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St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

June 03, 2023

Not to be confused with Saint John, New Brunswick.

St. John's is the capital of, and the largest city in, the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland.

St. John's
City
City of St. John's
From top, left to right: Sunset from Signal Hill, Row Houses, Cabot Tower on Signal Hill, the Basilica of St. John the Baptist, the Confederation Building
Flag
Logo [1][2][3]
Motto: 
Avancez (English: "Go forward")
St. John's
Location within Newfoundland and Labrador
St. John's
Location within Canada
Coordinates: 47°28′56″N 52°47′49″W / 47.48222°N 52.79694°W / 47.48222; -52.79694[4]
CountryCanada
ProvinceNewfoundland and Labrador
Census division1
Historic countriesKingdom of England
Kingdom of Great Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Dominion of Newfoundland
Discovered24 June 1497 (Not as an established settlement, but as fishing grounds)
Established5 August 1583 by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I
Incorporated1 May 1888
Named forNativity of John the Baptist
Government
 • TypeCity Council
 • MayorDanny Breen
 • Governing bodySt. John's City Council
 • MPs
List of MPs
 • MHAs
List of MHAs
Area
[5]
 • City446.02 km2 (172.21 sq mi)
 • Urban
166.0 km2 (64.1 sq mi)
 • Metro
931.56 km2 (359.68 sq mi)
Elevation
0–192 m (0–630 ft)
Population
 (2021 census[6])
 • City110,525
 • Density244.1/km2 (632.1/sq mi)
 • Urban
178,427
 • Urban density1,074.9/km2 (2,784/sq mi)
 • Metro
205,955[5]
 • Metro density255.9/km2 (663/sq mi)
 20th Largest metropolitan area in Canada
Time zoneUTC−03:30 (NST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−02:30 (NDT)
Postal code
A1A–A1H, A1S
Area code709
NTS Map1N10 St. John's
GNBC CodeABEFS[7]
Total Dwellings52,410 (2016)[5]
Median total household income$69,455 CAD[5]
GDP (St. John's CMA)CA$13.2 billion (2016)[8]
GDP per capita (St. John's CMA)CA$63,965 (2016)
Websitewww.stjohns.ca

The city spans 446.04 km2 (172.22 sq mi) and is the easternmost city in North America (excluding Greenland).[9][10][11][12]

Its name has been attributed to the belief that John Cabot sailed into the harbour on the Nativity of John the Baptist in 1497, although it is most likely a legend that came with British settlement. A more realistic possibility is that a fishing village with the same name existed without a permanent settlement for most of the 16th century.[13] The city was founded by Spanish fishermen from the Guipúzcoa port of Pasajes de San Juan, who arrived in those lands at the beginning of the 16th century in search of fishing, settled and called the place San Juan de Pasajes, which is referred to as San Juan de Terranova in modern-day Spanish.[14] Indicated as São João on a Portuguese map from 1519, it is one of the oldest cities in North America.[15] It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888. With a metropolitan population of approximately 212,579 (as of February 9, 2022), the St. John's Metropolitan Area is Canada's 20th-largest metropolitan area and the second-largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Atlantic Canada, after Halifax.[16]

The city has a rich history, having played a role in the Seven Years' War, the American Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John's.[17] Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination.[18] St. John's was referred to as Baile Sheáin (Johnstown), in the poetry of Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara (1715–1810), and among speakers of the Irish language in Newfoundland.[19]

History

Further information: Timeline of St. John's history

Early history (1500–1799)

St. John's was used by fishermen setting up seasonal camps in the early 1500s.[20] Sebastian Cabot declared in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map[21] that St. John's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot, in the service of England, became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, on the morning of 24 June 1494 (per British and French historians, in 1497),[22] the feast day of Saint John the Baptist.[10] However, the locations of Cabot's landfalls are disputed.[23][24] A series of expeditions to St. John's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century, and by 1540, French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is a common belief the name of St. John's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where one of the fishing towns is called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque, Donibane).[11]

The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When the English mariner John Rut visited St. John's in 1527, he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicolas Desliens's world map of 1541, and San Joham is found in João Freire's Atlas of 1546.[25]

On 5 August 1583, an English Sea Dog, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, claimed the area as England's first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I.[26] There was no permanent population, however, and Gilbert was lost at sea during his return voyage, thereby ending any immediate plans for settlement.[11]

By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast.[27] In 1627, William Payne, called St. John's "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country".[28]

Sometime after 1630, the town of St. John's was established as a permanent community. Before this, English fishermen were expressly forbidden by the English government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English-controlled coast.[29]

The population grew slowly in the 17th century: St. John's was Newfoundland's largest settlement when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675.[25] The population grew in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen.[11] In 1680, fishing ships (mostly from South Devon) set up fishing rooms at St. John's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats.[25]

The town's first significant defenses were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665.[citation needed]

The inhabitants fended off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when it was defended by Christopher Martin, an English merchant captain. Martin landed six cannons from his vessel, the Elias Andrews, and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near Chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour. With only 23 men, the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships. The English government planned to expand these fortifications (Fort William) in around 1689, but construction did not begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign (1696). When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697, they found rubble where the town and fortifications had stood.[citation needed]

 
In 1762, the British and French fought in the Battle of Signal Hill. It was the last battle of the North American theatre in the Seven Years' War.

The French attacked St. John's again in 1705 (Siege of St. John's), and captured it in 1708 (Battle of St. John's), devastating civilian structures with fire on each instance.[25] The harbour remained fortified through most of the 18th and 19th centuries.[11] The final battle of the Seven Years' War in North America (known as the French and Indian War in the US) was fought in 1762, in St. John's.[11] Following a surprise capture of the town by the French early in the year, the British responded and, at the Battle of Signal Hill, the French surrendered St. John's to British forces under the command of Colonel William Amherst.[25][30]

In the late 1700s Fort Amherst and Fort Waldegrave were built to defend the harbour entrance.[31]

The oldest European settlement in North America controversy

There has been some controversy regarding which European settlement is the oldest in North America. As mentioned above, while English fishermen had set up seasonal camps in St. John's in the 16th century, they were expressly forbidden by the English government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English-controlled coast. As a result, the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s.[29] With respect to the oldest surviving permanent English settlements in North America, it was preceded by Jamestown, Virginia (1607),[32] the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids in Newfoundland (1610), St. George's, Bermuda (1612),[33] and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace in Newfoundland (1618).[34] Each of these English settlements were far later than other European settlements in North America, such as St. Augustine, Florida established by Spain in 1565.[35]

Modern history (1800–present)

On 24 April 1800, the "United Irish Uprising" occurred when 19 Irish soldiers who were part of the British garrison stationed in Newfoundland mutinied. The mutineers, who were suspected to be members of the Society of United Irishmen, fled to the countryside after the mutiny failed, and were apprehended in a manner of weeks and court-martialled. Of the 17 mutineers captured, 8 were executed, 4 were let go while 5 were sentenced to penal transportation.[36]

The 18th century saw major changes in Newfoundland: population growth, beginnings of government, establishment of churches, reinforcement of commercial ties with North America and development of the seal, salmon and Grand Banks fisheries. St. John's population grew slowly. Although it was primarily a fishing station, it was also a garrison, a centre of government and a commercial hub. St. John's served as a naval base during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.[25]

 
St. John's shortly after the Great Fire of 1892. The fire destroyed a significant portion of the city.

Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John's on 12 December 1901 from his wireless station in Poldhu, Cornwall.[17] St. John's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland.[37] In July 2005, the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft, with St. John's International Airport substituting for Lester's Field (now an urban and residential part of the city).[38]

During the Second World War, the harbour supported Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy ships that were engaged in anti-submarine warfare. It was the site of an American Army Air Force base, Fort Pepperrell, that was established as part of the "Lend-Lease" Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United Kingdom and United States.[11] The base included several US-manned coast defence guns, and a Canadian-manned battery of two Lend-Lease 10-inch M1888 guns was at Fort Cape Spear.[39][40] The base was transferred to Canadian control in 1960 and is now known as CFS St. John's. The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire in December 1942 saw 99 military and civilian lives lost.[41]

St. John's, and the province as a whole, was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the northern cod fishery, which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years.[42] After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation, the city's proximity to the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields led to an economic boom that spurred population growth and commercial development. As a result, the St. John's area now accounts for about half of the province's economic output.[43][44]

As of 2012, St. John's contained 21 National Historic Sites of Canada.[45][46]

Fires

St. John's was destroyed by major fires in 1816, 1817, 1819, 1846 and 1892, when each time a large part of the city was destroyed. The most famous was the Great Fire of 1892.[47][page needed]

On February 12, 1816:

...about eight o’clock, a fire broke out in a house in a part of the town in St. John’s in Newfoundland known by the name of the King’s Beach, and speedily communicated to the houses adjoining, and burnt with so much fury, that one hundred and twenty houses, the homes of about a thousand men, women, and children, were consumed before the conflagration was stayed.[48]

There were two citywide fires in 1817 "known jointly as 'The Great Fire of 1817'.[49] Then in 1819 fire "destroyed 120 houses".[50]

There was a further major fire in 1846, which started at the shop of a cabinetmaker named Hamlin, located on George Street off Queen Street, when a glue pot boiled over. The fire spread along Water and Duckworth Streets destroying all of the buildings in its path aided by the large quantities of seal oil that were stored in the merchants' premises. The fire was also aided by an attempt to blow up a house on Water Street which scattered burning embers across the city.[51]

The final major conflagration of the nineteenth century began on the afternoon of July 8, 1892 atop Carter's Hill on Freshwater Road. Initially, the fire did not cause any widespread panic; however, a series of catastrophic coincidences caused the fire to spread and devour virtually all of the east end of the city, including much of its major commercial area, before being extinguished.[52]

Geography

St. John's is along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland.[53] The city is North America's most easterly city, excluding Greenland;[9] it is 475 km (295 mi) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta.[54] It is also closer to all of Ireland than to Miami, also on the east coast of North America.[55][56] The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia.[57] Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west. The city covers a total of 446.04 km2 (172.22 sq mi) (larger than Montreal), but the majority of its area remains covered by undeveloped woods.

Coniferous trees such as black spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir dominate the native vegetation. The largest deciduous tree is white birch; species of lesser stature include alder, cherry and mountain ash. Of introduced tree species, sycamore maple is most abundant and Norway maple is common. Blue spruce, common horsechestnut, European beech and littleleaf linden are among the other non-native species grown.[58]

 
Downtown St. John's from Signal Hill. The city's location on the Avalon Peninsula's northeast coast makes it North America's most easterly city (excluding Greenland).

