada in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium. Another professional ice hockey team in Winnipeg is the Manitoba Moose, the American Hockey League primary affiliate of the Winnipeg Jets that are owned by the same group .[164][165] On the international stage, Winnipeg has hosted national and world hockey championships on a number of occasions, most notably the 1999 World Junior Hockey Championship and 2007 Women's World Hockey Championship.[166][167] In 2019, the Western Hockey League returned to Winnipeg after a long absence with the Kootenay Ice relocating as the Winnipeg Ice.[168]

The Winnipeg Blue Bombers play in the Canadian Football League. They are twelve-time Grey Cup champions, their last championship in 2021.[169] From 1953 to 2012, the Blue Bombers called Canad Inns Stadium home; they have since moved to IG Field, which opened in 2013. The $200-million facility is also the home to U Sports' University of Manitoba Bisons and the Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League.[170][171]

The University of Manitoba Bisons and the University of Winnipeg Wesmen represent the city in university-level sports.[172] In soccer, it is represented by both Valour FC in the new Canadian Premier League[173] and WSA Winnipeg in the USL League Two.[174]

Winnipeg has been home to several professional baseball teams, most recently the Winnipeg Goldeyes since 1994. The Goldeyes play at Shaw Park, which was completed in 1999. The team had led the Northern League for ten straight years in average attendance through 2010, with more than 300,000 annual fan visits, until the league collapsed and merged into the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball.[175]

Winnipeg was the first Canadian city to host the Pan American Games, and the second city to host the event twice, in 1967 and again in 1999.[176] The Pan Am Pool, built for the 1967 Pan Am Games, hosts aquatic events, including diving, speed swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo.[177] Winnipeg co-hosted the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.[178]

Professional sports teams
Club Sport League Venue Established Championships
Winnipeg Blue Bombers Football CFL Osborne Stadium (1935–1952)
Winnipeg Stadium (1953–2012)
IG Field (2013–present) 		1930 12
Winnipeg Jets Ice hockey WHA, NHL Winnipeg Arena (1972–1996)
Canada Life Centre (2011–present) 		Original: 1972–1996
Current: 2011 		3 (WHA Avco Cup)
0
Valour FC Soccer CPL IG Field 2018 0
Winnipeg Goldeyes Baseball Northern League (1994–2010)
American Association (2011–present) 		Shaw Park 1994 4
Winnipeg Sea Bears[179] Basketball CEBL Canada Life Centre 2022 0
Manitoba Moose Ice hockey IHL (1996–2001)
AHL (2001–2011, 2015–present) 		Winnipeg Arena (1996–2004)
Canada Life Centre (2004–2011, 2015–present) 		1996–2011, 2015–present 0

Local media

Main article: Media in Winnipeg
 
CBC Manitoba is one of five English-language television broadcasters in Winnipeg and ICI Manitoba is the French-language station.

Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press and the Winnipeg Sun.[180] There are also several ethnic weekly newspapers.[181]

Radio broadcasting in Winnipeg began in 1922;[182] by 1923, government-owned CKY held a monopoly position that lasted until after the Second World War. Winnipeg is home to 33 AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations.[183] CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 broadcast local and national programming in the city.[184] NCI is devoted to Indigenous programming.[185]

Television broadcasting in Winnipeg started in 1954. The federal government refused to license any private broadcaster until the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation had created a national network. In May 1954, CBWT went on the air with four hours of broadcasting per day.[186] There are now five English-language stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. Additionally, some American network affiliates are available over-the-air.[187]

Law and government

Main article: Law, government, and crime in Winnipeg
 
Winnipeg City Hall is the seat of municipal government.

Since 1992, the city of Winnipeg has been represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor, both elected every four years.[188] The present mayor, Scott Gillingham, was first elected to office in 2022.[189] The city is a single-tier municipality, governed by a mayor-council system.[15] The structure of the municipal government is set by the provincial legislature in the City of Winnipeg Charter Act, which replaced the old City of Winnipeg Act in 2003.[190] The mayor is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city.[191] At Council meetings, the mayor has one of 16 votes. The city governance functions off the "strong-mayor" model which allows for a "two tiered system" or voting block between the councilors who are on or not on the Executive Policy Committee.[192] The City Council is a unicameral legislative body, representing geographical wards throughout the city.[190]

In provincial politics, Winnipeg is represented by 32 of the 57 provincial Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in the 42nd Manitoba Legislature. As of 2019, Winnipeg districts are represented by 15 members of the Progressive Conservative Party, 14 by the New Democratic Party (NDP), and 3 by the Liberal Party.[193]

 
Winnipeg is home to the Manitoba Legislative Building, which houses the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.

In federal politics, as of 2019 Winnipeg is represented by eight Members of Parliament: four Liberals, two Conservatives and two New Democrat.[194] There are five Senators representing Manitoba in Ottawa (plus one seat vacant as of April 2021).[195]

Crime

Main article: Law, government, and crime in Winnipeg

From 2007 to 2011, Winnipeg was the "murder capital" of Canada, with the highest per-capita rate of homicides; as of 2019 it is in second place, behind Thunder Bay.[196][197] As of 2019 Winnipeg had the 13-highest violent crime index in Canada, and the highest robbery rate.[198] Winnipeg was the "violent crime capital" of Canada in 2020 according to the Statistics Canada police-reported violent crime severity index.[199] Despite high overall violent crime rates, crime in Winnipeg is mostly concentrated in the inner city, which makes up only 19% of the population[200] but was the site of 86.4% of the city's shootings, 66.5% of the robberies, 63.3% of the homicides and 59.5% of the sexual assaults in 2012.[201]

From the early 1990s to the mid-2000s, Winnipeg had a significant auto-theft problem, with the rate peaking at 2,165.0 per 100,000 residents in 2006[202] compared to 487 auto-thefts per 100,000 residents for Canada as a whole.[203] To combat auto theft, Manitoba Public Insurance established financial incentives for motor vehicle owners to install ignition immobilizers in their vehicles, and now requires owners of high-risk vehicles to install immobilizers.[204] These initiatives resulted in an 80% decrease in auto thefts between 2006 and 2011.[205]

As of 2018, the Winnipeg Police Service had 1,914 police officers, which is one officer per 551 city residents, and cost taxpayers $290,564,015.[206] In November 2013, the national police union reviewed the Winnipeg Police Force and found high average response times for several categories of calls.[207][208] In 2017, the city started to deal with an increasingly large methamphetamine problem, fuelling violent crime.[209][210]

Education

See also: List of schools of Winnipeg
 
Located in Winnipeg, the University of Manitoba is the largest post-secondary institution in the province.

Winnipeg has seven school divisions: Winnipeg School Division, St. James-Assiniboia School Division, Pembina Trails School Division, Seven Oaks School Division, Division Scolaire Franco-Manitobaine, River East Transcona School Division, and Louis Riel School Division.[211] Winnipeg also has several religious and secular private schools.[212][213]

The University of Manitoba is the largest university in Manitoba.[214] It was founded in 1877, making it Western Canada's first university.[214] In a typical year, the university has 26,500 undergraduate students and 3,800 graduate students.[215] Université de Saint-Boniface is the city's French-language university.[216] The University of Winnipeg received its charter in 1967.[217] Until 2007, it was an undergraduate institution that offered some joint graduate studies programs; it now offers independent graduate programs.[217] The Canadian Mennonite University is a private Mennonite undergraduate university established in 1999.[218]

Winnipeg also has two independent colleges: Red River College Polytechnic and Booth University College. Red River College offers diploma, certificate, and apprenticeship programs and, starting in 2009, began offering some degree programs.[219] Booth University College is a private Christian Salvation Army university college established in 1982. It offers mostly arts and seminary training.[220][221]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Winnipeg

Winnipeg has had public transit since 1882, starting with horse-drawn streetcars.[222] They were replaced by electric trolley cars. The trolley cars ran from 1892 to 1955, supplemented by motor buses after 1918, and electric trolleybuses from 1938 to 1970.[222] Winnipeg Transit now runs diesel buses on its routes.[223]

 
Union Station is the inter-city railway station for the city.

