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Raetia

June 02, 2023

For the EuroCity train service, see Rätia (train). For the Free State, see Three Leagues. For the canton of the Helvetic Republic, see Canton of Raetia.

Raetia or Rhaetia (/ˈriːʃ(i)ə/ REE-sh(ee-)ə, Latin: [ˈrae̯ti.a]) was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian people. It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii, on the east with Noricum, on the north with Vindelicia, on the south-west with Transalpine Gaul and on the south with Venetia et Histria, a region of Roman Italy.

Raetia
Provincia Raetia
Province of the Roman Empire
15 BC–476 AD

CapitalAugusta Vindelicorum
History
Historical eraAntiquity
• Established
15 BC
• Ostrogothic conquest[citation needed]
476 AD
Today part of
The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117-138 AD), showing, on the upper Danube river, the imperial province of Raetia (Switzerland/Tyrol/Germany south of the Danube), with no legions deployed there in 125.
Province of Raetia highlighted.

It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance), southern Germany (Bavaria and most of Baden-Württemberg), Vorarlberg and the greater part of Tyrol in Austria, and part of northern Lombardy in Italy. The region of Vindelicia (today eastern Württemberg and western Bavaria) was annexed to the province at a later date than the others. The northern border of Raetia during the reigns of emperors Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube. Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary, stretching for 166 km north of the Danube. Raetia linked to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass, by the Via Claudia Augusta.

The capital of the province was Augusta Vindelicorum, present-day Augsburg in southern Germany.

History

See also: Switzerland in the Roman era

Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians, who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly[1][2] that they were of Etruscan origin (a belief that was favored by Niebuhr and Mommsen). A tradition reported by Justin[3] and Pliny the Elder[1][4] affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from an eponymous leader Raetus. Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, Celtic tribes were already in possession of much of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (es. Euganei) were settled among them.[1]

The Raetians are first mentioned (but only incidentally) by Polybius,[1][5] and little is heard of them till after the end of the Republic. There is little doubt, however, that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 BC by Tiberius and Drusus.[1][6]

At first Raetia formed a distinct province, but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it; hence, Tacitus (Germania, 41) could speak of Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg) as "a colony of the province of Raetia". The whole province (including Vindelicia) was at first under a military prefect, then under a procurator; it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and militia for protection until the 2nd century AD.[1]

During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, Raetia was governed by the commander of the Legio III Italica, which was based in Castra Regina (Regensburg) by 179 AD. Under Diocletian, Raetia formed part of the diocese of the vicarius Italiae, and was subdivided into Raetia prima, with a praeses at Curia Raetorum (Chur) and Raetia secunda, with a praeses at Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the former corresponding to the old Raetia, the latter to Vindelicia. The boundary between them is not clearly defined, but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the lacus Brigantinus (Lake Constance) to the Oenus (River Inn).[1]

During the last years of the Western Roman Empire, the land was in a desolate condition, but its occupation by the Ostrogoths in the time of Theodoric the Great, who placed it under a dux, to some extent revived its prosperity.[1] Much of Raetia prima remained as a separate political unit, Raetia Curiensis, for several centuries, until it was attached to the Duchy of Swabia in AD 917.

Economy

The land was very mountainous, and the inhabitants, when not engaged in predatory expeditions, chiefly supported themselves by breeding cattle and cutting timber, little attention being paid to agriculture. Some of the valleys, however, were rich and fertile, and produced wine, which was considered equal to any in Italia. Augustus preferred Raetian wine to any other. Considerable trade in pitch, honey, wax, and cheese occurred.[1]

Geography

The chief towns of Raetia (excluding Vindelicia) were Tridentum (Trento) and Curia (Coire or Chur). It was traversed by two great lines of Roman roads: the Via Claudia Augusta leading from Verona and Tridentum across the Reschen Pass to the Fern Pass and thence to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg),[7][1] the other from Brigantium (Bregenz) on Lake Constance by Chur and Chiavenna to Como and Milan.[1]

The Rätikon mountain range derives its name from Raetia.

Important cities

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Raetia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 812–813.
  2. ^ Ab urbe condita v. 33
  3. ^ xx. 5
  4. ^ Naturalis Historia, iii. 24, 133
  5. ^ Histories xxxiv. 10, iS
  6. ^ compare Horace, Odes, iv. 4 and 14
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2010-10-12.