Climate

St. John's has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) [59] with smaller seasonal variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation.

Mean temperatures range from −4.9 °C (23.2 °F) in February to 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) in August, showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate. The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms (and sometimes hurricanes) travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation.[60]

Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest (124 days)[61] and windiest (24.3 km/h (15.1 mph) average speed).[62] Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly 165 mm (6.50 in) of precipitation on average. This winter precipitation maximum is unusual for humid continental climates, which typically have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum (for example, most of the Midwestern United States). Most heavy precipitation events in St. John's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms from the Northeastern United States and New England states, and these are most common and intense from October to March, bringing heavy precipitation (commonly 40 to 80 mm (1.6 to 3.1 in) of rainfall equivalent in a single storm), and strong winds.[citation needed]

In winter, two or more types of precipitation (rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow) can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging approximately 335 cm (132 in) per winter season. However, winter storms can bring changing precipitation types. Heavy snow can turn into heavy rain, melting the snow cover, and possibly back to snow or ice (perhaps briefly) all in the same storm, resulting in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John's is variable, and especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend well into the spring months (March, April). The St. John's area is subject to freezing rain events (called "silver thaws"), the worst of which paralyzed the city in April 1984 and April 2017.[citation needed]

On January 17, 2020, St. John's declared a state of emergency due to a snowstorm that brought an estimated 76 cm (30 in)—a one-day snowfall record for St. John's—and hurricane force winds up to 130 km/h (81 mph).[63][64][65][66] The following day, the Canadian Army was called in to aid snow removal.[67] The state of emergency ended eight days later.[68]

The highest temperature ever recorded in St. John's was 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) on 14 August 1876.[69] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −29.4 °C (−20.9 °F) on 16 February 1875.[70]

Climate data for St. John's International Airport, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1874–present[a]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 19.2 17.3 17.2 26.1 29.5 34.8 38.5 37.7 35.8 29.8 23.7 20.7 38.5
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		29.5
(85.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		33.9
(93.0)
Average high °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.4
(43.5) 		1.8
(35.2) 		9.0
(48.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		1.9
(35.4) 		6.4
(43.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.4
(45.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		5.0
(41.0)
Average low °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		1.7
(35.1) 		5.9
(42.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		1.0
(33.8)
Record low °C (°F) −28.3
(−18.9) 		−29.4
(−20.9) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−14.4
(6.1) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−29.4
(−20.9)
Record low wind chill −35.7 −40.3 −40.3 −21.4 −14.2 −7.7 −3.4 0.0 −4.4 −11.8 −24.6 −34.3 −40.3
Average precipitation mm (inches) 149.2
(5.87) 		129.5
(5.10) 		142.2
(5.60) 		122.9
(4.84) 		102.6
(4.04) 		97.6
(3.84) 		91.6
(3.61) 		100.0
(3.94) 		129.6
(5.10) 		156.2
(6.15) 		148.1
(5.83) 		164.8
(6.49) 		1,534.2
(60.40)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 66.0
(2.60) 		61.6
(2.43) 		84.8
(3.34) 		96.1
(3.78) 		97.9
(3.85) 		97.5
(3.84) 		91.6
(3.61) 		100.0
(3.94) 		129.6
(5.10) 		153.7
(6.05) 		124.8
(4.91) 		102.9
(4.05) 		1,206.4
(47.50)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 88.7
(34.9) 		71.0
(28.0) 		57.3
(22.6) 		25.3
(10.0) 		4.4
(1.7) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		2.4
(0.9) 		22.4
(8.8) 		63.4
(25.0) 		335.0
(131.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 21.8 18.5 19.6 17.3 16.6 14.7 13.6 13.7 15.5 18.6 19.7 22.0 211.7
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 9.3 8.6 11.0 13.9 15.9 14.7 13.6 13.7 15.5 18.1 15.7 12.7 162.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 18.3 14.6 13.3 7.0 2.1 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 7.6 14.6 78.9
Average relative humidity (%) 80.4 77.9 76.2 75.6 71.5 71.1 69.7 71.2 73.5 76.7 79.8 82.3 75.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.5 90.2 107.4 140.4 176.3 198.9 216.7 206.6 170.5 122.1 76.3 62.4 1,633.2
Percent possible sunshine 23.7 31.1 29.2 34.3 37.6 41.7 44.9 46.7 45.1 36.2 27.2 23.7 35.1
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 5 3 1 1 4
Source: Environment Canada[70][71][72][73][69][74] and Weather Atlas[75]

Cityscape

Main article: Architecture of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
See also: Neighbourhoods in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and List of tallest buildings in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
 
Quidi Vidi neighborhood. Some residences, storage shacks, and wharves, primarily made of wood.

St. John's architecture has a distinct style different from the rest of Canada, and its major buildings are remnants of its history as one of the first British colonial capitals. Buildings took a variety of styles according to the means available to build them.[citation needed]

Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape changed as the city grew. The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core, and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period.[47][page needed]

 
Some houses in St. John's are painted in bright colours.

Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets, in St. John's is typically painted in bright colours, hence the nickname Jelly Bean Row for downtown row housing.[76] The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area, including restrictions on the height of buildings.[77] These regulations have caused much controversy over the years. With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development.[78][79][80][81]

To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 m (49 ft) in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the "Commercial Central Retail – West Zone". The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47 m (154 ft), 12-storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area.[82]

Demographics

Historical populations
YearPop.±%
195152,873—    
195657,078+8.0%
196163,633+11.5%
196679,884+25.5%
197188,102+10.3%
197686,576−1.7%
198183,770−3.2%
198696,216+14.9%
199195,770−0.5%
1996101,936+6.4%
200199,182−2.7%
2006100,646+1.5%
2011106,172+5.5%
2016108,860+2.5%
2021110,525+1.5%
Source: Statistics Canada [83][5][84][85][86][87]
Ethnic origin, 2016[88]
Ethnic origin percentage
Canadian 42.3
English 40.4
Irish 32.7
Scottish 9.3
French 5.4
Aboriginal 4.9
German 2.9

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, St. John's had a population of 110,525 living in 49,298 of its 54,067 total private dwellings, a change of 1.5% from its 2016 population of 108,860. With a land area of 446.02 km2 (172.21 sq mi), it had a population density of 247.8/km2 (641.8/sq mi) in 2021.[87]

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the St. John's CMA had a population of 212,579 living in 89,999 of its 97,429 total private dwellings, a change of 2% from its 2016 population of 208,418. With a land area of 931.56 km2 (359.68 sq mi), it had a population density of 228.2/km2 (591.0/sq mi) in 2021.[89]

Apart from St. John's, the CMA includes 12 other communities: the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South, Paradise, Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, Torbay, Logy Bay-Middle Cove-Outer Cove, Pouch Cove, Flatrock, Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove and Bauline.[90]

Also as of the 2021 census, there are 178,427 people in the St. John's population centre.[91] There are 52,410 total private dwellings in St. John's with an occupancy rate of 90.9%. The median value of a private dwelling in St. John's is $309,631, lower than the national median value of $341,556 but higher than the provincial median value of $219,228.[citation needed]

St. John's has a median age of 40.5 compared to 41.2 nationally and 46.0 in Newfoundland and Labrador. Children under 15 make up 13.9% of the population while people 65 and over make up 16.5%. 70.6% of residents aged 25 to 65 have a post secondary certificate, diploma or degree, while 20.6% have a secondary school diploma or equivalent, 7.4% have an apprenticeship or trades certificate, and 8.8% hold no certificates, diplomas or degrees. The city has an unemployment rate of 8.9%, much lower than the provincial rate of 15.6% but somewhat higher than the national rate of 7.7%.[citation needed]

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 7,515 persons or 7.0% of the total population of St. John's. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were United Kingdom (805 persons or 10.7%), Philippines (625 persons or 8.3%), United States of America (510 persons or 6.8%), India (485 persons or 6.5%), Syria (455 persons or 6.1%), China (420 persons or 5.6%), Nigeria (310 persons or 4.1%), Bangladesh (195 persons or 2.6%), Pakistan (155 persons or 2.1%), and Eritrea (150 persons or 2.0%).[92]

Ethnicity

As of 2021, approximately 86.5% of the city was white, 10.1% were visible minorities and 3.3% were Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian Canadian (2.8%), followed by Black Canadians (2.3%), Chinese Canadians and Arab Canadians (1.3% each).[92]

Panethnic groups in the City of St. John's (2001−2021)
Panethnic
group 		2021[92] 2016[93] 2011[94] 2006[95] 2001[96]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[b] 93,160 86.53% 96,310 89.93% 96,995 93.35% 95,365 95.92% 95,235 97.29%
Indigenous 3,585 3.33% 3,250 3.03% 2,705 2.6% 1,110 1.12% 685 0.7%
South Asian 2,985 2.77% 1,640 1.53% 1,195 1.15% 875 0.88% 700 0.72%
African 2,510 2.33% 1,495 1.4% 930 0.9% 520 0.52% 240 0.25%
Middle Eastern[c] 1,895 1.76% 1,270 1.19% 335 0.32% 245 0.25% 230 0.23%
East Asian[d] 1,550 1.44% 1,750 1.63% 1,100 1.06% 870 0.88% 535 0.55%
Southeast Asian[e] 1,140 1.06% 710 0.66% 310 0.3% 105 0.11% 165 0.17%
Latin American 515 0.48% 485 0.45% 130 0.13% 285 0.29% 45 0.05%
Other[f] 325 0.3% 185 0.17% 205 0.2% 55 0.06% 40 0.04%
Total responses 107,660 97.41% 107,095 98.38% 103,905 97.86% 99,425 98.79% 97,885 98.69%
Total population 110,525 100% 108,860 100% 106,172 100% 100,646 100% 99,182 100%
  • Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

Language

English is the mother tongue spoken by the majority of residents of St. John's (92.9%) with the second most common language, Chinese, as the mother tongue of 1.1% of the population. French is the mother tongue of 0.6% of the population. 99.5% of the population speak French or English or both.[97]

Religion

 
The Basilica of St. John the Baptist is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John's. The Catholic church is the largest religious institution in the city.