Winnipeg is a railway hub and is served by Via Rail at Union Station for passenger rail, and Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, and the Central Manitoba Railway for freight rail. It is the only major city between Vancouver and Thunder Bay with direct US connections by rail.[224]

Winnipeg is the largest and best connected city within Manitoba, and has highways leading in all directions from the city. To the south, Winnipeg is connected to the United States via Provincial Trunk Highway 75 (PTH 75) (a continuation of I-29 and US 75, known as Pembina Highway or Route 42 within Winnipeg). The highway runs 107 km (66 mi) to Emerson, Manitoba, and is the busiest Canada–United States border crossing on the Prairies.[225] The four-lane Perimeter Highway, built in 1969, serves as a Ring Road, with at-grade intersections and a few interchanges. It allows travellers on the Trans-Canada Highway to bypass the city.[226] The Trans-Canada Highway runs east to west through the city (city route), or circles around the city on the Perimeter Highway (beltway). Some of the city's major arterial roads include Route 80 (Waverley St.), Route 155 (McGillivray Blvd), Route 165 (Bishop Grandin Blvd.), Route 17 (Chief Peguis Trail), and Route 90 (Brookside Blvd., Oak Point Hwy., King Edward St., Century St., Kenaston Blvd.).[227]

The Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport completed a $585-million redevelopment in October 2011. The development brought a new terminal, a four-level parking facility, and other infrastructure improvements.[228] Winnipeg Bus Terminal, at Winnipeg International Airport, previously served by Greyhound Canada (through its subsidiary Grey Goose Bus Lines), Winnipeg Shuttle Service and Brandon Air Shuttle. Since Greyhound's exit from Western Canada, very few remaining routes still serve the terminal.[229]

Approximately 8,100 ha (20,000 acres) of land to the north and west of the airport has been designated as an inland port, CentrePort Canada, and is Canada's first Foreign Trade Zone. It is a private sector initiative to develop the infrastructure for Manitoba's trucking, air, rail and sea industries.[230] In 2009, construction began on a $212-million four-lane freeway to connect CentrePort with the Perimeter Highway.[231] Named CentrePort Canada Way, it opened in November 2013.[232]

Several taxi companies serve Winnipeg, the largest being Unicity, Duffy's Taxi and Spring Taxi. Ride sharing was legalized in March 2018 and several services including TappCar and Cowboy Taxi operate in Winnipeg.[233] Cycling is popular in Winnipeg, and there are many bicycle trails and lanes around the city. Winnipeg holds an annual Bike-to-Work Day[234] and Cyclovia,[235] and bicycle commuters may be seen year-round, even in the winter. Active living infrastructure in Winnipeg includes bike lanes[236] and sharrows.[237]

Medical centres and hospitals

See also: List of hospitals in Manitoba

Winnipeg's major hospitals include Health Sciences Centre, Concordia Hospital, Deer Lodge Centre, Grace Hospital, Saint Boniface General Hospital, Seven Oaks General Hospital, Victoria General Hospital, and The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg.[238]

The National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg is one of only a handful of biosafety level 4 microbiology laboratories in the world.[239] The NML houses laboratories of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, in the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease collocated in the same facility. Research facilities are also operated through hospitals and private biotechnology companies in the city.[240][241]

Utilities

Water and sewage services are provided by the city.[242] The city draws its water via an aqueduct from Shoal Lake, treating and fluoridating it at the Deacon Reservoir just outside the city prior to pumping it into the Winnipeg system.[243] The city's system has over 2,500 km (1,600 mi) of underground water mains, which are subject to breakage due to corrosion and pressure from extreme dry, wet, or cold soil conditions.[244]

Electricity and natural gas are provided by Manitoba Hydro, a provincial crown corporation headquartered in the city; it uses primarily hydroelectric power.[245] The primary telecommunications carrier is Bell MTS, although other corporations offer telephone, cellular, television and internet services.[246]

Winnipeg contracts out several services to private companies, including garbage and recycling collection and street plowing and snow removal. This practice represents a significant budget expenditure. The services have faced numerous complaints from residents about missed service.[247][248][249][250]

Military

See also: CFB Winnipeg
 
Entrance to CFB Winnipeg. CFB Winnipeg is the home garrison for a number of Royal Canadian Air Force units.

Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, co-located at the airport, is home to many flight operations support divisions and several training schools. It is also the headquarters of 1 Canadian Air Division and the Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Region,[251] as well as the home base of 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces. The Wing comprises three squadrons and six schools; it also provides support to the Central Flying School.[252] Excluding the three levels of government, 17 Wing is the fourth largest employer in the city.[253] The Wing supports 113 units, stretching from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel to the high Arctic.[252] 17 Wing also acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter-bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.[252]

There are two squadrons based in the city. The 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron flies the Canadian-designed and produced de Havilland CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer.[254] The 435 "Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron flies the Lockheed CC-130 Hercules in airlift search and rescue roles.[255] In addition, 435 Squadron is the only Royal Canadian Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct tactical air-to-air refuelling of fighter aircraft.[255]

There are several units of the Canadian Army Primary Reserve based in Winnipeg. These include The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 38 Service Battalion, 38 Combat Engineer Regiment, 38 Signal Regiment, and The Fort Garry Horse.[256] HMCS Chippawa is a Royal Canadian Navy reserve division in Winnipeg.[257]

For many years, Winnipeg was the home of the Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Initially, the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks, now the location of the Rady Jewish Community Centre.[258] They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks between River Heights and Tuxedo. Since 2004, the battalion has operated out of CFB Shilo near Brandon.[259]

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ Climate data was recorded at St. John's College from March 1872 to July 1938, and at Winnipeg Airport from January 1938 to present.

Further reading

  • Artibise, Alan F. J. (1979). Gateway City: Documents on the City of Winnipeg 1873–1913 (PDF). Vol. V. Manitoba Record Society Publications.
  • Hamilton, John David (1998). A Winnipeg album: glimpses of the way we were. Hounslow Press. ISBN 0-88882-204-9.
  • Friesen, Gerald (2009). Prairie metropolis: new essays on Winnipeg social history. University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-713-2.

External links

  • Official website  
  •   Media related to Winnipeg at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Winnipeg travel guide from Wikivoyage