Further reading

  • A. Baruffi, Spirit of Rhaetia: The Call of the Holy Mountains (LiteraryJoint, Philadelphia, PA, 2020), ISBN 978-1-716-30027-1
  • PC von Planta, Das alte Rätien (Berlin, 1872)
  • T Mommsen in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, iii. p. 706
  • Joachim Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, 1. (2nd ed., 1881) p. 288
  • Ludwig Steub, Ueber die Urbewohner Rätiens und ihren Zusammenhang mit den Etruskern (Munich, 1843)
  • Julius Jung, Römer und Romanen in den Donauländern (Innsbruck, 1877)
  • Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1873)
  • T Mommsen, The Roman Provinces (English translation, 1886), i. pp. 16, 161, 196
  • Mary B Peaks, The General Civil and Military Administration of Noricum and Raetia (Chicago, 1907).

External links

  • Bagnall, R., J. Drinkwater, A. Esmonde-Cleary, W. Harris, R. Knapp, S. Mitchell, S. Parker, C. Wells, J. Wilkes, R. Talbert, M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (18 January 2018). "Places: 991348 (Raetia)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
47°21′36″N 8°33′36″E / 47.3600°N 8.5600°E / 47.3600; 8.5600

June 02, 2023
raetia, eurocity, train, service, rätia, train, free, state, three, leagues, canton, helvetic, republic, canton, rhaetia, latin, ˈrae, province, roman, empire, named, after, rhaetian, people, bordered, west, with, country, helvetii, east, with, noricum, north,. For the EuroCity train service see Ratia train For the Free State see Three Leagues For the canton of the Helvetic Republic see Canton of Raetia Raetia or Rhaetia ˈ r iː ʃ i e REE sh ee e Latin ˈrae ti a was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people It bordered on the west with the country of the Helvetii on the east with Noricum on the north with Vindelicia on the south west with Transalpine Gaul and on the south with Venetia et Histria a region of Roman Italy RaetiaProvincia RaetiaProvince of the Roman Empire15 BC 476 ADCapitalAugusta VindelicorumHistoryHistorical eraAntiquity Established15 BC Ostrogothic conquest citation needed 476 ADSucceeded byOstrogothsAlemanniBaiuvariiChurraetiaToday part ofAustriaSwitzerlandGermanyLiechtensteinItalyThe Roman empire in the time of Hadrian ruled 117 138 AD showing on the upper Danube river the imperial province of Raetia Switzerland Tyrol Germany south of the Danube with no legions deployed there in 125 Province of Raetia highlighted It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance southern Germany Bavaria and most of Baden Wurttemberg Vorarlberg and the greater part of Tyrol in Austria and part of northern Lombardy in Italy The region of Vindelicia today eastern Wurttemberg and western Bavaria was annexed to the province at a later date than the others The northern border of Raetia during the reigns of emperors Augustus and Tiberius was the River Danube Later the Limes Germanicus marked the northern boundary stretching for 166 km north of the Danube Raetia linked to Italy across the Alps over the Reschen Pass by the Via Claudia Augusta The capital of the province was Augusta Vindelicorum present day Augsburg in southern Germany Contents 1 History 2 Economy 3 Geography 3 1 Important cities 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory EditSee also Switzerland in the Roman era Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes Livy states distinctly 1 2 that they were of Etruscan origin a belief that was favored by Niebuhr and Mommsen A tradition reported by Justin 3 and Pliny the Elder 1 4 affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls when they assumed the name of Raetians from an eponymous leader Raetus Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted at the time when the land became known to the Romans Celtic tribes were already in possession of much of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that generally speaking the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people although non Celtic tribes es Euganei were settled among them 1 The Raetians are first mentioned but only incidentally by Polybius 1 5 and little is heard of them till after the end of the Republic There is little doubt however that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 BC by Tiberius and Drusus 1 6 At first Raetia formed a distinct province but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it hence Tacitus Germania 41 could speak of Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg as a colony of the province of Raetia The whole province including Vindelicia was at first under a military prefect then