fbpx
Wikipedia

Lagos

January 10, 2023

This article is about the city, officially known as Lagos Metropolis Area. For other uses, see Lagos (disambiguation).

Lagos (Nigerian English: /ˈleɪɡɒs/;[9] Yoruba: Èkó) is the largest city in Nigeria and the second most populous city in Africa,[10][11] with a population of 15.4 million as of 2015 within the city proper. Lagos was the national capital of Nigeria until December 1991 following the government's decision to move their capital to Abuja in the center of the country. The Lagos metropolitan area has a total population of roughly 23.5 million as of 2018, making it the largest metropolitan area in Africa. Lagos is a major African financial center and is the economic hub of Lagos State and Nigeria at large. The city has been described as the cultural, financial, and entertainment capital of Africa, and is a significant influence on commerce, entertainment, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, and fashion. Lagos is also among the top ten of the world's fastest-growing cities and urban areas.[19][20] The megacity has the fourth-highest GDP in Africa[2][21] and houses one of the largest and busiest seaports on the continent.[22][23][24] The Lagos metropolitan area is a major educational and cultural centre in Sub Saharan Africa.[25] Due to the large urban population and port traffic volumes, Lagos is classified as a Medium-Port Megacity.[26]

Lagos
Èkó
Metropolis
Tinubu Square
Array of skyscrapers
Lekki–Epe Expressway
National Arts Theatre
Third Mainland Bridge
Flag
Nickname(s): 
Eko akete, Lasgidi[3][4]
Motto: 
Èkó ò ní bàjé o!
Lagos shown within the State of Lagos
Lagos
Location of Lagos in Nigeria
Lagos
Lagos (Nigeria)
Lagos
Lagos (Africa)
Lagos
Lagos (North Atlantic)
Lagos
Lagos (Earth)
Coordinates: 6°27′18″N 3°23′03″E / 6.455027°N 3.384082°E / 6.455027; 3.384082Coordinates: 6°27′18″N 3°23′03″E / 6.455027°N 3.384082°E / 6.455027; 3.384082
Country Nigeria
StateLagos
LGA(s)[note 1]
List of LGAs
Settled15th century
Founded byAwori subgroup of the Yoruba[5]
Government
 • Governor of LagosBabajide Sanwo-Olu
 • Deputy GovernorFemi Hamzat
 • Supreme JudgeKazeem Alogba
Area
[1]
 • Metropolis1,171.28 km2 (452.23 sq mi)
 • Land999.6 km2 (385.9 sq mi)
 • Water171.68 km2 (66.29 sq mi)
 • Urban
907 km2 (350 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,706.7 km2 (1,045.1 sq mi)
Elevation
41 m (135 ft)
Population
 (2006 census)[note 1]
 • Metropolis8,048,430
 • Estimate 
(2018 by LASG[6])
23,437,435
 • Rank1st
 • Density6,871/km2 (17,800/sq mi)
 • Urban
15,388,000[7]
 • Urban density14,469/km2 (37,470/sq mi)
 • Metro
21,320,000 (estimated)[6]
 • Metro density7,759/km2 (20,100/sq mi)
DemonymLagosian
Time zoneUTC+1
Area code010[8]
ClimateAw
  1. ^ Only Ikoyi-Obalande and Iru-Victoria Island LCDAs

Lagos initially emerged as a home to the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba of West Africa and later emerged as a port city of the Benin Empire that originated on a collection of islands, which are contained in the present day Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Lagos Island, Eti-Osa, Amuwo-Odofin and Apapa. The islands are separated by creeks, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon, while being protected from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands and long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to 100 km (62 mi) east and west of the mouth. Due to rapid urbanization, the city expanded to the west of the lagoon to include areas in the present day Lagos Mainland, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, and Surulere. This led to the classification of Lagos into two main areas: the Island, which was the original city of Lagos, and the Mainland, which it has since expanded into.[27] This city area was governed directly by the Federal Government through the Lagos City Council, until the creation of Lagos State in 1967, which led to the splitting of Lagos city into the present-day seven Local Government Areas (LGAs), and an addition of other towns (which now make up 13 LGAs) from the then Western Region to form the state.[28]

However, the state capital was later moved to Ikeja in 1976,[29] and the federal capital moved to Abuja in 1991. Even though Lagos is still widely referred to as a city, the present-day Lagos, also known as "Metropolitan Lagos", and officially as "Lagos Metropolitan Area"[30][31][32] is an urban agglomeration or conurbation,[33] consisting of 16 LGAs including Ikeja, the state capital of Lagos State.[2][34] This conurbation makes up 37% of Lagos State total land area, but houses about 85% of the state's total population.[2][28][35]

The exact population of Metropolitan Lagos is disputed.[36] In the 2006 federal census data, the conurbation had a population of about 8 million people.[37] However, the figure was disputed by the Lagos State Government, which later released its own population data, putting the population of Lagos Metropolitan Area at approximately 16 million.[note 1] Daily, the Lagos area is growing by some 3,000 people or around 1.1 million annually, so the true population figure of the greater Lagos area in 2022 is roughly 28 million (up from some 23.5 million in 2018). Lagos may therefore have overtaken Kinshasa as Africa's most populous city. As of 2015, unofficial figures put the population of "Greater Metropolitan Lagos", which includes Lagos and its surrounding metro area, extending as far as into Ogun State, at approximately 21 million.[1][28][38][39]

History

Main article: History of Lagos
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Lagos.
 
Aerial view of Lagos in 1929

Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people in the 15th century.[5][17][40][41][42] The Awori moved to an island now called Iddo and then to the larger Lagos Island. The Aworis who were predominantly fishermen and hunters called it Oko.[43] Because the area was dominated by the then expansive Oyo Empire, they called it Eko, from the late 16th century to the mid-19th century.[44] The name Eko was given to it by its first Awori traditional settlers, Oba Ado. Eko is still the native name for Lagos to date.[45]

Lagos (Portuguese for "lakes") was a name given to the settlement by the Portuguese. Throughout history, it was home to a number of warring ethnic Yoruba groups who had settled in the area. Following its early settlement by the Awori nobility, the state first came to the attention of the Portuguese in the 15th century.[46]

Portuguese explorer Rui de Sequeira visited the area in 1472, naming the area around the city Lago de Curamo, which means Lake of Curamo.[citation needed]

In Britain's early 19th-century fight against the transatlantic slave trade, it's West Africa Squadron or Preventative Squadron as it was also known, continued to pursue Portuguese, American, French, and Cuban slave ships and to impose anti-slavery treaties with West African coastal chiefs with so much doggedness that they created a strong presence along the West African coast from Sierra Leone all the way to the Niger Delta (today's Nigeria) and as far south as Congo.[47] In 1849, Britain appointed John Beecroft Consul of the Bights of Benin and Biafra, a position he held (along with his governorship of Fernando Po) until his death in 1854.[48] John Duncan was appointed Vice Consul and was located at Whydah.[49] At the time of Beecroft's appointment, the Kingdom of Lagos (under Oba Kosoko) was in the western part of the Consulate of the Bights of Benin and Biafra and was a key slave trading port.[50] In 1851 and with pressure from liberated slaves who now wielded political and business influence, Britain intervened in Lagos in what is now known as the Bombardment of Lagos or Capture of Lagos[51][52] resulting in the installation of Oba Akitoye and the ouster of Oba Kosoko. Oba Akitoye then signed the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos abolishing slavery. The signing of the 1852 treaty ushered in the Consular Period in Lagos' history wherein Britain provided military protection for Lagos.[53][54]

Following threats from Kosoko and the French who were positioned at Whydah, a decision was made by Lord Palmerston (British Prime Minister) who noted in 1861, "the expediency of losing no time in assuming the formal Protectorate of Lagos".[55] William McCoskry, the Acting Consul in Lagos with Commander Bedingfield convened a meeting with Oba Dosunmu on 30 July 1861 aboard HMS Prometheus where Britain's intent was explained and a response to the terms were required by August 1861. Dosunmu resisted the terms of the treaty but under the threat to unleash a bombardment on Lagos by Commander Bedingfield, Dosunmu relented and signed the Lagos Treaty of Cession on 6 August 1861.[56][57][58]

 
Map of Lagos' initial city boundaries, showing its contemporary districts. This definition is rarely used in the present day; the expanded metropolitan area is now a more accepted definition of Lagos.

Lagos was declared a colony on 5 March 1862. The remainder of modern-day Nigeria was seized in 1887, and when the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was established in 1914, Lagos became its capital, continuing as such after the country's independence from Britain in 1960[citation needed]. Along with migrants from all over Nigeria and other West African nations were the returnee ex-slaves known as Creoles, who came from Freetown, Sierra Leone, Brazil, and the West Indies to Lagos. The Creoles contributed to Lagos' modernization and their knowledge of Portuguese architecture can still be seen from the architecture on Lagos Island. Since the 19th century, Lagos gradually transformed into a melting pot of Africans and Europeans.[59][60][5][61] Railway links and telephone cables connecting Lagos to London had been established by 1886.[62][63][64] Electric street lighting was introduced in the city in 1898.[65][66] Lagos experienced rapid growth throughout the 1960s and 1970s as a result of Nigeria's economic boom.[67]

Before the creation of Lagos State on 27 May 1967, Lagos, which was the country's capital had been administered directly by the Federal Government as a Federal Territory through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs, while the Lagos City Council (LCC) governed the city.[28] Lagos, along with the towns from the then Western region (Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry), were eventually captured to create Lagos State.[28] Lagos city was split into the present day seven Local Government Areas (LGAs), while the other towns now make up 13 LGAs in the state. Lagos played the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital until 1976 when the state capital was moved to Ikeja. Lagos was adversely affected during Nigeria's military rule.[68] Also, on 12 December 1991, the seat of the Federal Government was also formally relocated to Abuja. However, Lagos remains the financial center of the country, and also grew to become the most populous conurbation in the country.[28]

Geography

Lagos is loosely classified into two main geographical areas—the "Island" and the "Mainland".[citation needed]

Cityscape

Main article: Architecture of Lagos

Lagos has the tallest skyline in Nigeria. The architectural styles in Lagos are diverse and range from tropical and vernacular to colonial European and ultramodern buildings or a mixture. Brazilian style architecture brought by the creoles is evident in buildings such as Water House and Shitta Bey Mosque.[69][70][71] Skyscrapers and most high rise buildings are centered on the islands, while the mainland has some high rise buildings.[72] In recent years, the Lagos State government has renovated existing parks and green areas, with a long-term goal of expansion. Many good quality buildings are interspersed across the city.[73][74][75][76][77]

Island

The Island is a loose geographical term that is used to define the area of Lagos that is separated from the "Mainland" by the main channel draining the lagoon into the Atlantic Ocean, which forms Lagos Harbour. The Island is mainly a collection of Islands that are separated from each other by creeks of varying sizes and are connected by bridges. The smaller sections of some creeks have been dredged and built over. This part of Lagos is the area where most business activities and entertainment events in Lagos take place. It also houses most of the upscale residential areas in Lagos. The Local Government Areas (LGAs) that are considered to be on the Island include Lagos Island and Eti-Osa. The major upscale Island neighborhoods within these LGAs include Ikoyi and Victoria Island. Three major bridges join the Island to the Mainland. They are the Carter Bridge, which starts from Iddo; the Eko Bridge (formerly called the Second Mainland Bridge); and the Third Mainland Bridge, which passes through densely populated mainland suburbs to the Lagos Lagoon. The Ikoyi link bridge links Ikoyi and Lekki Phase 1, both of which are part of the Island.[78]

Construction on the Fourth Mainland Bridge will commence in 2022, according to Lagos State Governor, Babajide Sanwo-Olu.[79][80]

Lagos Island
Main article: Lagos Island
 
Lagos Marina

Lagos Island contains a central business district.[81] This district is characterized by high-rise buildings. The Island also contains many of the city's largest wholesale marketplaces (such as the popular Idumota and Balogun Markets).[82] It also has the National Museum of Nigeria, the Central Mosque, the Glover Memorial Hall, Christ's Church Cathedral (CMS) and the Oba's Palace (Iga Idunganran).[83] Another major part of Lagos Island is Marina. It borders the idumota and Balogun markets and houses major Banking institutions. Though formerly in a derelict condition, Lagos Island's Tinubu Square is a site of historical importance; it was here that the Amalgamation Ceremony that unified the North and South protectorate to form Nigeria took place in 1914.[citation needed]

Ikoyi
Main article: Ikoyi
 
Aerial view of Ikoyi

Ikoyi is situated on the eastern half of Lagos Island and joined to it by a landfill.[84][85] Ikoyi is also connected to Victoria Island by Falomo bridge, which carries the main road over Five Cowrie creek.[86] Falomo garden, a green public space which was developed by the state government in conjunction with Fidelity Bank in 2017, is located under the bridge.[87] Ikoyi housed the headquarters of the federal government of Nigeria and other buildings owned by the government, including the old federal secretariat complex. The complex today is on reestablishment.[88]

In Ikoyi there are military and police barracks, a top-security prison, and a federal high court of Nigeria. Ikoyi also has a number of hotels, nightclubs, a recreational park, and one of Africa's largest golf courses. Originally a middle class neighborhood, in recent years, it has become a fashionable residential enclave for the upper middle class to the upper class. There are also commercial activities in Ikoyi, which are spotted in an increasing number of offices, banks, and shopping complexes. The commercial section is concentrated in the South-West.[citation needed]

Victoria Island
Main article: Victoria Island (Nigeria)
 
Victoria Island
 
Civic Towers, Victoria Island, Lagos

Victoria Island with its annex is situated to the south of Lagos Island and known with a zip code of 101241[89] as assigned by NIPOST.[67] It has expensive real estate properties and for that reason, many new luxury condos and apartments are blooming up everywhere. Along with Ikoyi, Victoria Island occupies a major area in Lagos that boasts several sizeable shopping districts. On its seashore along the Atlantic front, there is an environmentally reconstructed Bar Beach.[citation needed]

Ajah/Lekki

The Lekki Peninsula shares some prestige with its Ikoyi and Victoria Island neighbors. Development has stretched the piece of land further such that the Ibeju axis, though closer to Epe (which is literally on the outskirts of Lagos) is almost always described as part of Lekki. The expanse of land starts from the Lekki toll gate, which was the focal stage of the famous #EndSars protest in October 2019, and ends in Ibeju-Lekki and boasts of communities slowly inching their way to suburb status such as Ajah, Awoyaya, Sangotedo, Abijo, and Eputu. There is quite a bit of places to see – the Lekki Conservation Centre; The Novare Mall; The Lekki Free Trade Zone – Dangote, Africa's richest man is building his refinery in this FTZ; Lagos Business School; Eleko Beach; Elegushi Beach; La Camaigne Tropicana – a beach/tourist getaway, Pan-Atlantic University. The area even boasts a Catholic monastery.[citation needed]

Iddo

Across the main channel of the lagoon from Lagos Island, there is a smaller settlement called Iddo. Iddo is also a railroad terminus and it is now situated in the Lagos Mainland Local Government Area after it was connected to the Mainland like a peninsula.[90]

Mainland

A huge population of Lagosians also live on the Lagos Mainland, and most industries are located there. The Mainland is known for its music and nightlife, which used to be located in areas around Yaba and Surulere. However, in recent years more nightclubs have sprung up on the Island, making the Island (particularly Victoria Island, Ikate, and Lekki Phase 1) the main nightlife attraction. Mainland LGAs include Surulere, Apapa, and Lagos Mainland. Metropolitan Lagos suburban LGAs include: Agege, Amuwo Odofin, Mushin, Oshodi-Isolo and Ikeja (site of Murtala Muhammed International Airport and the capital of Lagos State).[citation needed]

Major areas on the Mainland include Ebute Metta, Yaba and Ejigbo. Some rivers, like Badagry Creek, flow parallel to the coast for some distance before exiting through the sand bars to the sea.[citation needed]

Climate

Lagos experiences a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Köppen climate classification, as there are four months under 60 mm or 2.4 in of rain, and annual rainfall is not nearly high enough for tropical monsoon classification. The wet season starts in March and ends in October, while the dry season starts in November and ends in February. The wettest month is June with precipitation total 315.5 mm or 12.42 in, while the driest month is January with precipitation total 13.2 mm or 0.52 in.[citation needed]

Located near the equator, Lagos has only a slight seasonal temperature variation, with mean high temperatures ranging from 28.3 to 32.9 °C (82.9 to 91.2 °F). Lagos shares the seasons of the Southern Hemisphere, with the highest temperatures in March with a daily range from 32.9 to 24.1 °C (91.2 to 75.4 °F), and least hot temperatures in August ranging from 28.3 to 21.8 °C (82.9 to 71.2 °F).[citation needed]

Climate data for Lagos (Murtala Muhammed International Airport) 1961–1990, extremes: 1886–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 40.0
(104.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.6
(103.3) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.6
(99.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.7
(92.7) 		39.9
(103.8) 		36.4
(97.5) 		40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 32.2
(90.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		30.9
(87.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.8
(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.8
(80.2)
Average low °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.8
(73.0)
Record low °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13.2
(0.52) 		40.6
(1.60) 		84.3
(3.32) 		146.3
(5.76) 		202.4
(7.97) 		315.5
(12.42) 		243.0
(9.57) 		121.7
(4.79) 		160.0
(6.30) 		125.1
(4.93) 		39.7
(1.56) 		14.8
(0.58) 		1,506.6
(59.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.5 2.8 6.6 9.0 12.5 16.2 13.2 11.6 12.7 11.2 4.9 2.1 104.3
Average relative humidity (%) 81 79 76 82 84 87 87 85 86 87 84 82 83
Average dew point °C (°F) 21
(70) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		24
(74)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.3 168.0 173.6 180.0 176.7 114.0 99.2 108.5 114.0 167.4 186.0 192.2 1,843.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.3 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.7 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.8 5.4 6.2 6.2 5.1
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1952–1967),[91] NOAA (monthly sun hours)[92]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[93]

Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)[94] Weather Atlas (daily sun hours)[95]

Climate change

A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5-3 °C by 2100, the climate of Lagos in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Panama City. The annual temperature would increase by 1.6 °C, and the temperature of the warmest month by 1.5 °C, while the temperature of the coldest month would be 2.9 °C higher.[96][97] According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C, which closely matches RCP 4.5.[98]

Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Lagos is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by the future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of USD 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and USD 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to 137.5 billion USD in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to USD 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, USD 206 billion for RCP8.5 and USD 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.[99] Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.[100]

Demographics

In terms of administration, Lagos is not a single municipality and therefore has no overall city administration.[101] The geographical city limits of Metropolitan Lagos comprise 16 of the 20 Local Government Areas of Lagos State. The latter entity provides overall government for the metropolitan region. The former Municipality of Lagos, which covered Lagos Island, Ikoyi, and Victoria Island as well as some mainland territory, was managed by the Lagos City Council (LCC), but it was disbanded in 1976 and divided into several Local Government Areas (most notably Lagos Island LGA, Lagos Mainland LGA and Eti-Osa LGA).[102]

The mainland beyond the Municipality of Lagos, on the other hand, included several separate towns and settlements such as Mushin, Ikeja and Agege. In the wake of the 1970s Nigerian oil boom, Lagos experienced a population explosion, untamed economic growth, and unmitigated rural migration. This caused the outlying towns and settlements to develop rapidly, thus forming the present-day "Lagos Metropolitan Area", also known as "Metropolitan Lagos". The history of Lagos is still evidenced in the layout of the LGAs that display the unique identities of the cultures that created them.[citation needed]