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in St. John's included:[92]

The information below is from the 2001 Canadian Census.[98] and the National Household Survey 2011[99]

The population of St. John's was once divided along sectarian (Catholic/Protestant) lines, but in recent years this sectarianism has declined significantly. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John's, and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001 to 2011 with an increase in those with no religion from 3.9% to 11.1%.[100]

Religion 2001 (%) 2011 (%) 2011 (Total)
Roman Catholic 48.9% 48.4% 50,370
Anglican 22.8% 16.1% 16,745
United Church 15.0% 12.8% 13,345
Pentecostal 2.3% 2.3% 2,390
No religion 3.9% 11.1% 11,505

Economy

See also: List of companies headquartered in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
 
An oil platform in the Terra Nova oil field. A number of offshore oil developments lie off the coast of St. John's.

St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a sizable retail, service and business sector.[101] With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it – oil and gas – as opposed to what swims in or travels across it.[102] The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities.[103] ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city.[104][105] Three major offshore oil developments, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose, are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development, Hebron, discovered in 1981 and put online in 2017, is estimated to contain over 700 million barrels of producible hydrocarbons.[106][107]

The economy has grown quickly in recent years. In 2010 and 2011, the metro area's gross domestic product (GDP) led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country, according to the Conference Board of Canada, recording growth of 6.6% and 5.8% respectively.[108] At $52,000 the city's per capita GDP is the second highest out of all major Canadian cities.[109] Economic forecasts suggest the city will continue its strong economic growth in the coming years not only in the "oceanic" industries mentioned above, but also in tourism and new home construction as the population continues to grow. In May 2011, the city's unemployment rate fell to 5.6%, the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada.[110]

St. John's is also becoming known as an entrepreneurial city. In a 2009 report by the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Communities in Boom: Canada’s Top Entrepreneurial Cities, St. John's was ranked the best major city in Atlantic Canada and 19th overall in Canada for providing a good environment for small business development.[111]

Culture

 
Water Street is notable for its boutiques and restaurants
 
Located in downtown St. John's, The Rooms houses the provincial art gallery and museum.

The downtown area is the cultural hub of St. John's and is a major tourist destination in Newfoundland and Labrador and Atlantic Canada. Water Street and Duckworth Street are known for their brightly coloured low rise heritage buildings, housing numerous tourist shops, clothing boutiques, and restaurants.[112][113]

George Street, a downtown side-street above the western end of Water Street, is the predominant home of the city's nightlife. It holds numerous annual festivals including the George Street Festival in August and the Mardi Gras Festival in October. The street can be credited with kick-starting the careers of many musical acts and is busy nearly every night of the week.[114][115]

The city has a symphony orchestra, a string quartet, and several choirs. In addition the School of Music of Memorial University of Newfoundland has several ensembles, including a chamber orchestra.[116] St. Johns also plays host to the Tuckamore Festival of chamber music, which has been held every August since 2001.[117] Opera on the Avalon puts on performances of opera, over several days, in the summer.[117] Established in 1987, the Kittiwake Dance Theatre is one of the province's leading dance companies.[118]

The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The "Hall" hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown.[119] The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mark Critch, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey.[120][121] The St. John's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery, libraries and a 1000-seat theatre, which is the city's major venue for entertainment productions.[122]

The Nickel Film Festival and the St. John's International Women's Film Festival are two independent film festivals held annually in St. John's.[123] Lawnya Vawnya is an annual music festival.

Museums

 
Newfoundland and Labrador dog statues in Harbourside Park, created by Luben Boykov in 2002

The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador (c. 1892–93) was on Duckworth Street in a building designated as a heritage site by the City of St. John's.[124] In 2005 the museum, along with the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador, moved into The Rooms. The Rooms is Newfoundland and Labrador's cultural facility, and is in the downtown area.[125]

Other museums include the Railway Coastal Museum, a transportation museum in the 104-year-old Newfoundland and Labrador train station building on Water Street.[126] The Johnson Geo Centre is a geological interpretation centre on Signal Hill.[127]

National Historic Sites

 
Cabot Tower overlooks the city from Signal Hill. The hill was named a National Historic Site due to its association with Canada's defence and communication history.

The Murray Premises is a National Historic Site in downtown St. John's.[128] The buildings once served as a fishery premises, with facilities for drying and packaging fish and warehouses for fish, barrels and other items. The oldest of the buildings is the one facing on Beck's Cove. It was built after the 1846 fire and for a time served as both shop and house. The Murray Premises was renovated in 1979 and now contains office suites, restaurants, retail stores and a boutique hotel.[129][130]

Another National Historic Site is Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John's. It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.[129] The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901.[131] Today, Signal Hill is a National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular among tourists and locals; 97% of all tourists to St. John's visit Signal Hill. Amongst its popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo, showcasing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of Foot, c. 1795, and the North Head Trail which offers an impressive view of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast.[132]

Urban parks

Pippy Park is an urban park in the east end of the city; with over 1,400 ha (3,400 acres) of land, it is one of Canada's largest urban parks. The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill Brook.[133]

Bowring Park, in the Waterford Valley, is one of the most scenic parks in St. John's. Entrance to the park is via Waterford Bridge Road, passing a sculptured duck pond and a statue of Peter Pan. The park land was donated to the city in 1911 by Sir Edgar Rennie Bowring on behalf of Bowring Brothers Ltd. on their 100th anniversary of commerce in Newfoundland. The park was officially opened by His Royal Highness, the Duke of Connaught on 15 July 1914.[134]

Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park.[129] Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park hosts many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race.[135]

Botanical Garden

The university also operates the Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden.

Recreation and Sport

 
Mile One Centre is an multi-purpose indoor arena. It is used as the home arena for the NBLC's St. John's Edge and the ECHL's Newfoundland Growlers.

Hockey

St. John's has been home to several professional hockey franchises. The St. John's Maple Leafs were an American Hockey League (AHL) team from 1991 to 2005. The team left after the 2004–05 season to Toronto due to the desire of its parent team, the Toronto Maple Leafs, to reduce travel costs and to have a tenant for its Ricoh Coliseum.[136]

Shortly after, the Maple Leafs were replaced by the St. John's Fog Devils of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). The team left St. John's in 2008 after just three seasons due to a poor lease arrangement with the city over the use of Mile One Centre and poor attendance.[137][138]

From 2011 until 2017, it was home to the St. John's IceCaps in the AHL.[139] The IceCaps operated under two separate franchises and affiliations during its time in St. John's; the first owned by the Winnipeg Jets' True North Sports & Entertainment and the second by the Montreal Canadiens' Molson family. Both franchises were relocated to be closer to their parent team.

In 2018, the ECHL approved an expansion team for St. John's with the Newfoundland Growlers. The team became the ECHL affiliate of the Toronto Maple Leafs bringing the Leafs back to St. John's for the first time since 2005.

Other sports

The St. John's Edge was a Canadian professional basketball team based in National Basketball League of Canada that launched as an expansion team for the 2017–18 season at the Mile One Centre.[140] The team was owned by Atlantic Sport Enterprises Ltd. headed by John Graham with Irwin Simon and Robert Sabbagh.[141] The team replaced the IceCaps as the primary tenant at the Mile One Centre after their departure. In 2021, the Edge did not obtain a lease extension at the Mile One Centre.

In September 2021, the City of St. John's signed a five-year lease agreement with the American Basketball Association,[142] to bring the expansion Newfoundland Rogues to Mile One Centre.[143] Several weeks after the announcement of a new basketball team, Mary Browns, a fast food chain that originated in NL, purchased the naming rights to Mile One Centre, renaming it Mary Brown's Centre.[144]

The Atlantic Rock are a senior men's rugby union team who compete in the Canadian Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56–7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city.[145]

 
St. John's hosts North America's oldest annual sporting event, the Royal St. John's Regatta.

St. John's is home to North America's oldest annual sporting event, the Royal St. John's Regatta, which dates back to at least 1816. The event is important enough in the life of the city that the day of the Regatta (the first Wednesday in August, weather permitting) is a civic holiday – one of the few weather-dependent holidays in the world.[146]

The Tely 10 Mile Road Race is an annual 10 mi (16 km) road race that starts in Paradise and finishes at Bannerman Park. The race draws in excess of 2,500 runners. It began in 1922, which makes it one of the oldest road races in Canada.[147]

St. John's was where the Canada men's national soccer team qualified for their first FIFA World Cup on 14 September 1985, when they defeated Honduras 2–1, at King George V Park.[148]

Curling has gained prominence in St. John's over the years. The 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts, the Canadian women's curling championship, was held at Mile One Centre from 19 to 27 February 2005.[149] The 2006 Olympic gold medalist men's curling team, skipped by Brad Gushue, is based in St. John's at the Bally Haly Golf & Curling Club.[150] Gushue and his team launched a campaign to return the Brier to the province for 2017, a successful bid. They would go on to win the Brier as well as representing Canada at the World Championships three weeks later going undefeated and winning the gold medal. The Brier win was the second for the province (1976) and the second time as event host (1972). The city has two curling clubs, the St. John's Curling Club and the Bally Haly.

The St. John's Avalon Harps are the local Hurling and Gaelic Football team, that compete in Canadian GAA events.

Walking trails

 
Railway Coastal Museum. Two hiking routes pass the museum.

There are numerous recreational paths in the city, the most important is the Grand Concourse, which has trails throughout the city, including around Quidi Vidi Lake, parts of Signal Hill, Downtown, along river banks, and around other lakes. The Grand Concourse also extends into Mount Pearl.[151] There are also many kilometres of path within Signal Hill National Historic Park,[152] the Geo-Vista Park on the lower sloe of Signal Hill,[153] Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden,[154] and within Pippy Park.[155] There are also trails used by mountain bikers, trail runners and walkers on the White Hills, behind the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and the RCMP headquarters.[156] The Trans Canada Trail leaves St. John's from the Railway Coastal Museum and follows the trackbed of the former Newfoundland Railway right across the Island, though it now starts at Cape Spear, continues to Fort Amherst, and connects at the station, via a footbridge, with the original mile zero at the Museum. The East Coast Trail, also passes through St. John's, coming from Topsail Beach in the north to pass through St. John's via Quidi Vidi, Signal Hill and Water Street before connecting with the Trans Canada Trail at the Railway Coastal Museum, before heading east to Cape Spear, and then continuing south to Cappahayden.[157]

Law and government

See also: St. John's City Council and List of mayors of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's is governed by a mayor-council system, and the structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of St. John's Act.[158][159] The St. John's City Council is a unicameral legislative body composed of a mayor, deputy mayor and nine councillors. The mayor, deputy mayor and four of the councillors are elected at large while the five other councillors represent geographical wards throughout the city. The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without term limits.[160]

Elections in St. John's are held every four years on the last Tuesday in September. The current city council was elected in the municipal election held on 28 September 2021. The Mayor of St. John's is Danny Breen.[161] The St. John's City Hall, on New Gower Street, has housed municipal offices and Council Chambers since being officially opened in 1970.[129][162]

 
The province's House of Assembly meets in St. John's, at Confederation Building.