January 26, 2023
winnipeg, this, article, about, canadian, city, other, uses, disambiguation, redirects, here, former, passenger, rail, service, listen, capital, largest, city, province, manitoba, canada, centred, confluence, assiniboine, rivers, near, longitudinal, centre, no. This article is about the Canadian city For other uses see Winnipeg disambiguation Winnipegger redirects here For the former passenger rail service see Winnipeger Winnipeg ˈ w ɪ n ɪ p ɛ ɡ listen is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers near the longitudinal centre of North America As of 2021 update Winnipeg had a city population of 749 607 and a metropolitan population of 834 678 making it the sixth largest city and eighth largest metropolitan area in Canada 6 WinnipegCityCity of WinnipegFrom top left to right Winnipeg panorama featuring the Canadian Museum for Human Rights Wesley Hall at the University of Winnipeg Downtown Winnipeg Saint Boniface Cathedral Esplanade Riel bridge and the Manitoba Legislative BuildingFlagCoat of armsLogoNicknames Winterpeg Motto s Unum Cum Virtute Multorum One with the Strength of Many 1 Interactive map of WinnipegCoordinates 49 53 4 N 97 8 47 W 49 88444 N 97 14639 W 49 88444 97 14639CountryCanadaProvinceManitobaRegionWinnipeg Metropolitan RegionIncorporated1873Government MayorScott Gillingham Governing bodyWinnipeg City CouncilArea 2 3 Land461 78 km2 178 29 sq mi Metro5 285 46 km2 2 040 73 sq mi Elevation 4 239 m 784 ft Population 2021 5 6 City749 607 6th Density1 430 km2 3 700 sq mi Urban758 515 7th Urban density1 429 km2 3 700 sq mi Metro834 678 8th Metro density157 90 km2 409 0 sq mi DemonymWinnipeggerTime zoneUTC 6 CST Summer DST UTC 5 CDT 7 Area code s 204 431 584Websitewww wbr winnipeg wbr caThe city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water winipihk The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans it is the traditional territory of the Anishinabe Ojibway Ininew Cree Oji Cree Dene and Dakota and is the birthplace of the Metis Nation 8 French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 Being far inland the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January highs of around 11 C 12 F and average July highs of 26 C 79 F Known as the Gateway to the West Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals including the Festival du Voyageur the Winnipeg Folk Festival the Jazz Winnipeg Festival the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival and Folklorama In 1967 Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games It is home to several professional sports franchises including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers Canadian football the Winnipeg Jets ice hockey Manitoba Moose ice hockey Valour FC association football Winnipeg Sea Bears basketball and the Winnipeg Goldeyes baseball Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Modern history 1900 present 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Cityscape 4 Demographics 5 Economy 6 Culture 6 1 Festivals 6 2 Sports 7 Local media 8 Law and government 8 1 Crime 9 Education 10 Infrastructure 10 1 Transportation 10 2 Medical centres and hospitals 10 3 Utilities 11 Military 12 See also 13 References 14 Notes 15 Further reading 16 External linksEtymology EditWinnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg 65 km north of the city English explorer Henry Kelsey may have been the first European to see the lake in 1690 and he adopted the Cree and Ojibwe name win nipi also transcribed win nipiy or ouenpig meaning murky water or muddy water 9 10 11 modern Cree winipek ᐑᓂᐯᐠ French Canadian fur trader La Verendrye referred to the lake as Lac Gouinipique or Ouinipigon when he built the first forts in the area in the 1730s 12 Local newspaper The Nor Wester included the name on its masthead on February 24 1866 and the city was incorporated by that name under legislation by the Manitoba Assembly in 1873 11 History EditFurther information History of Winnipeg For a chronological guide see Timeline of Winnipeg history Early history Edit Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North a location now known as The Forks This point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact 13 Evidence provided by archaeology petroglyphs rock art and oral history indicates that native peoples used the area in prehistoric times for camping harvesting hunting tool making fishing trading and farther north for agriculture 14 Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area range from 11 500 years ago for a site southwest of the present city to 6 000 years ago at The Forks 15 16 In 1805 Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River The practice quickly expanded driven by the demand by traders for provisions 17 The rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark which helped fur traders navigate the waterways of the area 18 Sieur de La Verendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738 called Fort Rouge 19 French trading continued at this site for several decades before the arrival of the British Hudson s Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War 20 Many French men who were trappers married First Nations women their mixed race children hunted traded and lived in the area Their descendents are known as the Metis 21 An 1821 painting of winter fishing on the ice of the Assiniboine and Red rivers Fort Gibraltar was erected in 1809 Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement known as the Red River Colony the purchase of land from the Hudson s Bay Company and a survey of river lots in the early 19th century 22 The North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809 and the Hudson s Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812 both in the area of present day Winnipeg 23 The two companies competed fiercely over trade 24 The Metis and Lord Selkirk s settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816 In 1821 the Hudson s Bay and North West Companies merged ending their long rivalry 25 Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudson s Bay Company 26 A flood destroyed the fort in 1826 and it was not rebuilt until 1835 26 A rebuilt section of the fort consisting of the front gate and a section of the wall is near the modern day corner of Main Street and Broadway in downtown Winnipeg 27 In 1869 70 present day Winnipeg was the site of the Red River Rebellion a conflict between the local provisional government of Metis led by Louis Riel and newcomers from eastern Canada General Garnet Wolseley was sent to put down the uprising The Manitoba Act of 1870 made Manitoba the fifth province of the three year old Canadian Confederation 28 29 30 Treaty 1 which encompassed the city and much of the surrounding area was signed on 3 August 1871 by representatives of the Crown and local Indigenous groups comprising the Brokenhead Ojibway Sagkeeng Long Plain Peguis Roseau River Anishinabe Sandy Bay and Swan Lake communities 31 On 8 November 1873 Winnipeg was incorporated as a city with the Selkirk settlement as its nucleus 32 Metis legislator and interpreter James McKay named the city 33 Winnipeg s mandate was to govern and provide municipal services to citizens attracted to trade expansion between Upper Fort Garry Lower Fort Garry and Saint Paul Minnesota 34 Winnipeg developed rapidly after the coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881 35 The railway divided the North End which housed mainly Eastern Europeans from the richer Anglo Saxon southern part of the city 15 It also contributed to a demographic shift beginning shortly after Confederation that saw the francophone population decrease from a majority to a small minority group This shift resulted in Premier Thomas Greenway controversially ending legislative bilingualism and removing funding for French Catholic Schools in 1890 36 Modern history 1900 present Edit Crowd gathered outside old City Hall during the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919 By 1911 Winnipeg was Canada s third largest city 15 However the city faced financial difficulty when the Panama Canal opened in 1914 37 The canal reduced reliance on Canada s rail system for international trade the increase in shipping traffic helped Vancouver to surpass Winnipeg in both prosperity and population by the end of World War I 38 More than 30 000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as the Winnipeg general strike 39 The strike was a product of postwar recession labour conditions the activity of union organizers and a large influx of returning World War I soldiers seeking work 40 After many arrests deportations and incidents of violence the strike ended on 21 June 1919 when the Riot Act was read and a group of Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers charged a group of strikers 41 Two strikers were killed and at least thirty others were injured on the day that became known as Bloody Saturday the event polarized the population 41 One of the leaders of the strike J S Woodsworth went on to found Canada s first major socialist party the Co operative Commonwealth Federation which later became the New Democratic Party 42 The Manitoba Legislative Building constructed mainly of Tyndall stone opened in 1920 its dome supports a bronze statue finished in gold leaf titled Eternal Youth and the Spirit of Enterprise commonly known as the Golden Boy 43 The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression resulted in widespread unemployment worsened by drought and low agricultural prices 44 The Depression ended after the start of World War II in 1939 15 In 1942 the Canadian Victory Loan campaign simulated a Nazi occupation of the city to raise war bonds In the Battle of Hong Kong The Winnipeg Grenadiers were among the first Canadians to engage in combat against Japan Battalion members who survived combat were taken prisoner and endured brutal treatment in prisoner of war camps 45 In 1942 the Victory Loan Campaign staged a mock Nazi invasion of Winnipeg to promote awareness of the stakes of the war in Europe 46 47 When the war ended pent up demand generated a boom in housing development although building activity was checked by the 1950 Red River flood 48 The federal government estimated damage at over 26 million although the province indicated that it was at least double that 49 The damage caused by the flood led then Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway 50 Before 1972 Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in a metropolitan area around the Red and Assiniboine Rivers In 1960 the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg was established to co ordinate service delivery in the metropolitan region 34 A consolidated metropolitan unicity government incorporating Winnipeg and its surrounding municipalities was established on 27 July 1971 taking effect in 1972 51 The City of Winnipeg Act incorporated the current city 15 In 2003 the City of Winnipeg Act was repealed and replaced with the City of Winnipeg Charter 34 Winnipeg experienced a severe economic downturn in advance of the early 1980s recession during which the city incurred closures of prominent businesses including the Winnipeg Tribune as well as the Swift s and Canada Packers meat packing plants 52 In 1981 Winnipeg was one of the first cities in Canada to sign a tripartite agreement with the provincial and federal governments to redevelop its downtown area 53 and the three levels