By 2006, the metro area around Lagos had extended beyond Lagos State's boundaries and attained a megacity status. This much larger area is referred to as "Greater Metropolitan Lagos" or "Lagos Megacity Region", which is a continuously built-up land area of an additional 1,535.4 square kilometres (592.8 square miles), in LGAs situated next to Lagos' eastern and western city limits in Lagos State, and also beyond its northern limits, spilling into some LGAs in adjoining Ogun State. Ogun State LGAs that have become part of Greater Metropolitan Lagos include Obafemi Owode, Sagamu, Ifo, Ado-Odo/Ota and part of Ewekoro.[39]

The 16 LGAs of Metropolitan Lagos
Local Government Area Land area[103]
(in km2)		 Population[37]
(2006 Census)		 Density
(inh. per km2)
Agege 17 459,939 41,071
Ajeromi-Ifelodun 13.9 684,105 55,474
Alimosho 137.8 1,277,714 6,899
Amuwo-Odofin 179.1 318,166 2,364
Apapa 38.5 217,362 8,153
Eti-Osa 299.1 287,785 1,496
Ifako-Ijaiye 43 427,878 16,078
Ikeja 49.92 313,196 6,785
Kosofe 84.4 665,393 8,174
Lagos Island 9.26 209,437 24,182
Lagos Mainland 19.62 317,720 16,322
Mushin 14.05 633,009 36,213
Ojo 182 598,071 3,781
Oshodi-Isolo 41.98 621,509 13,886
Somolu 14.6 402,673 34,862
Surulere 27.05 503,975 21,912
Metropolitan Lagos 1,171.28 7,937,932 7,941
 
A map showing the 16 LGAs making up Lagos Metropolitan Area

Today, the word Lagos most often refers to the urban area, called "Metropolitan Lagos" in Nigeria, which includes both the islands of the former municipality of Lagos and the mainland suburbs. Lagos State government is responsible for some of the utilities including roads and transportation, power, water, health, and education. Metropolitan Lagos extends over 16 of the 20 LGAs of Lagos State and contains about 85% of the population of Lagos State, including some semi-rural areas.[104] Lagos has a considerable number of high-rise buildings that dominate its skyline. Most of the tall buildings are located in the downtown Central Business District.[citation needed]

Lagos was formerly the capital city of Nigeria, but it has since been replaced by Abuja. Abuja officially became the capital of Nigeria on 12 December 1991, although the decision to move the federal capital had been made in now Act no. 6 of 1976. Lagos is also home to the High Court of the Lagos State Judiciary, housed in an old colonial building on Lagos Island.[105]

Census data for Lagos

Although the 2006 National Population Census of Nigeria credited the metropolitan area with a population figure of 7,937,932, the figure is at variance with some projections by the UN and other population agencies and groups worldwide. The population figure of Lagos State given by the Lagos State Government is 17,553,924. That figure was based on claimed conducted enumeration for social planning by the Lagos State Government "parallel census" and it believes that since the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of Lagos constitute 88% of the Lagos State population, the population of metropolitan Lagos is about 15.5 million.[106]

A rejoinder to Lagos State Government views[107] concluded that Lagos State concealed the fact that the population projection, for Lagos Urban Agglomeration by the UN agencies, had been revised downwards substantially as early as 2003. It failed to interpret the two most important and fairly representative and reliable secondary data sets already in the public domain, the National Identity Card Scheme and the 2003 Voters Registration figures from INEC. The figures for 2007 Voters Registration by INEC were an act subsequent to the release of the provisional census results and comprehensively corroborate, vindicate and validate the population figures in no uncertain terms. According to the official results of the 2006 census, there were 8,048,430 inhabitants in Metropolitan Lagos.[37] This figure was lower than anticipated and has created controversy in Nigeria. Lagos Island, the central Local Government Area and historic center of Metropolitan Lagos, had a population of 212,700 at the 2006 Census.[108]

 
Lagos market scene

Authorities of Lagos State have attacked the results of the 2006 census, accusing the Nigerian National Population Commission of having undercounted the population of the state. This accusation is denied by the National Population Commission.[109][110] A study found that research carried out by Africapolis (the African subsidiary of e-Geopolis backed by the Agence française de développement), in addition to the cross-referencing of official figures with more scientific independent research concluded that the 2006 census figures for Lagos State of about 9 million were valid and that the state's own assessments are inflated.[111]

Lagos is, by most estimates, one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.[112] Lagos is currently experiencing a population increase of about 275,000 persons per annum. In 1999 the United Nations predicted that the city's metropolitan area, which had only about 290,000 inhabitants in 1950, would exceed 20 million by 2010 and thus become one of the ten most populated cities in the world.[citation needed]

There is a huge spectrum of wealth distribution among the people that reside in Lagos. It ranges from the very wealthy to the very poor. Lagos has attracted many young people and families seeking a better life from all other parts of Nigeria and beyond[68] and this has also contributed to its cosmopolitan status.[113][114][115][116][117]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950325,218—    
1960762,418+134.4%
19701,413,528+85.4%
19802,572,218+82.0%
19904,764,093+85.2%
20007,280,706+52.8%
201010,441,182+43.4%
201913,903,620+33.2%
source:[118] for Lagos Agglomeration

Economy

 
Apapa port

The city of Lagos is a major economic focal point in Nigeria, generating around 10% of the country's GDP. Most commercial and financial business is carried out in the central business district situated on the island. This is also where most of the country's commercial banks, financial institutions, and major corporations are headquartered. Lagos is also the major Information Communications and Telecommunications (ICT) hub of West Africa and potentially, the biggest ICT market in the continent.[119][120] Lagos is developing a 24-hour economy.[121][122]

Ports

 
Lagos, its ports, airports, free trade zone and light rail system

The Port of Lagos, formally known as the Lagos-Elbert Mathews Memorial Port, is Nigeria's leading port and one of the largest and busiest in Africa. Due to the large urban population, Lagos is categorized as a medium-port megacity using the Southampton System for port-city classification.[123] It is administered by the Nigerian Ports Authority. The following types of vessels regularly call at the port of Lagos: Fishing vessels (18%), container ships (14%), oil/chemical tankers (13%), bulk carriers (12%), and offshore supply vessels (5%). The maximum length of vessels that have called at this port is 279 meters. The maximum draught is 13.5 m. The maximum carrying capacity is 113,306 t.[124][125]

The port features a railhead. It is split into three main sections. The largest terminal is located in the Apapa district (Apapa Quays). This is where mainly general cargo is handled. Among other things, Apapa is home to a container port owned by the Danish company A. P. Møller-Mærsk, worth over one billion U.S. dollars. The next largest terminal is located on Tin Can Island.[126] Containers and bulk cargo are handled here. The storage capacity of the silos is 28,000 tons of grain transported by Fleetwood Transportation. The terminal handles wheat, corn, and malt, and can receive about 4000 tons of grain daily. The port facilities can handle vessels with a capacity of about 30,000 tons. There is also a grain bagging facility on the site. The third is the Lagos oil port north of Apapa Quays.[citation needed]

Entertainment industry and media

Main article: Cinema of Nigeria
 
Filming

Lagos is the center of the West African film, music, and TV industries. The film industry in the Surulere locality ranks second or third in the world, ahead of or behind Hollywood, depending on the survey.[127] PricewaterhouseCoopers Int. forecasts that the Nigerian entertainment industry will grow 85% to $15 billion.[128] Since the success of the Nigerian thriller "The Figurine", Nigerian film has increasingly turned to high-quality productions that are also commercially successful. This, in turn, has led to consistently new box office revenue records in Nigeria (2009's "The Figurine," 2013's "Half of a Yellow Sun," 2016's "The Wedding Party").[129]

Lekki Free Trade Zone

 
Entrance of the Lekki Free Trade Zone

Lekki Free Trade Zone (Lekki FTZ) is a free zone situated in the eastern part of Lekki, which covers a total area of about 155 square kilometers. The first phase of the zone has an area of 30 square kilometers, with about 27 square kilometers for urban construction purposes, which would accommodate a total resident population of 120,000. According to the Master Plan, the free zone will be developed into a new modern city within a city with the integration of industries, commerce and business, real estate development, warehousing and logistics, tourism, and entertainment.[130]

Lekki FTZ is divided into three functional districts; the residential district in the north, the industrial district in the middle, and the commercial trading/warehousing & logistics district in the southeast. The "sub-center" located in the south of the Zone is to be developed first. The region is close to the customs supervisory area, and it is mainly for commercial trading, logistics, and warehousing operations. The second phase is located in the north of the Zone adjacent to E9 Road (Highway) which will serve as central business district of the free zone. The area along E2 Road will be developed for financial and commercial businesses, estate properties & supporting facilities, high-end production service industries, and so on, which will link it to the sub-center of the Zone. The area along E4 Road will be used mainly for the development of logistics and industrial manufacturing/processing. A number of connection axes are also planned in between the principal axis and the sub-axis, with multi-functional service nodes to serve the whole of Lekki FTZ.[130] Dangote Refinery is currently being built in the Lekki Free Zone.[citation needed]

In the start-up area of the Lekki Free Trade Zone, there will be a Commercial & Logistics Park which will cover a total area of 1.5 square kilometers. The Park is planned to be multi-functional with the integration of commerce, trading, warehousing, and exhibition. According to the Site Plan of the park, large construction works will be built in the park, including the "international commodities & trade center", the "international exhibition & conversation center", industrial factory workshops, logistics warehouses, office buildings, hotels and residential apartment buildings, amongst others.[130]

Oil refinery

Main article: Dangote Refinery
 
Distilling column of the Dangote refinery in compare to a Saturn rocket

Until now, paradoxically, oil exporter Nigeria had to import its oil derivatives (mainly gasoline) and oil processing by-products such as polypropylene. For this reason, the Dangote Group built an oil refinery in the Lekki district, which is expected to be operational in 2022 (as of December 2021).[131] Job advertisements for this were placed in November 2021.[132] The refinery is expected to process 650,000 barrels of oil per day when fully operational, and 327, 000 barrels of gasoline, 244,000 barrels of diesel, 56,000 barrels of aviation fuel, 800 megatons of propane, 2,500 megatons of polypropylene, and 100 megatons of sulfur.[133] 9,000 direct jobs and 25,000 indirect jobs will be created by the refinery.[134]

The oil industry has been a major polluter of Lagos' water sources for decades.[135]

Software companies

Software companies in Lagos work mainly in the telecommunications, banking, and education/employment services sectors. They are concentrated in the Lekki and Ikeja districts.[citation needed]

MTN maintains the first and still predominant 4G network in Nigeria. Airtel is another 4G provider. 9Mobile and Dataflex are Internet providers. Flutterwave is in the virtual bank card business. Opay is a platform for online bookings. Paystack is used by Nigerians who regularly receive payments from abroad. Andela trains software engineers and places them in the Nigerian job market. ULesson maintains a platform on which secondary school learning content is presented. Hotels.ng allows hotel bookings to be made throughout Africa.[136][137][138][139]

Yaba has increasingly been a focal point with several software companies and engineering services companies set up around University of Lagos and Yabatech communities including Flutterwave and Andela. Several start-up incubators and entrepreneurs hubs are also located in the area which is sometimes called Yabacon valley in reference to Silicon Valley.[140][141][142][143]

Automotive Industry

Main article: Automotive industry in Nigeria

Former Mercedes manager Oluwatobi Ajayi founded "Nord Automobiles Ltd" in the Sangotedo district in 2018. He benefited from the decline of the naira, which made importing vehicles unaffordable for many Nigerians. Nord has two assembly plants in Lagos: a 2,100 m2 (23,000 sq ft) plant in Sangotedo, where all eight models are currently assembled; the second 5,400 m2 (58,000 sq ft) plant in Epe is still under construction. Once completed, the assembly of the models will be moved to the new plant, while component manufacturing will take place in Sangotedo. The company currently manufactures its own plastic parts and plans to add steel stamping in the future. "In the new plant, we could produce about 1,000 vehicles per month. But the market is not yet big enough to justify assembly on that scale. We've only been selling officially since September, and our orders are increasing by 20% to 30% per month," Ajayi adds. The company offers eight different models, with the 3-ton pickup, the Nord Tank, being the most popular. The others are the Nord Max (2.6-ton pickup), Nord A3 (sedan), Nord A5 (luxury SUV), Nord Flit minibus, Nord Yarn, and Nord Tripper.[144]

Fertiliser

A fertiliser production plant was commissioned in the Lekki Free Trade Zone on May 3, 2022. It will produce 3 million tonnes of fertilizer a year.[145][146] Since Russian fertilizer is refrained from coming onto the world market due to the Ukraine war 2022, Nigeria fills a gap in the market.[146]

Pharmaceutical industry

 
Pharmacy in Epe

Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa (status 2022).[147] The larger pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria are located in the North of Lagos.[148] Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd appears to be the pharmaceutical producer with the most employees.[149] Next in line are Fidson Healthcare Plc,[150] May & Baker Nig. Plc[151] and Swiss Pharma Nigeria.[152]

Natural Resources

Lagos has abundant natural resources. Among such resources are:

Mineral Raw Materials

Social situation

Oil export revenues have led to a general increase in prices and cost of living, making Lagos the most expensive city in Nigeria. Despite its oil wealth, long queues are commonplace at the country's gas stations due to gasoline shortages. Yet the city remains more or less functional, and rapid growth is producing intact infrastructures even without government intervention-despite what the West sees as a chaotic picture[citation needed]. Change and permeability characterize urban coexistence. One room is occupied by an average of four people, and life takes place primarily on the streets. During the rush hour between the center and the residential areas, the main traffic routes are transformed into marketplaces. After improvements in living conditions, the 1990s with their economic and political crises led to mass impoverishment in Lagos as well. In a 2018 ranking of cities by quality of life, Lagos ranked 212th among 231 cities surveyed worldwide.[156] Lagos has been ranked as one of the most expensive cities in the world.[157][158][159][160][161][162] In some parts of Lagos, residents have one of the highest standards of living in Nigeria and in Africa.[163][164] At the same time, a sizable proportion of the residents live in slums without access to piped water and sanitation.[165][166][167][168][169]

Culture

Music and film industry

Lagos is famous throughout Africa for its music scene. Lagos has a vibrant nightlife[122][170][171] and has given birth to a variety of styles such as Sakara music, Nigerian hip hop, highlife, juju, fuji and Afrobeats.[172]

Lagos is the center of the Nigerian movie industry, often referred to as 'Nollywood'. Idumota market on Lagos Island is the primary distribution center. Many films are shot in the Festac area of Lagos, where the World Festival of Black Arts was held.[173]

Iganmu is home to the primary center for the performing arts and artists in Nigeria: the National Arts Theatre.[citation needed]

The 2016 film Captain America: Civil War features a scene that is supposed to take place in Lagos.[174]

James Brown performed in Lagos in 1970.[175] With his band Wings, Paul McCartney recorded his fifth post-Beatles album, Band on the Run, in an EMI studio in Lagos in August and September 1973.[176] Other foreign musicians who have also performed in the city include Sean Paul, Snoop Dogg,[177] 50 Cent, Akon, Jarule, Ashanti, Usher, Shaggy,[178] R Kelly,[179] Cardi B, Migos especially during the Star Mega Jam; Shakira, John Legend, Ludacris, Busta Rhymes, Boyz II Men,[180] T-Pain, Brian McKnight, JayZ,[181] Mary J. Blige,[182] Beyoncé, Brandy, Ciara, Keri Hilson and Lauryn Hill, among others.[183][184]

Parks and squares

 
Tree growing in Freedom Park

Freedom Park is a memorial and leisure park area in the middle of downtown Lagos in Lagos Island, Nigeria which was formerly Her Majesty's Broad Street Prison. It was designed by the Architect Theo Lawson.[citation needed]

The Park was constructed to preserve the history and cultural heritage of Nigerians. Monuments in the park reveal the Lagos colonial heritage and history of Her Majesty's Broad Street prisons. It was built to commemorate the 50th-anniversary independence celebration in October 2010. The Park serves as a National Memorial, a Historical landmark, a Cultural site, Arts and Recreation center.[citation needed]

The park, which is now a serene abode for individuals, visitors' collective contemplation and interaction are open to the public every day. Today, freedom park has become a venue for diverse social events and recreational entertainment.[185][186]

 
Tinubu Square

Tinubu Square (formerly Independence Square), is an open space landmark located in Broad Street, Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria named after the Yoruba slave trader, merchant, and aristocrat Madam Efunroye Tinubu.[187] It used to be called Ita Tinubu[188] before it was named Independence Square by leaders of the First Nigerian Republic after Nigerian independence and subsequently Tinubu Square.[189]

The Tafawa Balewa Square, (TBS) is a 14.5-hectare (35.8-acre) ceremonial ground (originally called "Race Course") in Lagos Island, Lagos.[190][191] The entrance to the square has gigantic sculptures of four white horses hovering above the gate and seven red eagles, which are symbols from the national emblem signifying Strength and Dignity respectively. Other monuments in the square include the Remembrance Arcade 1(with memorials to World War I, World War II and Nigerian civil war victims) and the 26-storey Independence House, built in 1963 which was for a long time, the tallest building in Nigeria.[190]

Sports

Association football is Lagos' most popular sport. Prominent Lagos football clubs include Bridge Boys F.C., MFM F.C., and First Bank: both play in Nigeria National League, the second tier of Nigerian football.[citation needed]

 
The Lagos Black Heritage Festival Parade, 2012

The Nigeria national football team, also known as the Super Eagles, used to play almost all of their home games in Lagos at the National Stadium in Surulere; much later, games were played at the then New Abuja National Stadium in Abuja for sometime; however, games are now mostly played at the newer Godswill Akpabio International Stadium in Uyo, which is the default home of the Super Eagles. Lagos also hosted the 2nd All-African games in 1973.[192][193][194]

Tourism

 
Lekki Beach in Lagos
 
The Cathedral Church of Christ Marina on Lagos Island

Lagos, subsequent to the re-modernization project achieved by the previous administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, is gradually becoming a major tourist destination, being one of the largest cities in Africa and in the world. Lagos is currently taking steps to become a global city and is rated as Beta − by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[195] The 2009 Eyo carnival (a yearly festival originated from Iperu Remo, Ogun State), which took place on 25 April, was a step toward world city status. Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and fast-paced community.[104]

Lagos has become an important location for African and Black cultural identity.[196] Many festivals are held in Lagos; festivals vary in offerings each year and may be held in different months. Some of the festivals are Town Annually, Eyo Festival, , Lagos Carnival, Eko International Film Festival, Lagos Seafood Festac Festival, LAGOS PHOTO Festival, and the Lagos Jazz Series, which is a unique franchise for high-quality live music in all genres with a focus on jazz. Established in 2010, the popular event takes place over a 3–5 day period at selected high-quality outdoor venues. The music is as varied as the audience itself and features a diverse mix of musical genres from rhythm and blues to soul, Afrobeat, hip hop, bebop, and traditional jazz. The festivals provide entertainment of dance and song to add excitement to travelers during a stay in Lagos.[citation needed]

Lagos has a number of sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean, including Elegushi Beach and Alpha Beach. Lagos also has a number of private beach resorts including Inagbe Grand Beach Resort and several others on the outskirts.[citation needed]

Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three-star to five-star hotels, with a mixture of local hotels such as Eko Hotels and Suites, Federal Palace Hotel, and franchises of multinational chains such as Intercontinental Hotel, Sheraton, and Four Points by Sheraton. Other places of interest include the Tafawa Balewa Square, Festac town, The Nike Art Gallery, Freedom Park, Lagos and the Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos.[citation needed]

Cuisine

Main articles: Nigerian cuisine and African cuisine
 
Arewa Traditional Kitchen

Some of the famous dishes in Lagos include indigenous delicacies such as eba and egusi; amala and ewedu; jollof (the go-to party dish); ofada rice; plantains (locally called dodo); beans; suya (spicy shish kebab or spiced roasted beef), which is consumed in local clubs and bars with a bottle of cold beer; and eba, made from cassava and eaten with soups prepared with vegetables and mixture of spices and herbs. Other dishes range from local ones like Iyan (pounded yam) made from yam flour, amala; asaro, which is usually eaten with various kinds of vegetables; and Egusi (melon soup) to European, Middle-Eastern, and Asian cuisine.[170][197]

