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Tiruchirappalli

January 30, 2023

This article is about the city in Tamil Nadu, India. For other uses, see Tiruchirappalli (disambiguation).

Tiruchirappalli[b] (pronunciation (help·info)[needs IPA]) (formerly Trichinopoly in English), also called Tiruchi or Trichy, is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli district. The city is credited with being the best livable city[10] and the cleanest city of Tamil Nadu, as well as the fifth safest city for women in India.[11] It is the fourth largest city as well as the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state. Located 322 kilometres (200 mi) south of Chennai and 374 kilometres (232 mi) north of Kanyakumari, Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of Tamil Nadu state. The Cauvery Delta begins 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the city where the Kaveri river splits into two, forming the island of Srirangam which is now incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation. The city occupies an area of 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi) and had a population of 916,857 in 2011.[a]

Tiruchirappalli
Trichy, Tiruchi (shortened)
Tiruchinopoly (colonial)
Metropolis
Clockwise from top: Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort, Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam, Tiruchirappalli Junction, Mukkombu, Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval, and ELCOT IT Park Trichy
Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli (India)
Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli (South Asia)
Coordinates: 10°47′25″N 78°42′17″E / 10.79028°N 78.70472°E / 10.79028; 78.70472Coordinates: 10°47′25″N 78°42′17″E / 10.79028°N 78.70472°E / 10.79028; 78.70472
Country India
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictTiruchirapalli
ZoneCentral
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyTiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation
 • Mayor[2]Thiru. Mu. Anbalaagan
 • Deputy Mayor[3]Tmt. G. Dhivya
 • Commissioner of Police[4]Thiru G. Karthikeyan IPS
 • Member of ParliamentSu. Thirunavukkarasar
Area
 • Metropolis167.23 km2 (64.57 sq mi)
 • Metro
211.51 km2 (81.66 sq mi)
 • Rank4
Elevation
81 m (266 ft)
Population
 (2011)[a]
 • Metropolis916,857[1]
 • Rank52nd
4th in Tamil Nadu
 • Metro
[5]
1,022,518
 • Metro rank
52nd
DemonymTiruchiite
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
620 xxx
Telephone code0431
Vehicle registrationTN-45, TN-48, TN-81, TN-81A
WebsiteTrichy City Municipal Corporation

Tiruchirappalli's recorded history begins in the 3rd century BC, when it was under the rule of the Cholas. The city has also been ruled by the Pallavas, Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Nayak Dynasty, the Carnatic state and the British. The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli include the Rockfort at Teppakulam, the Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam dedicated to the reclining form of Hindu God Vishnu, and is also the largest functioning temple in the world, and the Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval, which is also the largest temple for the Hindu God Shiva in the world. The archaeologically important town of Uraiyur, capital of the Early Cholas, is now a neighbourhood in Tiruchirappalli. The city played a critical role in the Carnatic Wars (1746–1763) between the British and the French East India companies.

The city is an important educational centre in the state of Tamil Nadu, and houses nationally recognised institutions such as National Institutes of Technology (NIT), Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) National Law Universities (NLU), and Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIIT) Srirangam. Industrial units such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Golden Rock Railway Workshop, Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT) and High Energy Projectile Factory (HEPF) have their factories in the city. The presence of a large number of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city has earned it the title of "Energy Equipment and Fabrication Capital of India". Tiruchirappalli is internationally known for a brand of cheroot known as the Trichinopoly cigar, which was exported in large quantities to the United Kingdom during the 19th century.

A major road and railway hub in the state, the city is served by the Tiruchirappalli International Airport (TRZ) which operates flights to the Middle East and Southeast Asia.

Etymology

Historically, Tiruchirappalli was commonly referred to in English as "Trichinopoly".[14] The shortened forms "Trichy" or "Tiruchi" are used in everyday speech and the full name Tiruchirapalli appears in official use by government and quasi-government offices but seldom used by the general public.[15][16]

According to the late scholar C. P. Brown, Tiruchirappalli might be a derivative of the word Chiruta-palli (lit. "little town").[17][18] Orientalists Henry Yule and Arthur Coke Burnell have speculated that the name may derive from a rock inscription carved in the 16th century in which Tiruchirappalli is written as Tiru-ssila-palli, meaning "holy-rock-town" in Tamil.[17][18] Other scholars have suggested that the name Tiruchirappalli is a rewording of Tiru-chinna-palli, meaning "holy little town".[17][18] The Madras Glossary gives the root as Tiruććināppalli or the "holy (tiru) village (palli) of the shina (Cissampelos pareira) plant".[18]

According to Hindu mythology, Tiruchirappalli derives its name from the three-headed demon Trishira, who meditated on the Hindu god Shiva near the present-day city to obtain favours from the god.[17] An alternative derivation, albeit not universally accepted,[17] is that the source of the city's name is the Sanskrit word "Trishirapuram"—Trishira, meaning "three-headed", and palli or puram meaning "city".[17][18]

History

Main article: History of Tiruchirappalli

Early and medieval history

Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Tamil Nadu; its earliest settlements date back to the Sangam period.[19] Uraiyur, the capital of the Early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards,[20] is a neighbourhood in the present-day Tiruchirappalli.[21][22] The city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian Ptolemy in his 2nd-century work Geography.[23] The world's oldest surviving dam, the Kallanai (Lower Anaicut) about 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Uraiyur,[24] was built across the Kaveri River by Karikala Chola in the 2nd century AD.[25]

Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort, the rock is said to be one of the oldest formations in the world. It is 3.8 billion years old, as it is older than Greenland and Himalayas.[citation needed]

The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king Mahendravarman I, who ruled over South India in the 6th century AD and constructed the rock-cut cave-temples within the Rockfort.[26][27][28] Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century, the city was conquered by the Medieval Cholas, who ruled until the 13th century.[29]

After the decline of the Cholas, Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the Pandyas,[30] who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by Malik Kafur, the commander of Allauddin Khilji.[31][32] The victorious armies of the Delhi Sultanate are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region.[31][32][33] The statue of the Hindu god Ranganatha in the temple of Srirangam vanished at about this time and was not recovered and reinstated for more than fifty years.[32][33] Tiruchirappalli was ruled by the Delhi and Madurai sultanates from 1311 to 1378,[34] but by the middle of the 14th century the Madurai Sultanate had begun to fall apart.[35] Gradually, the Vijayanagar Empire established supremacy over the northern parts of the kingdom, and Tiruchirappalli was taken by the Vijayanagar prince Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar in 1371.[36] The Vijayanagar Empire ruled the region from 1378 until the 1530s, and played a prominent role in reviving Hinduism by reconstructing temples and monuments destroyed by the previous Muslim rulers.[37] Following the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire in the early part of the 16th century, the Madurai Nayak kingdom began to assert its independence.[38][39][40] The city flourished during the reign of Vishwanatha Nayak (c. 1529–1564), who is said to have protected the area by constructing the Teppakulam and building walls around the Srirangam temple.[41][42] His successor Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka made Tiruchirappalli his capital,[42] and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736.[43][44][45]

In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler, Meenakshi, committed suicide, and Tiruchirappalli was conquered by Chanda Sahib.[40][46] He ruled the kingdom from 1736 to 1741, when he was captured and imprisoned by the Marathas in the siege of Tiruchirappalli (1741) led by general Raghuji Bhonsle under the orders of Chhattrapati Shahu.[46][47][48] Chanda Sahib remained prisoner for about eight years before making his escape from the Maratha Empire. Tiruchirappalli was administered by the Maratha general Murari Rao from 1741 to 1743, when it was acquired by the Nizam of Hyderabad, who bribed Rao to hand over the city.[46][48] Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the ruler and returned to Golkonda.[49] When the Nawab of the Carnatic Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the Battle of Ambur (1749), the former fled to Tiruchirappalli, where he set up his base.[50][51][52] The subsequent siege of Tiruchirappalli (1751–1752) by Chanda Sahib took place during the Second Carnatic War between the British East India Company and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib and the French East India Company on the other.[53] The British were victorious and Wallajah was restored to the throne. During his reign he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the Sufi saint Nathar Vali, who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD.[54][55] Tiruchirappalli was invaded by Nanjaraja Wodeyar in 1753 and Hyder Ali of the Mysore kingdom in 1780, both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company.[56] A third invasion attempt, by Tipu Sultan—son of Hyder Ali—in 1793, was also unsuccessful;[57] he was pursued by British forces led by William Medows, who thwarted the attack.[58]

British rule

The Carnatic kingdom was annexed by the British in July 1801 as a consequence of the discovery of collusion between Tipu Sultan—an enemy of the British—and Umdat Ul-Umra, son of Wallajah and the Nawab at the time, during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.[59][60] Trichinopoly was incorporated into the Madras Presidency the same year, and the district of Trichinopoly was formed, with the city of Trichinopoly (or Tiruchirappalli) as its capital.[61]

During the Company Raj and later the British Raj, Tiruchirappalli emerged as one of the most important cities in India. According to the 1871 Indian census—the first in British India—Tiruchirappalli had a population of 76,530, making it the second largest city in the presidency after the capital of Madras (now Chennai).[62] It was known throughout the British Empire for its unique variety of cheroot, known as the Trichinopoly cigar.[18] Tiruchirappalli was the first headquarters for the newly formed South Indian Railway Company in 1874 until its relocation to Madras in the early 20th century.[c][64]

