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Lusitania

April 30, 2023

This article is about the Roman province. For the ship, see RMS Lusitania. For other uses, see Lusitania (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Lusatia.

Lusitania (/ˌluːsɪˈteɪniə/; Classical Latin: [luːsiːˈtaːnia]) was an ancient Iberian Roman province located where modern Portugal (south of the Douro river) and a portion of western Spain (the present Extremadura and the province of Salamanca) lie. It was named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people (an Indo-European people).

Provincia Lusitana
Province of the Roman Empire
27 BC–AD 409/410

CapitalEmerita Augusta (Mérida)
History
Historical eraRoman Empire
• Established
27 BC
• Disestablished
AD 409/410
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Today part ofPortugal
Spain
The Iberian peninsula in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117–138 AD), showing, in western Iberia, the imperial province of Lusitania (Portugal and Extremadura)

Its capital was Emerita Augusta (currently Mérida, Spain), and it was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior, before becoming a province of its own in the Roman Empire. Romans first came to the territory around the mid-2nd century BC.[1] A war with Lusitanian tribes followed, from 155 to 139 BC. In 27 BC, the province was created.[2]

Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal.

Origin of the name

The etymology of the name of the Lusitani (who gave the Roman province its name) remains unclear. Popular etymology connected the name to a supposed Roman demigod Lusus, whereas some early-modern scholars[which?] suggested that Lus was a form of the Celtic Lugus followed by another (unattested) root *tan-, supposed to mean "tribe",[3] while others derived the name from Lucis, an ancient people mentioned in Avienius' Ora Maritima (4th century AD) and from tan (-stan in Iranian), or from tain, meaning "a region" or implying "a country of waters", a root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region.[4][5][6]

Ancient Romans, such as Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 3.5) and Varro (116 – 27 BC, cited by Pliny), speculated that the name Lusitania had Roman origins, as when Pliny says "lusum enim Liberi Patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse Lusitaniae et Pana praefectum eius universae" [Lusitania takes its name from the Lusus associated with Bacchus and the Lyssa of his Bacchantes, and Pan is its governor].

Lusus is usually translated as "game" or "play", while lyssa is a borrowing from the Greek λυσσα, "frenzy" or "rage", and sometimes Rage personified; for later poets, Lusus and Lyssa become flesh-and-blood companions (even children) of Bacchus. Luís de Camões' epic Os Lusíadas (1572), which portrays Lusus as the founder of Lusitania, extends these ideas, which have no connection with modern etymology.

In his work, Geography, the classical geographer Strabo (died ca. 24 AD) suggests a change had occurred in the use of the name "Lusitanian". He mentions a group who had once been called "Lusitanians" living north of the Douro river but were called in his day "Callacans".[7]

Lusitanians

 
Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BC.[8]
Main article: Lusitanians

The Lusitani, who were Indo-European speakers, established themselves in the region in the 6th century BC, but historians and archeologists are still undecided about their ethnogenesis. Some modern authors consider them to be an indigenous people who were Celticized culturally and possibly also through intermarriage.[1]

The archeologist Scarlat Lambrino defended the position that the Lusitanians were a tribal group of Celtic origin related to the Lusones (a tribe that inhabited the east of Iberia). Some have claimed that both tribes came from the Swiss mountains.[citation needed] Others argue that the evidence points to the Lusitanians being a native Iberian tribe, resulting from intermarriage between different local tribes.[citation needed]

The first area colonized by the Lusitani was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta (present day Portugal); in Beira, they stayed until they defeated the Celtici and other tribes, then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans.

War against Rome

Main article: Lusitanian War

And yet the country north of the Tagus, Lusitania, is the greatest of the Iberian nations, and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times

— Strabo[9]
 
Roman conquest of Hispania

The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy who describes them as fighting for the Carthaginians in 218 BCE; they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC, sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes.

In 179 BC, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitani, but in 155 BC, on the command of Punicus (Πουνίκου, perhaps a Carthaginian) first and Caesarus (Καίσαρος) after, the Lusitani reached Gibraltar. Here they were defeated by the praetor Lucius Mummius.