of government contributed over 271 million to its development 54 In 1989 the reclamation and redevelopment of the CNR rail yards turned The Forks into Winnipeg s most popular tourist attraction 13 15 The city was threatened by the 1997 Red River flood as well as further floods in 2009 and 2011 55 Geography EditMain article Geography and climate of Winnipeg Docks at The Forks The city lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley a flood plain with a flat topography Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley a flood plain with an extremely flat topography 56 It is on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies in Western Canada and is known as the Gateway to the West 15 Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast although most of the native prairie grasses have been removed for agriculture and urbanization 57 It is relatively close to many large Canadian Shield lakes and parks as well as Lake Winnipeg the Earth s 11th largest freshwater lake 58 Winnipeg has North America s largest extant mature urban elm forest 59 The city has an area of 464 08 km2 179 18 sq mi 2 Winnipeg has four major rivers the Red Assiniboine La Salle and Seine 60 The city was subject to severe flooding in the past The Red River reached its greatest flood height in 1826 Another large flood in 1950 caused millions of dollars in damage and mass evacuations 61 This flood prompted Duff Roblin s provincial government to build the Red River Floodway to protect the city 15 In the 1997 flood flood control dikes were reinforced and raised using sandbags Winnipeg suffered limited damage compared to the flood s impact on cities without such structures such as Grand Forks North Dakota 62 The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the Red River Valley s clay based soil also results in many mosquitoes during wetter years 63 Climate Edit Winters are cold with little precipitation in Winnipeg Winnipeg s location in the Canadian Prairies gives it a warm summer humid continental climate 64 Koppen Dfb 65 with warm humid summers and long severely cold winters Summers have a July mean average of 19 7 C 67 5 F 4 Winters are the coldest time of year with the January mean average around 16 4 C 2 5 F and total winter precipitation December through February averaging 55 2 mm 2 17 in 4 Temperatures occasionally drop below 40 C 40 F 4 On average there are 317 8 days per year with measurable sunshine with July seeing the most on average 66 With 2353 hours of sunshine per year Winnipeg is the second sunniest city in Canada 67 Total annual precipitation both rain and snow is just over 521 mm 20 5 in 4 Thunderstorms are very common during summer and sometimes severe enough to produce tornadoes 68 Low wind chill values are a common occurrence in the local climate The wind chill has gone down as low as 57 1 C 70 8 F and on average there are twelve days of the year that can reach a wind chill below 40 C 40 F 4 The highest temperature ever recorded in Winnipeg was during the 1936 North American heat wave The temperature reached 42 2 C 108 0 F on 11 July 1936 while the highest minimum temperature recorded on the following day 12 July 1936 was 28 3 C 82 9 F 69 The apparent heat can be even more extreme due to bursts of humidity and on 25 July 2007 a humidex reading of 47 3 C 117 1 F was measured 4 The frost free season is comparatively long for a location with such severe winters The last spring frost is on average around 23 May while the first fall frost is on 22 September 4 Climate data for Winnipeg Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport WMO ID 71852 coordinates 49 55 N 97 14 W 49 917 N 97 233 W 49 917 97 233 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport elevation 238 7 m 783 ft 1981 2010 normals extremes 1872 present a Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high humidex 6 3 11 1 28 0 34 1 40 2 46 1 47 3 45 5 45 9 34 3 23 9 9 3 47 3Record high C F 7 8 46 0 11 7 53 1 23 7 74 7 34 3 93 7 37 8 100 0 38 3 100 9 42 2 108 0 40 6 105 1 38 8 101 8 31 1 88 0 23 9 75 0 11 7 53 1 42 2 108 0 Average high C F 11 3 11 7 8 1 17 4 0 8 30 6 10 9 51 6 18 6 65 5 23 2 73 8 25 9 78 6 25 4 77 7 19 0 66 2 10 5 50 9 0 5 31 1 8 5 16 7 8 7 47 7 Daily mean C F 16 4 2 5 13 2 8 2 5 8 21 6 4 4 39 9 11 6 52 9 17 0 62 6 19 7 67 5 18 8 65 8 12 7 54 9 5 0 41 0 4 9 23 2 13 2 8 2 3 0 37 4 Average low C F 21 4 6 5 18 3 0 9 10 7 12 7 2 0 28 4 4 5 40 1 10 7 51 3 13 5 56 3 12 1 53 8 6 4 43 5 0 5 31 1 9 2 15 4 17 8 0 0 2 7 27 1 Record low C F 44 4 47 9 45 0 49 0 38 9 38 0 27 8 18 0 11 7 10 9 6 1 21 0 1 1 34 0 1 1 30 0 8 3 17 1 20 6 5 1 36 7 34 1 47 8 54 0 47 8 54 0 Record low wind chill 56 4 57 1 49 6 35 8 20 8 7 9 0 0 0 0 11 5 24 2 48 1 50 6 57 1Average precipitation mm inches 19 9 0 78 13 8 0 54 24 5 0 96 30 0 1 18 56 7 2 23 90 0 3 54 79 5 3 13 77 0 3 03 45 8 1 80 37 5 1 48 25 0 0 98 21 5 0 85 521 1 20 52 Average rainfall mm inches 0 2 0 01 2 7 0 11 9 7 0 38 19 2 0 76 54 1 2 13 90 0 3 54 79 5 3 13 77 0 3 03 45 5 1 79 32 7 1 29 6 9 0 27 1 5 0 06 418 9 16 49 Average snowfall cm inches 23 7 9 3 12 5 4 9 16 5 6 5 10 6 4 2 2 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 4 8 1 9 19 9 7 8 23 0 9 1 113 7 44 8 Average precipitation days 0 2 mm 12 2 8 0 9 2 7 2 11 5 13 3 11 4 10 7 10 4 9 4 10 3 11 8 125 3Average rainy days 0 2 mm 0 67 0 93 2 9 5 1 11 3 13 3 11 4 10 7 10 3 7 9 3 0 0 84 78 3Average snowy days 0 2 cm 12 4 7 7 7 4 2 9 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 3 8 6 11 5 53 5Average relative humidity 72 7 71 7 68 5 49 1 46 7 54 5 55 6 52 4 54 8 60 1 72 0 75 1 61 1Mean monthly sunshine hours 114 7 133 9 181 9 241 4 285 2 276 3 308 3 281 4 189 0 147 4 93 9 99 5 2 352 9Mean daily sunshine hours 3 7 4 8 5 9 8 0 9 2 9 2 9 9 9 1 6 3 4 8 3 1 3 2 6 4Percent possible sunshine 42 9 47 2 49 5 58 6 59 8 56 6 62 6 62 8 49 8 44 1 34 4 39 2 50 6Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 4Source Environment and Climate Change Canada 70 71 72 and Weather Atlas daily sunshine hours and UV index 73 Cityscape Edit See also List of Winnipeg neighbourhoods List of tallest buildings in Winnipeg and Subdivisions of Winnipeg Centred on the intersection of Portage and Main Downtown Winnipeg is the city s central business district There are officially 236 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg 74 Downtown Winnipeg the city s financial heart and economic core is centred on the intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street and covers about 2 6 km2 1 sq mi More than 72 000 people work downtown and over 40 000 students attend classes at its universities and colleges 75 Downtown Winnipeg s Exchange District is named after the area s original grain exchange which operated from 1880 to 1913 75 The 30 block district received National Historic Site of Canada status in 1997 it includes North America s most extensive collection of early 20th century terracotta and cut stone architecture Stephen Juba Park and Old Market Square 75 Other major downtown areas are The Forks Central Park Broadway Assiniboine and Chinatown Many of Downtown Winnipeg s major buildings are linked with the Winnipeg Walkway 76 Residential neighbourhoods surround the downtown in all directions expansion is greatest to the south and west although several areas remain underdeveloped 77 The city s largest park Assiniboine Park houses the Assiniboine Park Zoo and the Leo Mol Sculpture Garden 78 Other large city parks include Kildonan Park and St Vital Park The city s major commercial areas are Polo Park Kildonan Crossing South St Vital Garden City West Kildonan Pembina Strip Kenaston Smart Centre Osborne Village and the Corydon strip 79 The main cultural and nightlife areas are the Exchange District The Forks Osborne Village and Corydon Village both in Fort Rouge Sargent and Ellice Avenues West End and Old St Boniface 80 Osborne Village is Winnipeg s most densely populated neighbourhood 81 and one of the most densely populated neighbourhoods in Western Canada 82 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Winnipeg Population growth since 1871YearPop 1871241 18817 995 3217 4 189126 529 231 8 190142 540 60 4 1911136 035 219 8 1921179 097 31 7 YearPop 1931218 785 22 2 1941221 969 1 5 1951235 710 6 2 1961265 420 12 6 1971246 246 7 2 1981564 373 129 2 YearPop 1991616 790 9 3 2001619 544 0 4 2011663 617 7 1 2021749 607 13 0 The drastic population increase between 1971 and 1981 was due in part to Winnipeg s amalgamation in 1972 Source 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 5 In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada Winnipeg had a population of 749 607 living in 300 431 of its 315 465 total private dwellings a change of 6 3 from its 2016 population of 705 244 With a land area of 461 78 km2 178 29 sq mi it had a population density of 1 623 3 km2 4 204 3 sq mi in 2021 91 As of the 2021 census 16 6 percent of residents were 14 years old or younger 66 4 percent were between 15 and 64 years old and 17 0 percent were 65 or over The average age of a Winnipegger was 40 3 5 At the census metropolitan area CMA level in the 2021 census the Winnipeg CMA had a population of 834 678 living in 330 326 of its 347 144 total private dwellings a change of 6 6 from its 2016 population of 783 099 With a land area of 5 285 46 km2 2 040 73 sq mi it had a population density of 157 9 km2 409 0 sq mi in 2021 92 Winnipeg represents 54 9 of the population of the province of Manitoba the highest population concentration in one city of any province in Canada 93 94 Apart from the city of Winnipeg the Winnipeg CMA includes the rural municipalities of Springfield St Clements Tache East St Paul Macdonald Ritchot West St Paul Headingley the Brokenhead 4 reserve Rosser and St Francois Xavier 95 Statistics Canada s estimate of the Winnipeg CMA population as of 1 July 2020 is 850 056 making it the 7th largest CMA in Canada 96 Winnipeg has a significant and increasing Indigenous population with both the highest percentage of Indigenous peoples 12 4 for any major Canadian city and the highest total number of Indigenous peoples 90 995 for any single non reserve municipality 5 The Aboriginal population grew by 22 between 2001 and 2006 compared to an increase of 3 for the city as a whole this population tends to be younger and less wealthy than non Aboriginal residents 97 Winnipeg also has the highest Metis population in both percentage 6 5 and numbers 47 915 5 the growth rate for this population between 2001 and 2006 was 30 97 The 2021 census reported that immigrants comprise 201 040 persons or 27 3 of the total population of Winnipeg Of the total immigrant population the top countries of origin were the Philippines 62 100 persons or 30 9 India 27 605 persons or 13 7 and China 8 900 persons or 4 4 5 The city receives over 10 000 net international immigrants per year 98 Winnipeg has the greatest percentage of Filipino residents 11 3 of any major Canadian city although Toronto has more Filipinos by total population 5 As of 2021 34 of residents were of a visible minority 5 More than a hundred languages are spoken in Winnipeg of which the most common is English 95 percent of Winnipeggers speak English as their first language and 2 8 percent have a first language of French Canada s other official language Other languages spoken as a mother tongue in Winnipeg include Tagalog 6 0 Punjabi 4 1 and Mandarin 1 5 Several Indigenous languages are also spoken such as Ojibwe 0 2 and Cree 0 1 5 The 2021 Census