Education

See also: List of schools in Lagos
 
Lagos Business School
 
Lagos Business School's Cafeteria
 
Dowen College in Lagos

The Lagos State Government operates state schools.[198] The education system is the 6-3-3-4 system, which is practiced throughout the country (as well as by many other members of the Economic Community of West African States). The levels are Primary, Junior Secondary School (JSS), Senior Secondary School (SSS), and university. All children are offered basic education, with a special focus now on the first nine years. Many of the schools in Nigeria are federally funded and usually are boarding schools. A few examples are the Federal government college Odogbolu (FGCOdogbolu), the Federal government girls' college Sagamu (FGGCSagamu), and the Federal government college Kano (FGCKano). The state of Lagos has its own federally funded high schools namely Federal government college Ijanikin also known as FGC Lagos, King's College Lagos and Queen's College Lagos.[citation needed]

Lagos is home to various postsecondary schools, universities, and other vocational institutions that are either operated by the government or private entities.[199]

Vocational schools

Polytechnics

  • Yaba College of Technology (YABATECH): founded in 1934, the college is Nigeria's first higher educational institution and the third in Africa. The college is a center of culture and heritage. Currently, it has student enrolments of over 16,000.
  • Lagos State Polytechnic is a polytechnic comprising more than six schools including private polytechnics and was founded 25 years ago. Its main campus resides at Ikorodu, along Shagamu road.
  • Lagos City Polytechnic, located at 6/8, Bashiru Oweh Street, Off Simbiat Abiola Road (formerly Medical Road), Ikeja – This is the first private Polytechnic in Nigeria. It was established in 1990 by Engr. Babatunde Odufuwa. Engr. Odufuwa hails from Oke-Aye in Ijebu North East Local Government Area (I.N.E.L.G) of Ogun State.
  • Grace Polytechnic
  • Wolex Polytechnic
  • Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology is a monotechnic that offers courses in fisheries technology, general science, marine engineering and nautical science.
  • Federal College of Education (tech) Akoka
  • Ronik Polytechnic[200]

Universities

 
University of Lagos
  • The University of Lagos (UNILAG) Akoka, is a large institution dating from 1962, with over 55,000 students. It comprises 13 faculties, run by over 4,000 staff.[201]
  • Lagos State University (LASU) is a multi-campus university established in the year 1983 and owned by the Lagos State government. The main campus is located at Ojo, along the Lagos-Badagry Expressway.
  • Pan-Atlantic University formerly known as Pan-African University has a business school (LBS), a school of Media and Communication (SMC), and an entrepreneurial development center (EDC), specialized in providing short courses for SMEs. Lagos Business School (LBS) is the most famous of them all, awarding world-class MBA and EMBA. The School of Media and Communication is also known for its pragmatic communication courses in the field of journalism, media, and marketing. SMC awards BSc., MSc., and Ph.D. in social science courses. Founded in 1996 and awarded University status in 2002. The university also places some emphasis on the study of art, running the Virtual Museum of Modern Nigerian Art.
  • National Open University of Nigeria is the first Open university in Nigeria; it is located on Ahmadu Bello Way, Victoria Island, Lagos.
  • Caleb University is a private university located at Imota, Lagos.
  • (LASCOHET) is an institution that runs health courses such as Health Information Management, Pharmacist Tech, Medical Laboratory Tech, Community Health Extension, and Environmental Health Technology; it is located in Yaba.
  • Lagos State University College of Medicine (LASUCOM), Ikeja
  • College of Medicine, University of Lagos (CMUL)

Healthcare

Further information: List of hospitals in Lagos

Lagos has many hospitals and medical facilities, some of which have accomplished feats in Nigeria's medical history. For example, the oldest Nigerian hospital is located in the city as well as West Africa's first air-operated emergency medical service, which commenced in the city. The Lagos healthcare system is generally divided into public and private sectors that provide medical services at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.[202]

Transportation

Further information: Transportation in Lagos

Lagos has one of the largest and most extensive road networks in West Africa.[203][204] It also has suburban trains and some ferry services. Highways are usually congested in peak hours, due in part to the geography of the city, as well as to its explosive population growth.[112][205] Lagos is also linked by many highways and bridges.[citation needed]

Highways

 
Toll gates and roads at the Lekki-Ẹpẹ Expressway

The Lagos–Ibadan Expressway and the Lagos–Abeokuta Expressway are the major controlled-access highways in the north of the city and serve as inter-state highways to Oyo State and Ogun State respectively.[206] To the west the congested Lagos–Badagry Expressway serves outlying towns such as Festival Town, which was the location for the 1977 Festival of Black Arts and Culture 77.[207]

Lagos' importance as a commercial center and port and its strategic location have led to it being the end-point of three Trans-African Highway routes using Nigeria's national roads.[208] The Trans–West African Coastal Highway leaves the city as the Badagry Expressway to Benin and beyond as far as Dakar and Nouakchott; the Trans-Sahara Highway to Algiers, which is close to completion, leaves the city as the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway.[209]

Local public transport

The Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) is responsible for public transport.[citation needed]

Since 2021 using a bus or the light rail system is paid for with a public transport card without cash.[210][211] This card can be used equally on BRT and LBSL buses.[212] One can purchase a public transportation card at any of the ticketing booths at the bus terminals scattered across Lagos State.[citation needed]

City buses

There are two city bus companies in Lagos: BRT (Lagos Bus Rapid Transit System) and LBSL (Lagos Bus Services).[213][214] The city buses are air-conditioned.[citation needed]

BRT was inaugurated in 2008. BRT offers e-payment with bank cards.[215] On two arterial roads (Ikorodu Road and Funsho Williams Avenue), a dedicated bus lane has been established for BRT buses. BRT uses diverse brands of buses, like Ashok Leyland and Yutong. Primero Transport Services (PTS) Ltd. is the sole operator of the BRT buses.[216]

LBSL was inaugurated in 2019. LBSL uses Brazilian-built Marcopolo buses.[citation needed]

The central hub for city buses and long-distance buses is the Oshodi Bus Terminal, which is visible from afar. It is the largest bus station in West Africa and commenced operation in 2019.[citation needed]

Suburban rail

Currently, a rapid transit system, the Lagos Light Rail, is under construction with the first section scheduled to open in 2022.[217] The "Blue Line" will operate between Okokomaiko and Marina (East–west axis). The "Red Line" will run between Agbado and Marina (North–south axis). Both lines will share three stations: Iddo, Ebute Ero, and Marina. There are plans for more light rail lines:[citation needed]

  • The green line (Marina to Lekki),
  • the yellow line (Otta/airport to Iddo),
  • the purple line (Redeem to Ojo),
  • The brown line (Mile 12 to Marina) and
  • the orange line (Redeem to Marina).[218]

Rail transport

As of 10 June 2021, Lagos has a double-track standard gauge line to Ibadan and a modern main station, Mobolaji Johnson. Departure times are 8:00 and 16:00 (on time). Ticket sales are over the counter and cash only (as of 2021). The operator is the Nigerian Railway Corporation.[219][220][221][222]

Shared cabs

A popular means of transportation are yellow minibusses called danfo. The yellow buses, most of the VW T3 or LT type, characterize the appearance of the city. They run on fixed routes, but without a timetable, according to the principle of shared cabs.[223]

Ferries

Lagos State Ferry Services Corporation runs a few regular routes, for example between Lagos Island and the mainland, served by modern ferries and wharves. Private boats run irregular passenger services on the lagoon and on some creeks.[224]

Air traffic

Lagos is served by Murtala Muhammed International Airport, one of the largest and busiest airports in Africa. The MMIA is Nigeria's premier international air gateway. The airport's history dates back to colonial times, around the time of the Second World War. The current international airport terminal was built and commissioned over 40 years ago, in 1978. The terminal opened officially on 15 March 1979. The airport had been known simply as the Lagos International Airport. It was, however, renamed for the late Nigerian Head of State, General Murtala Muhammed, who died in 1976.[225]

The airport terminal has been renovated several times since the 1970s but its most radical makeover began in 2013, following the launch of the Federal government's multi-billion naira Remodelling/ Rehabilitation Programme for its airports nationwide. Under the re-modeling work there, by late in 2014, the MMA lounge area had been expanded to four times its previous size and new passenger handling conveyor systems were installed which can handle over 1,000 passengers per hour.[citation needed]

A second airport, Lekki-Epe International Airport is proposed.[citation needed]

Logistics hub

 
Logistics hub, close to Epe

In Ketu-Ereyun, between Epe and Ikorodu, Lagos State builds a "Food Logistics Park" - the biggest logistics hub for food in Sub-Saharan Africa. The site is 1.2 million square meters big and the construction is expected to be finished in 2024.[citation needed]

Timber trade

In the middle of the city, in the Oko Baba district, there is (as of September 2022) a large transshipment center for timber, mainly redwood and mahogany. This timber trade, including a sawmill, will move to a new location, "Timberville", in December 2022.[citation needed]

Notable people

Main category: People from Lagos

Business

Politicians and rulers

Sports

Other

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Nigeria

Lagos is twinned with:

