Hangzhou

This article is about the modern city. For the historical prefecture, see Hang Prefecture.

Not to be confused with Changzhou, Cangzhou, Guangzhou, or Yangzhou.

Hangzhou (/ˈhɑːŋˈdʒoʊ/^[4][5] or /hæŋˈdʒoʊ/, HANG-joe;^[6] Chinese: 杭州, Hangzhounese pronunciation: [ɦɑ̃.tse], Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [xǎŋ.ʈʂóʊ] (listen)), also romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang, China. It is located in the northwestern part of the province, sitting at the head of Hangzhou Bay, which separates Shanghai and Ningbo. Hangzhou grew to prominence as the southern terminus of the Grand Canal and has been one of China's most renowned and prosperous cities for much of the last millennium. It is a major economic and e-commerce hub within China, and the second biggest city in Yangtze Delta after Shanghai. Hangzhou is classified as a sub-provincial city and forms the core of the Hangzhou metropolitan area, the fourth-largest in China after Guangzhou-Shenzhen Pearl River agglomeration, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou conurbation and Beijing. As of 2019, the Hangzhou metropolitan area was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of 3.2 trillion yuan ($486.53 billion), making it larger than the economy of Nigeria (the largest in Africa). As of the 2020 Chinese census, it had a total population of 11,936,010 inhabitants. However, its metropolitan area, populated by 13.035 million people over an area of 8,107.9 km² (3,130.5 sq mi), consists of all urban districts in Hangzhou and 3 urban districts of the city of Shaoxing.^[1]

Hangzhou 杭州市 Hangchow, Hang Tsei, Hangchou
Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city
From top, left to right: Qianjiang New City; the Chenghuang Pavilion; Lingyin Temple; Changqiao Park on the West Lake; aerial view of the Leifeng Pagoda; Xixi National Wetland Park; the Yue Fei Temple
Seal
Location of Hangzhou City jurisdiction in Zhejiang
Hangzhou Location of the city center in Zhejiang Show map of Zhejiang Hangzhou Location of the city center in China Show map of China
Coordinates (Zhejiang Municipal People's Government): 30°16′01″N 120°09′11″E / 30.267°N 120.153°E / 30.267; 120.153Coordinates: 30°16′01″N 120°09′11″E / 30.267°N 120.153°E / 30.267; 120.153
Country	China
Province	Zhejiang
Municipal seat	Shangcheng District
Government
• Type	Sub-provincial city
• Body	Hangzhou Municipal People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Liu Jie
• Congress Chairman	Li Huolin
• Mayor	Yao Gaoyuan
• CPPCC Chairman	Ma Weiguang
Area
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	16,821.1 km^2 (6,494.7 sq mi)
• Urban	8,259.9 km^2 (3,189.2 sq mi)
• Metro	8,107.9 km^2 (3,130.5 sq mi)
Population  (2020 census)^[1]
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	11,936,010
• Density	710/km^2 (1,800/sq mi)
• Urban	10,711,238
• Urban density	1,300/km^2 (3,400/sq mi)
• Metro	13,035,329
• Metro density	1,600/km^2 (4,200/sq mi)
• National rank	5th
Demonym	Hangzhouians
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	310000
ISO 3166 code	CN-ZJ-01
GDP (Nominal)	2021^[2]
- Total	CN¥1.811 trillion (US$280.76 billion)
- Per capita	CN¥151,717 (US$23,522)
- Growth	8.5%
- Metro (2018)	CN¥2.6517 trillion^[3] (US$400.7 billion)
Licence plate prefixes	浙A
Regional variety	Wu: Hangzhou dialect
Website	Hangzhou.gov.cn
City tree Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) City flower Sweet Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans)

Hangzhou
"Hangzhou" in Chinese characters
Chinese	杭州
Wu	ɦaŋ-tsei (Hangzhou dialect)
Postal	Hangchow
Literal meaning	"Hang Prefecture"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hángzhōu Wade–Giles Hang^2-chou^1 IPA [xǎŋ.ʈʂóʊ] Wu Romanization ɦaŋ-tsei (Hangzhou dialect) Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Hong^4-zau^1 IPA [hɔ̏ːŋ.tsɐ́u] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hâng-chiu
Qiantang
Simplified Chinese	钱塘
Traditional Chinese	錢塘
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Qiántáng Wade–Giles Ch'ien-t'ang IPA [tɕʰjɛ̌n.tʰǎŋ]

Hangzhou has been repeatedly rated as the best commercial city in mainland China by Forbes and the Chinese city with the highest growth potential by the Economist Intelligence Unit, and it boasts the eighth largest GDP among cities in mainland China with a GDP of around 1.8 trillion RMB ($280 billion). Home to the headquarters of large global tech companies such as the Alibaba Group, Ant Group and NetEase, Hangzhou is known for attracting professionals and entrepreneurs who work in information technology. Since 2014, its rapid population growth has led to a steady increase in local housing prices. According to the 2020 Hurun Global Rich List, Hangzhou ranks 11th in the world and 6th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Guangzhou) in the number of resident billionaires.

Hangzhou is a major city for scientific research in the Asia-Pacific, ranking 19th globally by scientific outputs. It hosts several notable universities, including Zhejiang, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou Normal, Hangzhou Dianzi, Zhejiang A&F, Zhejiang Sci-Tech, Zhejiang Chinese Medical, Westlake, China Jiliang and Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics. In September 2015, Hangzhou was awarded the 2022 Asian Games. Its West Lake, a UNESCO World Heritage Site west of the city, is among its best-known attractions.^[7] A study conducted by PwC and China Development Research Foundation ranked Hangzhou first among "Chinese Cities of Opportunity". According to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), the city is classified as Beta (global second-tier) city, together with Chongqing, Nanjing and Tianjin in China. Hangzhou is also one of the world's top 100 financial centers, according to the Global Financial Centres Index. It will be the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010. Hangzhou also hosted the 11th G20 summit in 2016.

History

See also: Timeline of Hangzhou

Early history

 

A ceremonial jade cong of the Liangzhu culture.