St. John's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949.[163] The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador; therefore, the provincial legislature is in the city.[164] The Confederation Building, on Confederation Hill, is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs) and Ministers.[164] The city is represented by eight MHAs, six who are members of the governing Liberal Party, one that belong to the New Democratic Party (NDP), and one that belong to the Progressive Conservative Party.[165]

St. John's is represented in the House of Commons by two members of Parliament. Liberal Joanne Thompson represents St. John's East[166] and Liberal Seamus O'Regan represents St. John's South—Mount Pearl.[167][168]

The Newfoundland and Labrador office for the regional federal minister is in downtown St. John's. Regional offices for federal government departments and agencies are throughout the city.[169][170]

St. John's federal election results[171]
Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green
2021 51% 23,622 16% 7,334 31% 14,475 0% 0
2019 43% 23,774 15% 8,204 39% 21,498 2% 1,070
St. John's provincial election results[172]
Year Liberal PC New Democratic
2019 42% 17,178 32% 13,268 23% 9,647
2015 50% 19,142 22% 8,566 28% 10,745

Crime

 
A Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) police car on patrol. The RNC serves as the primary policing body for the metropolitan area.

Police services for the city are provided by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves as the primary policing body of the metropolitan area.[173] The "B" Division headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is located in the Pleasantville neighborhood; however, the RCMP primarily operate in rural Newfoundland and Labrador and not St. John's.[174]

St. John's has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live; however, in recent years, crime in the city has steadily increased. While national crime decreased by 4% in 2009, the total crime rate in St. John's saw an increase of 4%. During this same time, violent crime in the city decreased 6%, compared to a 1% decrease nationally.[175][176] In 2010, the total crime severity index for the city was 101.9, an increase of 10% from 2009 and 19.2% above the national average. The violent crime severity index was 90.1, an increase of 29% from 2009 and 1.2% above the national average. St. John's had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index and twelfth-highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010.[177]

According to Statistics Canada's Juristat reports (1993–2007), the metropolitan area reports an average homicide rate of approximately 1.15 per 100,000 population; an average of two homicides per year. An all-time high rate of 2.27 was reported in 1993 (four homicides). This figure is far below the national average and ranks amongst the lowest rates for any metropolitan area in Canada.[178]

Infrastructure

Transportation

 
CCGS Henry Larsen in St. John's Harbour, where Canadian Coast Guard vessels use St. John's as a home port.
 
St. John's International Airport serves as the international airport for the metropolitan area. It is the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada.

St. John's has a substantial harbour. Among other things, the harbour is the base for the following Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) ships:

Airport

St. John's is served by St. John's International Airport (YYT), located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core.[179] In 2011, roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume.[180][181] Regular destinations include Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, and small destinations throughout the province. International locations include London, Saint-Pierre, Cancún, Orlando, Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, Varadero, Cayo Coco, and Montego Bay. Scheduled service providers include Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Saint-Pierre, Air Transat, Porter Airlines, Provincial Airlines, Sunwing Airlines and Westjet.[182]

Highway

St. John's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway (Route 1), one of the longest national highways in the world.[183] The divided highway, also known as "Outer Ring Road," runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive (Route 2), Topsail Road (Route 60), Team Gushue Highway (Route 3A), Thorburn Road (Route 50), Allandale Road, Portugal Cove Road (Route 40) and Torbay Road (Route 20), providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets. Pitts Memorial Drive (Route 2) runs from Conception Bay South, through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John's, with interchanges for Goulds (Routes 3 and 10), The Parkway (Columbus Drive), Water Street and Hamilton Avenue-New Gower Street.

Cycling

The St. John's Cycling Master Plan was officially launched in July 2009. Its first phase will consist of 43 km (27 mi) of on-road painted bike lanes, signs on an additional 73 km (45 mi) of roadway, the installation of 20 bicycle parking facilities and the addition of bike racks on the fleet of 53 Metrobuses.[184]

Transit

Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region.[185] Metrobus has a total of 19 routes, 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073.[186] Destinations include the Avalon Mall, The Village Shopping Centre, Memorial University, Academy Canada, the College of the North Atlantic, the Marine Institute, the Confederation Building, downtown, Stavanger Drive Business Park, Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John's and Mount Pearl.[187]

Railway

St. John's was the eastern terminus of the Newfoundland Railway from 1898 until the abandonment and closure of the railway in September 1988.[188]

Medical centres and hospitals

St. John's is served by Eastern Health, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest health authority.[189] The city's major hospitals include the Health Sciences Centre, St. Clare's Mercy Hospital, Waterford Hospital and the Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre.[190]

Education

 
Memorial University of Newfoundland is the largest university in Atlantic Canada by enrolment.

There are 32 Anglophone primary, elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John's, including two private schools.[191] St. John's also has two schools that are part of the province-wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone[192] (CSF), the Francophone public school district. It has two private schools, St. Bonaventure's College and Lakecrest Independent.[193]

The main campus of Atlantic Canada's largest university, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), is in St. John's.[194] There are satellite campuses on Signal Hill, St. John's, and the Ocean Sciences Centre in nearby Logy Bay. The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland (MI or simply Marine Institute) is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic in St. John's and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland. MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees and was one of the top ten comprehensive universities in Canada according to Macleans in 2021.[195]

The College of the North Atlantic (CNA) is the public college of the province and operates two main campuses in the city.[196] CNA provides career, trade, and university-transfer programs for St. John's residents.[197]

The city hosts several private colleges and post-secondary schools; Academy Canada, Eastern College, and Keyin College are the largest of these.[198]

Local media

Main article: Media in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's has one daily newspaper, The Telegram.[199] Other local papers include The Muse, The Gazette, Le Gaboteur, The Scope, The Business Post and The Current. St. John's also receives the nationally distributed newspaper The Globe and Mail.[200][201][202][203]

CJON-DT, known on air as "NTV", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue.

The city is home to 15 AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations. The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949, and three AM stations kept their existing call letters. However, other commercial radio stations in St. John's that went to air after 1949 use the same range of prefixes (CF–CK) currently in use elsewhere in Canada, with the exception of VOCM-FM, which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate association with the AM station that bore that callsign. VO remains in use in amateur radio.

allNewfoundlandLabrador is the city's daily online newspaper, which focuses on business news from across the province.[204]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

Sister cities

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada, climate data was collected in the area of downtown St. John's from 1874 to 1956,[71] and at St. John's Airport from 1942 to the present day.[72]
  2. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  6. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

Bibliography

  • Harding, Les. Historic St. John's: The City of Legends. Jesperson, 1993. ISBN 0-921692-52-8
  • Galgay, Frank. Olde St. John's: Stories from a Seaport City. St. John's: Flanker, 2001.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. John's.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for St. John's.
  • Official website  