under a procurator it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and militia for protection until the 2nd century AD 1 During the reign of Marcus Aurelius Raetia was governed by the commander of the Legio III Italica which was based in Castra Regina Regensburg by 179 AD Under Diocletian Raetia formed part of the diocese of the vicarius Italiae and was subdivided into Raetia prima with a praeses at Curia Raetorum Chur and Raetia secunda with a praeses at Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg the former corresponding to the old Raetia the latter to Vindelicia The boundary between them is not clearly defined but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the lacus Brigantinus Lake Constance to the Oenus River Inn 1 During the last years of the Western Roman Empire the land was in a desolate condition but its occupation by the Ostrogoths in the time of Theodoric the Great who placed it under a dux to some extent revived its prosperity 1 Much of Raetia prima remained as a separate political unit Raetia Curiensis for several centuries until it was attached to the Duchy of Swabia in AD 917 Economy EditThe land was very mountainous and the inhabitants when not engaged in predatory expeditions chiefly supported themselves by breeding cattle and cutting timber little attention being paid to agriculture Some of the valleys however were rich and fertile and produced wine which was considered equal to any in Italia Augustus preferred Raetian wine to any other Considerable trade in pitch honey wax and cheese occurred 1 Geography EditThe chief towns of Raetia excluding Vindelicia were Tridentum Trento and Curia Coire or Chur It was traversed by two great lines of Roman roads the Via Claudia Augusta leading from Verona and Tridentum across the Reschen Pass to the Fern Pass and thence to Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg 7 1 the other from Brigantium Bregenz on Lake Constance by Chur and Chiavenna to Como and Milan 1 The Ratikon mountain range derives its name from Raetia Important cities Edit Alae Aalen Arbor Felix Arbon Abodiacum Epfach Aquileia Heidenheim an der Brenz Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg Ausugum Borgo Valsugana Bauzanum or Pons Drusi Bolzano Belunum Belluno Bilitio Bellinzona Brigantium Bregenz Cambodunum Kempten im Allgau Castra Batava Passau Castra Regina Regensburg Clavenna Chiavenna Clunia probably Feldkirch or Balzers Curia Chur Endidae Neumarkt Feltria Feltre Foetes Fussen Guntia Gunzburg Gamundia Romana Schwabisch Gmund Oscela Domodossola Parthanum Partenkirchen Sebatum San Lorenzo di Sebato St Lorenzen Sorviodurum Straubing Sublavio Ponte Gardena Waidbruck Tridentum Trento Veldidena Wilten district of Innsbruck Vipitenum Vipiteno Sterzing See also EditAlpine regiments of the Roman army List of Roman governors of RaetiaReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j k One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Raetia Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 22 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 812 813 Ab urbe condita v 33 xx 5 Naturalis Historia iii 24 133 Histories xxxiv 10 iS compare Horace Odes iv 4 and 14 Via Claudia Augusta die alte Romerstrasse Bayern Tirol Sudtirol Italien Introduction Archived from the original on 2018 06 27 Retrieved 2010 10 12 Further reading EditA Baruffi Spirit of Rhaetia The Call of the Holy Mountains LiteraryJoint Philadelphia PA 2020 ISBN 978 1 716 30027 1 PC von Planta Das alte Ratien Berlin 1872 T Mommsen in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum iii p 706 Joachim Marquardt Romische Staatsverwaltung 1 2nd ed 1881 p 288 Ludwig Steub Ueber die Urbewohner Ratiens und ihren Zusammenhang mit den Etruskern Munich 1843 Julius Jung Romer und Romanen in den Donaulandern Innsbruck 1877 Smith s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 1873 T Mommsen The Roman Provinces English translation 1886 i pp 16 161 196 Mary B Peaks The General Civil and Military Administration of Noricum and Raetia Chicago 1907 External links EditBagnall R J Drinkwater A Esmonde Cleary W Harris R Knapp S Mitchell S Parker C Wells J Wilkes R Talbert M E Downs M Joann McDaniel B Z Lund T Elliott S Gillies 18 January 2018 Places 991348 Raetia Pleiades Retrieved March 8 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link 47 21 36 N 8 33 36 E 47 3600 N 8 5600 E 47 3600 8 5600 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Raetia amp oldid 1151176254, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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