The celebrated neolithic culture of Hemudu is known to have inhabited Yuyao, 100 km (62 mi) south-east of Hangzhou, as far back as seven thousand years ago.^[8] It was during this time that rice was first cultivated in southeast China.^[9] Excavations have established that the jade-carving Liangzhu culture (named for its type site just northwest of Hangzhou) inhabited the area immediately around the present city around five thousand years ago.^[10] The first of Hangzhou's present neighborhoods to appear in written records was Yuhang, which probably preserves an old Baiyue name.^[11]

Hangzhou was made the seat of the prefecture of Hang in AD 589, entitling it to a city wall which was constructed two years later. By a longstanding convention also seen in other cities like Guangzhou and Fuzhou, the city took on the name of the area it administered and became known as Hangzhou. Hangzhou was at the southern end of China's Grand Canal which extends to Beijing. The canal evolved over centuries but reached its full length by 609.^[12]

Tang dynasty

In the Tang dynasty, Bai Juyi, a renowned poet, was appointed governor of Hangzhou.^[13] He noticed that the farmland nearby depended on the water of West Lake, but due to negligence the old dyke had collapsed, and the lake so dried out that the local farmers were suffering from severe drought. He ordered the construction of a stronger and taller dyke, with a dam to control the flow of water, mitigating the drought problem. The livelihood of local people of Hangzhou improved over the following years. Bai Juyi used his leisure time to enjoy the West Lake, visiting it almost daily. He then had willows and other trees planted along the dyke, making it a landmark.

It is listed as one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China. It was first the capital of the Wuyue Kingdom from 907 to 978 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Named Xifu (西府) at the time,^[14] it was one of the three great bastions of culture in southern China during the tenth century^{[according to whom?]}, along with Nanjing and Chengdu.^[15] Leaders of Wuyue were noted patrons of the arts, particularly of Buddhist temple architecture and artwork. The dyke built to protect the city by King Qian Liu gave the Qiantang its modern name.^[16] Hangzhou also became a cosmopolitan center, drawing scholars from throughout China and conducting diplomacy with neighboring Chinese states, and also with Japan, Goryeo, and the Khitan Liao dynasty.

Song dynasty

In 1089, another renowned poet governor Su Shi (Su Dongpo) used 200,000 workers to construct a 2.8 km (1.7 mi) long causeway across West Lake made of mud dredged from the lake bottom. The lake is surrounded by hills on the northern and western sides. The Baochu Pagoda sits on the Baoshi Hill to the north of the lake.

Hangzhou was chosen as the new capital of the Southern Song dynasty in 1132,^[17] when most of northern China had been conquered by the Jurchens in the Jin–Song wars.^[18] The surviving imperial family had retreated south from its original capital in Kaifeng after it was captured by the Jurchens in the Jingkang Incident of 1127.^[19][20] Emperor Gaozong moved to Nanjing, then to modern Shangqiu, then to Yangzhou in 1128, and finally to Hangzhou in 1129.^{[19] [21]}

Once the prospect of retaking northern China had diminished, buildings in Hangzhou were extended and renovated to become a permanent imperial capital. The imperial palace in Hangzhou, modest in size, was expanded in 1133 with new roofed alleyways, and in 1148 with an extension of the palace walls.^[22] The city walls were built with tamped earth and stone and was 30 feet high and 10 feet thick at its base. There were 13 gates and several towers on the walls. The walls covered the city by four miles north to south and only one mile east to west.^[23] According to the Italian explorer Odoric of Pordenone, Hangzhou was the greatest city in the world. It was heavily populated and filled with large family estates. It had 12,000 bridges. Bread, pork, rice, and wine were abundant despite the large population.^[24] Arab merchants lived in Hangzhou during the Song dynasty, due to the fact that the oceangoing trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time.^[25] The Phoenix Mosque was constructed by a Persian settler in Hangzhou at this time.^[26]

From 1132 until the Mongol invasion of 1276, Hangzhou remained the capital of the Southern Song dynasty and was known as Lin'an (臨安). It served as the seat of the imperial government, a center of trade and entertainment, and the nexus of the main branches of the civil service. During that time the city was a gravitational center of Chinese civilization as what used to be considered "central China" in the north was taken by the Jin, an ethnic minority dynasty ruled by Jurchens.

Numerous philosophers, politicians, and men of literature, including some of the most celebrated poets in Chinese history such as Su Shi, Lu You, and Xin Qiji came here to live and die. Hangzhou is also the birthplace and final resting place of the scientist Shen Kuo (1031–1095 AD), his tomb being located in the Yuhang district.^[27]

During the Southern Song dynasty, commercial expansion, an influx of refugees from the conquered north, and the growth of the official and military establishments, led to a corresponding population increase and the city developed well outside its 9th-century ramparts. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Hangzhou had a population of over 2 million at that time, while historian Jacques Gernet has estimated that the population of Hangzhou numbered well over one million by 1276. (Official Chinese census figures from the year 1270 listed some 186,330 families in residence and probably failed to count non-residents and soldiers.) It is believed that Hangzhou was the largest city in the world from 1180 to 1315 and from 1348 to 1358.^[28][29]

Because of the large population and densely crowded (often multi-story) wooden buildings, Hangzhou was particularly vulnerable to fires. Major conflagrations destroyed large sections of the city in 1208, 1229, 1237, and 1275. The 1237 fire alone destroyed 30,000 dwellings. However, the worst was the 1208 fire which burned for 4 days in a 3-mile diameter and burnt 58,097 houses as well as killing 59 people. To combat this threat, the city constructed storage buildings that were rented out to merchants where watchmen patrolled by night and was enclosed by water on all sides.^[23] Besides this, the government established an elaborate system for fighting fires, erected watchtowers, devised a system of lantern and flag signals to identify the source of the flames and direct the response, and charged more than 3,000 soldiers with the task of putting out fire.

Yuan dynasty

Hangzhou was besieged and captured by the advancing Mongol armies of Kublai Khan in 1276, three years before the final collapse of the Southern Song.^[30] Historian Patricia Buckley Ebrey noted that the Mongol Yuan dynasty killed the Jurchen Wanyan royal family by the hundreds in the Mongol siege of Kaifeng, while sparing the city of Hangzhou including the Chinese Zhao royal family of the Southern Song. The Mongols rehired Southern Song government officials and had Han Chinese artisans in Shangdu marry the palace women.^[31] The capital of the new Yuan dynasty was established in the city of Dadu (Beijing), but Hangzhou remained an important commercial and administrative center for their southern territory.