reported the religious make up of Winnipeg as 50 4 Christian including 24 0 Catholic 4 0 United Church and 2 7 Anglican 4 4 Sikh 3 3 Muslim 2 0 Hindu 1 5 Jewish 0 9 Buddhist 0 4 traditional aboriginal spirituality 0 7 other and 36 4 no religious affiliation 5 Economy EditSee also List of corporations based in Winnipeg The Royal Canadian Mint s facility in Winnipeg produces Canadian coins for circulation as well as foreign coins Winnipeg is an economic base and regional centre It has a diversified economy with major employment in the health care and social assistance 15 retail 11 manufacturing 8 and public administration 8 sectors 99 There were approximately 444 000 jobs in the city as of 2016 99 Some of Winnipeg s largest employers are government and government funded institutions including the Province of Manitoba the University of Manitoba the City of Winnipeg Manitoba Hydro and Manitoba Liquor amp Lotteries Corporation Major private sector employers include Canad Corporation of Manitoba Canada Life Assurance Company StandardAero and SkipTheDishes 100 According to the Conference Board of Canada Winnipeg was projected to experience a real GDP growth of 1 9 percent in 2019 Gross Domestic Product was 43 3 Billion in 2018 101 The city had an unemployment rate of 5 3 in 2019 compared to a national rate of 5 7 Household income per capita was 47 824 compared to 49 744 nationally 102 The Royal Canadian Mint established in 1976 produces all circulating coinage in Canada 103 The facility located in southeastern Winnipeg also produces coins for many other countries 104 In 2012 Winnipeg was ranked by KPMG as the least expensive location to do business in western Canada 105 Like many prairie cities Winnipeg has a relatively low cost of living 106 The average house price in Winnipeg was 301 518 as of 2018 102 As of May 2014 the Consumer Price Index was 125 8 relative to 2002 prices reflecting consumer costs at the Canadian average 107 108 Culture EditMain article Winnipeg arts and culture See also List of people from Winnipeg Category Museums in Winnipeg Category Theatre companies in Manitoba List of TV and films shot in Winnipeg and List of Winnipeg musicians The Esplanade Riel is a landmark and pedestrian bridge in the city It connects downtown Winnipeg with the St Boniface neighbourhood Winnipeg was named the Cultural Capital of Canada in 2010 by Canadian Heritage 109 As of 2021 there are 26 National Historic Sites of Canada in Winnipeg 110 One of these The Forks attracts four million visitors a year 111 It is home to the City television studio Manitoba Theatre for Young People the Winnipeg International Children s Festival and the Manitoba Children s Museum It also features a 2 800 m2 30 000 sq ft skate plaza a 790 m2 8 500 sq ft bowl complex which features a mural of Winnipeg skateboarding pioneer Jai Pereira the Esplanade Riel bridge 112 a river walkway Shaw Park and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights 111 The Winnipeg Public Library is a public library network with 20 branches throughout the city including the main Millennium Library 113 Winnipeg the Bear which would become the inspiration for part of the name of Winnie the Pooh was purchased in Ontario by Lieutenant Harry Colebourn of the Fort Garry Horse He named the bear after the regiment s home town of Winnipeg 114 A A Milne later wrote a series of books featuring the fictional Winnie the Pooh The series illustrator Ernest H Shepard created the only known oil painting of Winnipeg s adopted fictional bear displayed in Assiniboine Park 115 The city has developed many distinct dishes and cooking styles notably in the areas of confectionery and hot smoked fish Both the First Nations and more recent Eastern Canadian European and Asian immigrants have helped shape Winnipeg s dining scene giving birth to dishes such as the desserts schmoo torte and wafer pie 116 117 The Winnipeg Art Gallery is Western Canada s oldest public art gallery founded in 1912 It is the sixth largest in the country 118 and includes the world s largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art 15 119 Since the late 1970s Winnipeg has also had an active artist run centre culture 120 Centennial Concert Hall is a performing arts centre that is home to the Manitoba Opera Royal Winnipeg Ballet and the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra Winnipeg s three largest performing arts venues the Centennial Concert Hall Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre and the Pantages Playhouse Theatre are downtown The Royal Manitoba is Canada s oldest English language regional theatre with over 250 performances yearly 121 The Pantages Playhouse Theatre opened as a vaudeville house in 1913 122 Other city theatres include the Burton Cummings Theatre a National Historic Site of Canada built in 1906 123 and Prairie Theatre Exchange Le Cercle Moliere based in St Boniface is Canada s oldest theatre company it was founded in 1925 124 Rainbow Stage is a musical theatre production company based in Kildonan Park that produces professional live Broadway musical shows and is Canada s longest surviving outdoor theatre 15 125 The Manitoba Theatre for Young People at The Forks is one of only two Theatres for Young Audiences in Canada with a permanent residence and the only Theatre for Young Audiences that offers a full season of plays for teenagers 126 The Winnipeg Jewish Theatre is the only professional theatre in Canada dedicated to Jewish themes 127 Shakespeare in the Ruins SIR presents adaptations of Shakespeare plays 128 Winnipeg has hosted numerous Hollywood productions Shall We Dance 2004 Capote 2005 The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford 2007 and A Dog s Purpose 2017 among others were filmed in the city 129 130 The Winnipeg Film Group has produced numerous award winning films 131 There are several TV and film production companies in Winnipeg the most prominent are Farpoint Films Frantic Films Buffalo Gal Pictures and Les Productions Rivard 132 Guy Maddin s My Winnipeg an independent film released in 2008 is a comedic rumination on the city s history 133 Located in Winnipeg the Canadian Museum for Human Rights is a national museum of Canada The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra is the largest and oldest professional musical ensemble in Winnipeg 134 The Manitoba Chamber Orchestra runs a series of chamber orchestral concerts each year 135 Manitoba Opera is Manitoba s only full time professional opera company 136 Among the most notable musical acts associated with Winnipeg are Bachman Turner Overdrive 137 The Guess Who 138 Neil Young 139 The Weakerthans 140 the Crash Test Dummies 141 Propagandhi 142 Bif Naked 143 and The Watchmen 144 among many others 137 Winnipeg also has a significant place in Canadian jazz history being the location of Canada s first jazz concert in 1914 at the Pantages Playhouse Theatre 145 The Royal Winnipeg Ballet RWB is Canada s oldest ballet company and the longest continuously operating ballet company in North America It was the first organization to be granted a royal title by Queen Elizabeth II and has included notable dancers such as Evelyn Hart and Mikhail Baryshnikov The RWB also runs a full time classical dance school 146 The Manitoba Museum the city s largest museum depicts the history of the city and province The full size replica of the ship Nonsuch is the museum s showcase piece 147 The Manitoba Children s Museum is a nonprofit children s museum at The Forks that features twelve permanent galleries 148 149 The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is the only Canadian national museum for human rights and the only national museum west of Ottawa 150 The federal government contributed 100 million towards the estimated 311 million project 151 Construction of the museum began on 1 April 2008 152 and the museum opened to the public 27 September 2014 153 The Western Canada Aviation Museum in a hangar at Winnipeg s James Richardson International Airport features military jets commercial aircraft Canada s first helicopter the flying saucer Avrocar flight simulators and a Black Brant rocket built in Manitoba by Bristol Aerospace 154 The Winnipeg Railway Museum at Via Rail Station has a variety of locomotives notably the Countess of Dufferin the first steam locomotive in Western Canada 155 Festivals Edit See also List of festivals in Winnipeg The Korean Pavilion during Folklorama Festival du Voyageur Western Canada s largest winter festival celebrates the early French explorers of the Red River Valley 156 Folklorama is the largest and longest running cultural celebration festival in the world 157 The Jazz Winnipeg Festival and the Winnipeg Folk Festival both celebrate Winnipeg s music community The Winnipeg Music Festival offers a competition venue to amateur musicians The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is the second largest alternative theatre festival in North America 158 The Winnipeg International Writers Festival also called THIN AIR brings writers to Winnipeg for workshops and readings 159 The LGBT community in the city is served by Pride Winnipeg an annual gay pride festival and parade and Reel Pride a film festival of LGBT themed films 160 Sports Edit Main article Sport in Winnipeg Winnipeg has been home to several professional hockey teams The Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League NHL have called the city home since 2011 161 The original Winnipeg Jets the city s former NHL team left for Phoenix Arizona after the 1995 96 season due to mounting financial troubles despite a campaign effort to Save the Jets 162 The Jets play at Canada Life Centre which is ranked the world s 19th busiest arena among non sporting touring events 13th busiest among facilities in North America and 3rd busiest in Canada as of 2009 163 Canada Life Centre is an indoor arena in downtown Winnipeg It is the home arena of the NHL s Winnipeg Jets and the AHL s Manitoba Moose Past hockey teams based in Winnipeg include the Winnipeg Maroons Winnipeg Warriors three time Stanley Cup Champion Winnipeg Victorias and the Winnipeg Falcons who were the first ever Gold Medal Olympians representing Canada in 1920 in Antwerp Belgium Another professional ice hockey team in Winnipeg is the Manitoba Moose the American Hockey League primary affiliate of the Winnipeg Jets that are owned by the same group 164 165 On the international stage Winnipeg has hosted national and world hockey championships on a number of occasions most notably the 1999 World Junior Hockey Championship and 2007 Women s World Hockey Championship 166 167 In 2019 the Western Hockey League returned to Winnipeg after a long absence with the Kootenay Ice relocating as the Winnipeg Ice 168 The Winnipeg Blue Bombers play in the Canadian Football League They are twelve time Grey Cup champions their last championship in 2021 169 From 1953 to 2012 the Blue Bombers called Canad Inns Stadium home they have since moved to IG Field which opened in 2013 The 200 million facility is also the home to U Sports University of Manitoba Bisons and the Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League 170 171 The University of Manitoba Bisons and the University of Winnipeg Wesmen represent the city in university level sports 172 In soccer it is represented by both Valour FC in the new Canadian Premier League 173 and WSA Winnipeg in the USL League Two 174 Winnipeg has been home to several