  • Trichinopoly during the British Raj
  •  

    The town and fort of Trichinopoly c. 1840

  •  

    Rockfort and Teppakulam, c. 1860

Contemporary and modern history

 
Map of Tiruchirappalli town in 1955

Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the pre-independence era; there were a number of strikes and non-violent protests during the Quit India Movement,[65] notably the South Indian Railway Strike that took place in 1928.[66] The city was the base for the Vedaranyam salt march initiated by C. Rajagopalachari in parallel with the Dandi March in 1930.[67] Tiruchirappalli was an epicentre of the anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu when a team of Tamil language supporters gathered and organised a rally from the city to Madras in 1938.[68] Later in 1965, Tiruchirappalli was made the base of the "Madras state Anti-Hindi Conference" convened by C. Rajagopalachari.[69][70] The population of Tiruchirappalli continued to grow rapidly, achieving a growth rate of 36.9% during the period 1941–51.[71] After independence in 1947, Tiruchirappalli fell behind other cities such as Salem and Coimbatore in terms of growth.[72][73][74] Tiruchirappalli remained a part of Madras State, which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969.[75] The city underwent extensive economic development in the 1960s with the commissioning of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited.[76][77] In the early 1980s, M. G. Ramachandran, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu drafted a plan to move the state's administrative headquarters to Tiruchirappalli.[78] A satellite town was developed near Navalpattu on the outskirts of the city,[78] but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments.[79]

Like much of Tamil Nadu, Tiruchirappalli remains prone to communal tensions based on religion and ethnicity. There have been occasional outbreaks of violence against Sri Lankans. In 2009, the offices of a Sri Lankan airline were attacked in the city.[80][81] In September 2012, two groups of Sri Lankan pilgrims who had visited the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni and the Poondi Madha Basilica had their buses attacked in Tiruchirappalli by a group of Tamil activists.[82][83][84] Owing to a series of terrorist attacks in Indian cities since 2000, security has been increased at sites such as Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple.[85]

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Tiruchirappalli
 
Panorama of Tiruchirappalli showing Cauvery river and the Srirangam island.
 
Aerial photograph of Srirangam island, sandwiched between the rivers Kaveri and Kollidam

Tiruchirappalli is situated in central south-eastern India, almost at the geographic centre of the state of Tamil Nadu. The Cauvery Delta begins to form 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the city where the river divides into two streams—the Kaveri and the Kollidam—to form the island of Srirangam.[71][86][87] By road it is 912 kilometres (567 mi) south of Hyderabad, 322 kilometres (200 mi) south-west of Chennai and 331 kilometres (206 mi) south-east of Bangalore.[88] The topology of Tiruchirappalli is almost flat with an average elevation of 81 metres (266 ft). A few isolated hillocks rise above the surface,[89] the highest of which is the Rockfort;[90][91] its estimated age of 3,800 million years makes it one of the oldest rocks in the world.[92][93] Other prominent hillocks include the Golden Rock, Khajamalai,[94] and one each at Uyyakondan Thirumalai and Thiruverumbur.[95]

Apart from Kaveri and its tributary Kollidam,[96] the city is also drained by the Uyyakondan Channel, Koraiyar and Kudamurutti river channels.[97] The land immediately surrounding the Kaveri River—which crosses Tiruchirappalli from west to east—consists of deposits of fertile alluvial soil[98] on which crops such as finger millet and maize are cultivated.[99] Further south, the surface is covered by poor-quality black soil.[98] A belt of Cretaceous rock known as the Trichinopoly Group runs to the north-east of the city,[100] and to the south-east there are layers of archaean rocks, granite and gneiss covered by a thin bed of conglomeratic laterite.[90] The region falls under Seismic Zone III, which is moderately vulnerable to earthquakes.[101]

Urban structure

 
Panorama of Tiruchirappalli as seen from the top of the Rockfort.
 
Skyline of the cantonment area, south of the Central Bus Station (ca. Aug '22)

The city of Tiruchirappalli lies on the plains between the Shevaroy Hills to the north and the Palani Hills to the south and south-west.[102] Tiruchirappalli is completely surrounded by agricultural fields.[73] Densely populated industrial and residential areas have recently been built in the northern part of the city, and the southern edge also has residential areas.[73] The older part of Tiruchirappalli, within the Rockfort, is unplanned and congested while the adjoining newer sections are better executed.[103] Many of the old houses in Srirangam were constructed according to the shilpa sastras, the canonical texts of Hindu temple architecture.[104]

Climate

Tiruchirappalli experiences a dry-summer tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: As), with no major change in temperature between summer and winter.[105][106] The climate is generally characterised by high temperature and low humidity.[107] With an annual mean temperature of 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) and monthly average temperatures ranging between 25 °C (77 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F),[105] the city is the hottest in the state.[108] The warmest months are from April to June,[109] when the city experiences frequent dust storms.[109] As of November 2013, the highest temperature ever recorded in Tiruchirappalli was 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), which occurred on 2 May 1896;[110] the lowest was observed on 6 February 1884 at 13.9 °C (57.0 °F).[111][112] The high temperatures in the city have been attributed to the presence of two rivers—Kaveri and Kollidam—[d]and the absence of greenery around the city.[108] As Tiruchirappalli is on the Deccan Plateau the days are extremely warm and dry; evenings are cooler because of cold winds that blow from the south-east.[105] From June to September, the city experiences a moderate climate tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers. Rainfall is heaviest between October and December because of the north-east monsoon winds, and from December to February the climate is cool and moist.[105] The average annual rainfall is 841.9 mm (33.15 in),[113] slightly lower than the state's average of 945 mm (37.2 in).[114] Fog and dew are rare and occur only during the winter season.[109]

Climate data for Tiruchirappalli Airport (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.6
(96.1) 		40.0
(104.0) 		42.2
(108.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		43.9
(111.0) 		41.1
(106.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.9
(102.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		43.9
(111.0)
Average high °C (°F) 30.3
(86.5) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		37.5
(99.5) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.3
(97.3) 		35.8
(96.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		34.3
(93.7)
Average low °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.2
(75.6)
Record low °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.3
(0.52) 		3.6
(0.14) 		5.3
(0.21) 		29.6
(1.17) 		67.0
(2.64) 		38.3
(1.51) 		60.5
(2.38) 		69.9
(2.75) 		153.4
(6.04) 		153.9
(6.06) 		168.0
(6.61) 		81.4
(3.20) 		844.2
(33.24)
Average rainy days 0.9 0.4 0.6 1.7 3.8 2.6 2.7 4.1 7.1 9.2 8.1 5.1 46.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 54 43 37 41 42 44 45 46 52 64 70 65 50
Source: India Meteorological Department[112][115]

Demographics

 
Aerial view of Tiruchirapalli
Main article: Demographics of Tiruchirappalli

According to the 2011 Indian census, Tiruchirappalli had a population of 847,387,[a] 9.4% of whom were under the age of six, living in 214,529 families within the municipal corporation limits. The recorded population density was 5,768/km2 (14,940/sq mi) while the sex ratio was 975 males for every 1,000 females.[13] The Tiruchirappalli urban agglomeration had a population of 1,022,518, and was ranked the fourth largest in Tamil Nadu and the 53rd in India as of 2011.[5] The city had an average literacy rate of 91.37%,[13] significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.[119] Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 10.48% and 0.27% of the population respectively.[13] There were 228,518 people, roughly constituting about 26.96% of the total population, who lived in slums in the city.[120] The daily floating population of the city was estimated at around 250,000.[121]

The city's population is predominantly Hindu.[122] Muslims constitute about twenty percent,[123] and there is also a considerable Christian population. Sikhs and Jains are present in smaller numbers.[124][125] Roman Catholics in Tiruchirappalli are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli while Protestants are affiliated to the Trichy–Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India.[126][127]

The most widely spoken language is Tamil,[128] but there are significant numbers of Telugu,[129] Gujarati,[130] Kannada,[131] Malayalam[132] and Hindi speakers.[133] Saurashtra is also spoken by some significant minorities.[134] The standard dialect of Tamil spoken is the Central Tamil dialect.[135][136] There is also a substantial population of Anglo-Indians,[e] and Sri Lankan Tamil migrants, most of whom are housed in refugee camps on the outskirts of the city.[139][140]

Administration and politics

See also: Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation
Administrative officials
Collector sivarasu IAS[141]
Municipality officials
Mayor vacant[142]
Commissioner S. Sivasubramanian[143]
Deputy Mayor Vacant[144]
Commissioner of Police A. Amalraj[145]
Members of Legislative Assembly
Tiruchirappalli East Inigo Irudayaraj
Tiruchirappalli West K. N. Nehru
Srirangam M. Palaniyandi
Thiruverumbur Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi[146]
Manachanallur S. Kathiravan
Thuraiyur S. Stalin Kumar[146]
Lalgudi A. Soundarapandian[146]
Musiri N. Thiagarajan
Manapparai P. Abdul Samad
Member of Parliament
Tiruchirappalli Su. Thirunavukkarasar[147]

Covering 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi), the municipality of Tiruchirappalli was inaugurated under the Town Improvements Act 1865 on 1 November 1866;[148] it originally consisted of two ex-officers and nine nominated members.[149] Council elections were introduced in 1877 and the first chairman was elected in 1889.[149] The municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation as per the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Act 1994[150] by inclusion of the erstwhile Srirangam and Golden Rock municipalities.[151] Covering 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi),[a][152] the municipal corporation comprises 65 wards and four administrative zones; these are Srirangam, Ariyamangalam, Golden Rock and Abhishekapuram.[153]