•  

  Leifeng Pagoda

•  

  Xi Hu Landscape by Li Song (1190–1264), showing the Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty.

•  

  "Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn", one of the Ten Scenes of the Xi Hu

•  

  Dreaming of the Tiger Spring, the burial place of monk Jigong.

Foreign descriptions

Yuan China was very open to foreign visitors, and several returned west describing Hangzhou—under the names Khinzai,^[32] Campsay,^[33] etc.^{[note 1]}—as one of the foremost cities in the world. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo supposedly visited Hangzhou in the late 13th century. In his book, he records that the city was "greater than any in the world"^[21] and that "the number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, was so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof." Polo's account greatly exaggerates the city's size, although it has been argued that the "hundred miles" of walls would be plausible if Chinese miles were intended instead of Italian ones^[36] and that the "12,000 stone bridges" might have been a copyist error born from the city's 12 gates.^[37] In the 14th century, the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta arrived; his later account concurred that al-Khansā was "the biggest city I have ever seen on the face of the earth."^[38][39][40] He visited Hangzhou in 1345 and noted its charm and described how the city sat on a beautiful lake and was surrounded by gentle green hills.^[41] He was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships with colored sails and silk awnings in the canals. He attended a banquet held by Qurtai, the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city, who according to Ibn Battuta, was fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.^[42]

 

West Lake

Modern history

 

Hangzhou CBD

The city remained an important port until the middle of the Ming dynasty era, when its harbor slowly silted up. Under the Qing, it was the site of an imperial army garrison.^[43]

In 1856 and 1860, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom occupied Hangzhou. The city was heavily damaged during its conquest, occupation, and eventual reconquest by the Qing army.

Hangzhou was ruled by the Republic of China government under the Kuomintang from 1927 to 1937. From 1937 to 1945, the city was occupied by Japan. The Kuomintang returned in 1945, and governed until 1949. On May 3, 1949, the People's Liberation Army entered Hangzhou and the city came under Chinese Communist Party (CCP) control. After Deng Xiaoping's reformist policies began in the end of 1978, Hangzhou took advantage of being situated in the Yangtze Delta to bolster its development. It is now one of China's most prosperous major cities.

During the Cultural Revolution, Hangzhou was stage to a series of labor unrest and factional fighting known as the Hangzhou incident.

In September 2015, Hangzhou was awarded the 2022 Asian Games. It will be the third city in China to host the Asian Games after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010.^[44] It also hosted the eleventh G20 summit in 2016.^[45]

In February 2020, the city was under curfew measures due to the outbreak of coronavirus beginning in Wuhan that spread across China.^[46][47]

Geography

 

A satellite image of the Yangtze River Delta. The Yangtze's natural sediment discharge can be seen.

Hangzhou is located in northwestern Zhejiang province, at the southern end of the Grand Canal of China, which runs to Beijing, in the south-central portion of the Yangtze River Delta. Its administrative area (sub-provincial city) extends west to the mountainous parts of Anhui province, and east to the coastal plain near Hangzhou Bay. The city center is built around the eastern and northern sides of the West Lake, just north of the Qiantang River.

Climate

Hangzhou
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     75     8 1     91     10 3     130     14 6     125     21 12     153     26 17     223     29 21     153     33 25     154     33 25     150     28 21     79     23 15     65     17 9     53     11 3 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     3     47 34     3.6     50 37     5.1     58 44     4.9     69 54     6     78 63     8.8     84 70     6     92 77     6.1     91 77     5.9     82 69     3.1     73 58     2.6     63 48     2.1     52 38 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Hangzhou's climate is humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa) with four distinctive seasons, characterised by long, very hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and drier winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.0 °C (62.6 °F), with monthly daily averages ranging from 4.6 °C (40.3 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in July. The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1,438 mm (56.6 in) and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June. In late summer (August to September), Hangzhou suffers typhoon storms, but typhoons seldom strike it directly. Generally they make landfall along the southern coast of Zhejiang, and affect the area with strong winds and stormy rains.^[48] Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −9.6 °C (15 °F) on 6 February 1969 up to 41.6 °C (107 °F) on 9 August 2013;^[49] unofficial readings have reached −10.5 °C (13 °F), set on 29 December 1912 and 24 January 1916, up to 42.1 °C (108 °F), set on 10 August 1930.^[50] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 30% in March to 51% in August, the city receives 1,709.4 hours of sunshine annually.