June 03, 2023
john, newfoundland, labrador, confused, with, saint, john, brunswick, john, capital, largest, city, canadian, province, newfoundland, labrador, located, eastern, avalon, peninsula, island, newfoundland, john, scitycity, john, sfrom, left, right, sunset, from, . Not to be confused with Saint John New Brunswick St John s is the capital of and the largest city in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland St John sCityCity of St John sFrom top left to right Sunset from Signal Hill Row Houses Cabot Tower on Signal Hill the Basilica of St John the Baptist the Confederation BuildingFlagLogo 1 2 3 Motto Avancez English Go forward St John sLocation within Newfoundland and LabradorShow map of Newfoundland and LabradorSt John sLocation within CanadaShow map of CanadaCoordinates 47 28 56 N 52 47 49 W 47 48222 N 52 79694 W 47 48222 52 79694 4 CountryCanadaProvinceNewfoundland and LabradorCensus division1Historic countriesKingdom of EnglandKingdom of Great BritainUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandDominion of NewfoundlandDiscovered24 June 1497 Not as an established settlement but as fishing grounds Established5 August 1583 by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth IIncorporated1 May 1888Named forNativity of John the BaptistGovernment TypeCity Council MayorDanny Breen Governing bodySt John s City Council MPsList of MPs Seamus O Regan L Joanne Thompson L MHAsList of MHAs John Abbott LIB Siobhan Coady LIB Bernard Davis LIB Jim Dinn NDP John Hogan LIB Paul Lane IND Loyola O Driscoll PC Tom Osborne LIB Sarah Stoodley LIB Area 5 City446 02 km2 172 21 sq mi Urban166 0 km2 64 1 sq mi Metro931 56 km2 359 68 sq mi Elevation0 192 m 0 630 ft Population 2021 census 6 City110 525 Density244 1 km2 632 1 sq mi Urban178 427 Urban density1 074 9 km2 2 784 sq mi Metro205 955 5 Metro density255 9 km2 663 sq mi 20th Largest metropolitan area in CanadaTime zoneUTC 03 30 NST Summer DST UTC 02 30 NDT Postal codeA1A A1H A1SArea code709NTS Map1N10 St John sGNBC CodeABEFS 7 Total Dwellings52 410 2016 5 Median total household income 69 455 CAD 5 GDP St John s CMA CA 13 2 billion 2016 8 GDP per capita St John s CMA CA 63 965 2016 Websitewww wbr stjohns wbr caThe city spans 446 04 km2 172 22 sq mi and is the easternmost city in North America excluding Greenland 9 10 11 12 Its name has been attributed to the belief that John Cabot sailed into the harbour on the Nativity of John the Baptist in 1497 although it is most likely a legend that came with British settlement A more realistic possibility is that a fishing village with the same name existed without a permanent settlement for most of the 16th century 13 The city was founded by Spanish fishermen from the Guipuzcoa port of Pasajes de San Juan who arrived in those lands at the beginning of the 16th century in search of fishing settled and called the place San Juan de Pasajes which is referred to as San Juan de Terranova in modern day Spanish 14 Indicated as Sao Joao on a Portuguese map from 1519 it is one of the oldest cities in North America 15 It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 With a metropolitan population of approximately 212 579 as of February 9 2022 the St John s Metropolitan Area is Canada s 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area CMA in Atlantic Canada after Halifax 16 The city has a rich history having played a role in the Seven Years War the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St John s 17 Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination 18 St John s was referred to as Baile Sheain Johnstown in the poetry of Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara 1715 1810 and among speakers of the Irish language in Newfoundland 19 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1500 1799 1 1 1 The oldest European settlement in North America controversy 1 2 Modern history 1800 present 1 2 1 Fires 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Cityscape 4 Demographics 4 1 Ethnicity 4 2 Language 4 3 Religion 5 Economy 6 Culture 6 1 Museums 6 2 National Historic Sites 6 3 Urban parks 6 3 1 Botanical Garden 7 Recreation and Sport 7 1 Hockey 7 2 Other sports 7 3 Walking trails 8 Law and government 8 1 Crime 9 Infrastructure 9 1 Transportation 9 1 1 Airport 9 1 2 Highway 9 1 3 Cycling 9 1 4 Transit 9 1 5 Railway 9 2 Medical centres and hospitals 10 Education 11 Local media 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 References 15 1 Notes 15 2 Bibliography 16 External linksHistory EditFurther information Timeline of St John s history Early history 1500 1799 Edit St John s was used by fishermen setting up seasonal camps in the early 1500s 20 Sebastian Cabot declared in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map 21 that St John s earned its name when he and his father the Venetian explorer John Cabot in the service of England became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour on the morning of 24 June 1494 per British and French historians in 1497 22 the feast day of Saint John the Baptist 10 However the locations of Cabot s landfalls are disputed 23 24 A series of expeditions to St John s by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century and by 1540 French Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula In the Basque Country it is a common belief the name of St John s was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St John s is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country where one of the fishing towns is called St John in Spanish San Juan and in Basque Donibane 11 The earliest record of the location appears as Sao Joao on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519 When the English mariner John Rut visited St John s in 1527 he found Norman Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour On 3 August 1527 Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America this was the first known letter sent from North America St Jehan is shown on Nicolas Desliens s world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in Joao Freire s Atlas of 1546 25 On 5 August 1583 an English Sea Dog Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the area as England s first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I 26 There was no permanent population however and Gilbert was lost at sea during his return voyage thereby ending any immediate plans for settlement 11 By 1620 the fishermen of England s West Country controlled most of Newfoundland s east coast 27 In 1627 William Payne called St John s the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country 28 Sometime after 1630 the town of St John s was established as a permanent community Before this English fishermen were expressly forbidden by the English government at the urging of the West Country fishing industry from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast 29 The population grew slowly in the 17th century St John s was Newfoundland s largest settlement when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675 25 The population grew in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen 11 In 1680 fishing ships mostly from South Devon set up fishing rooms at St John s bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats 25 The town s first significant defenses were likely erected due to commercial interests following the temporary seizure of St John s by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665 citation needed The inhabitants fended off a second Dutch attack in 1673 when it was defended by Christopher Martin an English merchant captain Martin landed six cannons from his vessel the Elias Andrews and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near Chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour With only 23 men the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships The English government planned to expand these fortifications Fort William in around 1689 but construction did not begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign 1696 When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697 they found rubble where the town and fortifications had stood citation needed In 1762 the British and French fought in the Battle of Signal Hill It was the last battle of the North American theatre in the Seven Years War The French attacked St John s again in 1705 Siege of St John s and captured it in 1708 Battle of St John s devastating civilian structures with fire on each instance 25 The harbour remained fortified through most of the 18th and 19th centuries 11 The final battle of the Seven Years War in North America known as the French and Indian War in the US was fought in 1762 in St John s 11 Following a surprise capture of the town by the French early in the year the British responded and at the Battle of Signal Hill the French surrendered St John s to British forces under the command of Colonel William Amherst 25 30 In the late 1700s Fort Amherst and Fort Waldegrave were built to defend the harbour entrance 31 The oldest European settlement in North America controversy Edit There has been some controversy regarding which European settlement is the oldest in North America As mentioned above while English fishermen had set up seasonal camps in St John s in the 16th century they were expressly forbidden by the English government at the urging of the West Country fishing industry from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast As a result the town of St John s was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s 29 With respect to the oldest surviving permanent English settlements in North America it was preceded by Jamestown Virginia 1607 32 the Cuper s Cove colony at Cupids in Newfoundland 1610 St George s Bermuda 1612 33 and the Bristol s Hope colony at Harbour Grace in Newfoundland 1618 34 Each of these English settlements were far later than other European settlements in North America such as St Augustine Florida established by Spain in 1565 35 Modern history 1800 present Edit On 24 April 1800 the United Irish Uprising occurred when 19 Irish soldiers who were part of the British garrison stationed in Newfoundland mutinied The mutineers who were suspected to be members of the Society of United Irishmen fled to the countryside after the mutiny failed and were apprehended in a manner of weeks and court martialled Of the 17 mutineers captured 8 were executed 4 were let go while 5 were sentenced to penal transportation 36 The 18th century saw major changes in Newfoundland population growth beginnings of government establishment of churches reinforcement of commercial ties with North America and development of the seal salmon and Grand Banks fisheries St John s population grew slowly Although it was primarily a fishing station it was also a garrison a centre of government and a commercial hub St John s served as a naval base during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 25 St John s shortly after the Great Fire of 1892 The fire destroyed a significant portion of the city Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St John s on 12 December 1901 from his wireless station in Poldhu Cornwall 17 St John s was the starting point for the first non stop transatlantic aircraft flight by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber in June 1919 departing from Lester s Field in St John s and ending in a bog near Clifden Connemara Ireland 37 In July 2005 the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft with St John s International Airport substituting for Lester s Field now an urban and residential part of the city 38 During the Second World War the harbour supported Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy ships that were engaged in anti submarine warfare It was the site of an American Army Air Force base Fort Pepperrell that was established as part of the Lend Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United Kingdom and United States 11 The base included several US manned coast defence guns and a Canadian manned battery of two Lend Lease 10 inch M1888 guns was at Fort Cape Spear 39 40 The base was transferred to Canadian control in 1960 and is now known as CFS St John s The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire in December 1942 saw 99 military and civilian lives lost 41 St John s and the province as a whole was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the northern cod fishery which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years 42 After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation the city s proximity to the Hibernia Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields led to an economic boom that spurred population growth and commercial development As a result the St John s area now accounts for about half of the province s economic output 43 44 As of 2012 St John s contained 21 National Historic Sites of Canada 45 46 Fires Edit St John s was destroyed by major fires in 1816 1817 1819 1846 and 1892 when each time a large part of the city was destroyed The most famous was the Great Fire of 1892 47 page needed On February 12 1816 about eight o clock a fire broke out in a house in a part of the town in St John s in Newfoundland known by the name of the King s Beach and speedily communicated to the houses adjoining and burnt with so much fury that one hundred and twenty houses the homes of about a thousand men women and children were consumed before the conflagration was stayed 48 There were two citywide fires in 1817 known jointly as The Great Fire of 1817 49 Then in 1819 fire destroyed 120 houses 50 There was a further major fire in 1846 which started at the shop of a cabinetmaker named Hamlin located on George Street off Queen Street when a glue pot boiled over The fire spread along Water and Duckworth Streets destroying all of the buildings in its path aided by the large quantities of seal oil that were stored in the merchants premises The fire was also aided by an attempt to blow up a house on Water Street which scattered burning embers across the city 51 The final major conflagration of the nineteenth century began on the afternoon of July 8 1892 atop Carter s Hill on Freshwater Road Initially the fire did not cause any widespread panic however a series of catastrophic