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Wikipedia

Benin City

February 16, 2023

Not to be confused with the West African country of Benin, west of Nigeria.

Benin City is the capital and largest city of Edo State, Nigeria. It is the fourth-largest city in Nigeria according to the 2006 census, after Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan, with a population estimate of about 1,500,000 as of 2016.[1] It is situated approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Benin River and 320 kilometres (200 mi) by road east of Lagos. Benin City is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, and oil production is also a significant industry.[2]

Benin City
City
Benin
Aerial view of Benin City
Seal
Benin City
Location in Nigeria
Coordinates: 6°20′00″N 5°37′20″E / 6.33333°N 5.62222°E / 6.33333; 5.62222Coordinates: 6°20′00″N 5°37′20″E / 6.33333°N 5.62222°E / 6.33333; 5.62222
Country Nigeria
State Edo
Area
 • Total1,204 km2 (465 sq mi)
Population
 (2006[citation needed])
 • Total1,050,000
 • Estimate 
(2016[1])
1,500,000
 • Rank4th
 • Density870/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
ClimateAw

The city was the most important settlement of the Edo Kingdom of Benin, which flourished during the 13th to the 19th century. It held important trade relations with Portugal during the last centuries before being captured, sacked and burnt in 1897 by a British punitive expedition. Many bronze sculptures in Benin City palace, collectively termed the Benin Bronzes, were stolen by the British who followed up their victory by gradually colonizing the area, eventually incorporating the region into Colonial Nigeria.[3]

The indigenous people of Benin City are the Edo people (the Benin People), and they speak the Edo language or Bini Language. The people of the city have one of the richest dress cultures on the African continent and are known for their beads (the beads stand for royalty and usually stand out during the traditional marriage of the Benin people), body marks, bangles, anklets, raffia work and the subsistence farming of yam, plantain and cassava.[4]

History

Edo people

According to tradition, the original people and founders of the Ẹdo Empire and the Ẹdo people initially were ruled by the Oyo empire (Oduduwa grand son Oranmiya) dynasty who called their land Igodomigodo.[citation needed] Igodo, the first Ogiso, wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler. He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere, his eldest son. A battle for power soon erupted between the wife of the last Ogiso and prince Ekaladerhan from Ife, son of the last Ogiso. Prince Ekaladerhan was framed by his father's wife and sentenced to death. The men sent to kill him, however, released him at Ughoton. The exiled prince made his way to where he changed his name to Izoduwa, meaning "I have found prosperity". It was during this period of confusion in Benin that the elders, led by Chief Oliha, mounted a search for the banished Prince Ekaladerhan – whom the Ife people now called Oduduwa.[5]

The exiled Ekaladerhan, now Oduduwa, refused to come to Benin because of how he was treated, having found out that he wasn't killed.[citation needed] He devised to send one of his sons, Oramiyan. He refused to return from Ile-Ife but sent his son Ọranmiyan to become king in his place.[6] Prince Ọranmiyan took up residence in the palace built for him at Uzama by the elders, now a coronation shrine. Soon after he married a beautiful lady, Ẹrinmwide, daughter of Osa-nego, the ninth Enogie of Egor.[7] He and Erinmwide had a son. After some years he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office, remarking that the country was a land of vexation, Ile-Ibinu, and that only a child born, trained and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people.[8] The country was afterward known by this name. He caused his son born to him by Ẹrinmwide to be made King in his place and returned to Benin land. After some years in Ife, he left for Benin, where he also left a son behind upon leaving, and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Oba of Benin of the present line, while Ọranmiyan himself was reigning as Ọọni of Ifẹ. Therefore, Ọranmiyan of Ife, the father of Ẹwẹka I, the Ọba of Benin, was also the father of Ajaka, Alaafin of Ọyọ.[9] Ọọni of Ifẹ. Allegedly Ọba Ẹwẹka later changed the name of the city of Ile-Binu, the capital of the Benin kingdom, to "Ubinu." This name would be reinterpreted by the Portuguese as "Benin" in their own language. Around 1470, Ẹwuare changed the name of the state to Ẹdo.[10] This was about the time the people of Ọkpẹkpẹ migrated from Benin City. Alternatively, the Yoruba nation has a different conception of Oduduwa.[11] According to Yoruba tradition, because of his power and military might, he was able to defeat the enemies invading Benin and that is why the people of Benin made him the King or Ọba of Benin. In any case, it is agreed upon by both the Yoruba and the Edo that Oduduwa sent his son Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule Benin City and founded the Oba dynasty in Benin City.[12][13]

Benin imperialism was started in the last decade of the thirteen century by Oba Ewedo.[14]