 
Headquarters of Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation

Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Council, the legislative body, comprises 65 councillors elected from each of the 65 wards and is headed by a mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor.[154][155] The executive wing has seven departments—general administration, revenue, town planning, engineering, public health, information technology and personnel—and is headed by a City Commissioner. The Commissioner is assisted by two executive engineers for the east and west sections, and Assistant Commissioners for personnel, accounts and revenue departments, a public relations officer, a city engineer, a city health officer and an Assistant Commissioner for each of the four zones.[156] A Local Planning Authority for Tiruchirappalli was created on 5 April 1974 as per the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act of 1971 with the District Collector of Tiruchirappalli as chairman and the assistant director of Town and Country Planning as its member secretary.[157]

The city of Tiruchirappalli is represented in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by Nine elected members, one each for the Tiruchirappalli East, Tiruchirappalli West, Srirangam, Thiruverumbur, Musiri, Lalgudi, Manapparai, Thuraiyur and Manachanallur constituencies.[158][159] J.Jayalalithaa, former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, represented the Srirangam constituency between 2011 and 2015.[160] Tiruchirappalli is also part of the Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency and once every five years, elects a member to the Lok Sabha—the lower house of the Parliament of India.[159][161] The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for four terms (1957–62,[162] 1984–89,[163] 1989–91[164] and 1991–96[165]), the Communist Party of India (1962–67,[166] 1971–77[167] and 1977–80[168]) and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (2001–04, 2009–14 and 2014–present) for three terms each[169]) and Bharatiya Janata Party (1998–99[170] and 1999–2001[171]) for two terms each. Candidates from the Communist Party of India,[172] Tamil Maanila Congress and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[173] have won once each. Indian politician Rangarajan Kumaramangalam, who served as the Minister of Power in the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee,[174] was elected to the Lok Sabha from Tiruchirappalli in the 1998 and 1999 elections.[170][171]

Law and order are enforced by the Tamil Nadu police, which for administrative purposes, has constituted Tiruchirappalli city as a separate district, divided into 18 zonal offices and units, with a total of 38 police stations.[175] The Tiruchirappalli city police force is headed by a Commissioner of police assisted by Deputy Commissioners.[176] Law and order in suburban areas is enforced by the Tiruchirappalli district police.[177] It has the lowest proportion of rape and murder cases in the state.[178]

Utility services

Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB).[179] Tiruchirappalli is the headquarters of the Trichy region of TNEB. The city and its suburbs form the Trichy Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, which is subdivided into six divisions.[179] A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters at Tennur.[179] Water supply is provided by the Tiruchirappalli City Corporation.[180] The city gets its drinking water supply from the Kaveri River and 1,470 bore wells linked to 60 service reservoirs in and around the city.[181] Four of the six head works from which the city gets its water supply are maintained by the municipal corporation and the rest by other agencies.[182]

Pollution has been a major concern in Tiruchirappalli. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has set up five stations in the city to check the quality of air.[183] As of 2012, about 432 tonnes (432,000 kg) of solid waste are produced in the city every day.[184] Solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation; places such as the Gandhi Market, Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus are being monitored by other agencies.[182] The principal landfill is at Ariyamangalam.[185] Waste water management in the Trichy-Srirangam underground drainage (UGD) areas is handled by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation.[182] As of 2013, there were a total of 40,580 UGD connections maintained by the municipal corporation.[186] In 2020, it is estimated that 31% of the city is covered under a networked sewage system, however, as of September 2020 the corporation has fast-tracked its project to cover the entire city, funded jointly by urban local body, Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd (Tufidco) and Asian Development Bank.[187] The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL) is a major cause of concern for the corporation.[188] The corporation's annual expenditure for the year 2010–11 was estimated to be ₹1,559.4 million (equivalent to ₹2.7 billion or US$34 million in 2020).[189] In 2013, researchers from Bharathidasan University assessed water quality in the Tiruchirappalli area and concluded that although the quality of the groundwater was suitable for human consumption, the quality of the pond water in the city was "not fit for human usage, agricultural or industrial purposes".[190]

Under the National Urban Sanitation Policy, Tiruchirappalli was ranked sixth in India and first in Tamil Nadu on the basis of sanitation for the year 2009–10.[191] In January 2010, Tiruchirappalli became the first city in India where open defecation was prevented in all its slums.[192] In a 2016 survey conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development, as a part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign, Tiruchirappalli was ranked third in the list of cleanest cities in India.[193]

Under the ease of living index 2018 published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Tiruchirappalli was ranked twelfth in India and first in Tamil Nadu among the 111 cities considered.[10] The ranking framework was categorised into four pillars, namely Institutional, Social, Economic and Physical, which comprised 78 indicators such as urban transport, waste water management, solid waste management and governance.

Tiruchirappalli comes under the Tiruchi Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider.[194] There are about 20,000 business telephone subscribers in the city.[195] Both Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services are available.[196] BSNL also provides broadband internet services.[197] BSNL began offering wireless internet services with the commencement of Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) transmission in 2008.[196] Tiruchirappalli is one of the few cities in India where BSNL's Caller Line Identification (CLI)-based internet service Netone is available.[198] Softnet (STPI), Tata VSNL, Bharti and Reliance are other major broadband internet service providers in the city.[199]

Tiruchirappalli has a regional passport office, the second in Tamil Nadu, which commenced its operations on 23 March 1983 bifurcated from Chennai region.[200] After Coimbatore and Madurai regional office were established in late 2000s by bifurcating from Trichy region, currently the office caters to the needs of Trichy and seven adjacent districts namely, Karur, Nagappattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Ariyalur and Tiruvarur.[201]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Tiruchirappalli
 
A WDS6 locomotive manufactured at the Golden Rock Railway Workshop

During British rule, Tiruchirappalli was known for its tanneries, cigar-manufacturing units and oil presses.[202] At its peak, more than 12 million cigars were manufactured and exported annually.[202] Tanned hides and skins from Tiruchirappalli were exported to the United Kingdom.[202] The city has a number of retail and wholesale markets, the most prominent among them being the Gandhi Market, which also serves people from other parts of the district.[203][204][205] Other notable markets in the city are the flower bazaar in Srirangam[205] and the mango market at Mambazha Salai.[206] The suburb of Manachanallur is known for its rice mills, where polished Ponni rice is produced.[207]

Tiruchirappalli is a major engineering equipment manufacturing and fabrication hub in India.[77] The Golden Rock Railway Workshop, which moved to Tiruchirappalli from Nagapattinam in 1928, is one of the three railway workshop–cum–production units in Tamil Nadu.[208] The workshops produced 650 conventional and low-container flat wagons during 2007–2008.[209]

A high-pressure boiler manufacturing plant was set up by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), India's largest public sector engineering company, in May 1965.[210][211] This was followed by a seamless steel plant and a boiler auxiliaries plant.[212] In 2010, the Tiruchirappalli unit of the company contributed to nearly 30 per cent of its total sales, making it the largest of all units.[213] As of 2011, the Tiruchirappalli division employed about 10,000 people,[213] and is supported by a number of ancillary industries producing almost 250,000 tonnes (250,000,000 kg) of fabricated materials.[77] These ancillary units together with BHEL contribute nearly 60 per cent of India's steel fabrication,[77] earning the city the title, "Energy equipment and fabrication capital of India".[214] Other important industries in Tiruchirappalli include Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL), which was established at Senthaneerpuram in the former Golden Rock municipality in 1966.[215] and the Trichy Steel Rolling Mills, which was started as a private limited company on 27 June 1961.[216] The Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited manufactures rectified spirit,[215] acetaldehyde,[215] acetic acid,[215] acetic anhydride[217] and ethyl acetate. It is one of the biggest private sector distilleries in Tamil Nadu and produced 13.5 megalitres (3.0 million imperial gallons) of spirit alcohol between December 2005 and November 2006.[218] The Ordnance Factories Board runs a weapons manufacturing unit and a Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project (HAPP) facility;[219] the latter was set up in the late 1980s and consists of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS)—the first of its kind in India.[220][221][222]

From the late 1980s, a synthetic gem industry was developed in the city; the gemstones are cut and polished in Tiruchirappalli district and in Pudukottai district.[223] In 1990, the Indian government launched a scheme to increase employment by boosting the production of American diamonds and training local artisans in semi-automated machinery and technology. The local gem industry was reportedly generating annual revenues of ₹100 million (equivalent to ₹510 million or US$6.3 million in 2020) by the mid-1990s.[224] Concerns have been raised over the employment of children aged 9–14 in the gem cutting and polishing industry.[224][225] As a result, in 1996, Tiruchirappalli district was selected to be involved in the National Child Labour Project and in the running of special schools to educate working children.[226]

As of December 2010, the Tiruchirappalli region annually exports around ₹262.1 million (equivalent to ₹500 million or US$6.3 million in 2020) of software.[227][228] The ELCOT IT Park Trichy—the city's first IT park—commissioned at a cost of ₹600 million (equivalent to ₹1.1 billion or US$14 million in 2020) was inaugurated in December 2010.[229][230] Set up by the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu, the park occupies an area of 59.74 hectares (147.6 acres) and constitutes a Special Economic Zone.[230][231]