Climate data for Hangzhou (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	25.4 (77.7)	28.5 (83.3)	32.8 (91.0)	34.8 (94.6)	37.6 (99.7)	39.7 (103.5)	41.3 (106.3)	41.6 (106.9)	38.7 (101.7)	35.0 (95.0)	31.2 (88.2)	26.5 (79.7)	41.6 (106.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	17.4 (63.3)	21.3 (70.3)	25.7 (78.3)	30.6 (87.1)	33.8 (92.8)	35.3 (95.5)	37.9 (100.2)	37.3 (99.1)	34.4 (93.9)	30.3 (86.5)	25.1 (77.2)	19.5 (67.1)	38.2 (100.8)
Average high °C (°F)	8.3 (46.9)	10.3 (50.5)	14.8 (58.6)	21.1 (70.0)	26.3 (79.3)	29.1 (84.4)	33.6 (92.5)	32.8 (91.0)	28.2 (82.8)	23.2 (73.8)	17.3 (63.1)	11.3 (52.3)	21.4 (70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	4.6 (40.3)	6.4 (43.5)	10.3 (50.5)	16.2 (61.2)	21.4 (70.5)	24.7 (76.5)	28.9 (84.0)	28.2 (82.8)	24.0 (75.2)	18.8 (65.8)	12.9 (55.2)	7.0 (44.6)	17.0 (62.5)
Average low °C (°F)	1.8 (35.2)	3.5 (38.3)	7.0 (44.6)	12.4 (54.3)	17.5 (63.5)	21.4 (70.5)	25.2 (77.4)	24.9 (76.8)	20.9 (69.6)	15.4 (59.7)	9.3 (48.7)	3.7 (38.7)	13.6 (56.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	−3.9 (25.0)	−2.3 (27.9)	0.8 (33.4)	5.8 (42.4)	12.1 (53.8)	16.9 (62.4)	21.5 (70.7)	21.4 (70.5)	16.0 (60.8)	9.0 (48.2)	2.5 (36.5)	−2.8 (27.0)	−4.6 (23.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−8.6 (16.5)	−9.6 (14.7)	−3.5 (25.7)	0.2 (32.4)	7.3 (45.1)	12.8 (55.0)	17.3 (63.1)	18.2 (64.8)	12.0 (53.6)	1.0 (33.8)	−3.6 (25.5)	−8.4 (16.9)	−9.6 (14.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	79.8 (3.14)	86.1 (3.39)	143.7 (5.66)	122.5 (4.82)	128.2 (5.05)	211.8 (8.34)	180.3 (7.10)	156.1 (6.15)	130.1 (5.12)	78.6 (3.09)	72.3 (2.85)	48.6 (1.91)	1,438.1 (56.62)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	12.4	12.1	15.3	14.5	13.8	14.6	12.4	13.8	11.7	9.0	9.3	8.5	147.4
Average relative humidity (%)	75	75	75	74	74	80	76	78	79	76	74	72	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	102.0	97.2	116.4	140.6	164.7	136.6	212.7	193.0	143.9	144.6	129.0	128.7	1,709.4
Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)^[51]^[52]

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1990	1,845,055	—
2000	3,662,054	+98.5%
2010	5,849,537	+59.7%
2020	9,236,032	+57.9%
sources: (census dates, urban area qu 区)^[53]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
2000	6,878,722	—
2010	8,700,373	+26.5%
2020	11,936,010	+37.2%
2022	12,376,000	+3.7%
sources: (census dates, administrative division)^[54] and (yearend est.) ^[55]

Hangzhou is a city in China and had a population of 5,162,039 (including Xiaoshan and Yuhang) at the 2010 census, an increase of 4.8% per year since the 2000 census.^[56] The most recent estimates of the city's urban area population are between 6,658,000 and 6,820,000.^[57][58]

During the 2010 Chinese census, the metropolitan area held 21.102 million people over an area of 34,585 km² (13,353 sq mi).^[3] Hangzhou prefecture had a registered population of 9,018,000 in 2015.^[59] The entire province had a population of 8,700,373,^[60] and the encompassing urban agglomeration (including Shaoxing) is estimated to have population of 8,450,000.^[61]

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) to have, as of 2010^[update], a population of 13.4 million,^[62] although other sources put the figure at over 21 million. The Hangzhou metropolitan area includes the major cities of Shaoxing, Jiaxing and Huzhou.^[3][63]

The population of Hangzhou is likely influenced by Zhejiang being chosen for model common prosperity drive.

Politics

Structure

Title	Party Committee Secretary	HMPC Chairperson	Mayor	Hangzhou CPPCC Chairman
Name	Liu Jie	Liu Huolin	Yao Gaoyuan	Ma Weiguang
Ancestral home	Danyang, Jiangsu	Taizhou, Zhejiang	Cixi, Zhejiang	Shaoxing, Zhejiang
Born	January 1970 (age 53)	November 1961 (age 61)	August 1968 (age 54)	October 1962 (age 60)
Assumed office	December 2021	February 2021	November 2022	January 2022

Administrative divisions

Hangzhou is classified as a sub-provincial city^[64] and forms the core of the Hangzhou metropolitan area,^[3] the fourth-largest in China.^[65] It is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang Province in East China.^[66] Hangzhou comprises 10 districts, 1 county-level city, and 2 counties. The ten urban districts occupy 8,292.31 km² (3,201.68 sq mi) and have a population of 8,241,000, in which there are six central urban districts and four suburban districts. The central urban districts occupy 706.27 km² (272.69 sq mi) and have a population of 3,780,000 and the suburban districts occupy 7,586.04 km² (2,928.99 sq mi) and have a population of 4,461,000.

In the early 90s, the urban districts of Hangzhou only comprises Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Gongshu, Jianggan.

On December 11, 1996, Binjiang District was established. On March 12, 2001, Xiaoshan and Yuhang, formerly two county-level cities under the administration of Hangzhou prefecture-level city, were re-organized as two districts. On December 13, 2014, and in July 2017, Fuyang and Lin'an, formerly two county-level cities under the administration of Hangzhou prefecture-level city, were re-organized as two districts. On April 9, 2021, Linping District and Qiantang District was established.^[67][68]

Map
Qiandao Lake Shangcheng Gongshu Binjiang Xihu Xiaoshan Yuhang Fuyang Lin'an Qiantang Linping Tonglu County Chun'an County Jiande (city)
Subdivision	Chinese	Pinyin	Population (2020)	Area (km^2)	Density
Central Urban Districts
Shangcheng District	上城区	Shàngchéng Qū	1,323,467	119.68	13,238.68
Gongshu District	拱墅区	Gǒngshù Qū	1,120,985	98.58	8,288.81
Xihu District	西湖区	Xīhú Qū	1,112,992	309.41	2,876.44
Binjiang District	滨江区	Bīnjiāng Qū	503,859	72.22	5,427.86
Suburban Districts
Xiaoshan District	萧山区	Xiāoshān Qū	2,011,659	1000.64	1,212.42
Yuhang District	余杭区	Yúháng Qū	1,226,673	942.38	1,304.94
Linping District	临平区	Línpíng Qū	1,175,841	286.03	17,933.86
Qiantang District	钱塘区	Qiántáng Qū	769,150	523.57	5,930.00
Fuyang District	富阳区	Fùyáng Qū	832,017	1,821.03	407.46
Lin'an District	临安区	Lín'ān Qū	634,555	3,118.77	190.14
Counties
Tonglu County	桐庐县	Tónglú Xiàn	453,106	1,829.59	236.12
Chun'an County	淳安县	Chún'ān Xiàn	328,957	4,417.48	81.04
County-level City
Jiande City	建德市	Jiàndé Shì	442,709	2,314.19	192.72