From 152 BC onwards, the Roman Republic had difficulties in recruiting soldiers for the wars in Hispania, deemed particularly brutal. In 150 BC, Servius Sulpicius Galba organised a false armistice. While the Lusitani celebrated this new alliance, he massacred them, selling the survivors as slaves; this caused a new rebellion led by Viriathus, who was after many attempts killed by traitors paid by the Romans in 139 BC, after having led a successful guerrilla campaign against Rome and their local allies. Two years after, in 137 BC Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus led a successful campaign against the Lusitani, reaching as far north as the Minho river.

Romans scored other victories with proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus and Gaius Marius (elected in 113 BC), but still the Lusitani resisted with a long guerilla war; they later joined Sertorius' (a renegade Roman General) troops (around 80 BC) and Julius Caesar conducted a successful campaign against them in 61-60 BC,[10] but they were not finally defeated until the reign of Augustus (around 28–24 BC).

Roman province

 
Roman Hispania under Diocletian (AD 293); Lusitania found in the west
 
Tower of Centum Cellas

Division under Augustus (25–20 BC)

With Lusitania (and Asturia and Gallaecia), Rome had completed the conquest of the Iberian peninsula, which was then divided by Augustus (25–20 BC[11] or 16-13 BC[1]) into the eastern and northern Hispania Tarraconensis, the southwestern Hispania Baetica and the western Provincia Lusitana. Originally, Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of the new Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. Its northern border was along the Douro river, while on its eastern side its border passed through Salmantica (Salamanca) and Caesarobriga (Talavera de la Reina) to the Anas (Guadiana) river.

Between 28 and 24 BC Augustus' military campaigns pacified all Hispania under Roman rule, with the foundation of Roman cities like Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and Bracara Augusta (Braga) to the north, and to the south Emerita Augusta (Mérida) (settled with the emeriti of the Legio V Alaudae and Legio X Gemina legions).

Between the time of Augustus and Claudius, the province was divided into three conventus iuridicus, territorial units presided by capital cities with a court of justice and joint Roman/indigenous people assemblies (conventus), that counseled the Governor:

The conventus ruled of a total of 46 populis, 5 being Roman colonies[12] (Emerita Augusta (Mérida, Spain), Pax Iulia (Beja), Scalabis (Santarém), Norba Caesarina and Metellinum). Felicitas Iulia Olisipo (Lisbon, which was a Roman law municipality) and 3 other towns had the old Latin status[13] (Ebora (Évora), Myrtilis Iulia (Mértola) and Salacia (Alcácer do Sal). The other 37 were of stipendiarii class, among which Aeminium (Coimbra), Balsa (Tavira), or Mirobriga (Santiago do Cacém). Other cities include Ossonoba (Faro), Cetobriga (Tróia, Setúbal), Collippo (Leiria) or Arabriga (Alenquer).

Division under Diocletian

Under Diocletian, Lusitania kept its borders and was ruled by a praeses, later by a consularis; finally, in 298 AD, it was united with the other provinces to form the Diocesis Hispaniarum ("Diocese of the Hispanias").

Governors

Coloniae and Municipia

Notable Lusitanians

Legacy of the name

See also: List of things named after Lusitania

As with the Roman names of many European countries, Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal, especially in formal or literary and poetic contexts. The 16th-century colony that would eventually become Brazil was initially founded as "New Lusitania". In common use are such terms as Lusophone, meaning Portuguese-speaking, and Lusitanic, referring to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries—once Portugal's colonies and presently independent countries still sharing some common heritage. Prior to his invasion in 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte proposed the establishment of a French-backed puppet Kingdom of Northern Lusitania as one of the successor states to Portugal under the assumption that such a campaign would result in an easy French victory.