Employing a workforce of over 1,500, more than six companies including Vuram, iLink Systems Pvt. Ltd., Scientific Publishing Company, Vdart Technologies, GI Tech Gaming Co. India Pvt. Ltd., VR Della IT Services Pvt. Ltd., and the Tamil Nadu Disaster Recovery Centre function out of the existing building, occupying the entire built-up space.[232] The ELCOT IT Park Trichy is in close proximity to the Tiruchi International Airport. The facility was highlighted through the two editions of Global Investors Meet and became a key factor for the demand for the built-up space.[233]

Culture

See also: Tamil culture and Tamil cuisine
 
A Jallikattu match

A resident of Tiruchirappalli is generally referred to as a Tiruchiite.[234] Situated at the edge of the Kaveri Delta, the culture of Tiruchirappalli is predominantly Brahminical, prevalent elsewhere in the delta.[235] With a substantial population of students and migrant industrial workers from different parts of India, Tiruchirappalli has a more cosmopolitan outlook than the surrounding countryside.[236][237] The main festival celebrated in Tiruchirappalli is Pongal, a regional harvest festival celebrated during January. As part of the Pongal celebrations, Jallikattu, a bull-taming village sport played on the last day of the festival,[238] is occasionally held on the outskirts of the city.[239] Aadi Perukku,[240] Samayapuram flower festival,[241] Vaikunta Ekadasi,[242] Srirangam car festival,[243] and the Teppakulam float festival are some of the prominent festivals that are held locally.[244] Bakrid and Eid al-Fitr are also widely celebrated, owing to the substantial number of Muslims in the city.[245][246] Nationwide festivals such as the Gregorian New Year,[247] Christmas, Deepavali[248] and Holi[249] are also celebrated in Tiruchirappalli.

The 12th century Tamil epic Kambaramayanam was first recited at the Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam. In 1771, Rama Natakam, a musical drama written Arunachala Kavi and based on the Ramayana, was also performed there.[250] Tiruchirappalli was home to some of the prominent Carnatic musicians—including Lalgudi Jayaraman, Srirangam Kannan and A. K. C. Natarajan—and scholars such as T. S. Murugesan Pillai, Kundalam Rangachariar and K. A. P. Viswanatham.[251] Composers, poets and vocalists such as G. Ramanathan, T. K. Ramamoorthy,[252] Vaali and P. Madhuri, who have made significant contributions to Tamil film music hail from the city.[253][254]

Textile weaving, leather-work and gem cutting are some of the important crafts practised in Tiruchirappalli.[255] Wooden idols of Hindu gods and goddesses are sold at Poompuhar, the crafts emporium run by the Government of Tamil Nadu.[256] The Trichy Travel Federation (TTF) was formed on 5 May 2009 to promote Tiruchirappalli as a favourable tourist destination.[257] The federation organises an annual food festival called Suvai.[258] Lack of infrastructure has been a major deterrent to the city's tourism industry.[259][260]

Landmarks

 
The "Vellai Gopuram" (white tower) on the eastern entrance of the Srirangam temple named after a Devadasi[261]

Once a part of the Chola kingdom, Tiruchirappalli has a number of exquisitely sculpted temples and fortresses.[262]

 
The Erumbeeswarar Temple has been designated a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Most of the temples, including the Rockfort temples, the Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, the Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval, the Samayapuram Mariamman Temple, the Erumbeeswarar Temple, Gneeliwaneswarar Temple at Thiruppaingneeli[263] and the temples in Urayur, are built in the Dravidian style of architecture;[264] the Ranganathaswamy Temple and Jambukeswarar Temple are often counted among the best examples of this style.[265][266][267] The rock-cut cave temples of the Rockfort, along with the gateway and the Erumbeeswarar Temple, are listed as monuments of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.[268]

 
Night View of Trichy from the top of Rockfort, photographed from the temple window.

Considered one of the symbols of Tiruchirappalli, the Rockfort is a fortress which stands atop a 273-foot-high rock.[269] It consists of a set of monolithic rocks accommodating many rock-cut cave temples. Originally built by the Pallavas, it was later reconstructed by the Madurai Nayaks and Vijayanagara rulers. The temple complex has three shrines, two of which are dedicated to Lord Ganesha, one at the foot and the Ucchi Pillayar Temple at the top, and the Thayumanavar Temple between them. The Thayumanavar temple, the largest of the three, houses a shrine for Pārvatī as well as the main deity. As per a legend, Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham (Twister). Because of the santamarutham, eight kodumudigal (parts) fell from kailasam into eight different places which are Thirugonamalai (Trincomalee, Sri Lanka), Thirukalahasti, Thiruchiramalai (Rock fort), Thiruenkoimalai, Rajathagiri, Neerthagiri, Ratnagiri, and Swethagiri Thirupangeeli.[270][271]

The Rockfort is visible from almost every part of the city's north.[92] The Teppakulam at the foot of the Rockfort is surrounded by bazaars.[272] It has a mandapa at its centre.[273]

The Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, is located on the island of Srirangam.[92] Often cited as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world,[92] it has a perimeter of 4,116 metres (13,504 ft) and occupies 156 acres (630,000 m2).[274] Considered to be among the 108 Divya Desams (Holy shrines of Lord Vishnu),[275] the temple is believed to house the mortal remains of the Vaishnavite saint and philosopher Ramanujacharya.[276] Originally built by the Cholas,[277] the temple was later renovated by the Pandyas, the Hoysalas, the Madurai Nayaks and the Vijayanagar empire between the 9th and 16th centuries AD.[278] There are 21 gopurams (towers),[279] of which the Rajagopuram is 236 feet (72 m).[280] According to the Limca Book of Records, it was the tallest temple tower in the world until 1999.[281]

 
St. Mary's Cathedral

The Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval and the Erumbeeswarar Temple at Thiruverumbur were built in the rule of the Medieval Cholas.[282] [283] The Jambukeswarar Temple is one of the Pancha Bhoota Stalams dedicated to Lord Shiva; it is the fifth largest temple complex in Tamil Nadu.[284] The city's best known mosque is the Nadir Shah Mosque.[285] The Christ Church constructed by the German Protestant missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz in 1766 and the Our Lady of Lourdes Church are noted examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the city.[286]

The Chokkanatha Nayak Palace, which houses the Rani Mangammal Mahal, was built by the Madurai Nayaks in the 17th century; it has now been converted into a museum.[287] The Nawab's palace,[288] the Railway Heritage Centre,[289] the Upper Anaicut constructed by Sir Arthur Cotton, and the world's oldest functional dam, the Grand Anaicut, are some of the other important structures in Tiruchirappalli.[290][291]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Trichy

Tiruchirappalli has been recognised in India as an important educational centre since the time of British rule.[292][293][294] St. Joseph's College, which opened in Nagapattinam in 1846 and transferred to Tiruchirappalli in 1883, is one of the oldest educational institutions in South India.[295] The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) college, established in 1883, is a premium missionary institution in the city.[292]

 
India's second Nobel laureate, C. V. Raman, was born in Tiruchirappalli.

As of 2013, Tiruchirappalli has 45 arts and science colleges, 40 polytechnic colleges and 13 colleges that offer management education. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli is located in a area of 800 acres. National Institutional Ranking Framework ranked this NIT the first among other others in India.[296] The St. Joseph's College, National College,[297] Bishop Heber College,[298] Jamal Mohamed College[299] and the Government Law College are prominent colleges providing higher education in the arts and sciences.[300] There are approximately 35 engineering colleges in and around the city.[228] The National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli established by the government in 1964 as the Regional Engineering College,[301] has a campus at Thuvakudi on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli.[302] National Institute of Technology-Trichy (NIT-T) released the enhanced version of e-commerce mobile application, the institute Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology

The Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute was established as a constituent college of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1989, and the National Research Centre for Banana offer higher education and research in agriculture.[303] The Tiruchirappalli branch of Anna University was established after the bifurcation of Anna University in 2007.[304] 64 self-financing colleges which offer courses in engineering, architecture, management and computer applications in the districts of Ariyalur, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur and Tiruvarur are affiliated to Anna University.[305] The SRM Group of Colleges established the SRM Institute of Science and Technology at Irungalur near Tiruchirappalli; this was followed by Chennai Medical College and Hospital in 2007. A proposal by the group to include the institutions in SRM University is under review by the Ministry of Human Resources Development of the Government of India.[306]

The Bharathidasan University was established in Tiruchirappalli in 1982 and controls 104 colleges in Tiruchirappalli district and seven neighbouring districts.[307][308] The university also runs a management school, the Bharathidasan Institute of Management in the city in collaboration with BHEL.[309] The Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli was set up during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, along with five other IIMs opened during the 2011–12 academic season.[310][311] In 2013, the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) approved Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT),[312] and the Tamil Nadu National Law School, modelled on the National Law School of India University, both started their operations in the city.[313] The city is also the regional headquarters of the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha for the state of Tamil Nadu.[314]

There are 200 higher secondary schools in Tiruchirappalli;[296] notable ones are the St. Johns Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School,[315]Campion Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School,[316] St Joseph's Anglo Indian Girls Higher Secondary School,[317] Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School, Higher Secondary School for Boys, Srirangam[318] and RSK Higher Secondary School.[319][320]

Notable people who were either born or educated at Tiruchirappalli include C. V. Raman,[321] A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,[322] Sujatha, Vaali, G. N. Ramachandran, and former President of India R. Venkataraman.[307]