coincidences caused the fire to spread and devour virtually all of the east end of the city including much of its major commercial area before being extinguished 52 Geography EditSt John s is along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland 53 The city is North America s most easterly city excluding Greenland 9 it is 475 km 295 mi closer to London England than it is to Edmonton Alberta 54 It is also closer to all of Ireland than to Miami also on the east coast of North America 55 56 The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax Nova Scotia 57 Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St John s Harbour and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north south east and west The city covers a total of 446 04 km2 172 22 sq mi larger than Montreal but the majority of its area remains covered by undeveloped woods Coniferous trees such as black spruce white spruce and balsam fir dominate the native vegetation The largest deciduous tree is white birch species of lesser stature include alder cherry and mountain ash Of introduced tree species sycamore maple is most abundant and Norway maple is common Blue spruce common horsechestnut European beech and littleleaf linden are among the other non native species grown 58 Downtown St John s from Signal Hill The city s location on the Avalon Peninsula s northeast coast makes it North America s most easterly city excluding Greenland Climate Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message St John s has a humid continental climate Koppen Dfb 59 with smaller seasonal variation than normal for the latitude which is due to Gulf Stream moderation Mean temperatures range from 4 9 C 23 2 F in February to 16 1 C 61 0 F in August showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east where tropical storms and sometimes hurricanes travel from the United States The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation 60 Of major Canadian cities St John s is the foggiest 124 days 61 and windiest 24 3 km h 15 1 mph average speed 62 Precipitation is frequent and often heavy falling year round On average summer is the driest season with only occasional thunderstorm activity and the wettest months are from October to January with December the wettest single month with nearly 165 mm 6 50 in of precipitation on average This winter precipitation maximum is unusual for humid continental climates which typically have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum for example most of the Midwestern United States Most heavy precipitation events in St John s are the product of intense mid latitude storms from the Northeastern United States and New England states and these are most common and intense from October to March bringing heavy precipitation commonly 40 to 80 mm 1 6 to 3 1 in of rainfall equivalent in a single storm and strong winds citation needed In winter two or more types of precipitation rain freezing rain sleet and snow can fall from passage of a single storm Snowfall is heavy averaging approximately 335 cm 132 in per winter season However winter storms can bring changing precipitation types Heavy snow can turn into heavy rain melting the snow cover and possibly back to snow or ice perhaps briefly all in the same storm resulting in little or no net snow accumulation Snow cover in St John s is variable and especially early in the winter season may be slow to develop but can extend well into the spring months March April The St John s area is subject to freezing rain events called silver thaws the worst of which paralyzed the city in April 1984 and April 2017 citation needed On January 17 2020 St John s declared a state of emergency due to a snowstorm that brought an estimated 76 cm 30 in a one day snowfall record for St John s and hurricane force winds up to 130 km h 81 mph 63 64 65 66 The following day the Canadian Army was called in to aid snow removal 67 The state of emergency ended eight days later 68 The highest temperature ever recorded in St John s was 33 9 C 93 0 F on 14 August 1876 69 The coldest temperature ever recorded was 29 4 C 20 9 F on 16 February 1875 70 Climate data for St John s International Airport 1981 2010 normals extremes 1874 present a Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high humidex 19 2 17 3 17 2 26 1 29 5 34 8 38 5 37 7 35 8 29 8 23 7 20 7 38 5Record high C F 15 7 60 3 16 0 60 8 19 4 66 9 24 1 75 4 27 2 81 0 30 6 87 1 32 2 90 0 33 9 93 0 29 5 85 1 24 6 76 3 19 4 66 9 17 9 64 2 33 9 93 0 Average high C F 0 8 30 6 1 1 30 0 1 0 33 8 5 6 42 1 11 1 52 0 15 8 60 4 20 7 69 3 20 5 68 9 16 5 61 7 10 8 51 4 6 4 43 5 1 8 35 2 9 0 48 2 Daily mean C F 4 5 23 9 4 9 23 2 2 6 27 3 1 9 35 4 6 4 43 5 10 9 51 6 15 8 60 4 16 1 61 0 12 4 54 3 7 4 45 3 3 0 37 4 1 5 29 3 5 0 41 0 Average low C F 8 2 17 2 8 6 16 5 6 1 21 0 1 9 28 6 1 7 35 1 5 9 42 6 10 9 51 6 11 6 52 9 8 2 46 8 3 9 39 0 0 3 31 5 4 7 23 5 1 0 33 8 Record low C F 28 3 18 9 29 4 20 9 25 6 14 1 18 3 0 9 6 7 19 9 3 3 26 1 1 1 30 0 0 5 32 9 1 7 28 9 5 6 21 9 14 4 6 1 20 0 4 0 29 4 20 9 Record low wind chill 35 7 40 3 40 3 21 4 14 2 7 7 3 4 0 0 4 4 11 8 24 6 34 3 40 3Average precipitation mm inches 149 2 5 87 129 5 5 10 142 2 5 60 122 9 4 84 102 6 4 04 97 6 3 84 91 6 3 61 100 0 3 94 129 6 5 10 156 2 6 15 148 1 5 83 164 8 6 49 1 534 2 60 40 Average rainfall mm inches 66 0 2 60 61 6 2 43 84 8 3 34 96 1 3 78 97 9 3 85 97 5 3 84 91 6 3 61 100 0 3 94 129 6 5 10 153 7 6 05 124 8 4 91 102 9 4 05 1 206 4 47 50 Average snowfall cm inches 88 7 34 9 71 0 28 0 57 3 22 6 25 3 10 0 4 4 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 9 22 4 8 8 63 4 25 0 335 0 131 9 Average precipitation days 0 2 mm 21 8 18 5 19 6 17 3 16 6 14 7 13 6 13 7 15 5 18 6 19 7 22 0 211 7Average rainy days 0 2 mm 9 3 8 6 11 0 13 9 15 9 14 7 13 6 13 7 15 5 18 1 15 7 12 7 162 6Average snowy days 0 2 cm 18 3 14 6 13 3 7 0 2 1 0 07 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 6 14 6 78 9Average relative humidity 80 4 77 9 76 2 75 6 71 5 71 1 69 7 71 2 73 5 76 7 79 8 82 3 75 5Mean monthly sunshine hours 65 5 90 2 107 4 140 4 176 3 198 9 216 7 206 6 170 5 122 1 76 3 62 4 1 633 2Percent possible sunshine 23 7 31 1 29 2 34 3 37 6 41 7 44 9 46 7 45 1 36 2 27 2 23 7 35 1Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 5 3 1 1 4Source Environment Canada 70 71 72 73 69 74 and Weather Atlas 75 Cityscape EditMain article Architecture of St John s Newfoundland and Labrador See also Neighbourhoods in St John s Newfoundland and Labrador and List of tallest buildings in St John s Newfoundland and Labrador Quidi Vidi neighborhood Some residences storage shacks and wharves primarily made of wood St John s architecture has a distinct style different from the rest of Canada and its major buildings are remnants of its history as one of the first British colonial capitals Buildings took a variety of styles according to the means available to build them citation needed Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen St John s consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen sheds storage shacks and wharves constructed out of wood Like many other cities of the time as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced the landscape changed as the city grew The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core and most residential and other wood frame buildings date from this period 47 page needed Some houses in St John s are painted in bright colours Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets in St John s is typically painted in bright colours hence the nickname Jelly Bean Row for downtown row housing 76 The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area including restrictions on the height of buildings 77 These regulations have caused much controversy over the years With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations Heritage advocates argue the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development 78 79 80 81 To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city s heritage the city council amended heritage regulations which originally restricted height to 15 m 49 ft in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop s Cove and Steer s Cove to create the Commercial Central Retail West Zone The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height A 47 m 154 ft 12 storey office building which includes retail space and a parking garage was the first building to be approved in this area 82 Demographics EditHistorical populationsYearPop 195152 873 195657 078 8 0 196163 633 11 5 196679 884 25 5 197188 102 10 3 197686 576 1 7 198183 770 3 2 198696 216 14 9 199195 770 0 5 1996101 936 6 4 200199 182 2 7 2006100 646 1 5 2011106 172 5 5 2016108 860 2 5 2021110 525 1 5 Source Statistics Canada 83 5 84 85 86 87 Ethnic origin 2016 88 Ethnic origin percentageCanadian 42 3English 40 4Irish 32 7Scottish 9 3French 5 4Aboriginal 4 9German 2 9In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada St John s had a population of 110 525 living in 49 298 of its 54 067 total private dwellings a change of 1 5 from its 2016 population of 108 860 With a land area of 446 02 km2 172 21 sq mi it had a population density of 247 8 km2 641 8 sq mi in 2021 87 At the census metropolitan area CMA level in the 2021 census the St John s CMA had a population of 212 579 living in 89 999 of its 97 429 total private dwellings a change of 2 from its 2016 population of 208 418 With a land area of 931 56 km2 359 68 sq mi it had a population density of 228 2 km2 591 0 sq mi in 2021 89 Apart from St John s the CMA includes 12 other communities the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South Paradise Portugal Cove St Philip s Torbay Logy Bay Middle Cove Outer Cove Pouch Cove Flatrock Bay Bulls Witless Bay Petty Harbour Maddox Cove and Bauline 90 Also as of the 2021 census there are 178 427 people in the St John s population centre 91 There are 52 410 total private dwellings in St John s with an occupancy rate of 90 9 The median value of a private dwelling in St John s is 309 631 lower than the national median value of 341 556 but higher than the provincial median value of 219 228 citation needed St John s has a median age of 40 5 compared to 41 2 nationally and 46 0 in Newfoundland and Labrador Children under 15 make up 13 9 of the population while people 65 and over make up 16 5 70 6 of residents aged 25 to 65 have a post secondary certificate diploma or degree while 20 6 have a secondary school diploma or equivalent 7 4 have an apprenticeship or trades certificate and 8 8 hold no certificates diplomas or degrees The city has an unemployment rate of 8 9 much lower than the provincial rate of 15 6 but somewhat higher than the national rate of 7 7 citation needed The 2021 census reported that immigrants individuals born outside Canada comprise 7 515 persons or 7 0 of the total population of St John s Of the total immigrant population the top countries of origin were United Kingdom 805 persons or 10 7 Philippines 625 persons or 8 3 United States of America 510 persons or 6 8 India 485 persons or 6 5 Syria 455 persons or 6 1 China 420 persons or 5 6 Nigeria 310 persons or 4 1 Bangladesh 195 persons or 2 6 Pakistan 155 persons or 2 1 and Eritrea 150 persons or 2 0 92 Ethnicity Edit As of 2021 approximately 86 5 of the city was white 10 1 were visible minorities and 3 3 were Indigenous The largest visible minority groups were South Asian Canadian 2 8 followed by Black Canadians 2 3 Chinese Canadians and Arab Canadians 1 3 each 92 Panethnic groups in the City of St John s 2001 2021 Panethnicgroup 2021 92 2016 93 2011 94 2006 95 2001 96 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop European b 93 160 86 53 96 310 89 93 96 995 93 35 95 365 95 92 95 235 97 29 Indigenous 3 585 3 33 3 250 3 03 2 705 2 6 1 110 1 12 685 0 7 South Asian 2 985 2 77 1 640 1 53 1 195 1 15 875 0 88 700 0 72 African 2 510 2 33 1 495 1 4 930 0 9 520 0 52 240 0 25 Middle Eastern c 1 895 1 76 1 270 1 19 335 0 32 245 0 25 230 0 23 East Asian d 1 550 1 44 1 750 1 63 1 100 1 06 870 0 88 535 0 55 Southeast Asian e 1 140 1 06 710 0 66 310 0 3 105 0 11 165 0 17 Latin American 515 0 48 485 0 45 130 0 13 285 0 29 45 0 05 Other f 325 0 3 185 0 17 205 0 2 55 0 06 40 0 04 Total responses 107 660 97 41 107 095 98 38 103 905 97 86 99 425 98 79 97 885 98 69 Total population 110 525 100 108 860 100 106 172 100 100 646 100 99 182 100 Note Totals greater than 100 due to multiple origin responses Language Edit English is the mother tongue spoken by the majority of residents of St John s 92 9 with the second most common language Chinese as the mother tongue of 1 1 of the population French is the mother tongue of 0 6 of the population 99 5 of the population speak French or English or both 97 Religion Edit The Basilica of St John the Baptist is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St John s The Catholic church is the largest religious institution in the city According to the 2021 census religious groups in St John s included 92 Christianity 75 965 persons or 70 6 Irreligion 26 170 persons or 24 3 Islam 3 215 persons or 3 0 Hinduism 890 persons or 0 8 Sikhism 475 persons or 0 4 Buddhism 285 persons or 0 3 Judaism 175 persons or 0 2 Indigenous Spirituality 25 persons or lt 0 1 Other 470 persons or 0 4 The information below is from the 2001 Canadian Census 98 and the National Household Survey 2011 99 The population of St John s was once divided along sectarian Catholic Protestant lines but in recent years this sectarianism has declined significantly The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St John s and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001 to 2011 with an increase in those with no religion from 3 9 to 11 1 100 Religion 2001 2011 2011 Total Roman Catholic 48 9 48 4 50 370Anglican 22 8 16 1 16 745United Church 15 0 12 8 13 345Pentecostal 2 3 2 3 2 390No religion 3 9 11 1 11 505Economy EditSee also List of companies headquartered in St John s Newfoundland and Labrador An oil platform in the Terra Nova oil field A number of offshore oil developments lie off the coast of St John s St John s economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean The civil service which is supported by the federal provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city s labour force and to the stability