The province was also the namesake of the North Atlantic Ocean liner RMS Lusitania infamous for being torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915. The ship's owners, the Cunard Line, commonly named their vessels after Roman provinces with the Lusitania so being called after the Roman Iberian province to the north of the Strait of Gibraltar while her sister ship RMS Mauretania was named after the Roman North African province on the south side of the strait.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Garcia, José Manuel (1989). História de Portugal: Uma Visão Global. Lisboa: Editorial Presença. pp. 32, 33, 38. ISBN 9722309897.
  2. ^ Alan W. Ertl (2008). Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781599429830. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
  3. ^ Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland Inc. p. 228. ISBN 9780786422487.
  4. ^ "Chapter XII, Section I: The History of the Celtes". An Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time. Vol. VI. London: T. Osborne, A. Millar, and J. Osborn. 1747. p. 22. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  5. ^ Piers, Henry (1786) [1682]. "No. IV: A Dissertation concerning the ancient Irish Laws, &c., Part II". In Vallancey, Charles (ed.). Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Dublin: Luke White. p. 279. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  6. ^ O'Brien, John (1768). "Ta'n & Tàin". Focalóir gaoidhilge-sax-bhéarla, or An Irish-English dictionary. Nicolas-Francis Valleyre. p. 464. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  7. ^ Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 4, paragraph 20
  8. ^ . Arkeotavira.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  9. ^ "Strabo.Geography". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  10. ^ Suetonius, Cae, 18; Appian, BH, 102; Plut, Cae., 12; Dio, 37 & 52, 153-154, Valleius Patraculus, II, 52-5; Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavans: Soldiers, Emperors, and Civilians in the Roman Empire (London: Pilmico/Random House, 2011), p. 57-58; Casey Simpson, “Caesar or Rex?” (Honors thesis, Ball State University, 2004); Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome (New York: Thomas Dunne/St. Martin’s, 2010), pp. 28, 61-63; CAH, both editions
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  12. ^ https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kFi7GGtSyfAJ:www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/las-colonias-romanas-de-la-provincia-lusitania-0/+lusitania+colonias+romanas&hl=pt-PT&gl=pt&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg7UsMG5qru60FFFtotJZEgI-rG5HegU0E-4x0aNu21ME-35O0QOZL9K6wJLvxOh0ejtmh5YWMwv2dbkpXKbaMKSYQ3lSQrHopNE1hDiw1gtIKrKd-DrkRCvnSOYEuUryU6U1zM&sig=AHIEtbRMslWhMbOMuf_MjwdsArU6T8Jf7A[bare URL]
  13. ^ Bowman, Alan K; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996-02-08). The Cambridge Ancient History. ISBN 9780521264303.
  14. ^ Géza Alföldy, Fasti Hispanienses, Steiner, Wiesbaden (1969).
  15. ^ Thomas Elliott (2004). Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire (PhD). University of North Carolina. pp. 63f.
  16. ^ CIL II, 172 = ILS 190
  17. ^ Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgart 1999, T. 2, c. 951-992
  18. ^ Suetonius (25 October 2007). The Twelve Caesars. Penguin. pp. 255–262. ISBN 978-0-14-045516-8.
  19. ^ Unless otherwise noted, the governors from 75 to the end of Hadrian's reign are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237.
  20. ^ a b Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 256
  21. ^ a b Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 290
  22. ^ a b c d e Paul Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 289

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lusitania.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Lusitania.
  • Lusitania, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography

Coordinates: 38°46′08″N 7°13′05″W / 38.7689°N 7.2181°W / 38.7689; -7.2181

April 30, 2023
lusitania, this, article, about, roman, province, ship, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, lusatia, classical, latin, luːsiːˈtaːnia, ancient, iberian, roman, province, located, where, modern, portugal, south, douro, river, portion, western, spain, pr. This article is about the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania For other uses see Lusitania disambiguation Not to be confused with Lusatia Lusitania ˌ l uː s ɪ ˈ t eɪ n i e Classical Latin luːsiːˈtaːnia was an ancient Iberian Roman province located where modern Portugal south of the Douro river and a portion of western Spain the present Extremadura and the province of Salamanca lie It was named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people an Indo European people Provincia LusitanaProvince of the Roman Empire27 BC AD 409 410CapitalEmerita Augusta Merida HistoryHistorical eraRoman Empire Established27 BC DisestablishedAD 409 410Preceded by Succeeded byLusitanians AlansKingdom of the SuebiToday part ofPortugalSpainThe Iberian peninsula in the time of Hadrian ruled 117 138 AD showing in western Iberia the imperial province of Lusitania Portugal and Extremadura Its capital was Emerita Augusta currently Merida Spain and it was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior before becoming a province of its own in the Roman Empire Romans first came to the territory around the mid 2nd century BC 1 A war with Lusitanian tribes followed from 155 to 139 BC In 27 BC the province was created 2 Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal Contents 1 Origin of the name 2 Lusitanians 3 War against Rome 4 Roman province 4 1 Division under Augustus 25 20 BC 4 2 Division under Diocletian 4 3 Governors 4 4 Coloniae and Municipia 5 Notable Lusitanians 6 Legacy of the name 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksOrigin of the name EditThe etymology of the name of the Lusitani who gave the Roman province its name remains unclear Popular etymology connected the name to a supposed Roman demigod Lusus whereas some early modern scholars which suggested that Lus was a form of the Celtic Lugus followed by another unattested root tan supposed to mean tribe 3 while others derived the name from Lucis an ancient people mentioned in Avienius Ora Maritima 4th century AD and from tan stan in Iranian or from tain meaning a region or implying a country of waters a root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region 4 5 6 Ancient Romans such as Pliny the Elder Natural History 3 5 and Varro 116 27 BC cited by Pliny speculated that the name Lusitania had Roman origins as when Pliny says lusum enim Liberi Patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse Lusitaniae et Pana praefectum eius universae Lusitania takes its name from the Lusus associated with Bacchus and the Lyssa of his Bacchantes and Pan is its governor Lusus is usually translated as game or play while lyssa is a borrowing from the Greek lyssa frenzy or rage and sometimes Rage personified for later poets Lusus and Lyssa become flesh and blood companions even children of Bacchus Luis de Camoes epic Os Lusiadas 1572 which portrays Lusus as the founder of Lusitania extends these ideas which have no connection with modern etymology In his work Geography the classical geographer Strabo died ca 24 AD suggests a change had occurred in the use of the name Lusitanian He mentions a group who had once been called Lusitanians living north of the Douro river but were called in his day Callacans 7 Lusitanians Edit Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BC 8 Main article Lusitanians The Lusitani who were Indo European speakers established themselves in the region in the 6th century BC but historians and archeologists are still undecided about their ethnogenesis Some modern authors consider them to be an indigenous people who were Celticized culturally and possibly also through intermarriage 1 The archeologist Scarlat Lambrino defended the position that the Lusitanians were a tribal group of Celtic origin related to the Lusones a tribe that inhabited the east of Iberia Some have claimed that both tribes came from the Swiss mountains citation needed Others argue that the evidence points to the Lusitanians being a native Iberian tribe resulting from intermarriage between different local tribes citation needed The first area colonized by the Lusitani was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta present day Portugal in Beira they stayed until they defeated the Celtici and other tribes then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans War against Rome EditMain article Lusitanian War And yet the country north of the Tagus Lusitania is the greatest of the Iberian nations and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times Strabo 9 Roman conquest of Hispania The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy who describes them as fighting for the Carthaginians in 218 BCE they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes In 179 BC the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitani but in 155 BC on the command of Punicus Poynikoy perhaps a Carthaginian first and Caesarus Kaisaros after the Lusitani reached Gibraltar Here they were