Sports

 
Synthetic turf hockey ground in the Anna Stadium

Hockey and cricket are the most popular sports in Tiruchirappalli.[323][324] Former Indian hockey goalkeepers Charles Cornelius and Leslie Fernandez;[325] Rajagopal Sathish who represents the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League;[326] and Dharmaraj Ravanan who represents Chennai City F.C. in the I League;[327] all hail from the city. The Anna Stadium complex is the main venue for sports in the city; it hosts an indoor stadium and an astro turf hockey ground.[325] The stadium complex also includes a football ground, an athletic track, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, a badminton court and a hostel for the athletes.[328] The Tiruchirappalli District Cricket Association (TDCA) is one of the constituents of the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association,[329] and regulates school, college and club cricket in the district.[330] First class cricket matches were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium—formerly the Khajamalai Stadium.[331][332] At the association's golden jubilee celebrations in 2008–09, plans for the establishment of another cricket stadium and an academy in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli city were mooted.[333][334] The Mannarpuram Cricket Academy is one of the noted cricket coaching academies in Tiruchirappalli.[335] Domestic association football, tennis and volleyball tournaments are held in and around the city.[336][337][338] Tiruchirappalli hosted the Federation Cup, a knockout-style club football tournament in 1984 and an open chess tournament organised by FIDE in 2006.[339][340]

Media

According to the Registrar of Newspapers in India, more than 100 newspapers have been registered in Tiruchirappalli as of November 2013.[341] The weekly newspaper Wednesday Review, founded in 1905, is the first prominent journal to be published in Tiruchirappalli.[342] Among the major English-language newspapers being published in Tiruchirappalli are The Hindu which launched a Tiruchirappalli edition in 2004,[343] and The New Indian Express, which was publishing in Tiruchirappalli before The Hindu.[344] Some of the important Tamil-language newspapers that publish a Tiruchirappalli edition are Dina Thanthi[345] Dina Mani,[346] Dina Malar, Malai Malar, Dinakaran,[347] Tamil Murasu and Tamil Sudar.[341] The popular Tamil weekly Ananda Vikatan launched a local supplement for Tiruchirappalli in 2011.[348]

The first radio transmission station in Tiruchirappalli was opened by All India Radio (AIR) on 16 May 1939.[349][350] AIR started providing direct-to-home enabled radio broadcasting service from 2006.[351] In 2007, the AIR launched Ragam, a separate Carnatic music station, from the city.[352] Apart from the government-owned AIR, private FM radio stations such as Hello and Suryan FM and Mirchi 95.0 from Tiruchirappalli.[353] Indira Gandhi National Open University's Gyan Vani started broadcasting from the city in 2008.[354] Tiruchirappalli's first campus community radio station was started by Holy Cross College on 22 December 2006.[355]

Television broadcasting from Chennai was started on 15 August 1975.[356] Satellite television channels have been available since 1991.[357] Direct-to-home cable television services are provided by DD Direct Plus[358][359][360] and various other operators.[361]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Tiruchirappalli
 
Madurai-Chennai Tejas Express at Trichy Junction

The most commonly used modes of local transport in Tiruchirappalli are the state government-owned Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC) buses, and auto rickshaws.[362][363] Tiruchirappalli forms a part of the Kumbakonam division of the TNSTC.[364] The city has two major bus termini; Chatram Bus Stand and Central Bus Stand, both of which operate intercity services and local transport to suburban areas.[365]The municipal administration and water supply department has accorded administrative sanction to construct new bus stands in three central districts at a total cost of 31.8 crore. The state infrastructure amenities promotion committee has approved providing 50% of the estimated cost in 10 towns and cities across the state.

Tiruchirappalli sits at the junction of two major National Highways—NH 45 and NH 67.[366] NH 45 is one of the most congested highways in south India and carries almost 10,000 lorries on the Tiruchirappalli–Chennai stretch every night.[367] Other National Highways originating in the city are NH 45B, NH 210 and NH 227.[368][369][370] State highways that start from the city include SH 25 and SH 62.[371] Tiruchirappalli has 715.85 km (444.81 mi) of road maintained by the municipal corporation.[372] A semi-ring road connecting all the National Highways is being constructed to ease traffic congestion in the city.[373] As of 2013, approximately 328,000 two-wheelers, 93,500 cars and 10,000 public transport vehicles operate within the city limits,[183] apart from the 1,500 inter-city buses that pass through Tiruchirappalli daily.[152] Tiruchirappalli suffers from traffic congestion mainly because of its narrow roads and absence of an integrated bus station.[152][374]

Passenger trains also carry a significant number of passengers from nearby towns.[362] The Great Southern of India Railway Company was established in 1853 with its headquarters at England.[375] In 1859, the company constructed its first railway line connecting Tiruchirappalli and Nagapattinam.[375] The company merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company with Tiruchirappalli as its headquarters.[376][377] The city retained the position until 1908 when the company's headquarters was transferred to Madras.[378] Tiruchirappalli Junction is one of the busiest in India.[379] It constitutes a separate division of the Southern Railway.[380] Tiruchirappalli has rail connectivity with most important cities and towns in India.[369] Other railway stations in the city include Tiruchirappalli Fort, Tiruchirappalli Town, Srirangam, Tiruchirappalli Palakkarai and Golden Rock (Ponmalai).[381][382] Non-stop flight time from Chennai to Trichy is between 1 hr to 1 hr 30 mins depending on the aircraft's cruising speed, technical condition and weather/wind.

Tiruchirappalli is served by Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ, ICAO: VOTR),[383] 5 km (3.1 mi) from the city centre.[384][385] The airport handles fivefold more international air traffic than domestic services, making it the only airport in India with this huge variation. It serves as a gateway to immigrants from South-east Asian countries[386] There are regular flights to Chennai,[387] Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Colombo,[388] Dubai, Kuala Lumpur,[389] and Singapore.[390] The airport handled more than 1 million passengers and 2012 tonnes of cargo during the fiscal year 2013–14.[391]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d The area of the city was expanded from 146.9 square kilometres (56.7 sq mi) to 167.23 square kilometres (64.57 sq mi) in 2010, as a result of which the population increased from 847,387 to 916,857 according to the 2011 census.[12][13]
  2. ^ The official spelling, as per the municipal corporation website is "Tiruchirappalli".[6] However, the spellings Tiruchirapalli, Tiruchchirapalli and Tiruchchirappalli are also widely used.[7][8][9]
  3. ^ Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996.[63]
  4. ^ As the river beds contain a large amount of silica in the form of sand, heat gets reflected.[108]
  5. ^ The Anglo-Indians are present in significant numbers in and around all Southern Railway divisional headquarters where they are employed.[137][138]