European contact and colonization

The Portuguese visited Benin City around 1485. Benin grew rich during the 16th and 17th centuries due to trade within southern Nigeria, as well as through trade with Europeans, mostly in pepper and ivory. In the early 16th century, the Ọba sent an ambassador to Lisbon, and the King of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin. Some residents of Benin could still speak a pidgin Portuguese in the late 19th century. Many Portuguese loan words can still be found today in the languages of the area. A Portuguese captain described the city in 1691:"Great Benin, where the king resides, is larger than Lisbon; all the streets run straight and as far as the eye can see. The houses are large, especially that of the king, which is richly decorated and has fine columns. The city is wealthy and industrious. It is so well governed that theft is unknown and the people live in such security that they have no doors to their houses". This was at a time when theft and murder were rife in London.[15][16]

 
Drawing of Benin City made by a British officer, 1897

On 17 February 1897, Benin City fell to the British.[4] In the "Punitive Expedition", a 1,200-strong British force, under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, captured, sacked, and burnt the city after all but two men from a previous British delegation led by Acting Consul General Philips were ambushed and killed.[17][18] Alan Boisragon, one of the survivors of the Benin Massacre, included references of the practice of human sacrifice in the city in a firsthand account written in 1898 (one year after the Punitive Expedition).[19] James D. Graham notes that although "there is little doubt that human sacrifices were an integral part of the Benin state religion from very early days," firsthand accounts regarding such acts often varied significantly, with some reporting them and others making no mention of them.[20][21]

The "Benin Bronzes", portrait figures, busts and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called "bronze"), were looted from the Benin City palace by the expeditionary force and are currently on display in various museums around the world.[4] Some of the bronzes were auctioned off to compensate for the expenses incurred during the capture and occupation of the city. Most of these artifacts can be found today in Western museums and locations around the world. In recent years, various appeals have gone to various museums and governments to return such artifacts. The most prominent of these artifacts was the famous Queen Idia mask used as a mascot during the Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) held in Nigeria in 1977 now known as "Festac Mask".[22]

The capture of Benin paved the way for British colonization and the merging of later regional British incorporation of African kingdoms into the Niger Coast Protectorate, the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and finally, into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The British permitted the restoration of the Benin monarchy in 1914, but true political power still lay with the colonial administration of Nigeria.[23]

Nigerian independence

Following Nigeria's independence from British rule in 1960, Benin City became the capital of Mid-Western Region when the region was split from Western Region in June 1963. In 1976 when the region was renamed as Bendel State, it remained the capital of the region and became the State Capital of Edo State when Bendel state was split into Delta State and Edo State in 1991.[24]

Geography

Climate

Climate refers to the characteristic conditions of the earth's lower surface atmosphere at a specific location; weather refers to the day-to-day fluctuations in these conditions at the same location. The commonly used variables that are by meteorologists to measure daily weather phenomena are air temperature, precipitation (for example, rain, sleet, snow and hail), atmospheric pressure and humidity, wind, and sunshine and cloud cover.[25][26] Benin City has a borderline tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) bordering upon a tropical monsoon climate (Am). The weather is uncomfortably hot and humid year-round, and generally very dull, especially between July and September.

Climate data for Benin City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		36.1
(97.0)
Average high °C (°F) 31.9
(89.4) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.6
(88.9) 		29.9
(85.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.8
(83.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.0
(89.6) 		30.9
(87.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.4
(77.7)
Average low °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.9
(71.4)
Record low °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		12.8
(55.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 18
(0.7) 		33
(1.3) 		97
(3.8) 		168
(6.6) 		213
(8.4) 		302
(11.9) 		320
(12.6) 		211
(8.3) 		318
(12.5) 		241
(9.5) 		76
(3.0) 		15
(0.6) 		2,012
(79.2)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.3 mm) 2 4 9 12 16 20 23 19 25 21 7 2 160
Average relative humidity (%) 84 81 84 85 87 90 93 92 91 89 86 84 87
Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.8 178.0 173.6 177.0 176.7 144.0 99.2 89.9 81.0 148.8 192.0 213.9 1,853.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.9 5.7 4.8 3.2 2.9 2.7 4.8 6.4 6.9 5.1
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[27]

Education

Benin City is home to some of Nigeria's institutions of higher learning, namely, the University of Benin located at Ugbowo and Ekenwan,[28] the Ambrose Alli University located at Ekpoma,[29] the College of Education Ekiadolor,[30] Igbinedion University,[31] the Benson Idahosa University,[32]Wellspring University,[33] Edo State Polytechnic located in Usen (formerly known as Edo State Institute of Technology and Management Usen)[34] and Edo State University, Uzairue.[35][36]

Secondary schools in Benin such as, Edo College,[37] Edo Boys High School (Adolo College), Western Boys High School, Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Greater Tomorrow Secondary School, Imaguero College, Oredo Girls Secondary School, Oredo, Garrick Memorial Secondary School, Winrose Secondary School, Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Anglican Grammar School, Edokpolor Grammar School, Covenant Christian Academy, Niger College, Presentation National High School, Gaius Obaseki International High School, Immaculate Conception College (ICC), Uselu secondary school, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School (USSD), University Preparatory Secondary School, Auntie Maria School, Benin Technical College,[38] Headquarters of Word of Faith Group of Schools, Lydia Group of Schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre and Igbinedion Educational Center,[39] Federal Government Girls College, Benin City,[40] Paragon Comprehensive College, and Itohan Girls Grammar School, Negbenebor International School, Divine Wisdom School. Some of the vocational schools in Benin City include Micro International Training Center, Computer Technology and Training Center, Okunbor Group of Schools.