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ a b c Metropolitan Lagos consists of 16 of Lagos State's 20 LGAs, which excludes Badagry, Epe, Ibeju-Lekki and Ikorodu.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas". City Population. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d "Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth". 2 July 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  3. ^ "18th National Sports Festival: Lagos unveils Logo, mascot and website". Premium Times. Abuja, Nigeria. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  4. ^ . ThisDay. Lagos, Nigeria. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  5. ^ a b c Hutchison, Ray (2009). Encyclopedia of Urban Studies. SAGE. p. 427. ISBN 978-1-412-9143-21.
  6. ^ a b Lagos Bureau of Statistics. "2019 Abstract of Local Government Statistics" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  7. ^ Demographia (January 2015). Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (11th ed.). Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  8. ^ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Bradt Travel Guides (3rd ed.). Paperback. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-8416-2397-9. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  9. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  10. ^ "Nigeria: cities with the largest population 2021". Statista. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  11. ^ "Lagos | City, Population, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  12. ^ African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative. UN-HABITAT. 2006. p. 202. ISBN 978-9-211318159.
  13. ^ Hartley, John; Potts, Jason; Flew, Terry; Cunningham, Stuart; Keane, Michael; Banks, John (2012). Key Concepts in Creative Industries. SAGE. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-446-2028-90.
  14. ^ Helmut K Anheier; Yudhishthir Raj Isar (2012). Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance. SAGE. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-446-2585-07.
  15. ^ Cunningham, Stuart (2013). Hidden Innovation: Policy, Industry and the Creative Sector (Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series). Univ. of Queensland Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-702-2509-89.
  16. ^ Benton-Short, Lisa; John Rennie Short (2013). Cities and Nature. Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-134252749.
  17. ^ a b Pinther, Kerstin; Förster, Larissa; Hanussek, Christian (2012). Afropolis: City Media Art. Jacana Media. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-431-4032-57.
  18. ^ Diop, Salif; Barusseau, Jean-Paul; Descamps, Cyr (2014). The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World. Springer. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-319-0638-81.
  19. ^ Sources:[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
  20. ^ "The Most Populated Cities of the World. World Megacities - Nations Online Project". nationsonline.org. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  21. ^ "These cities are the hubs of Africa's economic boom". Big Think. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  22. ^ "Africa's biggest shipping ports". Businesstech. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  23. ^ Rajewski, Brian (1998). Africa, Volume 1 of Cities of the World: a compilation of current information on cultural, geographical, and political conditions in the countries and cities of six continents, based on the Department of State's "post reports". Gale Research International, Limited. ISBN 978-0-810-3769-22.
  24. ^ Lees, Loretta; Hyun Bang Shin; Ernesto López Morales (2015). Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement. Policy Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-447-3134-89.
  25. ^ "Lagos | City, Population, & History | Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  26. ^ Toby Roberts, Ian Williams, & John Preston (10 August 2020). "The Southampton system: a new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. London: Taylor & Francis Group. 48 (4): 530–542. doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785. Retrieved 26 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  28. ^ a b c d e f . National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  29. ^ "History Of Lagos". One Lagos Fiesta. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  30. ^ "A Flood-Free Lagos: The Regional Imperative". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  31. ^ Olukoju, Ayodeji (1996). "The Travails of Migrant and Wage Labour in the Lagos Metropolitan Area in the Inter-War Years". Labour History Review. Liverpool University Press. 61: 49–70. doi:10.3828/lhr.61.1.49. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  32. ^ "Lagos Metropolitan Area: Scope and scale of the shelter problem". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  33. ^ Caprio, Charles (6 March 2012). "Lagos is wonderful and charming conurbation of Nigeria to visit". Go Articles. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  34. ^ . Nigeria Congress. Archived from the original on 25 December 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  35. ^ . Lagos State Government. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  36. ^ "2022 World Population by Country". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  37. ^ a b c The sixteen LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per
    (PDF). National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria. May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  38. ^ . Lagos State Government. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  39. ^ a b Pacetti, M.; Passerini, G.; Brebbia, C.A.; Latini, G. (2012). The Sustainable City VII: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability. ISBN 9781845645786.
  40. ^ Peil, Margaret (1991). Lagos: the city is the people (World cities series). G.K. Hall. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-816-1729-93.
  41. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-195-3377-09.
  42. ^ "Awori People: A brief history and belief of the original indigenes of Lagos". Pulse Nigeria. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  43. ^ "Lagos | City, Population, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  44. ^ "Lagos Oba traces origin". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  45. ^ "The history of Lagos and the aboriginal tribes". Vanguard News. 4 June 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  46. ^ "The Origin of Eko (Lagos)". Edo Nation. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  47. ^ Smith, Robert (January 1979). The Lagos Consulate 1851-1861. Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 9780520037465.
  48. ^ Howard Temperley, "Beecroft, John (1790–1854)", rev. Elizabeth Baigent, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  49. ^ Wikisource: Duncan, John (1805-1849) (DNB00)
  50. ^ A. Adu Boahen (1985). Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 (General history of Africa). Vol. 7. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 134. ISBN 978-9-231-0171-31.
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference Africa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  52. ^ Sir William M.N. Geary (2013). Nigeria Under British Rule (1927). Routledge. pp. 24–28. ISBN 978-1-136-9629-43.
  53. ^ "The Reduction of Lagos: Introduction". 25 March 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  54. ^ Austen, R. (1 April 2009). "Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900, by Kristin Mann". African Affairs. 108 (431): 328–329. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp004. ISSN 0001-9909.
  55. ^ Smith, Robert (January 1979). The Lagos Consulate 1851-1861. Macmillan. p. 121. ISBN 9780520037465.
  56. ^ Cite error: The named reference British was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  57. ^ Elebute, Adeyemo (2013). The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies: A Colossus of Victorian Lagos. Kachifo Limited/Prestige. pp. 143–145. ISBN 9789785205763.
  58. ^ Anderson, David; Rathbone, Richard (2000). Africa's Urban Past. James Currey Publishers, 2000. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-852-5576-17.
  59. ^ Agawu, Kofi (2014). "19th century Lagos". Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-317-7940-66.
  60. ^ J. F. Ade Ajayi; Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998). Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. Vol. 6. University of California Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-520-0670-11.
  61. ^ "1914 - 2014 Colonial Footprints: Lagos, Then and Now". The Centenary Project (Google Arts and Culture). March 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  62. ^ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-841-6223-92.
  63. ^ Ulrich, Hans F.; Lehrmann, Ernst P. (2008). Telecommunications Research Trends. Nova Publishers. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-604-5615-86.
  64. ^ Noam, Eli M. (1999). Telecommunications in Africa (Global communications series). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-3562-74.
  65. ^ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-84162-239-2.
  66. ^ Olukoju, Ayodeji (2003). "Chapter two. Electricity supply in Lagos, 1898-2000". INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN FACILITIES IN LAGOS, 1861-2000. OpenEdition Books. African Dynamics. Institut français de recherche en Afrique (IFRA-Nigeria). pp. 22–45. ISBN 9791092312225.
  67. ^ a b "2008 All Africa Media Research Conference" (PPT). Pan African Media Research Organisation. p. 8. Retrieved 4 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
  68. ^ a b Draper, Robert; Hammond, Robin (1 January 2015). "Lagos Nigeria: Africa's First city". National Geographic. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  69. ^ Herskovits, Melville J. (5 November 2013). The Human Factor in Changing Africa. Routledge, 2013. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-136-5296-10.
  70. ^ Brook, James (6 September 1987). "Brazilian Houses In Nigeria Are A Legacy Of Thousands Of Freed Slaves". Chicago Tribune. New York. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  71. ^ "Five Architectural Wonders of Lagos". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  72. ^ Bakare, Tonye (15 May 2016). "Open House Lagos opens a new vista in Lagos architecture". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  73. ^ de Blij, Harm; Muller, Peter O. (24 March 1998). Geography, Update: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. Wiley, 1998. p. 349. ISBN 9780471291121.
  74. ^ Immerwahr, Daniel. The Politics of Architecture and Urbanism in Postcolonial Lagos, 1960-1986. Journal of African Cultural Studies (Thesis). Vol. 19. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. p. 165-186. JSTOR 25473387.[dead link]
  75. ^ "A cursory look at the colonial roots of Lagos, Nigeria". Google Arts and culture (The Centenary Project). 1 March 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  76. ^ "THE RISE OF FUTURE CITIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA". Cityscape. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  77. ^ Akin George - 29 November 2016. . Independent. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  78. ^ "Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge in Lagos, Nigeria". Julius Berger International. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  79. ^ "Sanwo-Olu says Opebi-Mende link bridge, 4th mainland bridge projects to commence 2022 - Naira metrics". 3 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  80. ^ "Lagos to begin construction of 4th Mainland Bridge 2022 - Sanwo-Olu - P.M. News". Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  81. ^ . Limge Online. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  82. ^ 2008 All Africa Media Research Conference. Nigeria Tribune. 26 April 2007. p. 34.
  83. ^ . The Transmitter. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  84. ^ Oni, A. O (2008). "Journal of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers: An empirical study of the Lagos state rent edict of 1997". Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  85. ^ "Lagos | City, Population, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  86. ^ Branch of the Nigerian Institution of estate surveyors & Valuers. Lagos state. 30 August 2006.
  87. ^ "'We spent between N40m and N200m to construct a park'". Business day NG. 12 October 2014.
  88. ^ Awa, Omiko (3 November 2019). "Ikoyi Federal secretariat … Disused monument rotting away". The Guardian (Nigeria). Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  89. ^ "Victoria Island Postal Code / Zip Code – Lagos City | Lagos State | Nigerian Postal Code | NairaPostCode". 10 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  90. ^ "Giant Cities of Tiny Islands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  91. ^ "Klimatafel von Lagos-Ikeja (Flugh.) / Nigeria" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  92. ^ "Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  93. ^ "Station Murtala" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  94. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Lagos, Nigeria". Time and Date. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  95. ^ "Monthly weather forecast and climate in Lagos, Nigeria". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  96. ^ Bastin, Jean-Francois; Clark, Emily; Elliott, Thomas; Hart, Simon; van den Hoogen, Johan; Hordijk, Iris; Ma, Haozhi; Majumder, Sabiha; Manoli, Gabriele; Maschler, Julia; Mo, Lidong; Routh, Devin; Yu, Kailiang; Zohner, Constantin M.; Thomas W., Crowther (10 July 2019). "Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues". PLOS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217592.
  97. ^ "Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action". Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  98. ^ "The CAT Thermometer". Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  99. ^ Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: Chapter 9: Africa. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121
  100. ^ Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). IPCC. August 2021. p. TS14. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  101. ^ (PDF). Unhabit Online. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  102. ^ Dr. Dele Olowu (1992). Public Admin. Dev. Urban local government finance in Nigeria: The case of Lagos municipal area. p. 12: 19–38. doi:10.1002/pad.4230120103.
  103. ^ "Metro Lagos". Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  104. ^ a b (PDF). R.Rasaki. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  105. ^ "Lagos State Judiciary". Nigeria Law Online. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  106. ^ . Nigerian Muse Online. 7 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  107. ^ . Economicconfidential.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  108. ^ (PDF). Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette. 96 (2). 2 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
  109. ^ Obasola, Kemi (5 February 2007). "Lagos rejects population commission's figures". The Punch. Punch Nigeria Limited, via Biafra Nigeria World News. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  110. ^ Government of Nigeria, National Population Commission (8 February 2007). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
  111. ^ "FACTSHEET: Nigeria's population figures". Africa Check. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  112. ^ a b Lawal, Leonard; Egbejule, Eromo; Norbrook, Nicholas (5 April 2016). "Nigeria: Lagos, Maximum City". The Africa Report. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  113. ^ John David Yeadon Peel (2003). Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba African Systems of Thought Series. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-2158-88.
  114. ^ Lagos State (Nigeria). Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget (2004). "State of Lagos Megacity and Other Nigerian Cities: Report". Lagos State Ministry of Economic Planning & Budget.
  115. ^ Okuneye P. A.; Adebayo, K.; Opeolu B.T.; Baddru F.I. ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPLAY OF MIGRATION AND URBAN EXPANSION, ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF LAGOS, NIGERIA (PDF) (Thesis). Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED). Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  116. ^ Ugbiajah, Paul. Culture-conflict and delinquency: a case study of colonial Lagos - Monash Arts (Thesis). Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  117. ^ Otero, Solimar (2010). Afro-Cuban Diasporas in the Atlantic World (Rochester studies in African history and the diaspora). University Rochester Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-580-4632-63. ISSN 1092-5228.
  118. ^ "World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". Population.un.org. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  119. ^ Douglas Zhihua Zeng (2008). Knowledge, Technology, and Cluster-based Growth in Africa (WBI development studies). World Bank Publications. p. 66. ISBN 9780821373071.
  120. ^ "ICT Development: Nigeria Seeks Increased Regional Collaboration among West African States". www.ncc.gov.ng. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  121. ^ "Ambode, Security And Lagos Quest For 24/7 Economy". PM News. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  122. ^ a b Busari, Stephanie (1 April 2009). "24 hours in Lagos: The city that never sleeps". CNN. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  123. ^ Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). "The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785. S2CID 225502755.
  124. ^ "Hafen von LAGOS () Details - Abfahrten, Erwartete Ankunftszeiten und Hafenanläufen". Marinetraffic.com.
  125. ^ "Lagos Port". Nigerianports.gov.ng.
  126. ^ npa2016. "Tincan". Nigerian Ports Authority. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  127. ^ Liston, Enjoli (10 April 2014). "Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  128. ^ "Nigeria: Media and Entertainment to hit $15bn by 2025". Theafricareport.com. October 2021.
  129. ^ Akande, Victor (14 September 2014). "Toronto: Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood". The Nation Newspaper. The Nation Online. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  130. ^ a b c . China-Africa Lekki Investment Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  131. ^ "Nigeria's Dangote refinery to be operational by early-2022 despite shipping constraints". Spglobal.com. November 2021.
  132. ^ "Dangote Refinery Recruitment 2021/2022 Application Form Portal". Topnigerianjobs.com. 19 November 2021.
  133. ^ "China power crisis". Spglobal.com. 20 December 2021.
  134. ^ "10 Most Impressive Mega Projects in Nigeria" (in German) – via YouTube.
  135. ^ "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it". TheGuardian.com. 29 May 2010.
  136. ^ "Best Tech Companies in Nigeria 2021: Top 14 Nigerian Software Companies". Bscholary.com. 25 September 2021.
  137. ^ "Best Computer Software Solution in Lagos, Nigeria - List of Computer Software Solution Companies Nigeria". Businesslist.com.ng. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  138. ^ "10 Most Popular Software Companies in Lagos". Infoguidenigeria.com. 19 February 2019.
  139. ^ "Top 10 Software Companies in Lagos". Mitrobe.com. 7 August 2021.
  140. ^ "Welcome to Yabacon Valley: What Nigeria's tech town is learning from Israel". calcalistech.com. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  141. ^ "Forging Nigeria's future: The young entrepreneurs of Yabacon Valley". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  142. ^ "Forging Nigeria's future: The young entrepreneurs of Yabacon Valley". techpoint.africa. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  143. ^ "Nigeria's Yabacon Valley Has Start-Ups Worth $2bn – Adesina". dailytrust.com. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  144. ^ "How this entrepreneur started a Nigerian car brand". Howwemadeitinafrica.com. 7 March 2021.
  145. ^ Abiodun, Eromosele (28 April 2022). . THISDAYLIVE. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  146. ^ a b "Dangote's timely fertilizer plant pays off as prices soar". African Business. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  147. ^ Onyesi, Chika (6 October 2021). "'Nigeria's pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity'". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  148. ^ Yahaya, Abdulwali (19 September 2019). "Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria & Their Products". Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  149. ^ "About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited". Emzor. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  150. ^ Fidson. "Our Company".
  151. ^ "May and Baker Plc. – Supporting your Health for Life". Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  152. ^ "Welcome to swiss pharma Nigeria limited". www.swiphanigeria.com. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  153. ^ Ikenwa, Chizoba (8 September 2020). "List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Lagos State". Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  154. ^ Ikenwa, Chizoba (8 September 2020). "List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Lagos State". Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  155. ^ Ikenwa, Chizoba (8 September 2020). "List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Lagos State". Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  156. ^ "Mercer's 2018 Quality of Living Rankings". Mobilityexchange.mercer.com. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  157. ^ Cyr, Ruth (2001). Twentieth Century Africa. iUniverse. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-595-1898-23.
  158. ^ "BLACK ENTERPRISE". Earl G. Graves, Ltd. January 1980. p. 122. ISSN 0006-4165.
  159. ^ "Tokyo is the World's Most Expensive City". Jet. Vol. 60, no. 10. 21 May 1981. p. 14. ISSN 0021-5996.
  160. ^ Olumide-Faoseke, John O. (2002). Lagos: the miracle city of Nigeria : street and safety guide. Keystone (Tourism) Promotion Services. ISBN 9789783077263.
  161. ^ Hernando Gómez Buendía (13 July 2007). Urban crime: global trends and policies. United Nations University, 1989 (University of Michigan). p. 141. ISBN 978-9-280-8067-93.
  162. ^ R. K. Raju (2002). Welcome to Nigeria: The Impossible Land. Allied Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-8-177-6404-27.
  163. ^ Ogunlesi, Tolu (4 May 2014). "Commercial hub status of Lagos sparks a chain reaction". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  164. ^ . CNBC Africa. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  165. ^ Price, Roland K.; Zoran Vojinovi? (2011). Urban Hydroinformatics: Data, Models, and Decision Support for Integrated Urban Water Management. IWA Publishing. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-843-3927-43.
  166. ^ "Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria" (PDF). WorldBank. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  167. ^ "Lagos, the mega-city of slums". The New Humanitarian. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  168. ^ In 1995, the World Bank stated that "70 percent of Lagos' population lived in squatted settlements in extremely poor environmental surroundings. Knee-deep floods sweeping raw sewage and refuse inside densely packed homes were frequent in neighborhoods where overcrowding was the norm. While the average residential density for Lagos was about 260 people per hectare, the population density in slums was between 790 and 1240 people per hectare." Nigeria - Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project, report of World Bank, 2006 (lookup on 2016-11-23)
  169. ^ Duthiers, Vladimir; Kermeliotis, Teo (22 August 2012). "Lagos of the future: Megacity's ambitious plans". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  170. ^ a b The University of Michigan (1992). Post Report. United States Department of State. p. 16.
  171. ^ Awa, Omiko (21 June 2015). "A Peep into The Glamour, Glitz of Lagos Nightlife". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  172. ^ Ganiu, Ayodele (2011). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  173. ^ "Yoruba Travelling Theatre & Video Film" (PDF). Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  174. ^ Du, Katherine (5 May 2016). "'Captain America' Is Trending In Nigeria, But You Might Be Surprised Why". NPR. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  175. ^ "James Brown tours Africa for U.S. State Department Company". Jet. Vol. 38, no. 26. 1 October 1970. p. 57. ISSN 0021-5996.
  176. ^ Lewisohn, Mark (2001). "Band on the Run: Paul McCartney and Wings". Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  177. ^ Williams, Lizzie; Shenley, Mark (2012). Nigeria. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-841-6239-79.
  178. ^ "Nigeria: The Shaggy Thriller in Lagos". All Africa. 2 January 2002. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  179. ^ "R Kelly storms Nigeria". The Vanguard. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  180. ^ "Nigeria: Shakira, Legend, UB40 to Star at Thisday Festival". All Africa. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  181. ^ Ogunjimi, Opeoluwa. "Jay-Z coming to Nigeria". The Vanguard. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  182. ^ Egole, Anozie (5 October 2013). "How Mary J. Blige rocked Lagos". The Vanguard. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  183. ^ . Nigerian Entertainment Today. 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  184. ^ "Nigeria: Usher Raymond is Star of the Mega Jam". All Africa. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  185. ^ "Basic facts about the Freedom Park". The Pulse. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  186. ^ "Freedom Park". Tripadvisor.
  187. ^ Juliet Umeh (23 March 2016). . National Mirror Newspaper. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  188. ^ Ọladipọ Yemitan (1987). Madame Tinubu: Merchant and King-maker. University Press.
  189. ^ Seun Akioye (22 November 2013). "Tinubu Square: A befitting memorial to an Amazon". The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  190. ^ a b Kaye Whiteman (2013). Lagos: A Cultural and Literary History (Landscapes of the Imagination). Vol. 5. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-908-4938-97.
  191. ^ Peju Akande; Toni Kan (4 January 2015). . Thisdaylive. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  192. ^ . World Stadiums. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  193. ^ Onwumechili, Chuka (3 July 2008). "Nigeria International Matches 1955–2007". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation Online. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  194. ^ "OnlineNigeria.com". Onlinenigeria.com. 29 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  195. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  196. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-195-3377-09.
  197. ^ Whiteman, Kaye (2013). Lagos: A Cultural and Literary History Volume 5 of Landscapes of the Imagination. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781908493897.
  198. ^ . Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  199. ^ (PDF). National Open University, Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  200. ^ "Technology for Self Reliance – Official Website". Ronik Polytechnic Ejigbo. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  201. ^ "Homepage". University of Lagos official website. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  202. ^ Dekker, Marleen; van Dijk, Rijk (2010). Markets of Well-being: Navigating Health and Healing in Africa. Vol. 9. BRILL, African Dynamics. p. 31. ISBN 9789004201101.
  203. ^ (PDF). Lagos State. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  204. ^ "BRT-Lite-Final Report" (PDF). Nigerianewsworld. Retrieved 14 September 2020.[permanent dead link]
  205. ^ (PDF) (2). Economic Intelligence Unit (Working paper series. 2 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  206. ^ "Ogun, Oyo move to deploy CCTV, drones to tackle insecurity on highways, borderlines". Businessday NG. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  207. ^ Strategic Plan. University of Lagos, Lagos. 2003–2008.
  208. ^ African Development Bank/United Nations Economic Commission For Africa: "Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans African Highways and the Missing Links (PDF). Vol. 2 Description of Corridors. African Development Bank. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
  209. ^ "Africa Renewal". 20 (3). Itai Madamombe : "NEPAD promotes better transport networks". October 2006: 14. Retrieved 4 April 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  210. ^ "How to Get and Use the Lagos BRT Bus Cowry Card; All You Need to Know; FAQs". Bank Naija. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  211. ^ Olisah, Chike (23 March 2021). Nairametrics (ed.). "Lagos Bus Services commence deployment of a contactless payment card to commuters". Nairametrics. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  212. ^ "Cowry's 'tap to ride' contactless payment is making transit easier for Lagosians to commute during the pandemic". The Guardian Nigeria. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  213. ^ "Home". 18 December 2021.
  214. ^ "Lagos Bus Services: New face of Smart City Transportation in Nigeria". Businessday NG. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  215. ^ Blue BRT Bus, Lagos [@PrimeroTSL] (17 March 2021). "Dear valued customers" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 December 2021 – via Twitter.
  216. ^ "The Difference Between Lagos BRT And LBSL Buses". Autojosh.com. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  217. ^ Lagos light rail to commence operation 2022 – Official. Premium Times, 12. August 2018; viewed on 28. Oktober 2019.
  218. ^ "Lagos & Ogun State Rail Lines (Update & Map)". Blackborderbuild.weebly.com. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  219. ^ "Mobolaji Johnson railway station – Channels Television". Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  220. ^ "Buhari inaugurates Lagos-Ibadan Railway project". 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  221. ^ New Ultra Modern Train Ride, Lagos to Abeokuta, Nigeria. #LagosTube on YouTube
  222. ^ "Mobolaji Johnson Train Station in the city Lagos". Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  223. ^ "Danfo: Yellow of Lagos". 13 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  224. ^ . LAMATA. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  225. ^ "Murtala Ramat Mohammed | head of state of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  226. ^ "Nigerians in Diaspora Commission – NIDCOM". Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  227. ^ "The 10: These Black Women in Computer Science Are Changing the Face of Tech". The Root. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  228. ^ "Board of Directors – Tilt Energy Company Limited". Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  229. ^ "100Women | Avance Media | Toyin Saraki". Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  230. ^ "Former Lagos State Governor tweet 'first' post since 2019 - See wetin e tok". BBC News Pidgin. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  231. ^ "Why Oba of Lagos 'snubbing' Ooni of Ife shocked Nigeria". BBC News. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  232. ^ "Babatunde Raji Fashola | Profile | Africa Confidential". africa-confidential.com. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  233. ^ "Meet Lekan Fatodu, the young man who donated a website to governing party". Pulse Nigeria. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  234. ^ "Bode George: Pathetic death throes of a political dinosaur". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  235. ^ "Nigeria's VP Osinbajo: Does he have friends in the political elite?". The Africa Report.com. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  236. ^ "Babajide Sanwo-Olu". The AFRICA CEO FORUM (in French). Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  237. ^ "Nigeria's Bola Tinubu: the Kingmaker who would be King?". The Africa Report.com. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  238. ^ "Funsho Williams: A servant leader worthy of emulation". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  239. ^ "Kenny Adeleke Net Worth 2018: What is this basketball player worth?". The Squander. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  240. ^ Kasabian, Paul. "Israel Adesanya Defeats Marvin Vettori, Retains Middleweight Title at UFC 263". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  241. ^ "Nelson Agholor's Super Bowl symbolic of his turnaround". RSN. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  242. ^ "Tunji Awojobi Net Worth 2018: What is this basketball player worth?". The Squander. 25 August 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  243. ^ "Giants add DE Israel Idonije and TE Jerome Cunningham". giants.com. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  244. ^ Busybuddies (12 February 2018). "Veteran Eagles Defender Uche Okechukwu Is Now A Professional Hunter (Photos)". The Busy Buddies. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  245. ^ "Hakeem Olajuwon | Biography, Stats, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  246. ^ "Nigeria - A. Obiora - Profile with news, career statistics, and history - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  247. ^ Nigeria, Media (12 June 2018). "Biography of Anoure Obiora (Footballer)". Media Nigeria. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  248. ^ "Agbani Darego and her husband Ishaya Danjuma welcome second baby?". BBC News Pidgin. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  249. ^ "Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade". enslaved.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  250. ^ "Buchi Emecheta - Literature". literature.britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  251. ^ Olanrewaju, Adenike (5 June 2020). "Yvonne Orji, the 'Insecure' Star, Returns Confidently to Stand-Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  252. ^ "List of Atlanta's 17 Sister Cities". atlantaga.gov. City of Atlanta. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  253. ^ "Cidades Irmãs de Belo Horizonte". portalbelohorizonte.com.br (in Portuguese). Belo Horizonte. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  254. ^ "Care-i cel mai… înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara…". banatulazi.ro (in Romanian). Banatul Azi. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  255. ^ . cityofportofspain.gov.tt. City of Port of Spain. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2020.

Further reading

  • Leithead, Alastair (August 2017). "The city that won't stop growing: How can Lagos cope with its spiralling population?" BBC News.