References

  1. ^ "Tiruchirapalli population in 2011 - Census India 2011".
  2. ^ "About City Municipal Corporation - Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation - E-Services Portal". Trichycorporation.gov.in. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  3. ^ "About City Municipal Corporation - Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation - E-Services Portal". Trichycorporation.gov.in. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  4. ^ "Who's Who | TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT , Govt. Of Tamil Nadu | India".
  5. ^ a b . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original (XLS) on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  6. ^ "Welcome to Tiruchirappalli city ... The RockFort City!". Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  7. ^ Baliga 1999, p. 993.
  8. ^ Kuppuram 1988, p. 101.
  9. ^ Sharma, Om Parkash (1989). Directory of Cities and Towns in India (Dy. Dir. of Census Operations). Kar Kripa Publishers. p. 116. ISBN 978-81-85414-00-3. from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  10. ^ a b Karthik, Deepak (13 August 2018). "Trichy ranked 12th in liveable cities ranking, best in Tamil Nadu". Times of India. from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Live Chennai: The safest cities for women in India: Chennai & Coimbatore,safest cities for women in India,Chennai,Coimbatore". www.livechennai.com. from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Proceedings of the Commissioner of Municipal Administration" (PDF). Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 22 July 2014. p. 4. (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d "Search PCA Data by District/SubDistrict/Town/Village Name: Tiruchirappalli (M Corp.)". Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  14. ^ Jaques 2007, p. 1025.
  15. ^ Brayley-Hodgetts 2008, p. 216.
  16. ^ Ludden 2004, p. 178.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Hemingway 1907, p. 2.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Yule & Burnell 1903, p. 938.
  19. ^ Thani Nayagam 1957, p. 324.
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  23. ^ Caldwell 1881, p. 25.
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  27. ^ Sastri 1935, p. 105.
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  29. ^ Sastri 1935, p. 438.
  30. ^ Aiyangar 1921, p. 45.
  31. ^ a b Aiyangar 1921, p. 99.
  32. ^ a b c Lal 1967, pp. 251–252.
  33. ^ a b Aiyangar 1921, pp. 112–116.
  34. ^ Sastri 1935, p. 213.
  35. ^ Aiyangar 1921, p. 185-188.
  36. ^ Sastri 1935, p. 241.
  37. ^ Yunus & Parmar 2003, p. 116.
  38. ^ Aiyangar 1921, p. 169.
  39. ^ Sewell 1900, p. 49.
  40. ^ a b Sathianathaier 1924, p. 234.
  41. ^ Hemingway 1907, p. 51.
  42. ^ a b Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway 1926, pp. 73–74.
  43. ^ Sathianathaier 1924, pp. 103–160.
  44. ^ Amaladass 1988, p. 122.
  45. ^ Subrahmanian 1977, pp. 12–61.
  46. ^ a b c Ramaswami 1984, pp. 43–79.
  47. ^ Jaques 2007, pp. 1034–1035.
  48. ^ a b Subramanian 1928, p. 52–53.
  49. ^ Chhabra 2005, p. 103.
  50. ^ Rose & Newton 1929, pp. 126–127.
  51. ^ Markovits 2004, p. 222.
  52. ^ Ramaswami 1984, p. 115.
  53. ^ Ramaswami 1984, p. 148.
  54. ^ Bayly 2004, p. 233.
  55. ^ Muthiah 2008, p. 137.
  56. ^ Brayley-Hodgetts 2008, p. 217.
  57. ^ Burn & Cotton 1908, p. 29.
  58. ^ Fortescue 1902, pp. 558–559.
  59. ^ Ingram 1995, pp. 5–27.
  60. ^ Ramachandran 2008, p. 74.
  61. ^ Moore 1878, p. 178.
  62. ^ a b Burn & Cotton 1908, p. 43.
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January 30, 2023
tiruchirappalli, this, article, about, city, tamil, nadu, india, other, uses, disambiguation, pronunciation, help, info, needs, formerly, trichinopoly, english, also, called, tiruchi, trichy, major, tier, city, indian, state, tamil, nadu, administrative, headq. This article is about the city in Tamil Nadu India For other uses see Tiruchirappalli disambiguation Tiruchirappalli b pronunciation help info needs IPA formerly Trichinopoly in English also called Tiruchi or Trichy is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli district The city is credited with being the best livable city 10 and the cleanest city of Tamil Nadu as well as the fifth safest city for women in India 11 It is the fourth largest city as well as the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state Located 322 kilometres 200 mi south of Chennai and 374 kilometres 232 mi north of Kanyakumari Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of Tamil Nadu state The Cauvery Delta begins 16 kilometres 9 9 mi west of the city where the Kaveri river splits into two forming the island of Srirangam which is now incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation The city occupies an area of 167 23 square kilometres 64 57 sq mi and had a population of 916 857 in 2011 a Tiruchirappalli Trichy Tiruchi shortened Tiruchinopoly colonial MetropolisClockwise from top Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort Our Lady of Lourdes Church Ranganathaswamy Temple Srirangam Tiruchirappalli Junction Mukkombu Jambukeswarar Temple Thiruvanaikaval and ELCOT IT Park TrichyTiruchirappalliTiruchirapalli Tamil NaduShow map of Tamil NaduTiruchirappalliTiruchirappalli India Show map of IndiaTiruchirappalliTiruchirappalli South Asia Show map of South AsiaCoordinates 10 47 25 N 78 42 17 E 10 79028 N 78 70472 E 10 79028 78 70472 Coordinates 10 47 25 N 78 42 17 E 10 79028 N 78 70472 E 10 79028 78 70472Country IndiaStateTamil NaduDistrictTiruchirapalliZoneCentralGovernment TypeMunicipal Corporation BodyTiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Mayor 2 Thiru Mu Anbalaagan Deputy Mayor 3 Tmt G Dhivya Commissioner of Police 4 Thiru G Karthikeyan IPS Member of ParliamentSu ThirunavukkarasarArea Metropolis167 23 km2 64 57 sq mi Metro211 51 km2 81 66 sq mi Rank4Elevation81 m 266 ft Population 2011 a Metropolis916 857 1 Rank52nd 4th in Tamil Nadu Metro 5 1 022 518 Metro rank52ndDemonymTiruchiiteLanguages OfficialTamilTime zoneUTC 5 30 IST PIN620 xxxTelephone code0431Vehicle registrationTN 45 TN 48 TN 81 TN 81AWebsiteTrichy City Municipal CorporationTiruchirappalli s recorded history begins in the 3rd century BC when it was under the rule of the Cholas The city has also been ruled by the Pallavas Pandyas Vijayanagar Empire Nayak Dynasty the Carnatic state and the British The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli include the Rockfort at Teppakulam the Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam dedicated to the reclining form of Hindu God Vishnu and is also the largest functioning temple in the world and the Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval which is also the largest temple for the Hindu God Shiva in the world The archaeologically important town of Uraiyur capital of the Early Cholas is now a neighbourhood in Tiruchirappalli The city played a critical role in the Carnatic Wars 1746 1763 between the British and the French East India companies The city is an important educational centre in the state of Tamil Nadu and houses nationally recognised institutions such as National Institutes of Technology NIT Indian Institutes of Management IIM National Law Universities NLU and Indian Institutes of Information Technology IIIT Srirangam Industrial units such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited BHEL Golden Rock Railway Workshop Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli OFT and High Energy Projectile Factory HEPF have their factories in the city The presence of a large number of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city has earned it the title of Energy Equipment and Fabrication Capital of India Tiruchirappalli is internationally known for a brand of cheroot known as the Trichinopoly cigar which was exported in large quantities to the United Kingdom during the 19th century A major road and railway hub in the state the city is served by the Tiruchirappalli International Airport TRZ which operates flights to the Middle East and Southeast Asia Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early and medieval history 2 2 British rule 2 3 Contemporary and modern history 3 Geography and climate 3 1 Urban structure 3 2 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Administration and politics 6 Utility services 7 Economy 8 Culture 9 Landmarks 10 Education 11 Sports 12 Media 13 Transport 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External linksEtymology EditHistorically Tiruchirappalli was commonly referred to in English as Trichinopoly 14 The shortened forms Trichy or Tiruchi are used in everyday speech and the full name Tiruchirapalli appears in official use by government and quasi government offices but seldom used by the general public 15 16 According to the late scholar C P Brown Tiruchirappalli might be a derivative of the word Chiruta palli lit little town 17 18 Orientalists Henry Yule and Arthur Coke Burnell have speculated that the name may derive from a rock inscription carved in the 16th century in which Tiruchirappalli is written as Tiru ssila palli meaning holy rock town in Tamil 17 18 Other scholars have suggested that the name Tiruchirappalli is a rewording of Tiru chinna palli meaning holy little town 17 18 The Madras Glossary gives the root as Tiruccinappalli or the holy tiru village palli of the shina Cissampelos pareira plant 18 According to Hindu mythology Tiruchirappalli derives its name from the three headed demon Trishira who meditated on the Hindu god Shiva near the present day city to obtain favours from the god 17 An alternative derivation albeit not universally accepted 17 is that the source of the city s name is the Sanskrit word Trishirapuram Trishira meaning three headed and palli or puram meaning city 17 18 History EditMain article History of Tiruchirappalli Early and medieval history Edit Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Tamil Nadu its earliest settlements date back to the Sangam period 19 Uraiyur the capital of the Early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards 20 is a neighbourhood in the present day Tiruchirappalli 21 22 The city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian Ptolemy in his 2nd century work Geography 23 The world s oldest surviving dam the Kallanai Lower Anaicut about 18 kilometres 11 mi from Uraiyur 24 was built across the Kaveri River by Karikala Chola in the 2nd century AD 25 Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort the rock is said to be one of the oldest formations in the world It is 3 8 billion years old as it is older than Greenland and Himalayas citation needed The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king Mahendravarman I who ruled over South India in the 6th century AD and constructed the rock cut cave temples within the Rockfort 26 27 28 Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century the city was conquered by the Medieval Cholas who ruled until the 13th century 29 After the decline of the Cholas Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the Pandyas 30 who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by Malik Kafur the commander of Allauddin Khilji 31 32 The victorious armies of the Delhi Sultanate are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region 31 32 33 The statue of the Hindu god Ranganatha in the temple of Srirangam vanished at about this time and was not recovered and reinstated for more than fifty years 32 33 Tiruchirappalli was ruled by the Delhi and Madurai sultanates from 1311 to 1378 34 but by the middle of the 14th century the Madurai Sultanate had begun to fall apart 35 Gradually the Vijayanagar Empire established supremacy over the northern parts of the kingdom and Tiruchirappalli was taken by the Vijayanagar