Environmental issues

Climate change

The city is already feeling the effects of climate change, with increases in temperature, humidity and precipitation trends between 1981 and 2015.[41]

Flood management

Benin city experiences regular flooding.[42] Studies have consistently highlighted the problem since at least 1993.[43] Experts have recommended a number of ways to improve flood management, including better controls on land use, construction and development,[43] improved Community-based programs designed to improve city adaptation and disaster management,[42] and improvements in individual preparedness.[44]

In June 2020, a significant number of communities and individuals were left homeless because of city flooding.[45] At the time, residents and the city blamed poor storm drains and a failure to continue flood adaptation programs.[45]

Urban heating

The city, on average is .5 degrees Celsius warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and these temperature differences are greater during workweeks when human activity increases pollution in the urban area.[citation needed]

Waste management

A 2021 study published in Nature, highlighted that the city has not met the standards for waste management set by the Edo State Waste Management Board. After surveying 2720 inhabitants of the city, the authors found that most people in the city didn't understand proper waste management practices.[46] Moreover, the study found that survey participants didn't understand how waste management was connected to other issues like greenhouse gas emissions.[46] An additional study, found that most residents didn't understand the health impacts of bad waste management.[citation needed]

Culture

Attractions in the city includes the National Museum, the Oba Palace, Igun Street (Famous for bronze casting and other metal works). Other attractions include various festivals and the Benin Moats (measuring about 20 to 40 ft), the King's Square (known as Ring Road)[47] and its traditional markets.

The Binis are known for bronze sculpture, its casting skills, and their arts and craft. Benin City is also the home of one of the oldest sustained monarchies in the world. Various festivals are held in Benin City yearly to celebrate various historic occasions and seasons. Igue festival is the most popular of the festivals where the Oba celebrates the history and culture of his people and blesses the land and the people. It is celebrated at a time between Christmas and New Year.[48]

Festival

Benin city has a popular festival called Igue festival. The festival is an annual event held in Benin to usher in the new year. The festival is an integral part of the culture of the people in Benin City (formerly referred to as Benin Kingdom or the Kingdom of Benin). The festival is believed to renew Oba Ewuare magical powers and it celebration comes between Christmas and New Year celebrations. The festival includes the Oba's blessing of the land and his people.[49][50][51][52]

Aside the cultural festival, the city also play host to the Benin City Film Festival. The festival create room for the promotion of works produced by local film community. It also promote contents of National and International emerging filmmakers to showcase their works in an environment where they have access to experienced industry professionals.[53][54]

Bini market days

The "Bini" people have four market days: Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado, and Eken.[55]

Transportation

Benin Airport serves the city with three commercial airlines flying to it, including Arik Air, Air Peace and Azman.[56]

Gallery

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Notable people

References

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Bibliography

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benin City.
  • WorldStatesmen- Nigeria
  • The Fall of Benin][permanent dead link]
  • Benin kingdom/Edo state tourism
  • Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace

February 16, 2023
benin, city, confused, with, west, african, country, benin, west, nigeria, capital, largest, city, state, nigeria, fourth, largest, city, nigeria, according, 2006, census, after, lagos, kano, ibadan, with, population, estimate, about, 2016, situated, approxima. Not to be confused with the West African country of Benin west of Nigeria Benin City is the capital and largest city of Edo State Nigeria It is the fourth largest city in Nigeria according to the 2006 census after Lagos Kano and Ibadan with a population estimate of about 1 500 000 as of 2016 1 It is situated approximately 40 kilometres 25 mi north of the Benin River and 320 kilometres 200 mi by road east of Lagos Benin City is the centre of Nigeria s rubber industry and oil production is also a significant industry 2 Benin CityCityBeninAerial view of Benin CitySealBenin CityLocation in NigeriaCoordinates 6 20 00 N 5 37 20 E 6 33333 N 5 62222 E 6 33333 5 62222 Coordinates 6 20 00 N 5 37 20 E 6 33333 N 5 62222 E 6 33333 5 62222Country NigeriaStateEdoArea Total1 204 km2 465 sq mi Population 2006 citation needed Total1 050 000 Estimate 2016 1 1 500 000 Rank4th Density870 km2 2 300 sq mi ClimateAwThe city was the most important settlement of the Edo Kingdom of Benin which flourished during the 13th to the 19th century It held important trade relations with Portugal during the last centuries before being captured sacked and burnt in 1897 by a British punitive expedition Many bronze sculptures in Benin City palace collectively termed the Benin Bronzes were stolen by the British who followed up their victory by gradually colonizing the area eventually incorporating the region into Colonial Nigeria 3 The indigenous people of Benin City are the Edo people the Benin People and they speak the Edo language or Bini Language The people of the city have one of the richest dress cultures on the African continent and are known for their beads the beads stand for royalty and usually stand out during the traditional marriage of the Benin people body marks bangles anklets raffia work and the subsistence farming of yam plantain and cassava 4 Contents 1 History 1 1 Edo people 1 2 European contact and colonization 1 3 Nigerian independence 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Education 4 Environmental issues 4 1 Climate change 4 1 1 Flood management 4 1 2 Urban heating 4 1 3 Waste management 5 Culture 5 1 Festival 5 2 Bini market days 6 Transportation 7 Gallery 8 Notable people 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksHistory EditEdo people Edit According to tradition the original people and founders of the Ẹdo Empire and the Ẹdo people initially were ruled by the Oyo empire Oduduwa grand son Oranmiya dynasty who called their land Igodomigodo citation needed Igodo the first Ogiso wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere his eldest son A battle for power soon erupted between the wife of the last Ogiso and prince Ekaladerhan from Ife son of the last Ogiso Prince Ekaladerhan was framed by his father s wife and sentenced to death The men sent to kill him however released him at Ughoton The exiled prince made his way to where he changed his name to Izoduwa meaning I have found prosperity It was during this period of confusion in Benin that the elders led by Chief Oliha mounted a search for the banished Prince Ekaladerhan whom the Ife people now called Oduduwa 5 The exiled Ekaladerhan now Oduduwa refused to come to Benin because of how he was treated having found out that he wasn t killed citation needed He devised to send one of his sons Oramiyan He refused to return from Ile Ife but sent his son Ọranmiyan to become king in his place 6 Prince Ọranmiyan took up residence in the palace built for him at Uzama by the elders now a coronation shrine Soon after he married a beautiful lady Ẹrinmwide daughter of Osa nego the ninth Enogie of Egor 7 He and Erinmwide had a son After some years he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office remarking that the country was a land of vexation Ile Ibinu and that only a child born trained and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people 8 The country was afterward known by this name He caused his son born to him by Ẹrinmwide to be made King in his place and returned to Benin land After some years in Ife he left for Benin where he also left a son behind upon leaving and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Oba of Benin of the present line while Ọranmiyan himself was reigning as Ọọni of Ifẹ Therefore Ọranmiyan of Ife the father of Ẹwẹka I the Ọba of Benin was also the father of Ajaka Alaafin of Ọyọ 9 Ọọni of Ifẹ Allegedly Ọba Ẹwẹka later changed the name of the city of Ile Binu the capital of the Benin kingdom to Ubinu This name would be reinterpreted by the Portuguese as Benin in their own language Around 1470 Ẹwuare changed the name of the state to Ẹdo 10 This was about the time the people of Ọkpẹkpẹ migrated from Benin City Alternatively the Yoruba nation has a different conception of Oduduwa 11 According to Yoruba tradition because of his power and military might he was able to defeat the enemies invading Benin and that is why the people of Benin made him the King or Ọba of Benin In any case it is agreed upon by both the Yoruba and the Edo that Oduduwa sent his son Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule Benin City and founded the Oba dynasty in Benin City 12 13 Benin imperialism was started in the last decade of the thirteen century by Oba Ewedo 14 European contact and colonization Edit The Portuguese visited Benin City around 1485 Benin grew rich during the 16th and 17th centuries due to trade within southern Nigeria as well as through trade with Europeans mostly in pepper and ivory In the early 16th century the Ọba sent an ambassador to Lisbon and the King of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin Some residents of Benin