Economy

 

Zhejiang Stock Exchange in the Qianjiang Central Business District

 

Alibaba Group Headquarters

Hangzhou's economy has rapidly developed since its opening up in 1992. It is an industrial city with many diverse sectors such as light industry, agriculture, and textiles. It is considered an important manufacturing base and logistics hub for coastal China.^[69] Additionally, the city is an e-commerce and technology hub.^[70] The 2001 GDP of Hangzhou was RMB 156.8 billion, which ranked second among all of the provincial capitals after Guangzhou. The city has more than tripled its GDP since then, increasing from RMB 156.8 billion in 2001 to RMB 1.3509 trillion in 2018 and GDP per capita increasing from US$3,020 to $21,184.^[69][71] As of 2019, the Hangzhou metropolitan area was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of 3.2 trillion yuan ($486.53 billion),^[72] making it larger than the economies of Argentina, with a GDP of $452 billion (the 26th biggest in the World) and Nigeria with a GDP of $448 billion (the largest in Africa).^[73]

A study conducted by PwC and China Development Research Foundation saw Hangzhou ranked first among "Chinese Cities of Opportunity".^[74] Hangzhou is also considered a World City with a "Beta+" classification according to GaWC.^[75] Hangzhou ranked 89 in the Global Financial Centres Index in 2018.^[76] It was also ranked first in the China Emerging City Rankings of the Economist Intelligence Unit, which assesses Chinese cities growth potential, in both 2021 and 2022.^[77] Hangzhou ranks 11th in the world and 6th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Guangzhou) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.^[78]

Industries

Hangzhou is the headquarters of several technology companies including Alibaba Group, Ant Group, NetEase and HikVision. As a result of its internet industry, many programmers from other cities such as Shanghai or Beijing have come to Hangzhou.^[79] The city has developed many new industries, including medicine, information technology, heavy equipment, automotive components, household electrical appliances, electronics, telecommunication, fine chemicals, chemical fibre and food processing.^[80]

Economic and Technological Development Zones

Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone was established and approved as a national development zone by the State Council in 1993. It covers an area of 104.7 km² (40.4 sq mi). Encouraged industries include electronic information, biological medicine, machinery and household appliances manufacturing, and food processing.^[81] Hangzhou Export Processing Zone was established on April 27, 2000, upon approval of the State Council. It was one of the first zones and the only one in Zhejiang Province to be approved by the government. Its total planned area is 2.92 km² (1.13 sq mi). It is located close to Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport and Hangzhou Port.^[82]

Hangzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was set up with approval from the State Council as a state-level high-tech Industrial Development Zone in March 1991. The HHTZ is composed of three parts, with the main regions being the Zhijiang Sci-Tech Industrial Park and Xiasha Sci-Tech Industrial Park. HHTZ has become one of the most influential high-tech innovation and high-tech industry bases in Zhejiang Province. As of 2013^[update], HHTZ hosts more than 1,100 software developers and BPO enterprises. Major companies such as Motorola, Nokia and Siemens have established R&D centers in the zone. In 2011, the GDP of the zone rose by 13.1 percent, amounting to RMB 41.63 billion. This accounted for 5.9 percent of Hangzhou's total GDP. The HHTZ positions itself as the "Silicon Valley" of China. The Alibaba Group is headquartered in the zone.^[83][84]

Tourism

 

West Lake and Leifeng Pagoda

 

West Lake at night

 

Hu Xueyan Residence, a historic mansion in Hangzhou

Although Hangzhou has been through many recent urban developments, it still retains its historical and cultural heritage and natural environment. Today, tourism remains an important factor for Hangzhou's economy.^[85] One of Hangzhou's most popular sights is West Lake, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The West Lake Cultural Landscape covers an area of 3,323 ha (8,210 acres) and includes some of Hangzhou's most notable historic and scenic places. Adjacent to the lake is an area which includes historical pagodas, cultural sites, as well as the natural environment of the lake and hills, including Phoenix Mountain. There are two causeways across the lake.^[85]

Other places of interest

• Grand Canal, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The part of the Canal in Hangzhou was built in 610 AD. The core historical sites are accessible by Hangzhou Metro Line 5's The Grand Canal station or East Gongchen Bridge station.
• The world's largest tidal bore races up the Qiantang River through Hangzhou reaching up to 12 m (39 ft) in height.
• The residence of Hu Xueyan (胡雪岩故居) located on Yuanbao Street was built in 1872 by Hu Xueyan, a native of Anhui, a very successful businessman. It was restored and opened to the public in 2001.
• Xixi National Wetland Park. Established with the aim of preserving the wetland ecological system, it covers an area of about 10 km² (4 sq mi). Fish ponds and reed beds have been restored and it is home to many types of birds. It holds a temple and several historic rural houses.
• Hangzhou Botanical Garden
• Hangzhou Zoo
• Old China Street on He Fang Street (He Fang Jie or Qing He Fang, literally 'neighbourhood along the river'), which offers various souvenirs.
• Jade Springs (Yu Quan)
• Yuefei Temple A temple constructed during the Song Dynasty in 1221 to commemorate Yue Fei, which is located near the West Lake.
• West Lake Cultural Square is one of the tallest buildings in the city centre (about 160 m (520 ft)) and houses the Zhejiang Natural History Museum and Zhejiang Museum of Science and Technology.
• Qiandao Lake is a man-made lake with the largest number of islands in Chun'an County, under administration of the Hangzhou prefecture-level city. These islands are different in size and shape, and have distinctive scene.
• Longjing tea fields, west of the lake.^[86]
• Qiantang River is the largest river in Zhejiang Province, China. Every year during August 15 to August 18 of the lunar month in China, the Qiantang Tide occurs. It is called "the Biggest Tide in the World"

In March 2013 the Hangzhou Tourism Commission started an online campaign via Facebook, the 'Modern Marco Polo' campaign. Over the next year nearly 26,000 participants applied from around the globe, in the hopes of becoming Hangzhou's first foreign tourism ambassador. In a press conference in Hangzhou on 20 May 2014, Liam Bates was announced as the successful winner and won a $55,000 contract, being the first foreigner ever to be appointed by China's government in such an official role.^[87]

Religion

 

Chenghuangmiao located on Wushan, Hangzhou

Scenic places near West Lake

• Jingci Temple is located just south of West Lake.
• Lingyin Temple (Soul's Retreat) is located about 2 km (1.2 mi) west of West Lake. This is believed to be the oldest Buddhist temple in the city, which has gone through numerous destruction and reconstruction cycles.
• Baochu Pagoda is located just north of West Lake on Precious Stone Hill (宝石山)
• Yue-Wang Temple (King Yue's Temple) or Yue Fei Miao is on the northwest shore of West Lake. It was originally constructed in 1221 in memory of General Yue Fei, who died due to political persecution.
• Leifeng Pagoda, located on Sunset Hill south of West Lake.