prince Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar in 1371 36 The Vijayanagar Empire ruled the region from 1378 until the 1530s and played a prominent role in reviving Hinduism by reconstructing temples and monuments destroyed by the previous Muslim rulers 37 Following the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire in the early part of the 16th century the Madurai Nayak kingdom began to assert its independence 38 39 40 The city flourished during the reign of Vishwanatha Nayak c 1529 1564 who is said to have protected the area by constructing the Teppakulam and building walls around the Srirangam temple 41 42 His successor Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka made Tiruchirappalli his capital 42 and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736 43 44 45 In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler Meenakshi committed suicide and Tiruchirappalli was conquered by Chanda Sahib 40 46 He ruled the kingdom from 1736 to 1741 when he was captured and imprisoned by the Marathas in the siege of Tiruchirappalli 1741 led by general Raghuji Bhonsle under the orders of Chhattrapati Shahu 46 47 48 Chanda Sahib remained prisoner for about eight years before making his escape from the Maratha Empire Tiruchirappalli was administered by the Maratha general Murari Rao from 1741 to 1743 when it was acquired by the Nizam of Hyderabad who bribed Rao to hand over the city 46 48 Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the ruler and returned to Golkonda 49 When the Nawab of the Carnatic Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the Battle of Ambur 1749 the former fled to Tiruchirappalli where he set up his base 50 51 52 The subsequent siege of Tiruchirappalli 1751 1752 by Chanda Sahib took place during the Second Carnatic War between the British East India Company and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib and the French East India Company on the other 53 The British were victorious and Wallajah was restored to the throne During his reign he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the Sufi saint Nathar Vali who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD 54 55 Tiruchirappalli was invaded by Nanjaraja Wodeyar in 1753 and Hyder Ali of the Mysore kingdom in 1780 both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company 56 A third invasion attempt by Tipu Sultan son of Hyder Ali in 1793 was also unsuccessful 57 he was pursued by British forces led by William Medows who thwarted the attack 58 British rule Edit The Carnatic kingdom was annexed by the British in July 1801 as a consequence of the discovery of collusion between Tipu Sultan an enemy of the British and Umdat Ul Umra son of Wallajah and the Nawab at the time during the Fourth Anglo Mysore War 59 60 Trichinopoly was incorporated into the Madras Presidency the same year and the district of Trichinopoly was formed with the city of Trichinopoly or Tiruchirappalli as its capital 61 During the Company Raj and later the British Raj Tiruchirappalli emerged as one of the most important cities in India According to the 1871 Indian census the first in British India Tiruchirappalli had a population of 76 530 making it the second largest city in the presidency after the capital of Madras now Chennai 62 It was known throughout the British Empire for its unique variety of cheroot known as the Trichinopoly cigar 18 Tiruchirappalli was the first headquarters for the newly formed South Indian Railway Company in 1874 until its relocation to Madras in the early 20th century c 64 Trichinopoly during the British Raj The town and fort of Trichinopoly c 1840 Rockfort and Teppakulam c 1860Contemporary and modern history Edit Map of Tiruchirappalli town in 1955 Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the pre independence era there were a number of strikes and non violent protests during the Quit India Movement 65 notably the South Indian Railway Strike that took place in 1928 66 The city was the base for the Vedaranyam salt march initiated by C Rajagopalachari in parallel with the Dandi March in 1930 67 Tiruchirappalli was an epicentre of the anti Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu when a team of Tamil language supporters gathered and organised a rally from the city to Madras in 1938 68 Later in 1965 Tiruchirappalli was made the base of the Madras state Anti Hindi Conference convened by C Rajagopalachari 69 70 The population of Tiruchirappalli continued to grow rapidly achieving a growth rate of 36 9 during the period 1941 51 71 After independence in 1947 Tiruchirappalli fell behind other cities such as Salem and Coimbatore in terms of growth 72 73 74 Tiruchirappalli remained a part of Madras State which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969 75 The city underwent extensive economic development in the 1960s with the commissioning of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 76 77 In the early 1980s M G Ramachandran then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu drafted a plan to move the state s administrative headquarters to Tiruchirappalli 78 A satellite town was developed near Navalpattu on the outskirts of the city 78 but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments 79 Like much of Tamil Nadu Tiruchirappalli remains prone to communal tensions based on religion and ethnicity There have been occasional outbreaks of violence against Sri Lankans In 2009 the offices of a Sri Lankan airline were attacked in the city 80 81 In September 2012 two groups of Sri Lankan pilgrims who had visited the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni and the Poondi Madha Basilica had their buses attacked in Tiruchirappalli by a group of Tamil activists 82 83 84 Owing to a series of terrorist attacks in Indian cities since 2000 security has been increased at sites such as Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple 85 Geography and climate EditMain article Geography of Tiruchirappalli Panorama of Tiruchirappalli showing Cauvery river and the Srirangam island Aerial photograph of Srirangam island sandwiched between the rivers Kaveri and Kollidam Tiruchirappalli is situated in central south eastern India almost at the geographic centre of the state of Tamil Nadu The Cauvery Delta begins to form 16 kilometres 9 9 mi west of the city where the river divides into two streams the Kaveri and the Kollidam to form the island of Srirangam 71 86 87 By road it is 912 kilometres 567 mi south of Hyderabad 322 kilometres 200 mi south west of Chennai and 331 kilometres 206 mi south east of Bangalore 88 The topology of Tiruchirappalli is almost flat with an average elevation of 81 metres 266 ft A few isolated hillocks rise above the surface 89 the highest of which is the Rockfort 90 91 its estimated age of 3 800 million years makes it one of the oldest rocks in the world 92 93 Other prominent hillocks include the Golden Rock Khajamalai 94 and one each at Uyyakondan Thirumalai and Thiruverumbur 95 Apart from Kaveri and its tributary Kollidam 96 the city is also drained by the Uyyakondan Channel Koraiyar and Kudamurutti river channels 97 The land immediately surrounding the Kaveri River which crosses Tiruchirappalli from west to east consists of deposits of fertile alluvial soil 98 on which crops such as finger millet and maize are cultivated 99 Further south the surface is covered by poor quality black soil 98 A belt of Cretaceous rock known as the Trichinopoly Group runs to the north east of the city 100 and to the south east there are layers of archaean rocks granite and gneiss covered by a thin bed of conglomeratic laterite 90 The region falls under Seismic Zone III which is moderately vulnerable to earthquakes 101 Urban structure Edit Panorama of Tiruchirappalli as seen from the top of the Rockfort Skyline of the cantonment area south of the Central Bus Station ca Aug 22 The city of Tiruchirappalli lies on the plains between the Shevaroy Hills to the north and the Palani Hills to the south and south west 102 Tiruchirappalli is completely surrounded by agricultural fields 73 Densely populated industrial and residential areas have recently been built in the northern part of the city and the southern edge also has residential areas 73 The older part of Tiruchirappalli within the Rockfort is unplanned and congested while the adjoining newer sections are better executed 103 Many of the old houses in Srirangam were constructed according to the shilpa sastras the canonical texts of Hindu temple architecture 104 Climate Edit Tiruchirappalli experiences a dry summer tropical savanna climate Koppen climate classification As with no major change in temperature between summer and winter 105 106 The climate is generally characterised by high temperature and low humidity 107 With an annual mean temperature of 28 9 C 84 0 F and monthly average temperatures ranging between 25 C 77 F and 32 C 90 F 105 the city is the hottest in the state 108 The warmest months are from April to June 109 when the city experiences frequent dust storms 109 As of November 2013 update the highest temperature ever recorded in Tiruchirappalli was 43 9 C 111 0 F which occurred on 2 May 1896 110 the lowest was observed on 6 February 1884 at 13 9 C 57 0 F 111 112 The high temperatures in the city have been attributed to the presence of two rivers Kaveri and Kollidam d and the absence of greenery around the city 108 As Tiruchirappalli is on the Deccan Plateau the days are extremely warm and dry evenings are cooler because of cold winds that blow from the south east 105 From June to September the city experiences a moderate climate tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers Rainfall is heaviest between October and December because of the north east monsoon winds and from December to February the climate is cool and moist 105 The average annual rainfall is 841 9 mm 33 15 in 113 slightly lower than the state s average of 945 mm 37 2 in 114 Fog and dew are rare and occur only during the winter season 109 Climate data for Tiruchirappalli Airport 1981 2010 extremes 1949 2012 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 35 6 96 1 40 0 104 0 42 2 108 0 42 8 109 0 43 3 109 9 43 9 111 0 41 1 106 0 40 6 105 1 40 6 105 1 38 9 102 0 36 7 98 1 35 6 96 1 43 9 111 0 Average high C F 30 3 86 5 32 8 91 0 35 7 96 3 37 5 99 5 38 2 100 8 37 1 98 8 36 3 97 3 35 8 96 4 35 0 95 0 32 8 91 0 30 4 86 7 29 6 85 3 34 3 93 7 Average low C F 20 6 69 1 21 5 70 7 23 5 74 3 26 1 79 0 26 8 80 2 26 6 79 9 26 1 79 0 25 7 78 3 24 9 76 8 24 2 75 6 22 8 73 0 21 2 70 2 24 2 75 6 Record low C F 14 4 57 9 13 9 57 0 15 6 60 1 18 3 64 9 19 4 66 9 18 0 64 4 20 1 68 2 20 6 69 1 20 6 69 1 18 9 66 0 16 7 62 1 14 4 57 9 13 9 57 0 Average rainfall mm inches 13 3 0 52 3 6 0 14 5 3 0 21 29 6 1 17 67 0 2 64 38 3 1 51 60 5 2 38 69 9 2 75 153 4 6 04 153 9 6 06 168 0 6 61 81 4 3 20 844 2 33 24 Average rainy days 0 9 0 4 0 6 1 7 3 8 2 6 2 7 4 1 7 1 9 2 8 1 5 1 46 3Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 54 43 37 41 42 44 45 46 52 64 70 65 50Source India Meteorological Department 112 115 Demographics Edit Aerial view of Tiruchirapalli Main article Demographics of Tiruchirappalli Historical populationYearPop 187176 530 188184 449 10 3 189190 609 7 3 1901104 721 15 6 1911123 512 17 9 1921120 422 2 5 1931142 843 18 6 1941159 566 11 7 1951218 921 37 2 1961249 862 14 1 1971307 400 23 0 1981362 045 17 8 1991387 223 7 0 2001752 066 94 2 2011916 857 21 9 Sources 1871 1901 62 1891 1941 116 1941 1961 117 1961 1991 73 1991 2001 118 2011 12 According to the 2011 Indian census Tiruchirappalli had a population of 847 387 a 9 4 of whom were under the age of six living in 214 529 families within the municipal corporation limits The recorded population density was 5 768 km2 14 940 sq mi while the sex ratio was 