professional baseball teams most recently the Winnipeg Goldeyes since 1994 The Goldeyes play at Shaw Park which was completed in 1999 The team had led the Northern League for ten straight years in average attendance through 2010 with more than 300 000 annual fan visits until the league collapsed and merged into the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball 175 Winnipeg was the first Canadian city to host the Pan American Games and the second city to host the event twice in 1967 and again in 1999 176 The Pan Am Pool built for the 1967 Pan Am Games hosts aquatic events including diving speed swimming synchronized swimming and water polo 177 Winnipeg co hosted the 2015 FIFA Women s World Cup 178 Professional sports teams Club Sport League Venue Established ChampionshipsWinnipeg Blue Bombers Football CFL Osborne Stadium 1935 1952 Winnipeg Stadium 1953 2012 IG Field 2013 present 1930 12Winnipeg Jets Ice hockey WHA NHL Winnipeg Arena 1972 1996 Canada Life Centre 2011 present Original 1972 1996Current 2011 3 WHA Avco Cup 0Valour FC Soccer CPL IG Field 2018 0Winnipeg Goldeyes Baseball Northern League 1994 2010 American Association 2011 present Shaw Park 1994 4Winnipeg Sea Bears 179 Basketball CEBL Canada Life Centre 2022 0Manitoba Moose Ice hockey IHL 1996 2001 AHL 2001 2011 2015 present Winnipeg Arena 1996 2004 Canada Life Centre 2004 2011 2015 present 1996 2011 2015 present 0Local media EditMain article Media in Winnipeg CBC Manitoba is one of five English language television broadcasters in Winnipeg and ICI Manitoba is the French language station Winnipeg has two daily newspapers the Winnipeg Free Press and the Winnipeg Sun 180 There are also several ethnic weekly newspapers 181 Radio broadcasting in Winnipeg began in 1922 182 by 1923 government owned CKY held a monopoly position that lasted until after the Second World War Winnipeg is home to 33 AM and FM radio stations two of which are French language stations 183 CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 broadcast local and national programming in the city 184 NCI is devoted to Indigenous programming 185 Television broadcasting in Winnipeg started in 1954 The federal government refused to license any private broadcaster until the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation had created a national network In May 1954 CBWT went on the air with four hours of broadcasting per day 186 There are now five English language stations and one French language station based in Winnipeg Additionally some American network affiliates are available over the air 187 Law and government EditMain article Law government and crime in Winnipeg Winnipeg City Hall is the seat of municipal government Since 1992 the city of Winnipeg has been represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor both elected every four years 188 The present mayor Scott Gillingham was first elected to office in 2022 189 The city is a single tier municipality governed by a mayor council system 15 The structure of the municipal government is set by the provincial legislature in the City of Winnipeg Charter Act which replaced the old City of Winnipeg Act in 2003 190 The mayor is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city 191 At Council meetings the mayor has one of 16 votes The city governance functions off the strong mayor model which allows for a two tiered system or voting block between the councilors who are on or not on the Executive Policy Committee 192 The City Council is a unicameral legislative body representing geographical wards throughout the city 190 In provincial politics Winnipeg is represented by 32 of the 57 provincial Members of the Legislative Assembly MLAs in the 42nd Manitoba Legislature As of 2019 Winnipeg districts are represented by 15 members of the Progressive Conservative Party 14 by the New Democratic Party NDP and 3 by the Liberal Party 193 Winnipeg is home to the Manitoba Legislative Building which houses the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba In federal politics as of 2019 Winnipeg is represented by eight Members of Parliament four Liberals two Conservatives and two New Democrat 194 There are five Senators representing Manitoba in Ottawa plus one seat vacant as of April 2021 195 Crime Edit Main article Law government and crime in Winnipeg From 2007 to 2011 Winnipeg was the murder capital of Canada with the highest per capita rate of homicides as of 2019 it is in second place behind Thunder Bay 196 197 As of 2019 update Winnipeg had the 13 highest violent crime index in Canada and the highest robbery rate 198 Winnipeg was the violent crime capital of Canada in 2020 according to the Statistics Canada police reported violent crime severity index 199 Despite high overall violent crime rates crime in Winnipeg is mostly concentrated in the inner city which makes up only 19 of the population 200 but was the site of 86 4 of the city s shootings 66 5 of the robberies 63 3 of the homicides and 59 5 of the sexual assaults in 2012 201 From the early 1990s to the mid 2000s Winnipeg had a significant auto theft problem with the rate peaking at 2 165 0 per 100 000 residents in 2006 202 compared to 487 auto thefts per 100 000 residents for Canada as a whole 203 To combat auto theft Manitoba Public Insurance established financial incentives for motor vehicle owners to install ignition immobilizers in their vehicles and now requires owners of high risk vehicles to install immobilizers 204 These initiatives resulted in an 80 decrease in auto thefts between 2006 and 2011 205 As of 2018 the Winnipeg Police Service had 1 914 police officers which is one officer per 551 city residents and cost taxpayers 290 564 015 206 In November 2013 the national police union reviewed the Winnipeg Police Force and found high average response times for several categories of calls 207 208 In 2017 the city started to deal with an increasingly large methamphetamine problem fuelling violent crime 209 210 Education EditSee also List of schools of Winnipeg Located in Winnipeg the University of Manitoba is the largest post secondary institution in the province Winnipeg has seven school divisions Winnipeg School Division St James Assiniboia School Division Pembina Trails School Division Seven Oaks School Division Division Scolaire Franco Manitobaine River East Transcona School Division and Louis Riel School Division 211 Winnipeg also has several religious and secular private schools 212 213 The University of Manitoba is the largest university in Manitoba 214 It was founded in 1877 making it Western Canada s first university 214 In a typical year the university has 26 500 undergraduate students and 3 800 graduate students 215 Universite de Saint Boniface is the city s French language university 216 The University of Winnipeg received its charter in 1967 217 Until 2007 it was an undergraduate institution that offered some joint graduate studies programs it now offers independent graduate programs 217 The Canadian Mennonite University is a private Mennonite undergraduate university established in 1999 218 Winnipeg also has two independent colleges Red River College Polytechnic and Booth University College Red River College offers diploma certificate and apprenticeship programs and starting in 2009 began offering some degree programs 219 Booth University College is a private Christian Salvation Army university college established in 1982 It offers mostly arts and seminary training 220 221 Infrastructure EditTransportation Edit Main article Transport in Winnipeg Winnipeg has had public transit since 1882 starting with horse drawn streetcars 222 They were replaced by electric trolley cars The trolley cars ran from 1892 to 1955 supplemented by motor buses after 1918 and electric trolleybuses from 1938 to 1970 222 Winnipeg Transit now runs diesel buses on its routes 223 Union Station is the inter city railway station for the city Winnipeg is a railway hub and is served by Via Rail at Union Station for passenger rail and Canadian National Railway Canadian Pacific Railway Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba and the Central Manitoba Railway for freight rail It is the only major city between Vancouver and Thunder Bay with direct US connections by rail 224 Winnipeg is the largest and best connected city within Manitoba and has highways leading in all directions from the city To the south Winnipeg is connected to the United States via Provincial Trunk Highway 75 PTH 75 a continuation of I 29 and US 75 known as Pembina Highway or Route 42 within Winnipeg The highway runs 107 km 66 mi to Emerson Manitoba and is the busiest Canada United States border crossing on the Prairies 225 The four lane Perimeter Highway built in 1969 serves as a Ring Road with at grade intersections and a few interchanges It allows travellers on the Trans Canada Highway to bypass the city 226 The Trans Canada Highway runs east to west through the city city route or circles around the city on the Perimeter Highway beltway Some of the city s major arterial roads include Route 80 Waverley St Route 155 McGillivray Blvd Route 165 Bishop Grandin Blvd Route 17 Chief Peguis Trail and Route 90 Brookside Blvd Oak Point Hwy King Edward St Century St Kenaston Blvd 227 Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport is the only commercial international airport in the province The Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport completed a 585 million redevelopment in October 2011 The development brought a new terminal a four level parking facility and other infrastructure improvements 228 Winnipeg Bus Terminal at Winnipeg International Airport previously served by Greyhound Canada through its subsidiary Grey Goose Bus Lines Winnipeg Shuttle Service and Brandon Air Shuttle Since Greyhound s exit from Western Canada very few remaining routes still serve the terminal 229 Approximately 8 100 ha 20 000 acres of land to the north and west of the airport has been designated as an inland port CentrePort Canada and is Canada s first Foreign Trade Zone It is a private sector initiative to develop the infrastructure for Manitoba s trucking air rail and sea industries 230 In 2009 construction began on a 212 million four lane freeway to connect CentrePort with the Perimeter Highway 231 Named CentrePort Canada Way it opened in November 2013 232 Several taxi companies serve Winnipeg the largest being Unicity Duffy s Taxi and Spring Taxi Ride sharing was legalized in March 2018 and several services including TappCar and Cowboy Taxi operate in Winnipeg 233 Cycling is popular in Winnipeg and there are many bicycle trails and lanes around the city Winnipeg holds an annual Bike to Work Day 234 and Cyclovia 235 and bicycle commuters may be seen year round even in the winter Active living infrastructure in Winnipeg includes bike lanes 236 and sharrows 237 Medical centres and hospitals Edit See also List of hospitals in Manitoba Winnipeg s major hospitals include Health Sciences Centre Concordia Hospital Deer Lodge Centre Grace Hospital Saint Boniface General Hospital Seven Oaks General Hospital Victoria General Hospital and The Children s Hospital of Winnipeg 238 The National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg is one of only a handful of biosafety level 4 microbiology laboratories in the world 239 The NML houses laboratories of the Public Health Agency of Canada PHAC and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency in the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease collocated in the same facility Research facilities are also operated through hospitals and private biotechnology companies in the city 240 241 Utilities Edit Water and sewage services are provided by the city 242 The city draws its water via an aqueduct from Shoal Lake treating and fluoridating it at the Deacon Reservoir just outside the city prior to pumping it into the Winnipeg system 243 The city s system has over 2 500 km 1 600 mi of underground water mains which are subject to breakage due to corrosion and pressure from extreme dry wet or cold soil conditions 244 Electricity and natural gas are provided by Manitoba Hydro a provincial crown corporation headquartered in the city it uses primarily hydroelectric power 245 The primary telecommunications carrier is Bell MTS although other corporations offer telephone cellular television and internet services 246 Winnipeg contracts out several services to private companies including garbage and recycling collection and street plowing and snow removal This practice represents a significant budget expenditure The services have faced numerous complaints from residents about missed service 247 248 249 250 Military EditSee also CFB Winnipeg Entrance to CFB Winnipeg CFB Winnipeg is the home garrison for a number of Royal Canadian Air Force units Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg co located at the airport is home to many flight operations support divisions and several training schools It is also the headquarters of 1 Canadian Air Division and the Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command NORAD Region 251 as well as the home base of 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces The Wing comprises three squadrons and six schools it also provides support to the Central Flying School 252 Excluding the three levels of government 17 Wing is the fourth largest employer in the city 253 The Wing supports 113 units stretching from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan Alberta border and from the 49th parallel to the high Arctic 252 17 Wing also acts as a deployed operating base for CF 18 Hornet fighter bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region 252 There are two squadrons based in the city The 402 City of Winnipeg Squadron flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland CT 142 Dash 8 navigation trainer 254 The 435 Chinthe Transport and Rescue Squadron flies the Lockheed CC 130 Hercules in airlift search and rescue roles 255 In addition 435 Squadron is the only Royal Canadian Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct tactical air to air refuelling of fighter aircraft 255 There are several units of the Canadian Army Primary Reserve based in Winnipeg These include The Royal Winnipeg Rifles The Queen s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada 38 Service Battalion 38 Combat Engineer Regiment 38 Signal Regiment and The Fort Garry Horse 256 HMCS Chippawa is a Royal Canadian Navy reserve division in Winnipeg 257 For many years Winnipeg was the home of the Second Battalion of Princess Patricia s Canadian Light Infantry Initially the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks now the location of the Rady Jewish Community Centre 258 They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks between River Heights and Tuxedo Since 2004 the battalion has operated out of CFB Shilo near Brandon 259 See also Edit Canada portalList of people from Winnipeg Municipal waste management in Winnipeg Winnipeg automobile References Edit Municipal Manual PDF City of Winnipeg 2007 p 16 a b Census subdivision of Winnipeg Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 Retrieved 3 March 2014 Census metropolitan area of Winnipeg Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 Retrieved 3 March 2014 a b c d e f g h Canadian Climate Normals 1981 2010 Station Data Environment Canada Retrieved 2 April 2021 a b c d e f g h i j Census Profile 2021 Census of Population Winnipeg City CY Manitoba Census subdivision Statistics Canada 26 October 2022 a b Census Profile 2021 Census Winnipeg Metropolitan Population Statistifcs Canada Retrieved 9 February 2022 Winnipeg The World Clock Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 Retrieved 3 March 2014 Winnipeg s Indigenous Accord PDF City of Winnipeg Retrieved 3 June 2021 Ham Penny 1980 Place Names of Manitoba Western Producer Prairie Books p 138 ISBN 9780888330673 Barber Katherine ed 2004 Winnipeg Lake Canadian Oxford Dictionary Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 541816 6 a b Boyens Ingeborg ed 2007 The Encyclopedia of Manitoba Great Plains Publications pp 383 744 ISBN 978 1 894 283 71 7 Bellin M 1755 Remarques sur la Carte de l Amerique Septentrionale Didot p 73 a b History The Forks Archived from the original on 30 September 2008 Retrieved 4 November 2008 Harris R Cole ed 1993 Historical Atlas of Canada Vol I From the Beginning to 1800 Cartography amp design by Geoffrey J Matthews University of Toronto Press pp 1 6 ISBN 0 8020 2495 5 a b c d e f g h i j k Artibise Alan 11 September 2012 Winnipeg The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 Buckner Anthony Spring 1990 Glacial Lake Agassiz Manitoba History 19 Welsted John Everitt John Stadel Christoph eds 1996 The geography of Manitoba University of Manitoba Press p 80 ISBN 978 0 88755 375 2 Lewis G Malcolm 1998 Cartographic encounters perspectives on Native American mapmaking and map use University of Chicago Press p 12 ISBN 9780226476940 Champagne Antoine 1968 1969 The Verendryes and Their Successors 1727 1760 MHS Transactions Third Series 25 Parks Canada The Forks National Historic Site of Canada Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 Retrieved 5 January 2007 Lussier AS Spring 1978 The Metis Contemporary Problem of Identity Manitoba Pageant 23 3 Thomas Douglas Dictionary of Canadian Biography V University of Toronto 2000 pp 264 269 Brown Alice E April 1962 A Brief Chronology of Events Relative to Lord Selkirk s Settlement at Red River 1811 to 1815 Manitoba Pageant 7 3 Bumstead JM 1999 Fur Trade Wars 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Manitoba Free Press 19 August 1876 p 3 a b c Winnipeg Man Winnipeg in Focus Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 Retrieved 3 March 2018 MHS Centennial Business Canadian Pacific Railway Company Manitoba Historical Society Archived from the original on 29 August 2009 Retrieved 16 July 2009 Controversy and compromise over the Manitoba Schools Question Canada s History Archived from the original on 27 May 2014 Retrieved 26 May 2014 Silicz Michael 10 September 2008 The heart of the continent The Manitoban Hiller Harry 2009 Second promised land migration to Alberta and the transformation of Canadian society McGill Queen s University Press pp 33 34 ISBN 978 0 7735 3517 6 The Winnipeg General Strike Canada A People s History CBC Archived from the original on 18 September 2014 Retrieved 4 March 2014 Bothwell Robert Drummond Ian English John 1990 Canada 1900 1945 University of Toronto Press p 165 ISBN 0 8020 6801 4 a b Bloody Saturday CBC Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 Retrieved 7 April 2012 MacInnis Grace 1953 J S Woodsworth A Man to Remember Macmillan ISBN 978 0770511807 The History Legislative Tour Province of Manitoba Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 Retrieved 16 July 2009 Francis RD Ganzevoort H eds 1980 The Dirty Thirties in Prairie Canada 11th Western Canadian Studies Conference Tantalus Research ISBN 0 919478 46 8 Vance Jonathan 1994 Objects of concern Canadian prisoners of war through the twentieth century UBC Press p 183 ISBN 978 0 7748 0504 9 Burch Ted 10 September 1960 The day the Nazis took over Winnipeg Maclean s 46 47 Groom Kick 5 January 1985 If Winnipeg Free Press p 1 Hurst William D 1955 1956 The Red River Flood of 1950 MHS Transactions Third Series 12 Bumsted JM March 2002 The Manitoba Royal Commission on Flood Cost Benefit and the Origins of Cost Benefit Analysis in Canada American Review of Canadian Studies 32 1 97 121 doi 10 1080 02722010209481659 Haque C Emdad May 2000 Risk Assessment Emergency Preparedness and 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February 2014 Lake Winnipeg World Lake Database Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 Retrieved 4 March 2014 Bruce Graeme 17 October 2017 The City of Winnipeg s most common tree types mapped Winnipeg Free Press Boulet Charles Basement Flood Risk Reduction City of Winnipeg PDF Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction Archived from the original PDF on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 4 March 2014 Historical floods and flood disasters Natural Resources Canada Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 Retrieved 9 May 2012 Red River Rising Manitoba floods CBC Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2014 Floodway part of war on mosquitoes Frontier Centre for Public Policy 25 September 2002 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Winnipeg Manitoba Climate Summary Weatherbase Archived from the original on 11 February 2015 Retrieved 27 January 2015 Updated world map of the Koppen Geiger climate classification PDF University of Melbourne Archived PDF from the original on 3 February 2012 Retrieved 8 March 2011 Canadian Climate Normals 1971 2000 Environment Canada Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 1 October 2012 Sunniest City in Canada Current Results Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 Retrieved 19 May 2015 Thunderstorms Government of Manitoba Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 Retrieved 14 May 2016 July 1936 Environment Canada Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 Retrieved 18 April 2016 Winnipeg Richardson International A Manitoba Canadian Climate Normals 1981 2010 Environment and Climate Change Canada Retrieved 7 May 2014 Monthly Data Report for 1872 Canadian Historical Climate Data Environment and Climate Change Canada Retrieved 12 May 2016 Daily Data Report for March 2012 Canadian Historical Climate Data Environment and Climate Change Canada Retrieved 12 May 2016 Winnipeg Canada Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast Weather Atlas Yu Media Group Retrieved 5 July 2019 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provinces and territories and census subdivisions municipalities Manitoba Statistics Canada 9 February 2022 Retrieved 20 February 2022 Population and dwelling counts Canada provinces and territories census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations Statistics Canada 9 February 2022 Retrieved 28 March 2022 Population and dwelling counts for Canada provinces and territories Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 12 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Population and dwelling counts for Canada and census subdivisions municipalities Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Census profile Winnipeg census metropolitan area Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Population estimates July 1 by census metropolitan area and census agglomeration 2016 boundaries1 Statistics Canada Retrieved 13 June 2021 a b Winnipeg Report PDF Urban Aboriginal Peoples Study Environics Institute 2011 Archived PDF from the original on 7 December 2013 Community Trends Report PDF City of Winnipeg October 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 