Other religious buildings

• Liuhe Pagoda or six harmonies pagoda is located on Yuelun Hill on the north bank of Qiantang River
• Confucius Temple
• Chenghuangmiao (City God Pavilion) located on Wushan (Wu Hill)
• Dreaming of the Tiger Spring
• The Immaculate Conception Cathedral of Hangzhou is one of the oldest Catholic churches in China, dating back 400 years to the Ming dynasty.
• Fenghuang Mosque (凤凰清真寺) is one of the oldest mosques in China, the current construction at the intersection of Xihu Avenue (西湖大道) and the Central Zhongshan Road (中山中路) dates back 700 years to the Yuan dynasty.
• Hupao Temple (虎跑寺)^[88]

Islam

In 1848, during the Qing dynasty, Hangzhou was described as the "stronghold" of Islam in China, the city containing several mosques with Arabic inscriptions.^[89] A Hui from Ningbo also told an Englishman that Hangzhou was the "stronghold" of Islam in Zhejiang province, containing multiple mosques, compared to his small congregation of around 30 families in Ningbo for his mosque.^[90] Within the city of Hangzhou are two notable mosques: New Hangzhou Great Mosque and the Phoenix Mosque.

Judaism

As late as the latter part of the 16th and early 17th centuries, the city was an important center of Chinese Jewry, and may have been the original home of the Kaifeng Jewish community.^[91]

There was formerly a Jewish synagogue in Ningbo, as well as one in Hangzhou, but no traces of them are now discoverable, and the only Jews known to exist in China were in Kaifeng.^[92]

Christianity

Two of the Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism were from Hangzhou. There was persecution of Christians in the early 21st century in the city.^[93]

Culture

 

Gilt silver Hōkyōintōunearthed from Leifeng Pagoda Site, Zhejiang Provincial Museum

The native residents of Hangzhou, including those of Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu, speak the Hangzhou dialect, a Wu dialect unique to the area. Hangzhou's dialect differs from those of regions in southern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu. As the official language defined by China's central government, Mandarin is the dominant spoken language, though it is mutually unintelligible with the Hangzhou dialect. The Hangzhou dialect has an estimated total of 1.2 to 1.5 million speakers.

There are several notable^{[by whom?]} museums located in Hangzhou including China National Silk Museum (中国丝绸博物馆), the largest silk museum in the world, China National Tea Museum (中国茶叶博物馆), and Zhejiang Provincial Museum (浙江博物馆), which has a collection of integrated human studies, exhibition and research with over 100,000 collected cultural relics.

Many theaters in Hangzhou host opera shows such as Yue opera. There are several big shows themed with the history and culture of Hangzhou like and the Romance of Song Dynasty.

Hangzhou is home to the China Academy of Art and prominent painters such as Lin Fengmian and Fang Ganmin.

The local government of Hangzhou heavily invests in promoting tourism and the arts, with emphasis placed upon silk production, umbrellas, and Chinese hand-held folding fans.^{[citation needed]}

Cuisine

 

Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井), Longjing tea planted near the West Lake

Hangzhou's local cuisine is often considered to be representative of Zhejiang provincial cuisine, which is claimed as one of China's eight fundamental cuisines.^{[by whom?]} The locally accepted consensus among Hangzhou's natives defines dishes prepared in this style to be "fresh, tender, soft, and smooth, with a mellow fragrance."^{[citation needed]}

Generally, Hangzhou's cuisines tend to be sweeter rather than savoury. The local people enjoy a light diet incorporating river fishes from the Yangtze River. There are historical stories revolving around the origins of local dishes.

Dishes such as Pian Er Chuan Noodles (片儿川), West Lake Vinegar Fish (西湖醋鱼), Dongpo Pork (东坡肉), Longjing Shrimp (龙井虾仁), Beggar's Chicken (叫化鸡), Steamed Rice and Pork Wrapped by Lotus Leaves(荷叶粉蒸肉), Braised Bamboo Shoots (油焖笋), Lotus Root Pudding (藕粉) and Sister Song's Fish Soup (宋嫂鱼羹) are some of the better-known examples of Hangzhou's regional cuisine.

The famous and signature^{[citation needed]} restaurants in Hangzhou include Xin Feng restaurant (新丰小吃), Zhi Wei Guan (知味观), Grandma's Home (外婆家), Green Tea Restaurant (绿茶餐厅), etc. These restaurants combine the advanced food and dishes of the traditional Hangzhou cuisine with western cooking methods^{[citation needed]}.

Longjing tea is the most famous green tea and rank first among top ten famous teas in China. Those planted by the West Lake is the best Longjing tea. Tea is an important part of Hangzhou's economy and culture. Hangzhou is best known for originating Longjing, a notable variety of green tea.^[94] Known as the best type of Long Jing tea^{[by whom?]}, Xi Hu Long Jing is grown in Longjing village.^[86]

Transportation

 

Hangzhou trolleybus

 

Hangzhou BRT Line 4 (Closed)

 

Qiantang River Bridge

 

Hangzhou Metro Line 1

 

Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway (Original route to Hangzhou Station)

Port

The Port of Hangzhou is a small river port with a cargo throughput that exceeds 100 million tons annually.^[95]

Air

Hangzhou is served by the Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport, which provides direct service to many international destinations such as Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Netherlands,^[96] Qatar, Portugal and the United States, as well as regional routes to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. It has an extensive domestic route network within the PRC and is consistently ranked top 10 in passenger traffic among Chinese airports.^{[citation needed]}