of its economy which supports a sizable retail service and business sector 101 With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it oil and gas as opposed to what swims in or travels across it 102 The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities 103 ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St John s and companies such as Chevron Husky Energy Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city 104 105 Three major offshore oil developments Hibernia Terra Nova and White Rose are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development Hebron discovered in 1981 and put online in 2017 is estimated to contain over 700 million barrels of producible hydrocarbons 106 107 The economy has grown quickly in recent years In 2010 and 2011 the metro area s gross domestic product GDP led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country according to the Conference Board of Canada recording growth of 6 6 and 5 8 respectively 108 At 52 000 the city s per capita GDP is the second highest out of all major Canadian cities 109 Economic forecasts suggest the city will continue its strong economic growth in the coming years not only in the oceanic industries mentioned above but also in tourism and new home construction as the population continues to grow In May 2011 the city s unemployment rate fell to 5 6 the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada 110 St John s is also becoming known as an entrepreneurial city In a 2009 report by the Canadian Federation of Independent Business Communities in Boom Canada s Top Entrepreneurial Cities St John s was ranked the best major city in Atlantic Canada and 19th overall in Canada for providing a good environment for small business development 111 Culture Edit Water Street is notable for its boutiques and restaurants Located in downtown St John s The Rooms houses the provincial art gallery and museum The downtown area is the cultural hub of St John s and is a major tourist destination in Newfoundland and Labrador and Atlantic Canada Water Street and Duckworth Street are known for their brightly coloured low rise heritage buildings housing numerous tourist shops clothing boutiques and restaurants 112 113 George Street a downtown side street above the western end of Water Street is the predominant home of the city s nightlife It holds numerous annual festivals including the George Street Festival in August and the Mardi Gras Festival in October The street can be credited with kick starting the careers of many musical acts and is busy nearly every night of the week 114 115 The city has a symphony orchestra a string quartet and several choirs In addition the School of Music of Memorial University of Newfoundland has several ensembles including a chamber orchestra 116 St Johns also plays host to the Tuckamore Festival of chamber music which has been held every August since 2001 117 Opera on the Avalon puts on performances of opera over several days in the summer 117 Established in 1987 the Kittiwake Dance Theatre is one of the province s leading dance companies 118 The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts The Hall hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown 119 The careers of many well known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer Mark Critch Mary Walsh Cathy Jones Andy Jones and Greg Thomey 120 121 The St John s Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery libraries and a 1000 seat theatre which is the city s major venue for entertainment productions 122 The Nickel Film Festival and the St John s International Women s Film Festival are two independent film festivals held annually in St John s 123 Lawnya Vawnya is an annual music festival Museums Edit Newfoundland and Labrador dog statues in Harbourside Park created by Luben Boykov in 2002 The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador c 1892 93 was on Duckworth Street in a building designated as a heritage site by the City of St John s 124 In 2005 the museum along with the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador moved into The Rooms The Rooms is Newfoundland and Labrador s cultural facility and is in the downtown area 125 Other museums include the Railway Coastal Museum a transportation museum in the 104 year old Newfoundland and Labrador train station building on Water Street 126 The Johnson Geo Centre is a geological interpretation centre on Signal Hill 127 National Historic Sites Edit Cabot Tower overlooks the city from Signal Hill The hill was named a National Historic Site due to its association with Canada s defence and communication history The Murray Premises is a National Historic Site in downtown St John s 128 The buildings once served as a fishery premises with facilities for drying and packaging fish and warehouses for fish barrels and other items The oldest of the buildings is the one facing on Beck s Cove It was built after the 1846 fire and for a time served as both shop and house The Murray Premises was renovated in 1979 and now contains office suites restaurants retail stores and a boutique hotel 129 130 Another National Historic Site is Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St John s It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot s discovery of Newfoundland and Queen Victoria s Diamond Jubilee 129 The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901 131 Today Signal Hill is a National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular among tourists and locals 97 of all tourists to St John s visit Signal Hill Amongst its popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo showcasing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of Foot c 1795 and the North Head Trail which offers an impressive view of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast 132 Urban parks Edit Pippy Park is an urban park in the east end of the city with over 1 400 ha 3 400 acres of land it is one of Canada s largest urban parks The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses Newfoundland and Labrador s largest serviced campground walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle s Hill Brook 133 Bowring Park in the Waterford Valley is one of the most scenic parks in St John s Entrance to the park is via Waterford Bridge Road passing a sculptured duck pond and a statue of Peter Pan The park land was donated to the city in 1911 by Sir Edgar Rennie Bowring on behalf of Bowring Brothers Ltd on their 100th anniversary of commerce in Newfoundland The park was officially opened by His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught on 15 July 1914 134 Bannerman Park is a Victorian style park near the downtown The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park 129 Today the park contains a public swimming pool playground a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas Bannerman Park hosts many festivals and sporting events most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St John s Peace a chord The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race 135 Botanical Garden Edit The university also operates the Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden Recreation and Sport Edit Mile One Centre is an multi purpose indoor arena It is used as the home arena for the NBLC s St John s Edge and the ECHL s Newfoundland Growlers Hockey Edit St John s has been home to several professional hockey franchises The St John s Maple Leafs were an American Hockey League AHL team from 1991 to 2005 The team left after the 2004 05 season to Toronto due to the desire of its parent team the Toronto Maple Leafs to reduce travel costs and to have a tenant for its Ricoh Coliseum 136 Shortly after the Maple Leafs were replaced by the St John s Fog Devils of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League QMJHL The team left St John s in 2008 after just three seasons due to a poor lease arrangement with the city over the use of Mile One Centre and poor attendance 137 138 From 2011 until 2017 it was home to the St John s IceCaps in the AHL 139 The IceCaps operated under two separate franchises and affiliations during its time in St John s the first owned by the Winnipeg Jets True North Sports amp Entertainment and the second by the Montreal Canadiens Molson family Both franchises were relocated to be closer to their parent team In 2018 the ECHL approved an expansion team for St John s with the Newfoundland Growlers The team became the ECHL affiliate of the Toronto Maple Leafs bringing the Leafs back to St John s for the first time since 2005 Other sports Edit The St John s Edge was a Canadian professional basketball team based in National Basketball League of Canada that launched as an expansion team for the 2017 18 season at the Mile One Centre 140 The team was owned by Atlantic Sport Enterprises Ltd headed by John Graham with Irwin Simon and Robert Sabbagh 141 The team replaced the IceCaps as the primary tenant at the Mile One Centre after their departure In 2021 the Edge did not obtain a lease extension at the Mile One Centre In September 2021 the City of St John s signed a five year lease agreement with the American Basketball Association 142 to bring the expansion Newfoundland Rogues to Mile One Centre 143 Several weeks after the announcement of a new basketball team Mary Browns a fast food chain that originated in NL purchased the naming rights to Mile One Centre renaming it Mary Brown s Centre 144 The Atlantic Rock are a senior men s rugby union team who compete in the Canadian Rugby Championship The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006 the Newfoundland Rock The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006 where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56 7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France The 2007 age grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city 145 St John s hosts North America s oldest annual sporting event the Royal St John s Regatta St John s is home to North America s oldest annual sporting event the Royal St John s Regatta which dates back to at least 1816 The event is important enough in the life of the city that the day of the Regatta the first Wednesday in August weather permitting is a civic holiday one of the few weather dependent holidays in the world 146 The Tely 10 Mile Road Race is an annual 10 mi 16 km road race that starts in Paradise and finishes at Bannerman Park The race draws in excess of 2 500 runners It began in 1922 which makes it one of the oldest road races in Canada 147 St John s was where the Canada men s national soccer team qualified for their first FIFA World Cup on 14 September 1985 when they defeated Honduras 2 1 at King George V Park 148 Curling has gained prominence in St John s over the years The 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts the Canadian women s curling championship was held at Mile One Centre from 19 to 27 February 2005 149 The 2006 Olympic gold medalist men s curling team skipped by Brad Gushue is based in St John s at the Bally Haly Golf amp Curling Club 150 Gushue and his team launched a campaign to return the Brier to the province for 2017 a successful bid They would go on to win the Brier as well as representing Canada at the World Championships three weeks later going undefeated and winning the gold medal The Brier win was the second for the province 1976 and the second time as event host 1972 The city has two curling clubs the St John s Curling Club and the Bally Haly The St John s Avalon Harps are the local Hurling and Gaelic Football team that compete in Canadian GAA events Walking trails Edit Railway Coastal Museum Two hiking routes pass the museum There are numerous recreational paths in the city the most important is the Grand Concourse which has trails throughout the city including around Quidi Vidi Lake parts of Signal Hill Downtown along river banks and around other lakes The Grand Concourse also extends into Mount Pearl 151 There are also many kilometres of path within Signal Hill National Historic Park 152 the Geo Vista Park on the lower sloe of Signal Hill 153 Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden 154 and within Pippy Park 155 There are also trails used by mountain bikers trail runners and walkers on the White Hills behind the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and the RCMP headquarters 156 The Trans Canada Trail leaves St John s from the Railway Coastal Museum and follows the trackbed of the former Newfoundland Railway right across the Island though it now starts at Cape Spear continues to Fort Amherst and connects at the station via a footbridge with the original mile zero at the Museum The East Coast Trail also passes through St John s coming from Topsail Beach in the north to pass through St John s via Quidi Vidi Signal Hill and Water Street before connecting with the Trans Canada Trail at the Railway Coastal Museum before heading east to Cape Spear and then continuing south to Cappahayden 157 Law and government EditSee also St John s City Council and List of mayors of St John s Newfoundland and Labrador St John s is governed by a mayor council system and the structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of St John s Act 158 159 The St John s City Council is a unicameral legislative body composed of a mayor deputy mayor and nine councillors The mayor deputy mayor and four of the councillors are elected at large while the five other councillors represent geographical wards throughout the city The mayor and members of the city council serve four year terms without term limits 160 Elections in St John s are held every four years on the last Tuesday in September The current city council was elected in the municipal election held on 28 September 2021 The Mayor of St John s is Danny Breen 161 The St John s City Hall on New Gower Street has housed municipal offices and Council Chambers since being officially opened in 1970 129 162 The province s House of Assembly meets in St John s at Confederation Building St John s served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada s tenth province in 1949 163 The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador therefore the provincial legislature is in the city 164 The Confederation Building on