could still speak a pidgin Portuguese in the late 19th century Many Portuguese loan words can still be found today in the languages of the area A Portuguese captain described the city in 1691 Great Benin where the king resides is larger than Lisbon all the streets run straight and as far as the eye can see The houses are large especially that of the king which is richly decorated and has fine columns The city is wealthy and industrious It is so well governed that theft is unknown and the people live in such security that they have no doors to their houses This was at a time when theft and murder were rife in London 15 16 Drawing of Benin City made by a British officer 1897 On 17 February 1897 Benin City fell to the British 4 In the Punitive Expedition a 1 200 strong British force under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson captured sacked and burnt the city after all but two men from a previous British delegation led by Acting Consul General Philips were ambushed and killed 17 18 Alan Boisragon one of the survivors of the Benin Massacre included references of the practice of human sacrifice in the city in a firsthand account written in 1898 one year after the Punitive Expedition 19 James D Graham notes that although there is little doubt that human sacrifices were an integral part of the Benin state religion from very early days firsthand accounts regarding such acts often varied significantly with some reporting them and others making no mention of them 20 21 The Benin Bronzes portrait figures busts and groups created in iron carved ivory and especially in brass conventionally called bronze were looted from the Benin City palace by the expeditionary force and are currently on display in various museums around the world 4 Some of the bronzes were auctioned off to compensate for the expenses incurred during the capture and occupation of the city Most of these artifacts can be found today in Western museums and locations around the world In recent years various appeals have gone to various museums and governments to return such artifacts The most prominent of these artifacts was the famous Queen Idia mask used as a mascot during the Second Festival of Arts Culture FESTAC 77 held in Nigeria in 1977 now known as Festac Mask 22 The capture of Benin paved the way for British colonization and the merging of later regional British incorporation of African kingdoms into the Niger Coast Protectorate the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and finally into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria The British permitted the restoration of the Benin monarchy in 1914 but true political power still lay with the colonial administration of Nigeria 23 Nigerian independence Edit Following Nigeria s independence from British rule in 1960 Benin City became the capital of Mid Western Region when the region was split from Western Region in June 1963 In 1976 when the region was renamed as Bendel State it remained the capital of the region and became the State Capital of Edo State when Bendel state was split into Delta State and Edo State in 1991 24 Geography EditClimate Edit Climate refers to the characteristic conditions of the earth s lower surface atmosphere at a specific location weather refers to the day to day fluctuations in these conditions at the same location The commonly used variables that are by meteorologists to measure daily weather phenomena are air temperature precipitation for example rain sleet snow and hail atmospheric pressure and humidity wind and sunshine and cloud cover 25 26 Benin City has a borderline tropical savanna climate Koppen Aw bordering upon a tropical monsoon climate Am The weather is uncomfortably hot and humid year round and generally very dull especially between July and September Climate data for Benin CityMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 34 4 93 9 36 1 97 0 36 1 97 0 35 6 96 1 35 0 95 0 33 3 91 9 31 7 89 1 31 1 88 0 32 8 91 0 32 8 91 0 34 4 93 9 34 4 93 9 36 1 97 0 Average high C F 31 9 89 4 33 3 91 9 33 0 91 4 32 4 90 3 31 6 88 9 29 9 85 8 27 9 82 2 27 9 82 2 28 8 83 8 30 3 86 5 31 8 89 2 32 0 89 6 30 9 87 6 Daily mean C F 25 8 78 4 26 7 80 1 26 7 80 1 26 4 79 5 25 9 78 6 24 9 76 8 23 8 74 8 23 7 74 7 24 3 75 7 25 0 77 0 25 9 78 6 25 7 78 3 25 4 77 7 Average low C F 21 4 70 5 22 1 71 8 22 6 72 7 22 6 72 7 22 6 72 7 21 9 71 4 21 6 70 9 21 2 70 2 21 8 71 2 21 8 71 2 22 1 71 8 21 2 70 2 21 9 71 4 Record low C F 12 8 55 0 13 3 55 9 18 3 64 9 19 4 66 9 19 4 66 9 18 3 64 9 16 7 62 1 16 1 61 0 18 9 66 0 18 9 66 0 15 6 60 1 14 4 57 9 12 8 55 0 Average rainfall mm inches 18 0 7 33 1 3 97 3 8 168 6 6 213 8 4 302 11 9 320 12 6 211 8 3 318 12 5 241 9 5 76 3 0 15 0 6 2 012 79 2 Average rainy days 0 3 mm 2 4 9 12 16 20 23 19 25 21 7 2 160Average relative humidity 84 81 84 85 87 90 93 92 91 89 86 84 87Mean monthly sunshine hours 179 8 178 0 173 6 177 0 176 7 144 0 99 2 89 9 81 0 148 8 192 0 213 9 1 853 9Mean daily sunshine hours 5 8 6 3 5 6 5 9 5 7 4 8 3 2 2 9 2 7 4 8 6 4 6 9 5 1Source Deutscher Wetterdienst 27 Education EditBenin City is home to some of Nigeria s institutions of higher learning namely the University of Benin located at Ugbowo and Ekenwan 28 the Ambrose Alli University located at Ekpoma 29 the College of Education Ekiadolor 30 Igbinedion University 31 the Benson Idahosa University 32 Wellspring University 33 Edo State Polytechnic located in Usen formerly known as Edo State Institute of Technology and Management Usen 34 and Edo State University Uzairue 35 36 Secondary schools in Benin such as Edo College 37 Edo Boys High School Adolo College Western Boys High School Oba Ewuare Grammar School Greater Tomorrow Secondary School Imaguero College Oredo Girls Secondary School Oredo Garrick Memorial Secondary School Winrose Secondary School Asoro Grammar School Eghosa Anglican Grammar School Edokpolor Grammar School Covenant Christian Academy Niger