Railway

Hangzhou sits on the intersecting point of some of the busiest rail corridors in China. The city's main station is Hangzhou East station (colloquially "East Station" 东站). It is one of the biggest rail traffic hubs in China, consisting of 15 platforms that house the High Speed services to Shanghai, Nanjing, Changsha, Ningbo, and beyond. The metro station beneath the rail complex building is a stop along the Hangzhou Metro Line 1 and Line 4. There are frequent departures for Shanghai with approximately 20-minute headways from 6:00 to 21:00. Non-stop CRH high-speed service between Hangzhou and Shanghai takes 50 minutes and leaves every hour (excluding a few early morning/late night departures) from both directions. Other CRH high-speed trains that stop at one or more stations along the route complete the trip in 59 to 75 minutes. Most other major cities in China can also be reached by direct train service from Hangzhou. The Hangzhou railway station (colloquially the "City Station" Chinese: 城站) was closed for renovation in mid 2013 but has recently opened again.

A second high-speed rail channel through Hangzhou is operational along with another major station, Hangzhou West, opened on September 22, 2022.^[97]

Direct trains link Hangzhou with more than 50 main cities, including 12 daily services to Beijing and more than 100 daily services to Shanghai; they reach as far as Ürümqi. The China Railway High-Speed service inaugurated on October 26, 2010. The service is operated by the CRH 380A(L), CRH 380B(L) and CRH380CL train sets which travel at a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph), shortening the duration of the 202 km (126 mi) trip to only 45 minutes.^[98]

Coach

Central (to the east of the city centre, taking the place of the former east station), north, south, and west long-distance coach stations offer frequent coach service to nearby cities/towns within Zhejiang province, as well as surrounding provinces.

Bus

Hangzhou has a bus network consisting of a fleet of diesel, hybrid and electric buses, as well as trolleybuses. Hangzhou was once known for its extensive bus rapid transit network expanding from downtown to many suburban areas through dedicated bus lanes on some of the busiest streets in the city. However, as of mid-2021, all but one BRT routes and feeding routes had closed or been transformed to regular routes. Only route B1 is still in operation.

Cycle hire

Bicycles and electric scooters are very popular, and major streets have dedicated bike lanes throughout the city. Hangzhou has an extensive public bike rental system called the Hangzhou Public Bicycle system. There is a dock-and-station system like those of Paris or London and users can hire bicycles with IC card or mobile phone application. Journeys within 60 minutes are free of charge.

Metro

Hangzhou Metro has a network of 323 km as of mid-2021, not including the Hangzhou-Haining Intercity Railway which has a length of 46 km. Major expansion plans continue. It is the 17th city in China to have a rapid rail transit system. In 2018, the State Council approved the planning for 15 metro lines, including extensions to the three existing lines, scheduled to open in time for the 2022 Asian Games.^[99] By then the Hangzhou Metro system is projected have a network of 617 km (383 mi).^[100]

The construction of the Metro started in March 2006, and Line 1 opened on November 24, 2012.^[101] Line 1 connects city centre with suburbs. It run from Xianghu to Wenze Road with a branch to Lingping, which would later become part of Line 9. By June 2015, the southeast section of Line 2 (starts in Xiaoshan District, ends to the south of the city centre) and a short part of Line 4 (fewer than 10 stations, connecting Line 1 and Line 2) were completed. The system is expected to have 15 lines upon completion; most lines are still under construction. The extensions of Line 2 (city centre and northwest Hangzhou) and Line 4 (east of Binjiang District) opened in 2018. Line 5/6/7/8 opened their first parts in 2019 and 2020.

Taxis

Taxis are also popular in the city, with the newest line of Hyundai Sonatas and Volkswagen Passats, and tight regulations. In early 2011, 30 electric taxis were deployed in Hangzhou; 15 were Zotye Langyues and the other 15 were Haima Freemas. In April, however, one Zoyte Langyue caught fire, and all of the electric taxis were taken off the roads later that day. The city still intends to have a fleet of 200 electric taxis by the end of 2011.^[102] In 2014, a large number of new electric taxis produced by Xihu-BYD (Xihu (westlake) is a local company which produced televisions in the past) were deployed.

Education and Research

See also: List of universities in China

Universities

Hangzhou hosts many universities, most notably the Zhejiang University, one of the world's top 100th comprehensive public research universities.^{[103][104][105]} Hangzhou has a large student population, with college towns such as Xiasha, located near the east end of the city, and Xiaoheshan, located near the west end of the city. Universities in Hangzhou include:

• China Academy of Art (1928)
• China Jiliang University
• Hangzhou Dianzi University
• Hangzhou Normal University (1908)
• Westlake University (2018)
• Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
• Zhejiang Forestry University
• Zhejiang Gongshang University (1911, China's first business school in China)
• Zhejiang International Studies University (1955, also known as Zhejiang Education Institute)
• Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
• Zhejiang University (1897), one of the top universities in China.^[106]
• Zhejiang University City College
• Zhejiang University of Science and Technology
• Zhejiang University of Media and Communications (1984)
• Zhejiang University of Technology (1953)

Primary and secondary schools

Provincial key Public high schools in Hangzhou include Hangzhou No. 4 High School, Hangzhou No. 14 High School, Hangzhou NO.2 High School, Hangzhou Foreign Language School, High School Attached to Zhejiang University, High School attached to Hangzhou Normal university, Hangzhou No. 1 High School and Hangzhou Xuejun High School.

Private high schools in Hangzhou include Hangzhou Green Town Yuhua School, Hangzhou Chinese International School, Hangzhou International School and Hangzhou Japanese School (杭州日本人学校) (nihonjin gakkō).