Confederation Hill is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly MHAs and Ministers 164 The city is represented by eight MHAs six who are members of the governing Liberal Party one that belong to the New Democratic Party NDP and one that belong to the Progressive Conservative Party 165 St John s is represented in the House of Commons by two members of Parliament Liberal Joanne Thompson represents St John s East 166 and Liberal Seamus O Regan represents St John s South Mount Pearl 167 168 The Newfoundland and Labrador office for the regional federal minister is in downtown St John s Regional offices for federal government departments and agencies are throughout the city 169 170 St John s federal election results 171 Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green2021 51 23 622 16 7 334 31 14 475 0 02019 43 23 774 15 8 204 39 21 498 2 1 070St John s provincial election results 172 Year Liberal PC New Democratic2019 42 17 178 32 13 268 23 9 6472015 50 19 142 22 8 566 28 10 745 Crime Edit A Royal Newfoundland Constabulary RNC police car on patrol The RNC serves as the primary policing body for the metropolitan area Police services for the city are provided by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary which serves as the primary policing body of the metropolitan area 173 The B Division headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is located in the Pleasantville neighborhood however the RCMP primarily operate in rural Newfoundland and Labrador and not St John s 174 St John s has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live however in recent years crime in the city has steadily increased While national crime decreased by 4 in 2009 the total crime rate in St John s saw an increase of 4 During this same time violent crime in the city decreased 6 compared to a 1 decrease nationally 175 176 In 2010 the total crime severity index for the city was 101 9 an increase of 10 from 2009 and 19 2 above the national average The violent crime severity index was 90 1 an increase of 29 from 2009 and 1 2 above the national average St John s had the seventh highest metropolitan crime index and twelfth highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010 177 According to Statistics Canada s Juristat reports 1993 2007 the metropolitan area reports an average homicide rate of approximately 1 15 per 100 000 population an average of two homicides per year An all time high rate of 2 27 was reported in 1993 four homicides This figure is far below the national average and ranks amongst the lowest rates for any metropolitan area in Canada 178 Infrastructure EditTransportation Edit CCGS Henry Larsen in St John s Harbour where Canadian Coast Guard vessels use St John s as a home port St John s International Airport serves as the international airport for the metropolitan area It is the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada St John s has a substantial harbour Among other things the harbour is the base for the following Canadian Coast Guard CCG ships CCGS Ann Harvey icebreaker CCGS George R Pearkes icebreaker CCGS Henry Larsen icebreaker CCGS Louis S St Laurent icebreaker CCGS Terry Fox icebreaker CCGS Cygnus patrol vessel CCGS Leonard J Cowley multi role CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell multi roleAirport Edit St John s is served by St John s International Airport YYT located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core 179 In 2011 roughly 1 400 000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume 180 181 Regular destinations include Toronto Halifax Montreal Ottawa and small destinations throughout the province International locations include London Saint Pierre Cancun Orlando Tampa Fort Lauderdale Varadero Cayo Coco and Montego Bay Scheduled service providers include Air Canada Air Canada Jazz Air Saint Pierre Air Transat Porter Airlines Provincial Airlines Sunwing Airlines and Westjet 182 Highway Edit St John s is the eastern terminus of the Trans Canada Highway Route 1 one of the longest national highways in the world 183 The divided highway also known as Outer Ring Road runs just outside the main part of the city with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive Route 2 Topsail Road Route 60 Team Gushue Highway Route 3A Thorburn Road Route 50 Allandale Road Portugal Cove Road Route 40 and Torbay Road Route 20 providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets Pitts Memorial Drive Route 2 runs from Conception Bay South through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St John s with interchanges for Goulds Routes 3 and 10 The Parkway Columbus Drive Water Street and Hamilton Avenue New Gower Street Cycling Edit The St John s Cycling Master Plan was officially launched in July 2009 Its first phase will consist of 43 km 27 mi of on road painted bike lanes signs on an additional 73 km 45 mi of roadway the installation of 20 bicycle parking facilities and the addition of bike racks on the fleet of 53 Metrobuses 184 Transit Edit Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region 185 Metrobus has a total of 19 routes 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3 014 073 186 Destinations include the Avalon Mall The Village Shopping Centre Memorial University Academy Canada the College of the North Atlantic the Marine Institute the Confederation Building downtown Stavanger Drive Business Park Kelsey Drive Goulds Kilbride Shea Heights the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St John s and Mount Pearl 187 Railway Edit St John s was the eastern terminus of the Newfoundland Railway from 1898 until the abandonment and closure of the railway in September 1988 188 Medical centres and hospitals Edit St John s is served by Eastern Health Newfoundland and Labrador s largest health authority 189 The city s major hospitals include the Health Sciences Centre St Clare s Mercy Hospital Waterford Hospital and the Janeway Children s Health and Rehabilitation Centre 190 Education Edit Memorial University of Newfoundland is the largest university in Atlantic Canada by enrolment There are 32 Anglophone primary elementary and secondary schools in the city of St John s including two private schools 191 St John s also has two schools that are part of the province wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone 192 CSF the Francophone public school district It has two private schools St Bonaventure s College and Lakecrest Independent 193 The main campus of Atlantic Canada s largest university Memorial University of Newfoundland MUN is in St John s 194 There are satellite campuses on Signal Hill St John s and the Ocean Sciences Centre in nearby Logy Bay The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland MI or simply Marine Institute is a post secondary ocean and marine polytechnic in St John s and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees and was one of the top ten comprehensive universities in Canada according to Macleans in 2021 195 The College of the North Atlantic CNA is the public college of the province and operates two main campuses in the city 196 CNA provides career trade and university transfer programs for St John s residents 197 The city hosts several private colleges and post secondary schools Academy Canada Eastern College and Keyin College are the largest of these 198 Local media EditMain article Media in St John s Newfoundland and Labrador St John s has one daily newspaper The Telegram 199 Other local papers include The Muse The Gazette Le Gaboteur The Scope The Business Post and The Current St John s also receives the nationally distributed newspaper The Globe and Mail 200 201 202 203 CJON DT known on air as NTV is an independent station The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St John s and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT DT broadcasts from University Avenue The city is home to 15 AM and FM radio stations two of which are French language stations The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949 and three AM stations kept their existing call letters However other commercial radio stations in St John s that went to air after 1949 use the same range of prefixes CF CK currently in use elsewhere in Canada with the exception of VOCM FM which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate association with the AM station that bore that callsign VO remains in use in amateur radio allNewfoundlandLabrador is the city s daily online newspaper which focuses on business news from across the province 204 Notable people EditMain article List of people from St John s Newfoundland and LabradorSister cities Edit Ilhavo Portugal 205 Waterford Ireland 206 See also Edit Canada portalList of municipalities in Newfoundland and LabradorReferences Edit St John s City of Legends Memorial University 13 February 2009 Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 Retrieved 4 January 2015 Remembrance Veterans Affairs Canada Vac acc gc ca 26 January 2015 Archived from the original on 10 August 2009 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Search Dictionary of 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Archived from the original on 30 July 2010 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Fisheries and Oceans Regional Contact Nfl dfo mpo gc ca 19 November 2010 Archived from the original on 7 August 2010 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Official Voting Results Raw Data poll by poll results in St John s Elections Canada Retrieved 5 March 2023 Official Voting Results by polling station poll by poll results in St John s Elections Newfoundland amp Labrador Retrieved 5 March 2023 Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Rnc gov nl ca Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 Retrieved 2 January 2011 RCMP Newfoundland and Labrador Detachments Rcmp grc gc ca 2 October 2006 Archived from the original on 17 February 2010 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Police reported crime severity indexes by census metropolitan area1 Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 Retrieved 5 August 2011 Police reported Crime Severity Index values census metropolitan areas CMAs Statistics Canada Archived from the original on 13 May 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from the original on 13 May 2008 Retrieved 28 May 2008 St John s Cycling Master Plan to Receive 1 5 Million Releases gov nl ca 9 July 2009 Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Metrobus Transit Get On Be Moved Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 Retrieved 28 May 2008 Metrobus Ridership Statistics Metrobus com Archived from the original on 5 September 2010 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Summer Schedules Metrobus Transit Archived from the original on 18 August 2011 Retrieved 5 August 2011 Railway Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Heritage nf ca Archived from the original on 5 August 2009 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Eastern Health Our Services Eastern Health Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 Retrieved 4 January 2011 Interactive Map of Hospitals Eastern Health Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 Retrieved 4 January 2011 Newfoundland and Labrador English School District School Directory Archived from the original on 6 May 2021 Retrieved 1 September 2021 Conseil Scolaire Francophone Lakecrest Independent University Profiles Memorial University of Newfoundland Canada s Higher Education and Careers Guide Archived from the original on 2 December 2009 Retrieved 16 December 2009 Canada s best Comprehensive universities Rankings 2021 Archived from the original on 1 September 2021 Retrieved 1 September 2021 CNA Campuses Cna nl ca Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Welcome Cna nl ca Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Private Training Institution Directory Education Ed gov nl ca Archived from the original on 8 October 2009 Retrieved 2 January 2011 CA The Telegram The Telegram Archived from the original on 16 September 2009 Retrieved 2 January 2011 The Muse Themuse ca Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 Retrieved 2 January 2011 MUN Gazette Mun ca 1 October 2010 Archived from the original on 9 December 2015 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Le Gaboteur Gaboteur ca 23 November 2010 Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 Retrieved 2 January 2011 The Scope Thescope ca Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 Retrieved 2 January 2011 Bradshaw James 22 February 2016 Subscription news site AllNovaScotia expands to Newfoundland Globe and Mail Thomson Reuters Archived from the original on 22 October 2016 Retrieved 13 April 2016 St Johns Canada in Portuguese Camara Municipal de Ilhavo Archived from the original on 31 August 2018 Retrieved 8 September 2015 Waterford city and St John s Newfoundland to be twinned The Irish Times 26 June 2002 Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 Retrieved 8 September 2015 Notes Edit Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada climate data was collected in the area of downtown St John s from 1874 to 1956 71 and at St John s Airport from 1942 to the present day 72 Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity Statistic includes total responses of West Asian and Arab under visible minority section on census Statistic includes total responses of Chinese Korean and Japanese under visible minority section on census Statistic includes total responses of Filipino and Southeast Asian under visible minority section on census Statistic includes total responses of Visible minority n i e and Multiple visible minorities under visible minority section on census Bibliography Edit Harding Les Historic St John s The City of Legends Jesperson 1993 ISBN 0 921692 52 8 Galgay Frank Olde St John s Stories from a Seaport City St John s Flanker 2001 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to St John s Wikivoyage has a travel guide for St John s Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title St John 27s Newfoundland and Labrador amp oldid 1158293875, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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