External links

  • Official website  
  • State Judiciary of Lagos

January 10, 2023
lagos, this, article, about, city, officially, known, metropolis, area, other, uses, disambiguation, nigerian, english, yoruba, Èkó, largest, city, nigeria, second, most, populous, city, africa, with, population, million, 2015, within, city, proper, national, . This article is about the city officially known as Lagos Metropolis Area For other uses see Lagos disambiguation Lagos Nigerian English ˈ l eɪ ɡ ɒ s 9 Yoruba Eko is the largest city in Nigeria and the second most populous city in Africa 10 11 with a population of 15 4 million as of 2015 within the city proper Lagos was the national capital of Nigeria until December 1991 following the government s decision to move their capital to Abuja in the center of the country The Lagos metropolitan area has a total population of roughly 23 5 million as of 2018 making it the largest metropolitan area in Africa Lagos is a major African financial center and is the economic hub of Lagos State and Nigeria at large The city has been described as the cultural financial and entertainment capital of Africa and is a significant influence on commerce entertainment technology education politics tourism art and fashion Lagos is also among the top ten of the world s fastest growing cities and urban areas 19 20 The megacity has the fourth highest GDP in Africa 2 21 and houses one of the largest and busiest seaports on the continent 22 23 24 The Lagos metropolitan area is a major educational and cultural centre in Sub Saharan Africa 25 Due to the large urban population and port traffic volumes Lagos is classified as a Medium Port Megacity 26 Lagos EkoMetropolisTinubu SquareArray of skyscrapersLekki Epe ExpresswayNational Arts TheatreThird Mainland BridgeFlagNickname s Eko akete Lasgidi 3 4 Motto Eko o ni baje o Lagos shown within the State of LagosLagosLocation of Lagos in NigeriaShow map of LagosLagosLagos Nigeria Show map of NigeriaLagosLagos Africa Show map of AfricaLagosLagos North Atlantic Show map of North AtlanticLagosLagos Earth Show map of EarthCoordinates 6 27 18 N 3 23 03 E 6 455027 N 3 384082 E 6 455027 3 384082 Coordinates 6 27 18 N 3 23 03 E 6 455027 N 3 384082 E 6 455027 3 384082Country NigeriaStateLagosLGA s note 1 List of LGAs IslandApapaEti Osa a Lagos IslandMainlandAjeromi IfelodunLagos MainlandSurulereSuburbanAgegeAlimoshoIfako IjaiyeIkejaKosofeMushinOjoOshodi IsoloShomoluAmuwo OdofinSettled15th centuryFounded byAwori subgroup of the Yoruba 5 Government Governor of LagosBabajide Sanwo Olu Deputy GovernorFemi Hamzat Supreme JudgeKazeem AlogbaArea 1 Metropolis1 171 28 km2 452 23 sq mi Land999 6 km2 385 9 sq mi Water171 68 km2 66 29 sq mi Urban907 km2 350 sq mi Metro2 706 7 km2 1 045 1 sq mi Elevation41 m 135 ft Population 2006 census note 1 Metropolis8 048 430 Estimate 2018 by LASG 6 23 437 435 Rank1st Density6 871 km2 17 800 sq mi Urban15 388 000 7 Urban density14 469 km2 37 470 sq mi Metro21 320 000 estimated 6 Metro density7 759 km2 20 100 sq mi DemonymLagosianTime zoneUTC 1Area code010 8 ClimateAw Only Ikoyi Obalande and Iru Victoria Island LCDAsLagos initially emerged as a home to the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba of West Africa and later emerged as a port city of the Benin Empire that originated on a collection of islands which are contained in the present day Local Government Areas LGAs of Lagos Island Eti Osa Amuwo Odofin and Apapa The islands are separated by creeks fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon while being protected from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands and long sand spits such as Bar Beach which stretch up to 100 km 62 mi east and west of the mouth Due to rapid urbanization the city expanded to the west of the lagoon to include areas in the present day Lagos Mainland Ajeromi Ifelodun and Surulere This led to the classification of Lagos into two main areas the Island which was the original city of Lagos and the Mainland which it has since expanded into 27 This city area was governed directly by the Federal Government through the Lagos City Council until the creation of Lagos State in 1967 which led to the splitting of Lagos city into the present day seven Local Government Areas LGAs and an addition of other towns which now make up 13 LGAs from the then Western Region to form the state 28 However the state capital was later moved to Ikeja in 1976 29 and the federal capital moved to Abuja in 1991 Even though Lagos is still widely referred to as a city the present day Lagos also known as Metropolitan Lagos and officially as Lagos Metropolitan Area 30 31 32 is an urban agglomeration or conurbation 33 consisting of 16 LGAs including Ikeja the state capital of Lagos State 2 34 This conurbation makes up 37 of Lagos State total land area but houses about 85 of the state s total population 2 28 35 The exact population of Metropolitan Lagos is disputed 36 In the 2006 federal census data the conurbation had a population of about 8 million people 37 However the figure was disputed by the Lagos State Government which later released its own population data putting the population of Lagos Metropolitan Area at approximately 16 million note 1 Daily the Lagos area is growing by some 3 000 people or around 1 1 million annually so the true population figure of the greater Lagos area in 2022 is roughly 28 million up from some 23 5 million in 2018 Lagos may therefore have overtaken Kinshasa as Africa s most populous city As of 2015 unofficial figures put the population of Greater Metropolitan Lagos which includes Lagos and its surrounding metro area extending as far as into Ogun State at approximately 21 million 1 28 38 39 Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Cityscape 2 1 1 Island 2 1 1 1 Lagos Island 2 1 1 2 Ikoyi 2 1 1 3 Victoria Island 2 1 1 4 Iddo 2 1 2 Mainland 3 Climate 3 1 Climate change 4 Demographics 4 1 Census data for Lagos 5 Economy 5 1 Ports 5 2 Entertainment industry and media 5 3 Lekki Free Trade Zone 5 4 Oil refinery 5 5 Software companies 5 6 Automotive Industry 5 7 Fertiliser 5 8 Pharmaceutical industry 6 Natural Resources 6 1 Mineral Raw Materials 7 Social situation 8 Culture 8 1 Music and film industry 9 Parks and squares 10 Sports 11 Tourism 11 1 Cuisine 12 Education 12 1 Vocational schools 12 2 Polytechnics 12 3 Universities 13 Healthcare 14 Transportation 14 1 Highways 14 2 Local public transport 14 2 1 City buses 14 2 2 Suburban rail 14 2 3 Rail transport 14 2 4 Shared cabs 14 2 5 Ferries 14 3 Air traffic 14 4 Logistics hub 14 5 Timber trade 15 Notable people 15 1 Business 15 2 Politicians and rulers 15 3 Sports 15 4 Other 16 Twin towns sister cities 17 See also 18 Explanatory notes 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Lagos For a chronological guide see Timeline of Lagos Aerial view of Lagos in 1929 Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people in the 15th century 5 17 40 41 42 The Awori moved to an island now called Iddo and then to the larger Lagos Island The Aworis who were predominantly fishermen and hunters called it Oko 43 Because the area was dominated by the then expansive Oyo Empire they called it Eko from the late 16th century to the mid 19th century 44 The name Eko was given to it by its first Awori traditional settlers Oba Ado Eko is still the native name for Lagos to date 45 Lagos Portuguese for lakes was a name given to the settlement by the Portuguese Throughout history it was home to a number of warring ethnic Yoruba groups who had settled in the area Following its early settlement by the Awori nobility the state first came to the attention of the Portuguese in the 15th century 46 Portuguese explorer Rui de Sequeira visited the area in 1472 naming the area around the city Lago de Curamo which means Lake of Curamo citation needed In Britain s early 19th century fight against the transatlantic slave trade it s West Africa Squadron or Preventative Squadron as it was also known continued to pursue Portuguese American French and Cuban slave ships and to impose anti slavery treaties with West African coastal chiefs with so much doggedness that they created a strong presence along the West African coast from Sierra Leone all the way to the Niger Delta today s Nigeria and as far south as Congo 47 In 1849 Britain appointed John Beecroft Consul of the Bights of Benin and Biafra a position he held along with his governorship of Fernando Po until his death in 1854 48 John Duncan was appointed Vice Consul and was located at Whydah 49 At the time of Beecroft s appointment the Kingdom of Lagos under Oba Kosoko was in the western part of the Consulate of the Bights of Benin and Biafra and was a key slave trading port 50 In 1851 and with pressure from liberated slaves who now wielded political and business influence Britain intervened in Lagos in what is now known as the Bombardment of Lagos or Capture of Lagos 51 52 resulting in the installation of Oba Akitoye and the ouster of Oba Kosoko Oba Akitoye then signed the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos abolishing slavery The signing of the 1852 treaty ushered in the Consular Period in Lagos history wherein Britain provided military protection for Lagos 53 54 Following threats from Kosoko and the French who were positioned at Whydah a decision was made by Lord Palmerston British Prime Minister who noted in 1861 the expediency of losing no time in assuming the formal Protectorate of Lagos 55 William McCoskry the Acting Consul in Lagos with Commander Bedingfield convened a meeting with Oba Dosunmu on 30 July 1861 aboard HMS Prometheus where Britain s intent was explained and a response to the terms were required by August 1861 Dosunmu resisted the terms of the treaty but under the threat to unleash a bombardment on Lagos by Commander Bedingfield Dosunmu relented and signed the Lagos Treaty of Cession on 6 August 1861 56 57 58 Map of Lagos initial city boundaries showing its contemporary districts This definition is rarely used in the present day the expanded metropolitan area is now a more accepted definition of Lagos Lagos was declared a colony on 5 March 1862 The remainder of modern day Nigeria was seized in 1887 and when the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was established in 1914 Lagos became its capital continuing as such after the country s independence from Britain in 1960 citation needed Along with migrants from all over Nigeria and other West African nations were the returnee ex slaves known as Creoles who came from Freetown Sierra Leone Brazil and the West Indies to Lagos The Creoles contributed to Lagos modernization and their knowledge of Portuguese architecture can still be seen from the architecture on Lagos Island Since the 19th century Lagos gradually transformed into a melting pot of Africans and Europeans 59 60 5 61 Railway links and telephone cables connecting Lagos to London had been established by 1886 62 63 64 Electric street lighting was introduced in the city in 1898 65 66 Lagos experienced rapid growth throughout the 1960s and 1970s as a result of Nigeria s economic boom 67 Before the creation of Lagos State on 27 May 1967 Lagos which was the country s capital had been administered directly by the Federal Government as a Federal Territory through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs while the Lagos City Council LCC governed the city 28 Lagos along with the towns from the then Western region Ikeja Agege Mushin Ikorodu Epe and Badagry were eventually captured to create Lagos State 28 Lagos city was split into the present day seven Local Government Areas LGAs while the other towns now make up 13 LGAs in the state Lagos played the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital until 1976 when the state capital was moved to Ikeja Lagos was adversely affected during Nigeria s military rule 68 Also on 12 December 1991 the seat of the Federal Government was also formally relocated to Abuja However Lagos remains the financial center of the country and also grew to become the most populous conurbation in the country 28 Geography EditLagos is loosely classified into two main geographical areas the Island and the Mainland citation needed Cityscape Edit Main article Architecture of Lagos Lekki Conservation Centre canopy walk Lagos has the tallest skyline in Nigeria The architectural styles in Lagos are diverse and range from tropical and vernacular to colonial European and ultramodern buildings or a mixture Brazilian style architecture brought by the creoles is evident in buildings such as Water House and Shitta Bey Mosque 69 70 71 Skyscrapers and most high rise buildings are centered on the islands while the mainland has some high rise buildings 72 In recent years the Lagos State government has renovated existing parks and green areas with a long term goal of expansion Many good quality buildings are interspersed across the city 73 74 75 76 77 Island Edit The Island is a loose geographical term that is used to define the area of Lagos that is separated from the Mainland by the main channel draining the lagoon into the Atlantic Ocean which forms Lagos Harbour The Island is mainly a collection of Islands that are separated from each other by creeks of varying sizes and are connected by bridges The smaller sections of some creeks have been dredged and built over This part of Lagos is the area where most business activities and entertainment events in Lagos take place It also houses most of the upscale residential areas in Lagos The Local Government Areas LGAs that are considered to be on the Island include Lagos Island and Eti Osa The major upscale Island neighborhoods within these LGAs include Ikoyi and Victoria Island Three major bridges join the Island to the Mainland They are the Carter Bridge which starts from Iddo the Eko Bridge formerly called the Second Mainland Bridge and the Third Mainland Bridge which passes through densely populated mainland suburbs to the Lagos Lagoon The Ikoyi link bridge links Ikoyi and Lekki Phase 1 both of which are part of the Island 78 Construction on the Fourth Mainland Bridge will commence in 2022 according to Lagos State Governor Babajide Sanwo Olu 79 80 Lagos Island Edit Main article Lagos Island Lagos Marina Lagos Island contains a central business district 81 This district is characterized by high rise buildings The Island also contains many of the city s largest wholesale marketplaces such as the popular Idumota and Balogun Markets 82 It also has the National Museum of Nigeria the Central Mosque the Glover Memorial Hall Christ s Church Cathedral CMS and the Oba s Palace Iga Idunganran 83 Another major part of Lagos Island is Marina It borders the idumota and Balogun markets and houses major Banking institutions Though formerly in a derelict condition Lagos Island s Tinubu Square is a site of historical importance it was here that the Amalgamation Ceremony that unified the North and South protectorate to form Nigeria took place in 1914 citation needed Ikoyi Edit Main article Ikoyi Aerial view of Ikoyi Ikoyi is situated on the eastern half of Lagos Island and joined to it by a landfill 84 85 Ikoyi is also connected to Victoria Island by Falomo bridge which carries the main road over Five Cowrie creek 86 Falomo garden a green public space which was developed by the state government in conjunction with Fidelity Bank in 2017 is located under the bridge 87 Ikoyi housed the headquarters of the federal government of Nigeria and other buildings owned by the government including the old federal secretariat complex The complex today is on reestablishment 88 In Ikoyi there are military and police barracks a top security prison and a federal high court of Nigeria Ikoyi also has a number of hotels nightclubs a recreational park and one of Africa s largest golf courses Originally a middle class neighborhood in recent years it has become a fashionable residential enclave for the upper middle class to the upper class There are also commercial activities in Ikoyi which are spotted in an increasing number of offices banks and shopping complexes The commercial section is concentrated in the South West citation needed Victoria Island Edit Main article Victoria Island Nigeria Victoria Island Civic Towers Victoria Island Lagos Victoria Island with its annex is situated to the south of Lagos Island and known with a zip code of 101241 89 as assigned by NIPOST 67 It has expensive real estate properties and for that reason many new luxury condos and apartments are blooming up everywhere Along with Ikoyi Victoria Island occupies a major area in Lagos that boasts several sizeable shopping districts On its seashore along the Atlantic front there is an environmentally reconstructed Bar Beach citation needed Ajah LekkiThe Lekki Peninsula shares some prestige with its Ikoyi and Victoria Island neighbors Development has stretched the piece of land further such that the Ibeju axis though closer to Epe which is literally on the outskirts of Lagos is almost always described as part of Lekki The expanse of land starts from the Lekki toll gate which was the focal stage of the famous EndSars protest in October 2019 and ends in Ibeju Lekki and boasts of communities slowly inching their way to suburb status such as Ajah Awoyaya Sangotedo Abijo and Eputu There is quite a bit of places to see the Lekki Conservation Centre The Novare Mall The Lekki Free Trade Zone Dangote Africa s richest man is building his refinery in this FTZ Lagos Business School Eleko Beach Elegushi Beach La Camaigne Tropicana a beach tourist getaway Pan Atlantic University The area even boasts a Catholic monastery citation needed Iddo Edit Across the main channel of the lagoon from Lagos Island there is a smaller settlement called Iddo Iddo is also a railroad terminus and it is now situated in the Lagos Mainland Local Government Area after it was connected to the Mainland like a peninsula 90 Mainland Edit A huge population of Lagosians also live on the Lagos Mainland and most industries are located there The Mainland is known for its music and nightlife which used to be located in areas around Yaba and Surulere However in recent years more nightclubs have sprung up on the Island making the Island particularly Victoria Island Ikate and Lekki Phase 1 the main nightlife attraction Mainland LGAs include Surulere Apapa and Lagos Mainland Metropolitan Lagos suburban LGAs include Agege Amuwo Odofin Mushin Oshodi Isolo and Ikeja site of Murtala Muhammed International Airport and the capital of Lagos State citation needed Major areas on the Mainland include Ebute Metta Yaba and Ejigbo Some rivers like Badagry Creek flow parallel to the coast for some distance before exiting through the sand bars to the sea citation needed Climate EditLagos experiences a tropical savanna climate Aw according to the Koppen climate classification as there are four months under 60 mm or 2 4 in of rain and annual rainfall is not nearly high enough for tropical monsoon classification The wet season starts in March and ends in October while the dry season starts in November and ends in February The wettest month is June with precipitation total 315 5 mm or 12 42 in while the driest month is January with precipitation total 13 2 mm or 0 52 in citation needed Located near the equator Lagos has only a slight seasonal temperature variation with mean high temperatures ranging from 28 3 to 32 9 C 82 9 to 91 2 F Lagos shares the seasons of the Southern Hemisphere with the highest temperatures in March with a daily range from 32 9 to 24 1 C 91 2 to 75 4 F and least hot temperatures in August ranging from 28 3 to 21 8 C 82 9 to 71 2 F citation needed Climate data for Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport 1961 1990 extremes 1886 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 40 0 104 0 37 1 98 8 37 0 98 6 39 6 103 3 37 0 98 6 37 6 99 7 33 2 91 8 33 0 91 4 33 2 91 8 33 7 92 7 39 9 103 8 36 4 97 5 40 0 104 0 Average high C F 32 2 90 0 33 2 91 8 32 9 91 2 32 2 90 0 30 9 87 6 29 3 84 7 28 2 82 8 28 3 82 9 28 9 84 0 30 3 86 5 31 4 88 5 31 8 89 2 30 8 87 4 Daily mean C F 27 3 81 1 28 4 83 1 28 5 83 3 28 0 82 4 27 0 80 6 25 6 78 1 25 2 77 4 25 0 77 0 25 5 77 9 26 4 79 5 27 2 81 0 27 2 81 0 26 8 80 2 Average low C F 22 4 72 3 23 7 74 7 24 1 75 4 23 7 74 7 23 2 73 8 21 9 71 4 22 3 72 1 21 8 71 2 22 1 71 8 22 4 72 3 23 0 73 4 22 5 72 5 22 8 73 0 Record low C F 12 6 54 7 16 1 61 0 14 0 57 2 14 9 58 8 20 0 68 0 21 2 70 2 15 0 59 0 19 0 66 2 13 0 55 4 17 9 64 2 11 1 52 0 11 6 52 9 11 1 52 0 Average precipitation mm inches 13 2 0 52 40 6 1 60 84 3 3 32 146 3 5 76 202 4 7 97 315 5 12 42 243 0 9 57 121 7 4 79 160 0 6 30 125 1 4 93 39 7 1 56 14 8 0 58 1 506 6 59 31 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 1 5 2 8 6 6 9 0 12 5 16 2 13 2 11 6 12 7 11 2 4 9 2 1 104 3Average relative humidity 81 79 76 82 84 87 87 85 86 87 84 82 83Average dew point C F 21 70 24 75 25 77 25 77 24 75 24 75 23 73 23 73 24 75 24 75 24 75 23 73 24 74 Mean monthly sunshine hours 164 3 168 0 173 6 180 0 176 7 114 0 99 2 108 5 114 0 167 4 186 0 192 2 1 843 9Mean daily sunshine hours 5 3 6 1 5 6 6 0 5 7 3 8 3 2 3 5 3 8 5 4 6 2 6 2 5 1Source 1 Deutscher Wetterdienst humidity 1952 1967 91 NOAA monthly sun hours 92 Source 2 Meteo Climat record highs and lows 93 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 94 Weather Atlas daily sun hours 95 Climate change Edit A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4 5 a moderate scenario of climate change where global warming reaches 2 5 3 C by 2100 the climate of Lagos in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Panama City The annual temperature would increase by 1 6 C and the temperature of the warmest month by 1 5 C while the temperature of the coldest month would be 2 9 C higher 96 97 According to Climate Action Tracker the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2 7 C which closely matches RCP 4 5 98 Moreover according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Lagos is one of 12 major African cities Abidjan Alexandria Algiers Cape Town Casablanca Dakar Dar es Salaam Durban Lagos Lome Luanda and Maputo which would be the most severely affected by the future sea level rise It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of USD 65 billion under RCP 4 5 and USD 86 5 billion for the high emission scenario RCP 8 5 by the year 2050 Additionally RCP 8 5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to 137 5 billion USD in damages while the additional accounting for the low probability high damage events may increase aggregate risks to USD 187 billion for the moderate RCP4 5 USD 206 billion for RCP8 5 and USD 397 billion under the high end ice sheet instability scenario 99 Since sea level rise would continue for about 10 000 years under every scenario of climate change future costs of sea level rise would only increase especially without adaptation measures 100 Demographics EditIn terms of administration Lagos is not a single municipality and therefore has no overall city administration 101 The geographical city limits of