College Presentation National High School Gaius Obaseki International High School Immaculate Conception College ICC Uselu secondary school Idia College University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School USSD University Preparatory Secondary School Auntie Maria School Benin Technical College 38 Headquarters of Word of Faith Group of Schools Lydia Group of Schools Nosakhare Model Education Centre and Igbinedion Educational Center 39 Federal Government Girls College Benin City 40 Paragon Comprehensive College and Itohan Girls Grammar School Negbenebor International School Divine Wisdom School Some of the vocational schools in Benin City include Micro International Training Center Computer Technology and Training Center Okunbor Group of Schools Environmental issues EditClimate change Edit The city is already feeling the effects of climate change with increases in temperature humidity and precipitation trends between 1981 and 2015 41 Flood management Edit Benin city experiences regular flooding 42 Studies have consistently highlighted the problem since at least 1993 43 Experts have recommended a number of ways to improve flood management including better controls on land use construction and development 43 improved Community based programs designed to improve city adaptation and disaster management 42 and improvements in individual preparedness 44 In June 2020 a significant number of communities and individuals were left homeless because of city flooding 45 At the time residents and the city blamed poor storm drains and a failure to continue flood adaptation programs 45 Urban heating Edit The city on average is 5 degrees Celsius warmer than the surrounding rural areas and these temperature differences are greater during workweeks when human activity increases pollution in the urban area citation needed Waste management Edit A 2021 study published in Nature highlighted that the city has not met the standards for waste management set by the Edo State Waste Management Board After surveying 2720 inhabitants of the city the authors found that most people in the city didn t understand proper waste management practices 46 Moreover the study found that survey participants didn t understand how waste management was connected to other issues like greenhouse gas emissions 46 An additional study found that most residents didn t understand the health impacts of bad waste management citation needed Culture EditAttractions in the city includes the National Museum the Oba Palace Igun Street Famous for bronze casting and other metal works Other attractions include various festivals and the Benin Moats measuring about 20 to 40 ft the King s Square known as Ring Road 47 and its traditional markets The Binis are known for bronze sculpture its casting skills and their arts and craft Benin City is also the home of one of the oldest sustained monarchies in the world Various festivals are held in Benin City yearly to celebrate various historic occasions and seasons Igue festival is the most popular of the festivals where the Oba celebrates the history and culture of his people and blesses the land and the people It is celebrated at a time between Christmas and New Year 48 Festival Edit Benin city has a popular festival called Igue festival The festival is an annual event held in Benin to usher in the new year The festival is an integral part of the culture of the people in Benin City formerly referred to as Benin Kingdom or the Kingdom of Benin The festival is believed to renew Oba Ewuare magical powers and it celebration comes between Christmas and New Year celebrations The festival includes the Oba s blessing of the land and his people 49 50 51 52 Aside the cultural festival the city also play host to the Benin City Film Festival The festival create room for the promotion of works produced by local film community It also promote contents of National and International emerging filmmakers to showcase their works in an environment where they have access to experienced industry professionals 53 54 Bini market days Edit The Bini people have four market days Ekioba Ekenaka Agbado and Eken 55 Transportation EditBenin Airport serves the city with three commercial airlines flying to it including Arik Air Air Peace and Azman 56 Gallery Edit Notable people Edit Suleiman Braimoh Modupe Ozolua Godwin Abbe former Nigerian Minister for Interior and Defence 57 Ambrose Folorunsho Alli former governor of the defunct Bendel State He created the Bendel State University now named after him as Ambrose Alli University 58 59 Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo politician 60 Anthony Anenih chairman the board of trustees PDP and Nigeria s former Minister of Works 61 Suleiman Braimoh born 1989 Nigerian American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League 62 Archbishop John Edokpolo Minister of Trade and Founder of Edokpolor Grammar School 63 Francis Edo Osagie businessman Jacob U Egharevba Bini historian and traditional chief 64 Anthony Enahoro anti colonial and pro democracy activist and politician 65 Festus Ezeli basketball player Abel Guobadia former Chairman of Nigeria s Independent National Electoral Commission 66 67 Benson Idahosa Founder of Church of God Mission International Incorporated and Idahosa World Outreach IWO 68 Felix Idubor artist 69 Felix Liberty musician 70 Gabriel Igbinedion businessman and Esama of Benin kingdom 71 Divine Ikubor known professionally as Rema musician Festus Iyayi novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize 72 Suleman Johnson senior pastor and general overseer of Omega Fire Ministries International 73 74 Godwin Obaseki the current governor of Edo State 75 Samuel Ogbemudia former governor of the Midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state 76 77 Sonny Okosun musician 78 Suyi Davies Okungbowa African fantasy and speculative fiction author 79 Osasere Orumwense