Research

Hangzhou is a major city for scientific research in China, ranking 9th in Asia-Oceania region and 19th globally by the Nature Index as of 2022.^[107]

Twin towns – sister cities

Hangzhou is twinned with:

City	Division	Country	Since
Sayama	Saitama Prefecture	Japan	1978
Gifu	Gifu Prefecture	Japan	1979
Weert	Limburg	Netherlands	Unknown
Boston	Massachusetts	United States	1982
Baguio	N/A^[108]	Philippines	1982
Leeds	West Yorkshire	United Kingdom	1988
Fukui	Fukui Prefecture	Japan	1989
Nice	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	France	1994
Galway	County Galway	Ireland	1996
Paramaribo	Paramaribo District	Suriname	1988
Budapest	N/A^[109]	Hungary	1999
Cape Town	Western Cape	South Africa	2005
Oviedo	Principado de Asturias	Spain	2006
Curitiba	Paraná	Brazil	2007
Dresden	Saxony	Germany	2009
Indianapolis	Indiana	United States	2009
Oulu	Northern Ostrobothnia	Finland	2011
Atlanta	Georgia	United States	2012
Hamamatsu	Shizuoka Prefecture	Japan	2012
Lugano	Ticino	Switzerland	2012^[110]
Dnipro	Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	Ukraine	2013
El Calafate	Santa Cruz	Argentina	2013
Split	Split-Dalmatia County	Croatia	2014
Queenstown	Otago	New Zealand	2015^[111]
Maribor	City Municipality of Maribor	Slovenia	2017^[112]
Heidelberg	Baden-Württemberg	Germany	2018^[113]
Kota Kinabalu	Sabah	Malaysia	2019^[114]^[115]^[116]
Tallinn	Harju County	Estonia	Unknown
Middlesbrough	North Yorkshire	United Kingdom	Unknown

Ancient proverbs about Hangzhou

An ancient Chinese proverb about Hangzhou and Suzhou is:

Paradise above, Suzhou and Hangzhou below. (上有天堂，下有苏杭)

This phrase has a similar meaning to the English phrases "Heaven on Earth". Marco Polo in his accounts described Suzhou as "the city of the earth" while Hangzhou is "the city of heaven".^[117] The city presented itself as "Paradise on Earth" during the G20 summit held in the city in 2016.^[118]

Another saying about Hangzhou is:

Be born in Suzhou, live in Hangzhou, eat in Guangzhou, die in Liuzhou. (生在苏州，活在杭州，吃在广州，死在柳州)

The meaning here lies in the fact that Suzhou was renowned for its beautiful and highly civilized and educated citizens, Hangzhou for its scenery, Guangzhou for its food, and Liuzhou (of Guangxi) for its wooden coffins which supposedly halted the decay of the body (likely made from the camphor tree).

Notable residents

• Jack Ma: Co-founder and executive chairman of the Alibaba Group.
• Zong Qinghou: Entrepreneur, founder, chairman and CEO of the Hangzhou Wahaha Group.
• Sun Yang: Olympic gold medalist and competitive swimmer.
• Ye Shiwen: Olympic gold medalist and competitive swimmer.
• Wu Yibing: World No.1 in the ITF juniors ranking and professional tennis player.
• Li Wenhan: Singer, actor, member of boy groups UNIQ and UNINE.
• Yuan Li: Actress.
• Hu Yitian: Actor.
• Wang Yiren: Singer and member of Everglow.

See also

•  China portal

• Historical capitals of China
• Jiangnan
• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
• Suzhou numerals – in the Unicode standard version 3.0, these characters are incorrectly named Hangzhou style numerals

Explanatory notes

1. For a discussion of the many sources and variant spellings of the names, see Moule.^[34] The ultimate Chinese source of these names has been variously given as Jīngshī (京師, "the Capital"); Xingzai, an abbreviated form of Xíngzàisuǒ (行在所, "the Place of Temporary Residence"), which had formerly been a byname for the Song capital from the hope that the court would eventually return north to Kaifeng; and Hangtsei, the Hangzhounese pronunciation of the town's name.^[35]

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Sources

General

•   This article incorporates text from The Middle kingdom: a survey of the ... Chinese empire and its inhabitants ..., by Samuel Wells Williams, a publication from 1848, now in the public domain in the United States.
•   This article incorporates text from The middle kingdom: a survey of the geography, government, education, social life, arts, religion, etc. of the Chinese empire and its inhabitants, Volume 2, by Samuel Wells Williams, John William Orr, a publication from 1848, now in the public domain in the United States.
•   This article incorporates text from The Chinese repository, Volume 13, a publication from 1844, now in the public domain in the United States.
•   This article incorporates text from The Baptist missionary magazine, Volume 29, by American Baptist Missionary Union. Executive Committee, Baptist General Convention. Board of Managers, a publication from 1849, now in the public domain in the United States.
•   This article incorporates text from My holidays in China: An account of three houseboat tours, from Shanghai to Hangehow and back via Ningpo; from Shanghai to Le Yang via Soochow and the Tah Hu; and from Kiukiang to Wuhu; with twenty-six illustrations (from photographs), by William R. Kahler, a publication from 1895, now in the public domain in the United States.
•   This article incorporates text from Reports from the consuls of the United States, Issues 124–127, by United States. Bureau of Foreign Commerce, a publication from 1891, now in the public domain in the United States.
•   This article incorporates text from Memoirs of the Rev. Walter M. Lowrie: missionary to China, by Walter Macon Lowrie, Presbyterian church in the U.S.A. Board of foreign missions, a publication from 1854, now in the public domain in the United States.
•   This article incorporates text from Darkness in the flowery land: or, Religious notions and popular superstitions in north China, by Michael Simpson Culbertson, a publication from 1857, now in the public domain in the United States.
• Yule, Henry (2002), The Travels of Friar Odoric
• Economic profile for Hangzhou at HKTDC

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Hangzhou

• Cotterell, Arthur (2007). The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. London: Pimlico. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5.
• Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Hangzhou (category)

 

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hangzhou.

 

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Hang-chow".

• Hangzhou Government website
• Arts Crafts Museum Hangzhou in Google Cultural Institute
• EN.GOTOHZ.COM July 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – The Official Website of Hangzhou Tourism Commission
• TRAVELWESTLAKE July 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – The Official Travel Guide of Hangzhou
• TRAVELZHEJIANG – The Official Travel Guide of Zhejiang Province
•   Geographic data related to Hangzhou at OpenStreetMap

Preceded by Kaifeng

Capital of China (as Lin'an) 1127–1279

Succeeded by Dadu (present Beijing)