Metropolitan Lagos comprise 16 of the 20 Local Government Areas of Lagos State The latter entity provides overall government for the metropolitan region The former Municipality of Lagos which covered Lagos Island Ikoyi and Victoria Island as well as some mainland territory was managed by the Lagos City Council LCC but it was disbanded in 1976 and divided into several Local Government Areas most notably Lagos Island LGA Lagos Mainland LGA and Eti Osa LGA 102 The mainland beyond the Municipality of Lagos on the other hand included several separate towns and settlements such as Mushin Ikeja and Agege In the wake of the 1970s Nigerian oil boom Lagos experienced a population explosion untamed economic growth and unmitigated rural migration This caused the outlying towns and settlements to develop rapidly thus forming the present day Lagos Metropolitan Area also known as Metropolitan Lagos The history of Lagos is still evidenced in the layout of the LGAs that display the unique identities of the cultures that created them citation needed By 2006 the metro area around Lagos had extended beyond Lagos State s boundaries and attained a megacity status This much larger area is referred to as Greater Metropolitan Lagos or Lagos Megacity Region which is a continuously built up land area of an additional 1 535 4 square kilometres 592 8 square miles in LGAs situated next to Lagos eastern and western city limits in Lagos State and also beyond its northern limits spilling into some LGAs in adjoining Ogun State Ogun State LGAs that have become part of Greater Metropolitan Lagos include Obafemi Owode Sagamu Ifo Ado Odo Ota and part of Ewekoro 39 The 16 LGAs of Metropolitan Lagos Local Government Area Land area 103 in km2 Population 37 2006 Census Density inh per km2 Agege 17 459 939 41 071Ajeromi Ifelodun 13 9 684 105 55 474Alimosho 137 8 1 277 714 6 899Amuwo Odofin 179 1 318 166 2 364Apapa 38 5 217 362 8 153Eti Osa 299 1 287 785 1 496Ifako Ijaiye 43 427 878 16 078Ikeja 49 92 313 196 6 785Kosofe 84 4 665 393 8 174Lagos Island 9 26 209 437 24 182Lagos Mainland 19 62 317 720 16 322Mushin 14 05 633 009 36 213Ojo 182 598 071 3 781Oshodi Isolo 41 98 621 509 13 886Somolu 14 6 402 673 34 862Surulere 27 05 503 975 21 912Metropolitan Lagos 1 171 28 7 937 932 7 941 A map showing the 16 LGAs making up Lagos Metropolitan Area Today the word Lagos most often refers to the urban area called Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria which includes both the islands of the former municipality of Lagos and the mainland suburbs Lagos State government is responsible for some of the utilities including roads and transportation power water health and education Metropolitan Lagos extends over 16 of the 20 LGAs of Lagos State and contains about 85 of the population of Lagos State including some semi rural areas 104 Lagos has a considerable number of high rise buildings that dominate its skyline Most of the tall buildings are located in the downtown Central Business District citation needed Lagos was formerly the capital city of Nigeria but it has since been replaced by Abuja Abuja officially became the capital of Nigeria on 12 December 1991 although the decision to move the federal capital had been made in now Act no 6 of 1976 Lagos is also home to the High Court of the Lagos State Judiciary housed in an old colonial building on Lagos Island 105 Census data for Lagos Edit Although the 2006 National Population Census of Nigeria credited the metropolitan area with a population figure of 7 937 932 the figure is at variance with some projections by the UN and other population agencies and groups worldwide The population figure of Lagos State given by the Lagos State Government is 17 553 924 That figure was based on claimed conducted enumeration for social planning by the Lagos State Government parallel census and it believes that since the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of Lagos constitute 88 of the Lagos State population the population of metropolitan Lagos is about 15 5 million 106 A rejoinder to Lagos State Government views 107 concluded that Lagos State concealed the fact that the population projection for Lagos Urban Agglomeration by the UN agencies had been revised downwards substantially as early as 2003 It failed to interpret the two most important and fairly representative and reliable secondary data sets already in the public domain the National Identity Card Scheme and the 2003 Voters Registration figures from INEC The figures for 2007 Voters Registration by INEC were an act subsequent to the release of the provisional census results and comprehensively corroborate vindicate and validate the population figures in no uncertain terms According to the official results of the 2006 census there were 8 048 430 inhabitants in Metropolitan Lagos 37 This figure was lower than anticipated and has created controversy in Nigeria Lagos Island the central Local Government Area and historic center of Metropolitan Lagos had a population of 212 700 at the 2006 Census 108 Lagos market scene Authorities of Lagos State have attacked the results of the 2006 census accusing the Nigerian National Population Commission of having undercounted the population of the state This accusation is denied by the National Population Commission 109 110 A study found that research carried out by Africapolis the African subsidiary of e Geopolis backed by the Agence francaise de developpement in addition to the cross referencing of official figures with more scientific independent research concluded that the 2006 census figures for Lagos State of about 9 million were valid and that the state s own assessments are inflated 111 Lagos is by most estimates one of the fastest growing cities in the world 112 Lagos is currently experiencing a population increase of about 275 000 persons per annum In 1999 the United Nations predicted that the city s metropolitan area which had only about 290 000 inhabitants in 1950 would exceed 20 million by 2010 and thus become one of the ten most populated cities in the world citation needed There is a huge spectrum of wealth distribution among the people that reside in Lagos It ranges from the very wealthy to the very poor Lagos has attracted many young people and families seeking a better life from all other parts of Nigeria and beyond 68 and this has also contributed to its cosmopolitan status 113 114 115 116 117 Historical populationYearPop 1950325 218 1960762 418 134 4 19701 413 528 85 4 19802 572 218 82 0 19904 764 093 85 2 20007 280 706 52 8 201010 441 182 43 4 201913 903 620 33 2 source 118 for Lagos AgglomerationEconomy Edit Apapa port The city of Lagos is a major economic focal point in Nigeria generating around 10 of the country s GDP Most commercial and financial business is carried out in the central business district situated on the island This is also where most of the country s commercial banks financial institutions and major corporations are headquartered Lagos is also the major Information Communications and Telecommunications ICT hub of West Africa and potentially the biggest ICT market in the continent 119 120 Lagos is developing a 24 hour economy 121 122 Ports Edit Lagos its ports airports free trade zone and light rail system The Port of Lagos formally known as the Lagos Elbert Mathews Memorial Port is Nigeria s leading port and one of the largest and busiest in Africa Due to the large urban population Lagos is categorized as a medium port megacity using the Southampton System for port city classification 123 It is administered by the Nigerian Ports Authority The following types of vessels regularly call at the port of Lagos Fishing vessels 18 container ships 14 oil chemical tankers 13 bulk carriers 12 and offshore supply vessels 5 The maximum length of vessels that have called at this port is 279 meters The maximum draught is 13 5 m The maximum carrying capacity is 113 306 t 124 125 The port features a railhead It is split into three main sections The largest terminal is located in the Apapa district Apapa Quays This is where mainly general cargo is handled Among other things Apapa is home to a container port owned by the Danish company A P Moller Maersk worth over one billion U S dollars The next largest terminal is located on Tin Can Island 126 Containers and bulk cargo are handled here The storage capacity of the silos is 28 000 tons of grain transported by Fleetwood Transportation The terminal handles wheat corn and malt and can receive about 4000 tons of grain daily The port facilities can handle vessels with a capacity of about 30 000 tons There is also a grain bagging facility on the site The third is the Lagos oil port north of Apapa Quays citation needed Entertainment industry and media Edit Main article Cinema of Nigeria Filming Lagos is the center of the West African film music and TV industries The film industry in the Surulere locality ranks second or third in the world ahead of or behind Hollywood depending on the survey 127 PricewaterhouseCoopers Int forecasts that the Nigerian entertainment industry will grow 85 to 15 billion 128 Since the success of the Nigerian thriller The Figurine Nigerian film has increasingly turned to high quality productions that are also commercially successful This in turn has led to consistently new box office revenue records in Nigeria 2009 s The Figurine 2013 s Half of a Yellow Sun 2016 s The Wedding Party 129 Lekki Free Trade Zone Edit Entrance of the Lekki Free Trade Zone Lekki Free Trade Zone Lekki FTZ is a free zone situated in the eastern part of Lekki which covers a total area of about 155 square kilometers The first phase of the zone has an area of 30 square kilometers with about 27 square kilometers for urban construction purposes which would accommodate a total resident population of 120 000 According to the Master Plan the free zone will be developed into a new modern city within a city with the integration of industries commerce and business real estate development warehousing and logistics tourism and entertainment 130 Lekki FTZ is divided into three functional districts the residential district in the north the industrial district in the middle and the commercial trading warehousing amp logistics district in the southeast The sub center located in the south of the Zone is to be developed first The region is close to the customs supervisory area and it is mainly for commercial trading logistics and warehousing operations The second phase is located in the north of the Zone adjacent to E9 Road Highway which will serve as central business district of the free zone The area along E2 Road will be developed for financial and commercial businesses estate properties amp supporting facilities high end production service industries and so on which will link it to the sub center of the Zone The area along E4 Road will be used mainly for the development of logistics and industrial manufacturing processing A number of connection axes are also planned in between the principal axis and the sub axis with multi functional service nodes to serve the whole of Lekki FTZ 130 Dangote Refinery is currently being built in the Lekki Free Zone citation needed In the start up area of the Lekki Free Trade Zone there will be a Commercial amp Logistics Park which will cover a total area of 1 5 square kilometers The Park is planned to be multi functional with the integration of commerce trading warehousing and exhibition According to the Site Plan of the park large construction works will be built in the park including the international commodities amp trade center the international exhibition amp conversation center industrial factory workshops logistics warehouses office buildings hotels and residential apartment buildings amongst others 130 Oil refinery Edit Main article Dangote Refinery Distilling column of the Dangote refinery in compare to a Saturn rocket Until now paradoxically oil exporter Nigeria had to import its oil derivatives mainly gasoline and oil processing by products such as polypropylene For this reason the Dangote Group built an oil refinery in the Lekki district which is expected to be operational in 2022 as of December 2021 131 Job advertisements for this were placed in November 2021 132 The refinery is expected to process 650 000 barrels of oil per day when fully operational and 327 000 barrels of gasoline 244 000 barrels of diesel 56 000 barrels of aviation fuel 800 megatons of propane 2 500 megatons of polypropylene and 100 megatons of sulfur 133 9 000 direct jobs and 25 000 indirect jobs will be created by the refinery 134 The oil industry has been a major polluter of Lagos water sources for decades 135 Software companies Edit Software companies in Lagos work mainly in the telecommunications banking and education employment services sectors They are concentrated in the Lekki and Ikeja districts citation needed MTN maintains the first and still predominant 4G network in Nigeria Airtel is another 4G provider 9Mobile and Dataflex are Internet providers Flutterwave is in the virtual bank card business Opay is a platform for online bookings Paystack is used by Nigerians who regularly receive payments from abroad Andela trains software engineers and places them in the Nigerian job market ULesson maintains a platform on which secondary school learning content is presented Hotels ng allows hotel bookings to be made throughout Africa 136 137 138 139 Yaba has increasingly been a focal point with several software companies and engineering services companies set up around University of Lagos and Yabatech communities including Flutterwave and Andela Several start up incubators and entrepreneurs hubs are also located in the area which is sometimes called Yabacon valley in reference to Silicon Valley 140 141 142 143 Automotive Industry Edit Main article Automotive industry in Nigeria Former Mercedes manager Oluwatobi Ajayi founded Nord Automobiles Ltd in the Sangotedo district in 2018 He benefited from the decline of the naira which made importing vehicles unaffordable for many Nigerians Nord has two assembly plants in Lagos a 2 100 m2 23 000 sq ft plant in Sangotedo where all eight models are currently assembled the second 5 400 m2 58 000 sq ft plant in Epe is still under construction Once completed the assembly of the models will be moved to the new plant while component manufacturing will take place in Sangotedo The company currently manufactures its own plastic parts and plans to add steel stamping in the future In the new plant we could produce about 1 000 vehicles per month But the market is not yet big enough to justify assembly on that scale We ve only been selling officially since September and our orders are increasing by 20 to 30 per month Ajayi adds The company offers eight different models with the 3 ton pickup the Nord Tank being the most popular The others are the Nord Max 2 6 ton pickup Nord A3 sedan Nord A5 luxury SUV Nord Flit minibus Nord Yarn and Nord Tripper 144 Fertiliser Edit A fertiliser production plant was commissioned in the Lekki Free Trade Zone on May 3 2022 It will produce 3 million tonnes of fertilizer a year 145 146 Since Russian fertilizer is refrained from coming onto the world market due to the Ukraine war 2022 Nigeria fills a gap in the market 146 Pharmaceutical industry Edit Pharmacy in Epe Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa status 2022 147 The larger pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria are located in the North of Lagos 148 Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd appears to be the pharmaceutical producer with the most employees 149 Next in line are Fidson Healthcare Plc 150 May amp Baker Nig Plc 151 and Swiss Pharma Nigeria 152 Natural Resources EditLagos has abundant natural resources Among such resources are Mineral Raw Materials Edit Bitumen 153 Clay 154 Oil Gas Glass sand 155 Social situation EditOil export revenues have led to a general increase in prices and cost of living making Lagos the most expensive city in Nigeria Despite its oil wealth long queues are commonplace at the country s gas stations due to gasoline shortages Yet the city remains more or less functional and rapid growth is producing intact infrastructures even without government intervention despite what the West sees as a chaotic picture citation needed Change and permeability characterize urban coexistence One room is occupied by an average of four people and life takes place primarily on the streets During the rush hour between the center and the residential areas the main traffic routes are transformed into marketplaces After improvements in living conditions the 1990s with their economic and political crises led to mass impoverishment in Lagos as well In a 2018 ranking of cities by quality of life Lagos ranked 212th among 231 cities surveyed worldwide 156 Lagos has been ranked as one of the most expensive cities in the world 157 158 159 160 161 162 In some parts of Lagos residents have one of the highest standards of living in Nigeria and in Africa 163 164 At the same time a sizable proportion of the residents live in slums without access to piped water and sanitation 165 166 167 168 169 Culture EditMusic and film industry Edit Lagos is famous throughout Africa for its music scene Lagos has a vibrant nightlife 122 170 171 and has given birth to a variety of styles such as Sakara music Nigerian hip hop highlife juju fuji and Afrobeats 172 Lagos is the center of the Nigerian movie industry often referred to as Nollywood Idumota market on Lagos Island is the primary distribution center Many films are shot in the Festac area of Lagos where the World Festival of Black Arts was held 173 Iganmu is home to the primary center for the performing arts and artists in Nigeria the National Arts Theatre citation needed The 2016 film Captain America Civil War features a scene that is supposed to take place in Lagos 174 James Brown performed in Lagos in 1970 175 With his band Wings Paul McCartney recorded his fifth post Beatles album Band on the Run in an EMI studio in Lagos in August and September 1973 176 Other foreign musicians who have also performed in the city include Sean Paul Snoop Dogg 177 50 Cent Akon Jarule Ashanti Usher Shaggy 178 R Kelly 179 Cardi B Migos especially during the Star Mega Jam Shakira John Legend Ludacris Busta Rhymes Boyz II Men 180 T Pain Brian McKnight JayZ 181 Mary J Blige 182 Beyonce Brandy Ciara Keri Hilson and Lauryn Hill among others 183 184 Parks and squares Edit Tree growing in Freedom Park Freedom Park is a memorial and leisure park area in the middle of downtown Lagos in Lagos Island Nigeria which was formerly Her Majesty s Broad Street Prison It was designed by the Architect Theo Lawson citation needed The Park was constructed to preserve the history and cultural heritage of Nigerians Monuments in the park reveal the Lagos colonial heritage and history of Her Majesty s Broad Street prisons It was built to commemorate the 50th anniversary independence celebration in October 2010 The Park serves as a National Memorial a Historical landmark a Cultural site Arts and Recreation center citation needed The park which is now a serene abode for individuals visitors collective contemplation and interaction are open to the public every day Today freedom park has become a venue for diverse social events and recreational entertainment 185 186 Tinubu Square Tinubu Square formerly Independence Square is an open space landmark located in Broad Street Lagos Island Lagos State Nigeria named after the Yoruba slave trader merchant and aristocrat Madam Efunroye Tinubu 187 It used to be called Ita Tinubu 188 before it was named Independence Square by leaders of the First Nigerian Republic after Nigerian independence and subsequently Tinubu Square 189 The Tafawa Balewa Square TBS is a 14 5 hectare 35 8 acre ceremonial ground originally called Race Course in Lagos Island Lagos 190 191 The entrance to the square has gigantic sculptures of four white horses hovering above the gate and seven red eagles which are symbols from the national emblem signifying Strength and Dignity respectively Other monuments in the square include the Remembrance Arcade 1 with memorials to World War I World War II and Nigerian civil war victims and the 26 storey Independence House built in 1963 which was for a long time the tallest building in Nigeria 190 Sports Edit National Stadium Association football is Lagos most popular sport Prominent Lagos football clubs include Bridge Boys F C MFM F C and First Bank both play in Nigeria National League the second tier of Nigerian football citation needed The Lagos Black Heritage Festival Parade 2012 The Nigeria national football team also known as the Super Eagles used to play almost all of their home games in Lagos at the National Stadium in Surulere much later games were played at the then New Abuja National Stadium in Abuja for sometime however games are now mostly played at the newer Godswill Akpabio International Stadium in Uyo which is the default home of the Super Eagles Lagos also hosted the 2nd All African games in 1973 192 193 194 Tourism Edit Lekki Beach in Lagos The Cathedral Church of Christ Marina on Lagos Island Lagos subsequent to the re modernization project achieved by the previous administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola is gradually becoming a major tourist destination being one of the largest cities in Africa and in the world Lagos is currently taking steps to become a global city and is rated as Beta by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 195 The 2009 Eyo carnival a yearly festival originated from Iperu Remo Ogun State which took place on 25 April was a step toward world city status Currently Lagos is primarily known as a business oriented and fast paced community 104 Lagos has become an important location for African and Black cultural identity 196 Many festivals are held in Lagos festivals vary in offerings each year and may be held in different months Some of the festivals are Festac Food Fair held in Festac Town Annually Eyo Festival Lagos Black Heritage Carnival Lagos Carnival Eko International Film Festival Lagos Seafood Festac Festival LAGOS PHOTO Festival and the Lagos Jazz Series which is a unique franchise for high quality live music in all genres with a focus on jazz Established in 2010 the popular event takes place over a 3 5 day period at selected high quality outdoor venues The music is as varied as the audience itself and features a diverse mix of musical genres from rhythm and blues to soul Afrobeat hip hop bebop and traditional jazz The festivals provide entertainment of dance and song to add excitement to travelers during a stay in Lagos citation needed Lagos has a number of sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean including Elegushi Beach and Alpha Beach Lagos also has a number of private beach resorts including Inagbe Grand Beach Resort and several others on the outskirts citation needed Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three star to five star hotels with a mixture of local hotels