defeated by the praetor Lucius Mummius From 152 BC onwards the Roman Republic had difficulties in recruiting soldiers for the wars in Hispania deemed particularly brutal In 150 BC Servius Sulpicius Galba organised a false armistice While the Lusitani celebrated this new alliance he massacred them selling the survivors as slaves this caused a new rebellion led by Viriathus who was after many attempts killed by traitors paid by the Romans in 139 BC after having led a successful guerrilla campaign against Rome and their local allies Two years after in 137 BC Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus led a successful campaign against the Lusitani reaching as far north as the Minho river Romans scored other victories with proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus and Gaius Marius elected in 113 BC but still the Lusitani resisted with a long guerilla war they later joined Sertorius a renegade Roman General troops around 80 BC and Julius Caesar conducted a successful campaign against them in 61 60 BC 10 but they were not finally defeated until the reign of Augustus around 28 24 BC Roman province Edit Roman Hispania under Diocletian AD 293 Lusitania found in the west Tower of Centum Cellas Roman Temple of Evora Roman Temple of Milreu Roman Theatre Merida Division under Augustus 25 20 BC Edit With Lusitania and Asturia and Gallaecia Rome had completed the conquest of the Iberian peninsula which was then divided by Augustus 25 20 BC 11 or 16 13 BC 1 into the eastern and northern Hispania Tarraconensis the southwestern Hispania Baetica and the western Provincia Lusitana Originally Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of the new Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones Its northern border was along the Douro river while on its eastern side its border passed through Salmantica Salamanca and Caesarobriga Talavera de la Reina to the Anas Guadiana river Between 28 and 24 BC Augustus military campaigns pacified all Hispania under Roman rule with the foundation of Roman cities like Asturica Augusta Astorga and Bracara Augusta Braga to the north and to the south Emerita Augusta Merida settled with the emeriti of the Legio V Alaudae and Legio X Gemina legions Between the time of Augustus and Claudius the province was divided into three conventus iuridicus territorial units presided by capital cities with a court of justice and joint Roman indigenous people assemblies conventus that counseled the Governor Conventus Emeritensis with capital in Emerita Augusta Merida Spain Conventus Scalabitanus with capital in Scalabis Iulia Santarem Portugal Conventus Pacensis with capital in Pax Iulia Beja Portugal The conventus ruled of a total of 46 populis 5 being Roman colonies 12 Emerita Augusta Merida Spain Pax Iulia Beja Scalabis Santarem Norba Caesarina and Metellinum Felicitas Iulia Olisipo Lisbon which was a Roman law municipality and 3 other towns had the old Latin status 13 Ebora Evora Myrtilis Iulia Mertola and Salacia Alcacer do Sal The other 37 were of stipendiarii class among which Aeminium Coimbra Balsa Tavira or Mirobriga Santiago do Cacem Other cities include Ossonoba Faro Cetobriga Troia Setubal Collippo Leiria or Arabriga Alenquer Division under Diocletian Edit Under Diocletian Lusitania kept its borders and was ruled by a praeses later by a consularis finally in 298 AD it was united with the other provinces to form the Diocesis Hispaniarum Diocese of the Hispanias Governors Edit Quintus Acutius Faienanus legatus Augusti pro praetore between 19 and 1 BC 14 Quintus Articuleius Regulus between 2 BC and AD 14 15 Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus c 37 16 Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius legatus Augusti pro praetore 44 45 17 Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus Governor 58 68 18 Gaius Catellius Celer 75 76 77 78 19 Gaius Calpurnius Flaccus 119 120 120 121 Gaius Oppius Sabinus Julius Nepos Manius Vibius Sollemnis Severus under Hadrian Lucius Roscius Maecius Celer Postumus Mamilianus Vergilius Staberianus under Hadrian Gaius Javolenus Calvinus between 138 and 140 20 Aulus Avillius Urinatius Quadratus c 151 c 154 20 Cornelius Repentinus c 185 c 188 21 Publius Septimius Geta c 188 c 191 22 Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus 193 194 197 22 Gaius Junius Faustinus Pl a cidus Postumianus c 197 c 200 22 Decimus Jun ius Coelianus between 198 and 209 22 Sextus Furnius Julianus c 211 22 Rutilius Pudens Crispinus around 225 227 21 Vettius Agorius Praetextatus 4th century Coloniae and Municipia Edit Colonia Metellinum Medellin Badajoz Colonia Norba Caesarina Caceres Colonia Augusta Emerita Merida provincial capital Colonia Civitas Pacensis Beja Portugal Colonia Scalabis Praesidium Iulium Santarem Portugal Municipium Caesarobriga Talavera de la Reina Toledo Municipium Augustobriga Talavera la Vieja Caceres Municipium Aeminium Coimbra Portugal Municipium Conimbriga Condeixa a Nova Portugal Municipium Salmantica Salamanca Municipium Caurium Coria Caceres Municipium Turgalium Trujillo Caceres Municipium Capara Caparra Caceres Municipium Olisipo Lisboa Portugal Municipium Egitandiorum Idanha a Velha Portugal Municipium Regina Turdulorum Casas de Reina Badajoz Municipium Lacobriga Lagos Portugal Notable Lusitanians EditViriathus Gaius Appuleius