former Vice Chancellor of University of Benin 80 Osayuki Godwin Oshodin former Vice Chancellor of University of Benin 81 Demi Isaac Oviawe Ireland based actress 82 Chris Oyakhilome founder and president of Believers LoveWorld Incorporated also known as Christ Embassy 83 Modupe Ozolua cosmetic surgeon 84 Lilian Salami Vice Chancellor of university of Benin 85 Victor Uwaifo musician 86 References Edit a b Benin City History amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 31 May 2020 International Rubber Study Group Nigeria www rubberstudy com Retrieved 31 May 2020 Benin Bronzes The British Museum Retrieved 24 January 2023 a b c Benin City Nigeria Archived 25 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition 2005 Columbia University Press Retrieved 18 February 2007 Edo People Edo Nigeria Association of Western Australia Retrieved 9 July 2021 The kingdom of Benin BBC Bitesize Retrieved 31 May 2020 Benin Obas www edoworld net Retrieved 25 August 2021 Pynith 21 March 2020 the history of Benin city you need to know LPV Forum lpvforum com Retrieved 9 July 2021 Benin City Hometown ng 24 November 2016 Retrieved 8 June 2020 The Sun Nigeria Wednesday 17 September 2008 Benin Kingdom in Edo is Yoruba territory Ooni of Ife Adeyeye Ogunwusi Premium Times Nigeria 10 February 2016 Retrieved 9 July 2021 The Place Of Oranmiyan In The History Of Ile Ife Vanguard News 22 February 2016 Retrieved 9 July 2021 Benin City History amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 July 2021 Toyin Falola 2005 Akinwunmi Ogundiran ed Precolonial Nigeria 2005 ed African World Press Inc pp 264 265 ISBN 978 1592212194 Koutonin Mawuna 18 March 2016 Story of cities 5 Benin City the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace Retrieved 2 April 2018 Elias Taslim Olawale 1988 Africa and the development of international law Second edition first published 1972 ed Springer Netherlands p 12 ISBN 9789024737963 Retrieved 27 January 2019 Taub Ben 10 April 2017 The Desperate Journey of a Trafficked Girl The New Yorker Archived from the original on 3 April 2017 In 1897 after the Edo slaughtered a British delegation colonial forces pledging to end slavery and ritual sacrifice ransacked the city and burned it to the ground Obinyan Thomas Uwadiale 1988 The Annexation of Benin Journal of Black Studies 19 1 29 40 doi 10 1177 002193478801900103 JSTOR 2784423 S2CID 142726955 Boisragon A The Benin Massacre 1897 Graham James D 1965 The Slave Trade Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History The General Approach Cahiers d Etudes Africaines 5 18 317 334 doi 10 3406 cea 1965 3035 JSTOR 4390897 The kingdom of Benin BBC Bitesize Retrieved 15 July 2021 Marshall Alex 23 January 2020 This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago Will It Ever Be Returned The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 9 July 2021 Nigeria The arrival of the British Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 9 July 2021 Bendel state Nigeria Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 31 May 2020 Antal R Erno S 1975 A rare form of the trigger finger Magyar Traumatologia Orthopaedia Es Helyreallito Sebeszet 18 4 304 305 ISSN 0025 0317 PMID 1597 TAR Climate Change 2001 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability IPCC Retrieved 16 July 2021 Klimatafel von Benin City Nigeria PDF Baseline climate means 1961 1990 from stations all over the world in German Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved 9 August 2016 University of Benin on The Conversation theconversation com Retrieved 23 June 2021 Ambrose Alli University TOP ranked University University Directory www university directory eu Retrieved 23 June 2021 College of Education Ekiadolor Benin coeeki School Fees Courses amp Admission info universitycompass com Retrieved 23 June 2021 16 students bag first class at Igbinedion University 18th convocation The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 29 November 2020 Retrieved 23 June 2021 NUC approves new courses for BIU The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 1 August 2019 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Wellspring University School Fees Courses amp Admission info universitycompass com Retrieved 23 June 2021 Edo State Polytechic Excellence and Innovation Retrieved 24 March 2022 Edo University Iyamho Times Higher Education THE 13 November 2021 Retrieved 19 March 2022 Edo State University Uzairue Archives Vanguard News Retrieved 19 March 2022 Edo College Old Boys Association Home ecoba org ng Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Benin Technical College nears completion ahead of school resumption Nigerian Observer 26 August 2019 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Igbinedion Education Centre in www edusko com Retrieved 23 June 2021 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GIRLS COLLEGE BENIN s Official Website fggcbenin com Retrieved 23 June 2021 Floyd A C Oikpor R Ekene B 2016 An Assessment of Climate Change in Benin City Edo State Nigeria FUTY Journal of the Environment 10 1 87 94 doi 10 4314 fje v10i1 inactive 31 December 2022 ISSN 1597 8826 S2CID 211560255 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of December 2022 link a b Butu A W Emeribe C N Ogbomida E T March 2019 Effects of Seasonal Flooding in Benin City and the need for a Community Based Adaptation Model in Disaster Management in Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3 1 112 128 doi 10 36263 nijest 2019 01 0108 ISSN 2616 0501 S2CID 202915758 a b Odemerho Francis O 1 April 1993 Flood control failures in a Third World City Benin City Nigeria some environmental factors and policy issues GeoJournal 29 4 371 376 doi 10 1007 BF00807539 ISSN 1572 9893 S2CID 153661811 Ezemonye Mary N Emeribe Chukwudi N 1 January 2014 Flooding and Household Preparedness in Benin City Nigeria Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences doi 10 5901 mjss 2014 v5n1p547 a b Flood ravages Benin City renders many homeless Vanguard News 22 June 2020 Retrieved 2 October 2021 a b Adekola P O Iyalomhe F O Paczoski A Abebe S T Pawlowska B Bak M Cirella G T 11 January 2021 Public perception and awareness of waste management from Benin City Scientific Reports 11 1 306 doi 10 1038 s41598 020 79688 y ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 7801630 PMID 33432016 Trillo Richard 2008 The Rough Guide to West Africa Rough Guides p 2629 ISBN 978 1 84353 850 9 Ademola Iyi eweka Ph D IGUE FESTIVAL www edo nation net Retrieved 31 May 2020 Igue Festival Festivals And Carnivals In Edo State Nigeria Information amp Guide www nigeriagalleria com Retrieved 23 June 2021 Igue Festival Visit Edo Retrieved 23 June 2021 History of Igue Festival in Benin City edofolks com Retrieved 23 June 2021 Igue Festival Hometown ng 5 September 2017 Retrieved 23 June 2021 4th Benin City Film Festival Call for Entries LADIMA ladima africa Retrieved 23 June 2021 BENIN CITY FILM FESTIVAL GivingWay www givingway com Retrieved 23 June 2021 Significance Of Market Days edeki In Traditional Or Customary Marriage Celebration www edoworld net Retrieved 29 January 2023 AZMAN Max Air return Benin Airport to life Vanguard News 29 December 2019 Retrieved 30 March 2022 Obaseki celebrates with Godwin Abbe at 70 Vanguard News 10 January 2019 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Irene Oseremen Felix 2000 Footpaths a life of service tribute to prof Ambrose Folorunsho Alli a compendium of achievements Ibadan Nigeria National Association of Edo State Students OCLC 53015677 Prof Ambrose Folorunsho Alli www edoworld net Retrieved 16 July 2021 Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo speak on what inspired him to join Edo State politics as campaign kicks off Businessday NG 21 January 2019 Retrieved 16 July 2021 How Late Chief Tony Anenih Became Mr Fix It Vanguard News 3 November 2018 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Proballers Suleiman Braimoh Basketball Player Proballers Retrieved 16 July 2021 Politics and Legacies Arch Bishop John Enoyogiere Edokpolo and the verdict of history a text presented at Edokpolo Grammar School Old Boys 50th Anniversary Ceremony 4thDecember 2010 by Comrade Aiyamenkhue Edokpolo SSA to the Gov of Edo State Nigerian Voice Retrieved 16 July 2021 Eisenhofer Stefan January 1995 The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba History in Africa 22 141 163 doi 10 2307 3171912 ISSN 0361 5413 JSTOR 3171912 S2CID 161445279 Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary The Guardian 8 February 2011 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Abel Guobadia www edoworld net Retrieved 16 July 2021 Abel Guobadia ex INEC chairman dies at 78 Vanguard News 4 February 2011 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Archbishop Idahosa told me about his death Oyakhilome Vanguard News 15 March 2020 Retrieved 16 July 2021 The hunt for Marianne is being led by Bonhams Nigeria representative Neil Coventry The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 22 September 2019 Retrieved 16 July 2021 My father s lifestyle affected my childhood Felix Liberty s daughter Vanguard News 12 February 2018 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Esama of Benin Igbinedion glows at 86 Punch Newspapers 13 September 2020 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Driver who caused death of Professor Festus Iyayi jailed seven years Premium Times Nigeria 23 February 2018 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Apostle Suleman Warns Buhari Threatens Him With God Over IPOB Treatment Sahara Reporters 11 June 2021 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Nwachukwu John Owen 13 June 2021 You can t cheat nature Apostle Suleman reacts to T B Joshua s death Daily Post Nigeria Retrieved 16 July 2021 Godwin Obaseki Archives The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News Retrieved 19 March 2022 Former Governor Samuel Ogbemudia is dead Premium Times Nigeria 10 March 2017 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Samuel Osaigbovo Ogbemudia 1932 2017 The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 24 March 2017 Retrieved 18 March 2022 The Death That Brings Life Stella Okosun Saving Lives Through Sonny Okosun Colon Cancer Foundation By Bayo Oluwasanmi Sahara Reporters 26 May 2015 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Suyi Davies Okungbowa www amazon com Retrieved 16 July 2021 UNIBEN to graduate 19 472 students as 118 bag First Class P M News 11 November 2014 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Business Service News Guardian Newspaper The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News Retrieved 16 July 2021 Brady Tara Demi Isaac Oviawe of Young Offenders I naturally have a resting bitch face The Irish Times Retrieved 16 July 2021 Chris Oyakhilome www amazon com Retrieved 16 July 2021 Modupe Ozolua The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 7 July 2018 Retrieved 16 July 2021 UNIBEN VC Laments Over Ravaging Gully Erosion THISDAYLIVE 4 December 2021 Retrieved 8 March 2022 Victor Uwaifo and I were street hawkers in Benin says Igbinedion Latest Nigeria News Nigerian Newspapers Politics 11 July 2021 Retrieved 16 July 2021 Bibliography EditBondarenko D M A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State Benin Kingdom of the Thirteenth Nineteenth Centuries Social Evolution amp History 2005 vol 4 no 2 pp 18 88 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benin City Traditional African religion portalWorldStatesmen Nigeria 1 The Fall of Benin permanent dead link Benin kingdom Edo state tourism Story of cities 5 Benin City the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Benin City amp oldid 1139502545, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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