such as Eko Hotels and Suites Federal Palace Hotel and franchises of multinational chains such as Intercontinental Hotel Sheraton and Four Points by Sheraton Other places of interest include the Tafawa Balewa Square Festac town The Nike Art Gallery Freedom Park Lagos and the Cathedral Church of Christ Lagos citation needed Cuisine Edit Main articles Nigerian cuisine and African cuisine Arewa Traditional Kitchen Some of the famous dishes in Lagos include indigenous delicacies such as eba and egusi amala and ewedu jollof the go to party dish ofada rice plantains locally called dodo beans suya spicy shish kebab or spiced roasted beef which is consumed in local clubs and bars with a bottle of cold beer and eba made from cassava and eaten with soups prepared with vegetables and mixture of spices and herbs Other dishes range from local ones like Iyan pounded yam made from yam flour amala asaro which is usually eaten with various kinds of vegetables and Egusi melon soup to European Middle Eastern and Asian cuisine 170 197 Education EditSee also List of schools in Lagos Lagos Business School Lagos Business School s Cafeteria Dowen College in Lagos The Lagos State Government operates state schools 198 The education system is the 6 3 3 4 system which is practiced throughout the country as well as by many other members of the Economic Community of West African States The levels are Primary Junior Secondary School JSS Senior Secondary School SSS and university All children are offered basic education with a special focus now on the first nine years Many of the schools in Nigeria are federally funded and usually are boarding schools A few examples are the Federal government college Odogbolu FGCOdogbolu the Federal government girls college Sagamu FGGCSagamu and the Federal government college Kano FGCKano The state of Lagos has its own federally funded high schools namely Federal government college Ijanikin also known as FGC Lagos King s College Lagos and Queen s College Lagos citation needed Lagos is home to various postsecondary schools universities and other vocational institutions that are either operated by the government or private entities 199 Vocational schools Edit Institute for Industrial Technology IIT founded in 2000 IIT is a technical vocational school for male youth from families with limited resources Its educational model is based on the Dual Training System Polytechnics Edit Yaba College of Technology YABATECH founded in 1934 the college is Nigeria s first higher educational institution and the third in Africa The college is a center of culture and heritage Currently it has student enrolments of over 16 000 Lagos State Polytechnic is a polytechnic comprising more than six schools including private polytechnics and was founded 25 years ago Its main campus resides at Ikorodu along Shagamu road Lagos City Polytechnic located at 6 8 Bashiru Oweh Street Off Simbiat Abiola Road formerly Medical Road Ikeja This is the first private Polytechnic in Nigeria It was established in 1990 by Engr Babatunde Odufuwa Engr Odufuwa hails from Oke Aye in Ijebu North East Local Government Area I N E L G of Ogun State Grace Polytechnic Wolex Polytechnic Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology is a monotechnic that offers courses in fisheries technology general science marine engineering and nautical science Federal College of Education tech Akoka Ronik Polytechnic 200 Universities Edit University of Lagos The University of Lagos UNILAG Akoka is a large institution dating from 1962 with over 55 000 students It comprises 13 faculties run by over 4 000 staff 201 Lagos State University LASU is a multi campus university established in the year 1983 and owned by the Lagos State government The main campus is located at Ojo along the Lagos Badagry Expressway Pan Atlantic University formerly known as Pan African University has a business school LBS a school of Media and Communication SMC and an entrepreneurial development center EDC specialized in providing short courses for SMEs Lagos Business School LBS is the most famous of them all awarding world class MBA and EMBA The School of Media and Communication is also known for its pragmatic communication courses in the field of journalism media and marketing SMC awards BSc MSc and Ph D in social science courses Founded in 1996 and awarded University status in 2002 The university also places some emphasis on the study of art running the Virtual Museum of Modern Nigerian Art National Open University of Nigeria is the first Open university in Nigeria it is located on Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Caleb University is a private university located at Imota Lagos Lagos State College of Health Technology LASCOHET is an institution that runs health courses such as Health Information Management Pharmacist Tech Medical Laboratory Tech Community Health Extension and Environmental Health Technology it is located in Yaba Lagos State University College of Medicine LASUCOM Ikeja College of Medicine University of Lagos CMUL Healthcare EditFurther information List of hospitals in Lagos Lagos has many hospitals and medical facilities some of which have accomplished feats in Nigeria s medical history For example the oldest Nigerian hospital is located in the city as well as West Africa s first air operated emergency medical service which commenced in the city The Lagos healthcare system is generally divided into public and private sectors that provide medical services at the primary secondary and tertiary levels 202 Transportation EditFurther information Transportation in Lagos Lagos has one of the largest and most extensive road networks in West Africa 203 204 It also has suburban trains and some ferry services Highways are usually congested in peak hours due in part to the geography of the city as well as to its explosive population growth 112 205 Lagos is also linked by many highways and bridges citation needed Highways Edit Toll gates and roads at the Lekki Ẹpẹ Expressway The Lagos Ibadan Expressway and the Lagos Abeokuta Expressway are the major controlled access highways in the north of the city and serve as inter state highways to Oyo State and Ogun State respectively 206 To the west the congested Lagos Badagry Expressway serves outlying towns such as Festival Town which was the location for the 1977 Festival of Black Arts and Culture 77 207 Lagos importance as a commercial center and port and its strategic location have led to it being the end point of three Trans African Highway routes using Nigeria s national roads 208 The Trans West African Coastal Highway leaves the city as the Badagry Expressway to Benin and beyond as far as Dakar and Nouakchott the Trans Sahara Highway to Algiers which is close to completion leaves the city as the Lagos Ibadan Expressway 209 Local public transport Edit The Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority LAMATA is responsible for public transport citation needed Since 2021 using a bus or the light rail system is paid for with a public transport card without cash 210 211 This card can be used equally on BRT and LBSL buses 212 One can purchase a public transportation card at any of the ticketing booths at the bus terminals scattered across Lagos State citation needed City buses Edit There are two city bus companies in Lagos BRT Lagos Bus Rapid Transit System and LBSL Lagos Bus Services 213 214 The city buses are air conditioned citation needed BRT was inaugurated in 2008 BRT offers e payment with bank cards 215 On two arterial roads Ikorodu Road and Funsho Williams Avenue a dedicated bus lane has been established for BRT buses BRT uses diverse brands of buses like Ashok Leyland and Yutong Primero Transport Services PTS Ltd is the sole operator of the BRT buses 216 LBSL was inaugurated in 2019 LBSL uses Brazilian built Marcopolo buses citation needed The central hub for city buses and long distance buses is the Oshodi Bus Terminal which is visible from afar It is the largest bus station in West Africa and commenced operation in 2019 citation needed Suburban rail Edit Currently a rapid transit system the Lagos Light Rail is under construction with the first section scheduled to open in 2022 217 The Blue Line will operate between Okokomaiko and Marina East west axis The Red Line will run between Agbado and Marina North south axis Both lines will share three stations Iddo Ebute Ero and Marina There are plans for more light rail lines citation needed The green line Marina to Lekki the yellow line Otta airport to Iddo the purple line Redeem to Ojo The brown line Mile 12 to Marina and the orange line Redeem to Marina 218 Rail transport Edit As of 10 June 2021 Lagos has a double track standard gauge line to Ibadan and a modern main station Mobolaji Johnson Departure times are 8 00 and 16 00 on time Ticket sales are over the counter and cash only as of 2021 The operator is the Nigerian Railway Corporation 219 220 221 222 Shared cabs Edit A popular means of transportation are yellow minibusses called danfo The yellow buses most of the VW T3 or LT type characterize the appearance of the city They run on fixed routes but without a timetable according to the principle of shared cabs 223 Ferries Edit Lagos State Ferry Services Corporation runs a few regular routes for example between Lagos Island and the mainland served by modern ferries and wharves Private boats run irregular passenger services on the lagoon and on some creeks 224 Air traffic Edit Lagos is served by Murtala Muhammed International Airport one of the largest and busiest airports in Africa The MMIA is Nigeria s premier international air gateway The airport s history dates back to colonial times around the time of the Second World War The current international airport terminal was built and commissioned over 40 years ago in 1978 The terminal opened officially on 15 March 1979 The airport had been known simply as the Lagos International Airport It was however renamed for the late Nigerian Head of State General Murtala Muhammed who died in 1976 225 The airport terminal has been renovated several times since the 1970s but its most radical makeover began in 2013 following the launch of the Federal government s multi billion naira Remodelling Rehabilitation Programme for its airports nationwide Under the re modeling work there by late in 2014 the MMA lounge area had been expanded to four times its previous size and new passenger handling conveyor systems were installed which can handle over 1 000 passengers per hour citation needed A second airport Lekki Epe International Airport is proposed citation needed Logistics hub Edit Logistics hub close to Epe In Ketu Ereyun between Epe and Ikorodu Lagos State builds a Food Logistics Park the biggest logistics hub for food in Sub Saharan Africa The site is 1 2 million square meters big and the construction is expected to be finished in 2024 citation needed Timber trade Edit In the middle of the city in the Oko Baba district there is as of September 2022 a large transshipment center for timber mainly redwood and mahogany This timber trade including a sawmill will move to a new location Timberville in December 2022 citation needed Notable people EditMain category People from Lagos Business Edit Abike Dabiri Chairman Chief Executive Officer of the Nigerian Diaspora Commission 226 Victoria Chibuogu Nneji computer scientist design and innovation strategist and a lecturing fellow known for her research on robotics and autonomous transportation 227 Habeeb Okunola businessman and philanthropist 228 Toyin Saraki global health advocate and healthcare philanthropist 229 Politicians and rulers Edit Akinwunmi Ambode former Governor of Lagos state 230 Rilwan Akiolu Oba traditional ruler of Lagos 231 Babatunde Fashola Former Governor of Lagos and current Minister of Power Works and Housing 232 Lekan Fatodu Politician and journalist 233 Bode George Politician 234 Yemi Osinbajo politician lawyer and current vice president of Nigeria 235 Babajide Sanwo Olu Governor of Lagos State 236 Bola Tinubu Former Governor of Lagos State 237 Funsho Williams politician and one time aspirant to the office of Lagos state governor 238 Sports Edit Kenny Adeleke born 1983 basketball player 239 Israel Adesanya Former UFC middleweight champion 240 Nelson Agholor Professional American football player Super Bowl LII Champion with the Philadelphia Eagles in 2018 241 Tunji Awojobi born 1973 professional basketball player 242 Israel Idonije Professional American football player Chicago Bears 2003 2013 Detroit Lions 2013 243 Uche Okechukwu football player 244 Hakeem Olajuwon professional basketball player 245 Anoure Obiora football player 246 247 Victor Osimhen football player Arnaut Danjuma football player Omos professional wrestlerOther Edit Oyinkan Braithwaite novelist and writer who wrote My Sister the Serial Killer Agbani Darego Miss Nigeria 2001 Semifinalist Miss Universe 2001 and Miss World 2001 248 Rosa Egipciaca Afro Brazilian Catholic mystic who wrote Sagrada Teologia do Amor Divino das Almas Peregrinas 249 Buchi Emecheta novelist 250 Yvonne Orji actress comedian 251 Esther Uzodinma actress and producerTwin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Nigeria Lagos is twinned with Atlanta United States 252 Gary Indiana United States Belo Horizonte Brazil 253 Bucharest Romania 254 Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago 255 See also EditList of largest cities List of Governors of Lagos StatePortals Nigeria Africa Geography CitiesExplanatory notes Edit a b c Metropolitan Lagos consists of 16 of Lagos State s 20 LGAs which excludes Badagry Epe Ibeju Lekki and Ikorodu 1 2 References Edit a b c Metro Lagos Nigeria Local Government Areas City Population 21 March 2015 Retrieved 26 October 2015 a b c d Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth 2 July 2015 Retrieved 26 October 2015 18th National Sports Festival Lagos unveils Logo mascot and website Premium Times Abuja Nigeria 18 June 2012 Retrieved 2 October 2012 Eko 2012 Building Branding through Sports Articles ThisDay Lagos Nigeria 22 August 2012 Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 2 October 2012 a b c Hutchison Ray 2009 Encyclopedia of Urban Studies SAGE p 427 ISBN 978 1 412 9143 21 a b Lagos Bureau of Statistics 2019 Abstract of Local Government Statistics PDF Retrieved 1 January 2021 Demographia January 2015 Demographia World Urban Areas PDF 11th ed Retrieved 2 March 2015 Williams Lizzie 2008 Bradt Travel Guides 3rd ed Paperback p 87 ISBN 978 1 8416 2397 9 Retrieved 26 July 2014 Jones Daniel 2011 Roach Peter Setter Jane Esling John eds Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 18th ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 15255 6 Nigeria cities with the largest population 2021 Statista Retrieved 12 March 2022 Lagos City Population amp History Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 25 January 2022 African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative UN HABITAT 2006 p 202 ISBN 978 9 211318159 Hartley John Potts Jason Flew Terry Cunningham Stuart Keane Michael Banks John 2012 Key Concepts in Creative Industries SAGE p 47 ISBN 978 1 446 2028 90 Helmut K Anheier Yudhishthir Raj Isar 2012 Cultures and Globalization Cities Cultural Policy and Governance SAGE p 118 ISBN 978 1 446 2585 07 Cunningham Stuart 2013 Hidden Innovation Policy Industry and the Creative Sector Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series Univ of Queensland Press p 163 ISBN 978 0 702 2509 89 Benton Short Lisa John Rennie Short 2013 Cities and Nature Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City p 7 ISBN 978 1 134252749 a b Pinther Kerstin Forster Larissa Hanussek Christian 2012 Afropolis City Media Art Jacana Media p 18 ISBN 978 1 431 4032 57 Diop Salif Barusseau Jean Paul Descamps Cyr 2014 The Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World Springer p 66 ISBN 978 3 319 0638 81 Sources 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 The Most Populated Cities of the World World Megacities Nations Online Project nationsonline org Retrieved 23 September 2021 These cities are the hubs of Africa s economic boom Big Think 4 October 2018 Retrieved 23 April 2019 Africa s biggest shipping ports Businesstech 8 March 2015 Retrieved 26 October 2015 Rajewski Brian 1998 Africa Volume 1 of Cities of the World a compilation of current information on cultural geographical and political conditions in the countries and cities of six continents based on the Department of State s post reports Gale Research International Limited ISBN 978 0 810 3769 22 Lees Loretta Hyun Bang Shin Ernesto Lopez Morales 2015 Global Gentrifications Uneven Development and Displacement Policy Press p 315 ISBN 978 1 447 3134 89 Lagos City Population amp History Britannica britannica com Retrieved 19 November 2021 Toby Roberts Ian Williams amp John Preston 10 August 2020 The Southampton system a new universal standard approach for port city classification Maritime Policy amp Management London Taylor amp Francis Group 48 4 530 542 doi 10 1080 03088839 2020 1802785 Retrieved 26 December 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CASE STUDY OF LAGOS PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 27 November 2015 a b c d e f Lagos State Information National Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 Retrieved 25 October 2015 History Of Lagos One Lagos Fiesta Retrieved 12 March 2022 A Flood Free Lagos The Regional Imperative Retrieved 27 November 2015 Olukoju Ayodeji 1996 The Travails of Migrant and Wage Labour in the Lagos Metropolitan Area in the Inter War Years Labour History Review Liverpool University Press 61 49 70 doi 10 3828 lhr 61 1 49 Retrieved 27 November 2015 Lagos Metropolitan Area Scope and scale of the shelter problem Retrieved 27 November 2015 Caprio Charles 6 March 2012 Lagos is wonderful and charming conurbation of Nigeria to visit Go Articles Retrieved 27 November 2015 Administrative Levels Lagos State Nigeria Congress Archived from the original on 25 December 2005 Retrieved 27 November 2015 Population Lagos State Lagos State Government Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 Retrieved 27 November 2015 2022 World Population by Country worldpopulationreview com Retrieved 12 March 2022 a b c The sixteen LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos Agege Ajeromi Ifelodun Alimosho Amuwo Odofin Apapa Eti Osa Ifako Ijaiye Ikeja Kosofe Lagos Island Lagos Mainland Mushin Ojo Oshodi Isolo Shomolu Surulere as per 2006 Population Census PDF National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria May 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 26 June 2011 Retrieved 14 September 2010 Population Lagos State Government 2011 Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 Retrieved 3 November 2012 a b Pacetti M Passerini G Brebbia C A Latini G 2012 The Sustainable City VII Urban Regeneration and Sustainability ISBN 9781845645786 Peil Margaret 1991 Lagos the city is the people World cities series G K Hall p 5 ISBN 978 0 816 1729 93 Appiah Anthony Gates Henry Louis 2010 Encyclopedia of Africa Volume 1 Oxford University Press p 28 ISBN 978 0 195 3377 09 Awori People A brief history and belief of the original indigenes of Lagos Pulse Nigeria 9 February 2022 Retrieved 12 March 2022 Lagos City Population amp History Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 12 June 2022 Lagos Oba traces origin The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 14 May 2017 Retrieved 12 June 2022 The history of Lagos and the aboriginal tribes Vanguard News 4 June 2017 Retrieved 24 February 2022 The Origin of Eko Lagos Edo Nation Retrieved 2 June 2010 Smith Robert January 1979 The Lagos Consulate 1851 1861 Macmillan p 2 ISBN 9780520037465 Howard Temperley Beecroft John 1790 1854 rev Elizabeth Baigent Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 Wikisource Duncan John 1805 1849 DNB00 A Adu Boahen 1985 Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880 1935 General history of Africa Vol 7 Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa p 134 ISBN 978 9 231 0171 31 Cite error The named reference Africa was invoked but never defined see the help page Sir William M N Geary 2013 Nigeria Under British Rule 1927 Routledge pp 24 28 ISBN 978 1 136 9629 43 The Reduction of Lagos Introduction 25 March 2014 Retrieved 1 February 2015 Austen R 1 April 2009 Slavery and the Birth of an African City Lagos 1760 1900 by Kristin Mann African Affairs 108 431 328 329 doi 10 1093 afraf adp004 ISSN 0001 9909 Smith Robert January 1979 The Lagos Consulate 1851 1861 Macmillan p 121 ISBN 9780520037465 Cite error The named reference British was invoked but never defined see the help page Elebute Adeyemo 2013 The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies A Colossus of Victorian Lagos Kachifo Limited Prestige pp 143 145 ISBN 9789785205763 Anderson David Rathbone Richard 2000 Africa s Urban Past James Currey Publishers 2000 p 126 ISBN 978 0 852 5576 17 Agawu Kofi 2014 19th century Lagos Representing African Music Postcolonial Notes Queries Positions Routledge p 12 ISBN 978 1 317 7940 66 J F Ade Ajayi Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa 1998 Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s Vol 6 University of California Press p 286 ISBN 978 0 520 0670 11 1914 2014 Colonial Footprints Lagos Then and Now The Centenary Project Google Arts and Culture March 2014 Retrieved 14 May 2016 Williams Lizzie 2008 Nigeria The Bradt Travel Guide Bradt Travel Guides p 111 ISBN 978 1 841 6223 92 Ulrich Hans F Lehrmann Ernst P 2008 Telecommunications Research Trends Nova Publishers p 144 ISBN 978 1 604 5615 86 Noam Eli M 1999 Telecommunications in Africa Global communications series Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 195 3562 74 Williams Lizzie 2008 Nigeria The Bradt Travel Guide Bradt Travel Guides p 110 ISBN 978 1 84162 239 2 Olukoju Ayodeji 2003 Chapter two Electricity supply in Lagos 1898 2000 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN FACILITIES IN LAGOS 1861 2000 OpenEdition Books African Dynamics Institut francais de recherche en Afrique IFRA Nigeria pp 22 45 ISBN 9791092312225 a b 2008 All Africa Media Research Conference PPT Pan African Media Research Organisation p 8 Retrieved 4 April 2012 permanent dead link a b Draper Robert Hammond Robin 1 January 2015 Lagos Nigeria Africa s First city National Geographic Retrieved 18 April 2016 Herskovits Melville J 5 November 2013 The Human Factor in Changing Africa Routledge 2013 p 118 ISBN 978 1 136 5296 10 Brook James 6 September 1987 Brazilian Houses In Nigeria Are A Legacy Of Thousands Of Freed Slaves Chicago Tribune New York Retrieved 30 May 2017 Five Architectural Wonders of Lagos The Guardian Retrieved 30 May 2017 Bakare Tonye 15 May 2016 Open House Lagos opens a new vista in Lagos architecture The Guardian Retrieved 27 August 2017 de Blij Harm Muller Peter O 24 March 1998 Geography Update Realms Regions and Concepts Wiley 1998 p 349 ISBN 9780471291121 Immerwahr Daniel The Politics of Architecture and Urbanism