Diocles Pope Damasus ILegacy of the name EditSee also List of things named after Lusitania As with the Roman names of many European countries Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal especially in formal or literary and poetic contexts The 16th century colony that would eventually become Brazil was initially founded as New Lusitania In common use are such terms as Lusophone meaning Portuguese speaking and Lusitanic referring to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries once Portugal s colonies and presently independent countries still sharing some common heritage Prior to his invasion in 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte proposed the establishment of a French backed puppet Kingdom of Northern Lusitania as one of the successor states to Portugal under the assumption that such a campaign would result in an easy French victory The province was also the namesake of the North Atlantic Ocean liner RMS Lusitania infamous for being torpedoed by a German U boat in 1915 The ship s owners the Cunard Line commonly named their vessels after Roman provinces with the Lusitania so being called after the Roman Iberian province to the north of the Strait of Gibraltar while her sister ship RMS Mauretania was named after the Roman North African province on the south side of the strait See also Edit Ancient Rome portal Portugal portal Spain portalLusitanian mythology Lusitanian language National Archaeology Museum Portugal Ophiussa History of Portugal Timeline of Portuguese history History of Spain Timeline of Spanish history Pre Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula Romanization of Hispania Balsa Roman town References Edit a b c Garcia Jose Manuel 1989 Historia de Portugal Uma Visao Global Lisboa Editorial Presenca pp 32 33 38 ISBN 9722309897 Alan W Ertl 2008 Toward an Understanding of Europe A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration Universal Publishers ISBN 9781599429830 Retrieved 2012 08 12 Room Adrian 2006 Placenames of the World McFarland Inc p 228 ISBN 9780786422487 Chapter XII Section I The History of the Celtes An Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time Vol VI London T Osborne A Millar and J Osborn 1747 p 22 Retrieved 18 October 2015 Piers Henry 1786 1682 No IV A Dissertation concerning the ancient Irish Laws amp c Part II In Vallancey Charles ed Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis Vol 1 2nd ed Dublin Luke White p 279 Retrieved 18 October 2015 O Brien John 1768 Ta n amp Tain Focaloir gaoidhilge sax bhearla or An Irish English dictionary Nicolas Francis Valleyre p 464 Retrieved 18 October 2015 Strabo Geography Book III Chapter 4 paragraph 20 Ethnographic Map of Pre Roman Iberia circa 200 b Arkeotavira com Archived from the original on 2011 02 26 Retrieved 2010 08 03 Strabo Geography Penelope uchicago edu Retrieved 2010 08 03 Suetonius Cae 18 Appian BH 102 Plut Cae 12 Dio 37 amp 52 153 154 Valleius Patraculus II 52 5 Antonio Santosuosso Storming the Heavans Soldiers Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire London Pilmico Random House 2011 p 57 58 Casey Simpson Caesar or Rex Honors thesis Ball State University 2004 Stephen Dando Collins Legions of Rome New York Thomas Dunne St Martin s 2010 pp 28 61 63 CAH both editions The Ancient Lusitanian World Archived from the original on 8 July 2019 Retrieved 25 June 2019 https docs google com viewer a v amp q cache kFi7GGtSyfAJ www cervantesvirtual com descargaPdf las colonias romanas de la provincia lusitania 0 lusitania colonias romanas amp hl pt PT amp gl pt amp pid bl amp srcid ADGEESg7UsMG5qru60FFFtotJZEgI rG5HegU0E 4x0aNu21ME 35O0QOZL9K6wJLvxOh0ejtmh5YWMwv2dbkpXKbaMKSYQ3lSQrHopNE1hDiw1gtIKrKd DrkRCvnSOYEuUryU6U1zM amp sig AHIEtbRMslWhMbOMuf MjwdsArU6T8Jf7A bare URL Bowman Alan K Champlin Edward Lintott Andrew 1996 02 08 The Cambridge Ancient History ISBN 9780521264303 Geza Alfoldy Fasti Hispanienses Steiner Wiesbaden 1969 Thomas Elliott 2004 Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire PhD University of North Carolina pp 63f CIL II 172 ILS 190 Der Neue Pauly Stuttgart 1999 T 2 c 951 992 Suetonius 25 October 2007 The Twelve Caesars Penguin pp 255 262 ISBN 978 0 14 045516 8 Unless otherwise noted the governors from 75 to the end of Hadrian s reign are taken from Werner Eck Jahres und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69 70 bis 138 139 Chiron 12 1982 pp 281 362 13 1983 pp 147 237 a b Geza Alfoldy Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen Bonn Rudolf Habelt Verlag 1977 p 256 a b Leunissen Konsuln und Konsulare p 290 a b c d e Paul Leunissen Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander Amsterdam J C Gieben 1989 p 289 An etymological lexicon of Proto Celtic permanent dead link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lusitania Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Lusitania Lusitania Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Detailed map of the Pre Roman Peoples of Iberia around 200 BC Southern Star Article Crewman s strange foreboding of disaster Coordinates 38 46 08 N 7 13 05 W 38 7689 N 7 2181 W 38 7689 7 2181 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lusitania amp oldid 1137088907, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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