26 March 2014 a b Winnipeg Economic Profile PDF Government of Manitoba Retrieved 2 April 2021 Largest Employers All Sectors Winnipeg Manitoba Economic Development Winnipeg Retrieved 2 April 2021 Economic Indicators Economic Development Winnipeg Retrieved 30 December 2021 a b Economic Indicators Economic Development Winnipeg Retrieved 2 April 2021 Visit the Mint Royal Canadian Mint Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Our Services Royal Canadian Mint Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Winnipeg the most cost competitive in western Canada KPMG 22 March 2012 Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 Consumer price index by city monthly Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 Retrieved 3 March 2014 Consumer Price Index by city monthly Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 Retrieved 4 July 2014 Consumer Price Index by province monthly Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 Retrieved 5 July 2014 Arts for All Winnipeg Arts Council Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 Retrieved 27 February 2014 Winnipeg Directory of Federal Heritage Designations Parks Canada Retrieved 2 April 2021 See also St Boniface a b The Forks The Forks Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 Retrieved 4 July 2010 Attractions The Forks Archived from the original on 3 July 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Library Services Newcomers Pocket Guide to Winnipeg City of Winnipeg Archived from the original on 13 July 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 History of Winnie the Pooh Disney Archived from the original on 28 July 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Ernest H Shepard Illustrator Pooh Corner Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Kives Bartley 3 July 2011 The road to our signature dish Interesting fusion creation a contender Winnipeg Free Press Gillmor Alison 7 November 2012 Wafer Flapper Open Wide and Say Sals Winnipeg Free Press The Winnipeg Art Gallery The Winnipeg Art Gallery Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 Retrieved 9 May 2012 Collection of The Winnipeg Art Gallery The Winnipeg Art Gallery Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 Retrieved 9 May 2012 Artist run centre members MARCC Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 Retrieved 17 November 2017 About MTC Manitoba Theatre Centre 2010 Archived from the original on 28 June 2008 Retrieved 14 July 2010 Historic Places Parks Canada Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 Retrieved 19 November 2011 Walker Theatre National Historic Site of Canada Parks Canada Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 La Compagnie in French Cercle Moliere 2008 Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 About Rainbow Stage Rainbow Stage 1993 Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 Retrieved 17 July 2009 MTYP Manitoba Theatre for Young People Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 About Us Winnipeg Jewish Theatre Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 Retrieved 17 July 2009 About Shakespeare in the Ruins Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Five flicks filmed in Winnipeg Metro 31 August 2012 Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Filmed in Winnipeg Winnipeg Sun 30 August 2016 Why make movies in Winnipeg CBC Archived from the original on 16 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Awards amp Nominations Get on Set Manitoba Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Gillmor Alison 7 September 2007 Home truths CBC Archived from the original on 18 March 2009 More About the WSO WSO Archived from the original on 4 May 2008 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Manitoba Chamber Orchestra Encyclopedia of Music in Canada Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Did You Know About Manitoba Opera Manitoba Opera Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 a b 2014 JUNO Awards CARAS Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 The Guess Who Manitoba Music Museum Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 Retrieved 21 May 2014 Kives Bartley 17 January 2014 Neil Young a typical Winnipegger Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 City Still Breathing Geist Retrieved 5 January 2022 Bateman Jeff 15 December 2013 Crash Test Dummies The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 Wasney Eva 9 June 2021 In depth US podcast covers Winnipeg s Propagandhi Winnipeg Free Press Gibson Shane 16 June 2019 Bif Naked remembers early days in Winnipeg CBC Rosen Kayla 28 April 2021 Two members of the Watchmen reunite CTV Mason Roger Such Melodious Racket Quill and Quire Retrieved 5 January 2021 History Royal Winnipeg Ballet Archived from the original on 29 July 2010 Retrieved 28 December 2009 Museum Info Manitoba Museum Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 Retrieved 7 April 2012 About the Children s Museum Manitoba Children s Museum Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 Retrieved 6 October 2012 Children s Museum Now Open to the Public PDF Manitoba Children s Museum 6 June 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 1 December 2011 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Construction FAQ Canadian Museum for Human Rights 2010 Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 Retrieved 4 July 2010 Friends of Canadian Museum For Human Rights The Friends of Canadian Museum For Human Rights Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 Retrieved 4 July 2010 McNeill Murray 9 February 2009 Rights museum build begins April 1 Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 Canada s new national museum opens devoted entirely to human rights press release Canadian Museum for Human Rights Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 Retrieved 12 October 2014 McCaffery Dan 2000 Canada s Warplanes Unique Aircraft in Canada s Aviation Museums James Lorimer amp Company p 3 ISBN 978 1 55028 699 1 The Winnipeg Railway Museum locomotives The Winnipeg Railway Museum Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Historique in French Festival du Voyageur Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 FAQs Folklorama Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Winnipeg Fringe Festival breaks attendance record CBC 28 July 2008 Archived from the original on 29 July 2008 THIN AIR ACI Manitoba Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 The secret lives of volunteers Outwords April 2011 Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Buma Michael 2012 Refereeing identity the cultural work of Canadian hockey novels McGill Queen s University Press pp 284 285 ISBN 978 0 7735 3987 7 Hockey Flight in Canada CBC Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Maclean Cameron 24 January 2009 MTS Centre 19th busiest showbiz venue in the world Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 Welsted John ed 1996 The geography of Manitoba its land and its people University of Manitoba Press p 307 ISBN 978 0 88755 375 2 Romaniuk Ross 18 October 2011 Work finally getting underway on old arena site Winnipeg Sun Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 1999 IIHF World Junior Championship Hockey Canada Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 2007 IIHF Women s World Championship Hockey Canada Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Winnipeg Ice ownership optimistic about bringing WHL back to Manitoba capital CBC News Canadian Press 1 February 2019 Grey Cups Winnipeg Blue Bombers Archived from the original on 20 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Penton Kirk 28 June 2013 Bombers greats called out for opening ceremonies at Investors Group Field Winnipeg Sun Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 Jahns Kyle 23 August 2013 Marsch finds comfort zone with Rifles Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Prest Ashley 2 February 2012 Bisons Wesmen get their mojo back Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Winnipeg soccer executive hopes new club will score with local youth Globalnews ca Archived from the original on 10 June 2018 Retrieved 2 June 2018 Prest Ashley 26 May 2011 New soccer squad in town Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Winnipeg Goldeyes History Winnipeg Goldeyes Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2010 Redmond Gerald 6 January 2013 Pan American Games The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 City of Winnipeg Pan Am Pool Archived from the original on 30 July 2010 Retrieved 21 July 2010 Tait Ed 5 May 2012 Winnipeg to host FIFA Women s World Cup Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 8 December 2012 Winnipeg Sea Bears become 10th Canadian Elite Basketball League franchise CBC Canadian Press 30 November 2022 Free Press rules latest readership survey Winnipeg Free Press 23 October 2013 Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Canadian Ethnic Newspapers Currently Received Collections Canada Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Moir Garry 2015 On the Air the golden age of Manitoba radio Great Plains Publications pp 16 17 ISBN 978 1 927855 26 3 Winnipeg Radio Stations tunein Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Manitoba CBC Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 About us NCI Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Shilliday Greg ed 1995 Manitoba 125 A History Vol 3 Great Plains Publications ISBN 0 9697804 1 9 Bowman John 12 June 2009 Canadian over the air TV following U S down digital path CBC Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 City Government City of Winnipeg Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 17 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Consolidation Project at CFB Winnipeg Department of Defence 11 July 2003 Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 Community National Defence Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 Retrieved 5 March 2014 History National Defence Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 Retrieved 5 March 2014 a b General Information National Defence Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Canadian Army Reserve Canadian Army Retrieved 14 February 2021 HMCS Chippawa The Canadian Armed Forces Retrieved 14 February 2021 Explore Our Heritage Provincial Heritage Sites Government of Manitoba Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Winnipeg mayor wants negotiations in Kapyong Barracks dispute CBC 29 January 2014 Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 Notes Edit Climate data was recorded at St John s College from March 1872 to July 1938 and at Winnipeg Airport from January 1938 to present Further reading EditArtibise Alan F J 1979 Gateway City Documents on the City of Winnipeg 1873 1913 PDF Vol V Manitoba Record Society Publications Hamilton John David 1998 A Winnipeg album glimpses of the way we were Hounslow Press ISBN 0 88882 204 9 Friesen Gerald 2009 Prairie metropolis new essays on Winnipeg social history University of Manitoba Press ISBN 978 0 88755 713 2 External links EditOfficial website Media related to Winnipeg at Wikimedia Commons Winnipeg travel guide from Wikivoyage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Winnipeg amp oldid 1134766302, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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