in Postcolonial Lagos 1960 1986 Journal of African Cultural Studies Thesis Vol 19 Taylor amp Francis Ltd p 165 186 JSTOR 25473387 dead link A cursory look at the colonial roots of Lagos Nigeria Google Arts and culture The Centenary Project 1 March 2014 Retrieved 30 May 2017 THE RISE OF FUTURE CITIES IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Cityscape Retrieved 30 May 2017 Akin George 29 November 2016 Rising Residential Towers In Lagos Changing The Megacity Skyline Independent Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Lekki Ikoyi Link Bridge in Lagos Nigeria Julius Berger International Retrieved 27 January 2022 Sanwo Olu says Opebi Mende link bridge 4th mainland bridge projects to commence 2022 Naira metrics 3 January 2022 Retrieved 15 January 2022 Lagos to begin construction of 4th Mainland Bridge 2022 Sanwo Olu P M News Retrieved 15 January 2022 The lagos pressure group on the environment Limge Online Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 Retrieved 4 April 2012 2008 All Africa Media Research Conference Nigeria Tribune 26 April 2007 p 34 Simply Lagos The Transmitter Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Oni A O 2008 Journal of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers An empirical study of the Lagos state rent edict of 1997 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Lagos City Population amp History Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 12 March 2022 Branch of the Nigerian Institution of estate surveyors amp Valuers Lagos state 30 August 2006 We spent between N40m and N200m to construct a park Business day NG 12 October 2014 Awa Omiko 3 November 2019 Ikoyi Federal secretariat Disused monument rotting away The Guardian Nigeria Retrieved 26 December 2021 Victoria Island Postal Code Zip Code Lagos City Lagos State Nigerian Postal Code NairaPostCode 10 May 2022 Retrieved 11 May 2022 Giant Cities of Tiny Islands PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 April 2012 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Klimatafel von Lagos Ikeja Flugh Nigeria PDF Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure Retrieved 7 July 2016 Lagos Climate Normals 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 7 July 2016 Station Murtala in French Meteo Climat Retrieved 7 July 2016 Climate amp Weather Averages in Lagos Nigeria Time and Date Retrieved 10 January 2022 Monthly weather forecast and climate in Lagos Nigeria Weather Atlas Retrieved 10 January 2022 Bastin Jean Francois Clark Emily Elliott Thomas Hart Simon van den Hoogen Johan Hordijk Iris Ma Haozhi Majumder Sabiha Manoli Gabriele Maschler Julia Mo Lidong Routh Devin Yu Kailiang Zohner Constantin M Thomas W Crowther 10 July 2019 Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues PLOS One doi 10 1371 journal pone 0217592 Cities of the future visualizing climate change to inspire action Retrieved 8 January 2023 The CAT Thermometer Retrieved 8 January 2023 Trisos C H I O Adelekan E Totin A Ayanlade J Efitre A Gemeda K Kalaba C Lennard C Masao Y Mgaya G Ngaruiya D Olago N P Simpson and S Zakieldeen 2022 Chapter 9 Africa In Climate Change 2022 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability H O Portner D C Roberts M Tignor E S Poloczanska K Mintenbeck A Alegria M Craig S Langsdorf S Loschke V Moller A Okem B Rama eds Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom and New York NY USA pp 2043 2121 Technical Summary In Climate Change 2021 The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change PDF IPCC August 2021 p TS14 Retrieved 12 November 2021 Cities amp Citizens Series Urban Iniquities in three Cities PDF Unhabit Online Archived from the original PDF on 13 October 2013 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Dr Dele Olowu 1992 Public Admin Dev Urban local government finance in Nigeria The case of Lagos municipal area p 12 19 38 doi 10 1002 pad 4230120103 Metro Lagos Retrieved 28 November 2015 a b Managing Metropolitan Lagos PDF R Rasaki Archived from the original PDF on 13 May 2012 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Lagos State Judiciary Nigeria Law Online Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Document Nigerian Muse Online 7 February 2007 Archived from the original on 8 February 2010 Retrieved 4 April 2012 NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION MISUNDERSTANDING MISPERCEPTION AND MISREPRESENTATION OF CENSUS 2006 A REJOINDER TO THE PUBLICATION The Falsification of Lagos Census Figure by Lagos State Government Economicconfidential com Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 Retrieved 2 June 2010 Legal Notice on Publication of the Details of the Breakdown of the National and State Official Totals 2006 Census PDF Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette 96 2 2 February 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 4 July 2007 Retrieved 29 June 2007 Obasola Kemi 5 February 2007 Lagos rejects population commission s figures The Punch Punch Nigeria Limited via Biafra Nigeria World News Retrieved 11 December 2007 Government of Nigeria National Population Commission 8 February 2007 Lagos State Claim on the Provisional Result of the 2006 Census is Unfounded PDF Archived from the original PDF on 23 June 2007 Retrieved 29 June 2007 FACTSHEET Nigeria s population figures Africa Check Retrieved 2 June 2016 a b Lawal Leonard Egbejule Eromo Norbrook Nicholas 5 April 2016 Nigeria Lagos Maximum City The Africa Report Retrieved 18 April 2016 John David Yeadon Peel 2003 Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba African Systems of Thought Series Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 2158 88 Lagos State Nigeria Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget 2004 State of Lagos Megacity and Other Nigerian Cities Report Lagos State Ministry of Economic Planning amp Budget Okuneye P A Adebayo K Opeolu B T Baddru F I ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPLAY OF MIGRATION AND URBAN EXPANSION ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT THE CASE OF LAGOS NIGERIA PDF Thesis Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography CICRED Retrieved 11 July 2016 Ugbiajah Paul Culture conflict and delinquency a case study of colonial Lagos Monash Arts Thesis Retrieved 11 July 2016 Otero Solimar 2010 Afro Cuban Diasporas in the Atlantic World Rochester studies in African history and the diaspora University Rochester Press p 80 ISBN 978 1 580 4632 63 ISSN 1092 5228 World Urbanization Prospects Population Division United Nations Population un org Retrieved 31 January 2022 Douglas Zhihua Zeng 2008 Knowledge Technology and Cluster based Growth in Africa WBI development studies World Bank Publications p 66 ISBN 9780821373071 ICT Development Nigeria Seeks Increased Regional Collaboration among West African States www ncc gov ng Retrieved 12 March 2022 Ambode Security And Lagos Quest For 24 7 Economy PM News 27 August 2015 Retrieved 1 October 2016 a b Busari Stephanie 1 April 2009 24 hours in Lagos The city that never sleeps CNN Retrieved 1 October 2016 Roberts Toby Williams Ian Preston John 2021 The Southampton system A new universal standard approach for port city classification Maritime Policy amp Management 48 4 530 542 doi 10 1080 03088839 2020 1802785 S2CID 225502755 Hafen von LAGOS Details Abfahrten Erwartete Ankunftszeiten und Hafenanlaufen Marinetraffic com Lagos Port Nigerianports gov ng npa2016 Tincan Nigerian Ports Authority Retrieved 12 March 2022 Liston Enjoli 10 April 2014 Hello Nollywood how Nigeria became Africa s biggest economy overnight The Guardian Retrieved 12 April 2014 Nigeria Media and Entertainment to hit 15bn by 2025 Theafricareport com October 2021 Akande Victor 14 September 2014 Toronto Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood The Nation Newspaper The Nation Online Retrieved 24 March 2015 a b c Plans of Lekki Free Trade Zone Lekki FTZ China Africa Lekki Investment Ltd Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 Retrieved 15 December 2015 Nigeria s Dangote refinery to be operational by early 2022 despite shipping constraints Spglobal com November 2021 Dangote Refinery Recruitment 2021 2022 Application Form Portal Topnigerianjobs com 19 November 2021 China power crisis Spglobal com 20 December 2021 10 Most Impressive Mega Projects in Nigeria in German via YouTube Nigeria s agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill The US and Europe ignore it TheGuardian com 29 May 2010 Best Tech Companies in Nigeria 2021 Top 14 Nigerian Software Companies Bscholary com 25 September 2021 Best Computer Software Solution in Lagos Nigeria List of Computer Software Solution Companies Nigeria Businesslist com ng Retrieved 31 January 2022 10 Most Popular Software Companies in Lagos Infoguidenigeria com 19 February 2019 Top 10 Software Companies in Lagos Mitrobe com 7 August 2021 Welcome to Yabacon Valley What Nigeria s tech town is learning from Israel calcalistech com Retrieved 2 September 2022 Forging Nigeria s future The young entrepreneurs of Yabacon Valley irishtimes com Retrieved 2 September 2022 Forging Nigeria s future The young entrepreneurs of Yabacon Valley techpoint africa 20 April 2017 Retrieved 2 September 2022 Nigeria s Yabacon Valley Has Start Ups Worth 2bn Adesina dailytrust com 12 July 2021 Retrieved 2 September 2022 How this entrepreneur started a Nigerian car brand Howwemadeitinafrica com 7 March 2021 Abiodun Eromosele 28 April 2022 Nigeria s Path to Irreversible Industrial Revolution THISDAYLIVE Archived from the original on 22 May 2022 Retrieved 22 May 2022 a b Dangote s timely fertilizer plant pays off as prices soar African Business 5 May 2022 Retrieved 22 May 2022 Onyesi Chika 6 October 2021 Nigeria s pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity Daily Post Nigeria Retrieved 5 June 2022 Yahaya Abdulwali 19 September 2019 Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria amp Their Products Nigerian Infopedia Retrieved 2 June 2022 About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Emzor Retrieved 2 June 2022 Fidson Our Company May and Baker Plc Supporting your Health for Life Retrieved 2 June 2022 Welcome to swiss pharma Nigeria limited www swiphanigeria com Retrieved 2 June 2022 Ikenwa Chizoba 8 September 2020 List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Lagos State Nigerian Infopedia Retrieved 30 December 2022 Ikenwa Chizoba 8 September 2020 List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Lagos State Nigerian Infopedia Retrieved 30 December 2022 Ikenwa Chizoba 8 September 2020 List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Lagos State Nigerian Infopedia Retrieved 30 December 2022 Mercer s 2018 Quality of Living Rankings Mobilityexchange mercer com Retrieved 30 July 2018 Cyr Ruth 2001 Twentieth Century Africa iUniverse p 391 ISBN 978 0 595 1898 23 BLACK ENTERPRISE Earl G Graves Ltd January 1980 p 122 ISSN 0006 4165 Tokyo is the World s Most Expensive City Jet Vol 60 no 10 21 May 1981 p 14 ISSN 0021 5996 Olumide Faoseke John O 2002 Lagos the miracle city of Nigeria street and safety guide Keystone Tourism Promotion Services ISBN 9789783077263 Hernando Gomez Buendia 13 July 2007 Urban crime global trends and policies United Nations University 1989 University of Michigan p 141 ISBN 978 9 280 8067 93 R K Raju 2002 Welcome to Nigeria The Impossible Land Allied Publishers p 15 ISBN 978 8 177 6404 27 Ogunlesi Tolu 4 May 2014 Commercial hub status of Lagos sparks a chain reaction Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 17 March 2016 Luxury living in Lagos CNBC Africa 21 October 2013 Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 Retrieved 16 March 2016 Price Roland K Zoran Vojinovi 2011 Urban Hydroinformatics Data Models and Decision Support for Integrated Urban Water Management IWA Publishing p 492 ISBN 978 1 843 3927 43 Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria PDF WorldBank Retrieved 30 November 2016 Lagos the mega city of slums The New Humanitarian 5 September 2006 Retrieved 31 January 2022 In 1995 the World Bank stated that 70 percent of Lagos population lived in squatted settlements in extremely poor environmental surroundings Knee deep floods sweeping raw sewage and refuse inside densely packed homes were frequent in neighborhoods where overcrowding was the norm While the average residential density for Lagos was about 260 people per hectare the population density in slums was between 790 and 1240 people per hectare Nigeria Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project report of World Bank 2006 lookup on 2016 11 23 Duthiers Vladimir Kermeliotis Teo 22 August 2012 Lagos of the future Megacity s ambitious plans CNN Retrieved 30 November 2016 a b The University of Michigan 1992 Post Report United States Department of State p 16 Awa Omiko 21 June 2015 A Peep into The Glamour Glitz of Lagos Nightlife The Guardian Retrieved 26 March 2016 Ganiu Ayodele 2011 The contribution of the Creative Economy to African Cities A Case Study of Lagos Creative Sector amp Its Potential PDF Archived from the original PDF on 9 May 2013 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Yoruba Travelling Theatre amp Video Film PDF Retrieved 4 April 2012 Du Katherine 5 May 2016 Captain America Is Trending In Nigeria But You Might Be Surprised Why NPR Retrieved 26 December 2022 James Brown tours Africa for U S State Department Company Jet Vol 38 no 26 1 October 1970 p 57 ISSN 0021 5996 Lewisohn Mark 2001 Band on the Run Paul McCartney and Wings Retrieved 8 April 2012 Williams Lizzie Shenley Mark 2012 Nigeria Bradt Travel Guides p 51 ISBN 978 1 841 6239 79 Nigeria The Shaggy Thriller in Lagos All Africa 2 January 2002 Retrieved 25 April 2017 R Kelly storms Nigeria The Vanguard 11 November 2010 Retrieved 25 April 2017 Nigeria Shakira Legend UB40 to Star at Thisday Festival All Africa Retrieved 25 April 2017 Ogunjimi Opeoluwa Jay Z coming to Nigeria The Vanguard Retrieved 25 April 2017 Egole Anozie 5 October 2013 How Mary J Blige rocked Lagos The Vanguard Retrieved 25 April 2017 How 7 US celebs have visited Nigeria in six months Nigerian Entertainment Today 15 June 2016 Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 Retrieved 25 April 2017 Nigeria Usher Raymond is Star of the Mega Jam All Africa Retrieved 25 April 2017 Basic facts about the Freedom Park The Pulse 15 April 2015 Retrieved 6 May 2015 Freedom Park Tripadvisor Juliet Umeh 23 March 2016 Tourism Maximising potential of Tinubu Square Lagos National Mirror Newspaper Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 Retrieved 11 September 2016 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Ọladipọ Yemitan 1987 Madame Tinubu Merchant and King maker University Press Seun Akioye 22 November 2013 Tinubu Square A befitting memorial to an Amazon The Nation Newspaper Retrieved 11 September 2016 a b Kaye Whiteman 2013 Lagos A Cultural and Literary History Landscapes of the Imagination Vol 5 Andrews UK Limited ISBN 978 1 908 4938 97 Peju Akande Toni Kan 4 January 2015 BUILDING THE LAGOS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT Thisdaylive Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 10 May 2015 Nigeria World Stadiums Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 Retrieved 2 June 2010 Onwumechili Chuka 3 July 2008 Nigeria International Matches 1955 2007 Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation Online Retrieved 2 June 2010 OnlineNigeria com Onlinenigeria com 29 January 2022 Retrieved 31 January 2022 The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Retrieved 31 August 2020 Appiah Anthony Henry Louis Gates 2010 Encyclopedia of Africa Volume 2 Oxford University Press p 53 ISBN 978 0 195 3377 09 Whiteman Kaye 2013 Lagos A Cultural and Literary History Volume 5 of Landscapes of the Imagination Andrews UK Limited ISBN 9781908493897 Education Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Issue And Problems in Higher Education PDF National Open University Nigeria Archived from the original PDF on 22 May 2013 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Technology for Self Reliance Official Website Ronik Polytechnic Ejigbo Retrieved 24 September 2021 Homepage University of Lagos official website Retrieved 4 April 2012 Dekker Marleen van Dijk Rijk 2010 Markets of Well being Navigating Health and Healing in Africa Vol 9 BRILL African Dynamics p 31 ISBN 9789004201101 Digest of Statistics 2010 PDF Lagos State Archived from the original PDF on 14 August 2021 Retrieved 4 April 2012 BRT Lite Final Report PDF Nigerianewsworld Retrieved 14 September 2020 permanent dead link The Socio economic Costs of Traffic Congestion in Lagos PDF 2 Economic Intelligence Unit Working paper series 2 July 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 4 June 2016 Retrieved 18 April 2016 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Ogun Oyo move to deploy CCTV drones to tackle insecurity on highways borderlines Businessday NG 3 February 2022 Retrieved 12 March 2022 Strategic Plan University of Lagos Lagos 2003 2008 African Development Bank United Nations Economic Commission For Africa Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans African Highways and the Missing Links PDF Vol 2 Description of Corridors African Development Bank 14 August 2003 Retrieved 14 July 2007 Africa Renewal 20 3 Itai Madamombe NEPAD promotes better transport networks October 2006 14 Retrieved 4 April 2012 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help How to Get and Use the Lagos BRT Bus Cowry Card All You Need to Know FAQs Bank Naija 2 August 2021 Retrieved 18 December 2021 Olisah Chike 23 March 2021 Nairametrics ed Lagos Bus Services commence deployment of a contactless payment card to commuters Nairametrics Retrieved 18 December 2021 Cowry s tap to ride contactless payment is making transit easier for Lagosians to commute during the pandemic The Guardian Nigeria 1 October 2021 Retrieved 18 December 2021 Home 18 December 2021 Lagos Bus Services New face of Smart City Transportation in Nigeria Businessday NG 28 May 2019 Retrieved 12 March 2022 Blue BRT Bus Lagos PrimeroTSL 17 March 2021 Dear valued customers Tweet Retrieved 26 December 2021 via Twitter The Difference Between Lagos BRT And LBSL Buses Autojosh com Retrieved 31 January 2022 Lagos light rail to commence operation 2022 Official Premium Times 12 August 2018 viewed on 28 Oktober 2019 Lagos amp Ogun State Rail Lines Update amp Map Blackborderbuild weebly com Retrieved 31 January 2022 Mobolaji Johnson railway station Channels Television Retrieved 16 December 2021 Buhari inaugurates Lagos Ibadan Railway project 10 June 2021 Retrieved 16 December 2021 New Ultra Modern Train Ride Lagos to Abeokuta Nigeria LagosTube on YouTube Mobolaji Johnson Train Station in the city Lagos Retrieved 16 December 2021 Danfo Yellow of Lagos 13 September 2018 Retrieved 18 September 2021 LAMATA Ferry Services LAMATA Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Murtala Ramat Mohammed head of state of Nigeria Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 12 March 2022 Nigerians in Diaspora Commission NIDCOM Retrieved 30 June 2021 The 10 These Black Women in Computer Science Are Changing the Face of Tech The Root 17 March 2017 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Board of Directors Tilt Energy Company Limited Retrieved 30 June 2021 100Women Avance Media Toyin Saraki Retrieved 30 June 2021 Former Lagos State Governor tweet first post since 2019 See wetin e tok BBC News Pidgin Retrieved 30 June 2021 Why Oba of Lagos snubbing Ooni of Ife shocked Nigeria BBC News 27 April 2017 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Babatunde Raji Fashola Profile Africa Confidential africa confidential com Retrieved 30 June 2021 Meet Lekan Fatodu the young man who donated a website to governing party Pulse Nigeria 30 August 2018 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Bode George Pathetic death throes of a political dinosaur The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 1 November 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Nigeria s VP Osinbajo Does he have friends in the political elite The Africa Report com 25 June 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Babajide Sanwo Olu The AFRICA CEO FORUM in French Retrieved 30 June 2021 Nigeria s Bola Tinubu the Kingmaker who would be King The Africa Report com 27 July 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Funsho Williams A servant leader worthy of emulation The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 27 July 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Kenny Adeleke Net Worth 2018 What is this basketball player worth The Squander 29 August 2018 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Kasabian Paul Israel Adesanya Defeats Marvin Vettori Retains Middleweight Title at UFC 263 Bleacher Report Retrieved 30 June 2021 Nelson Agholor s Super Bowl symbolic of his turnaround RSN Retrieved 30 June 2021 Tunji Awojobi Net Worth 2018 What is this basketball player worth The Squander 25 August 2018 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Giants add DE Israel Idonije and TE Jerome Cunningham giants com Retrieved 30 June 2021 Busybuddies 12 February 2018 Veteran Eagles Defender Uche Okechukwu Is Now A Professional Hunter Photos The Busy Buddies Retrieved 30 June 2021 Hakeem Olajuwon Biography Stats amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 30 June 2021 Nigeria A Obiora Profile with news career statistics and history Soccerway int soccerway com Retrieved 30 June 2021 Nigeria Media 12 June 2018 Biography of Anoure Obiora Footballer Media Nigeria Retrieved 30 June 2021 Agbani Darego and her husband Ishaya Danjuma welcome second baby BBC News Pidgin Retrieved 30 June 2021 Enslaved Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade enslaved org Retrieved 21 August 2021 Buchi Emecheta Literature literature britishcouncil org Retrieved 30 June 2021 Olanrewaju Adenike 5 June 2020 Yvonne Orji the Insecure Star Returns Confidently to Stand Up The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 5 June 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2021 List of Atlanta s 17 Sister Cities atlantaga gov City of Atlanta Retrieved 22 October 2020 Cidades Irmas de Belo Horizonte portalbelohorizonte com br in Portuguese Belo Horizonte Retrieved 12 October 2020 Care i cel mai infrățit oraș din Romania Care i cu americanii care i cu rușii Și care i infrățit cu Timișoara banatulazi ro in Romanian Banatul Azi 6 August 2016 Retrieved 22 October 2020 Listing of Twinning Cities cityofportofspain gov tt City of Port of Spain Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 Retrieved 22 October 2020 Further reading EditLeithead Alastair August 2017 The city that won t stop growing How can Lagos cope with its spiralling population BBC News External links EditLagos at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website State Judiciary of Lagos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lagos amp oldid 1132379310, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.