975 males for every 1 000 females 13 The Tiruchirappalli urban agglomeration had a population of 1 022 518 and was ranked the fourth largest in Tamil Nadu and the 53rd in India as of 2011 5 The city had an average literacy rate of 91 37 13 significantly higher than the national average of 73 00 119 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 10 48 and 0 27 of the population respectively 13 There were 228 518 people roughly constituting about 26 96 of the total population who lived in slums in the city 120 The daily floating population of the city was estimated at around 250 000 121 The city s population is predominantly Hindu 122 Muslims constitute about twenty percent 123 and there is also a considerable Christian population Sikhs and Jains are present in smaller numbers 124 125 Roman Catholics in Tiruchirappalli are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli while Protestants are affiliated to the Trichy Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India 126 127 The most widely spoken language is Tamil 128 but there are significant numbers of Telugu 129 Gujarati 130 Kannada 131 Malayalam 132 and Hindi speakers 133 Saurashtra is also spoken by some significant minorities 134 The standard dialect of Tamil spoken is the Central Tamil dialect 135 136 There is also a substantial population of Anglo Indians e and Sri Lankan Tamil migrants most of whom are housed in refugee camps on the outskirts of the city 139 140 Administration and politics EditSee also Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation Administrative officialsCollector sivarasu IAS 141 Municipality officialsMayor vacant 142 Commissioner S Sivasubramanian 143 Deputy Mayor Vacant 144 Commissioner of Police A Amalraj 145 Members of Legislative AssemblyTiruchirappalli East Inigo IrudayarajTiruchirappalli West K N NehruSrirangam M PalaniyandiThiruverumbur Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi 146 Manachanallur S KathiravanThuraiyur S Stalin Kumar 146 Lalgudi A Soundarapandian 146 Musiri N ThiagarajanManapparai P Abdul SamadMember of ParliamentTiruchirappalli Su Thirunavukkarasar 147 Covering 18 square kilometres 6 9 sq mi the municipality of Tiruchirappalli was inaugurated under the Town Improvements Act 1865 on 1 November 1866 148 it originally consisted of two ex officers and nine nominated members 149 Council elections were introduced in 1877 and the first chairman was elected in 1889 149 The municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation as per the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Act 1994 150 by inclusion of the erstwhile Srirangam and Golden Rock municipalities 151 Covering 167 23 square kilometres 64 57 sq mi a 152 the municipal corporation comprises 65 wards and four administrative zones these are Srirangam Ariyamangalam Golden Rock and Abhishekapuram 153 Headquarters of Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Council the legislative body comprises 65 councillors elected from each of the 65 wards and is headed by a mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor 154 155 The executive wing has seven departments general administration revenue town planning engineering public health information technology and personnel and is headed by a City Commissioner The Commissioner is assisted by two executive engineers for the east and west sections and Assistant Commissioners for personnel accounts and revenue departments a public relations officer a city engineer a city health officer and an Assistant Commissioner for each of the four zones 156 A Local Planning Authority for Tiruchirappalli was created on 5 April 1974 as per the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act of 1971 with the District Collector of Tiruchirappalli as chairman and the assistant director of Town and Country Planning as its member secretary 157 The city of Tiruchirappalli is represented in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by Nine elected members one each for the Tiruchirappalli East Tiruchirappalli West Srirangam Thiruverumbur Musiri Lalgudi Manapparai Thuraiyur and Manachanallur constituencies 158 159 J Jayalalithaa former chief minister of Tamil Nadu represented the Srirangam constituency between 2011 and 2015 160 Tiruchirappalli is also part of the Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency and once every five years elects a member to the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Parliament of India 159 161 The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for four terms 1957 62 162 1984 89 163 1989 91 164 and 1991 96 165 the Communist Party of India 1962 67 166 1971 77 167 and 1977 80 168 and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 2001 04 2009 14 and 2014 present for three terms each 169 and Bharatiya Janata Party 1998 99 170 and 1999 2001 171 for two terms each Candidates from the Communist Party of India 172 Tamil Maanila Congress and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 173 have won once each Indian politician Rangarajan Kumaramangalam who served as the Minister of Power in the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee 174 was elected to the Lok Sabha from Tiruchirappalli in the 1998 and 1999 elections 170 171 Law and order are enforced by the Tamil Nadu police which for administrative purposes has constituted Tiruchirappalli city as a separate district divided into 18 zonal offices and units with a total of 38 police stations 175 The Tiruchirappalli city police force is headed by a Commissioner of police assisted by Deputy Commissioners 176 Law and order in suburban areas is enforced by the Tiruchirappalli district police 177 It has the lowest proportion of rape and murder cases in the state 178 Utility services EditElectricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board TNEB 179 Tiruchirappalli is the headquarters of the Trichy region of TNEB The city and its suburbs form the Trichy Metro Electricity Distribution Circle which is subdivided into six divisions 179 A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters at Tennur 179 Water supply is provided by the Tiruchirappalli City Corporation 180 The city gets its drinking water supply from the Kaveri River and 1 470 bore wells linked to 60 service reservoirs in and around the city 181 Four of the six head works from which the city gets its water supply are maintained by the municipal corporation and the rest by other agencies 182 Pollution has been a major concern in Tiruchirappalli The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has set up five stations in the city to check the quality of air 183 As of 2012 about 432 tonnes 432 000 kg of solid waste are produced in the city every day 184 Solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation places such as the Gandhi Market Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus are being monitored by other agencies 182 The principal landfill is at Ariyamangalam 185 Waste water management in the Trichy Srirangam underground drainage UGD areas is handled by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board TWAD and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation 182 As of 2013 there were a total of 40 580 UGD connections maintained by the municipal corporation 186 In 2020 it is estimated that 31 of the city is covered under a networked sewage system however as of September 2020 the corporation has fast tracked its project to cover the entire city funded jointly by urban local body Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd Tufidco and Asian Development Bank 187 The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited TDCL is a major cause of concern for the corporation 188 The corporation s annual expenditure for the year 2010 11 was estimated to be 1 559 4 million equivalent to 2 7 billion or US 34 million in 2020 189 In 2013 researchers from Bharathidasan University assessed water quality in the Tiruchirappalli area and concluded that although the quality of the groundwater was suitable for human consumption the quality of the pond water in the city was not fit for human usage agricultural or industrial purposes 190 Under the National Urban Sanitation Policy Tiruchirappalli was ranked sixth in India and first in Tamil Nadu on the basis of sanitation for the year 2009 10 191 In January 2010 Tiruchirappalli became the first city in India where open defecation was prevented in all its slums 192 In a 2016 survey conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development as a part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign Tiruchirappalli was ranked third in the list of cleanest cities in India 193 Under the ease of living index 2018 published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Tiruchirappalli was ranked twelfth in India and first in Tamil Nadu among the 111 cities considered 10 The ranking framework was categorised into four pillars namely Institutional Social Economic and Physical which comprised 78 indicators such as urban transport waste water management solid waste management and governance Tiruchirappalli comes under the Tiruchi Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BSNL India s state owned telecom and internet services provider 194 There are about 20 000 business telephone subscribers in the city 195 Both Global System for Mobile Communications GSM and Code division multiple access CDMA mobile services are available 196 BSNL also provides broadband internet services 197 BSNL began offering wireless internet services with the commencement of Evolution Data Optimized EVDO transmission in 2008 196 Tiruchirappalli is one of the few cities in India where BSNL s Caller Line Identification CLI based internet service Netone is available 198 Softnet STPI Tata VSNL Bharti and Reliance are other major broadband internet service providers in the city 199 Tiruchirappalli has a regional passport office the second in Tamil Nadu which commenced its operations on 23 March 1983 bifurcated from Chennai region 200 After Coimbatore and Madurai regional office were established in late 2000s by bifurcating from Trichy region currently the office caters to the needs of Trichy and seven adjacent districts namely Karur Nagappattinam Perambalur Pudukkottai Thanjavur Ariyalur and Tiruvarur 201 Economy EditMain article Economy of Tiruchirappalli A WDS6 locomotive manufactured at the Golden Rock Railway Workshop During British rule Tiruchirappalli was known for its tanneries cigar manufacturing units and oil presses 202 At its peak more than 12 million cigars were manufactured and exported annually 202 Tanned hides and skins from Tiruchirappalli were exported to the United Kingdom 202 The city has a number of retail and wholesale markets the most prominent among them being the Gandhi Market which also serves people from other parts of the district 203 204 205 Other notable markets in the city are the flower bazaar in Srirangam 205 and the mango market at Mambazha Salai 206 The suburb of Manachanallur is known for its rice mills where polished Ponni rice is produced 207 Tiruchirappalli is a major engineering equipment manufacturing and fabrication hub in India 77 The Golden Rock Railway Workshop which moved to Tiruchirappalli from Nagapattinam in 1928 is one of the three railway workshop cum production units in Tamil Nadu 208 The workshops produced 650 conventional and low container flat wagons during 2007 2008 209 A high pressure boiler manufacturing plant was set up by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited BHEL India s largest public sector engineering company in May 1965 210 211 This was followed by a seamless steel plant and a boiler auxiliaries plant 212 In 2010 the Tiruchirappalli unit of the company contributed to nearly 30 per cent of its total sales making it the largest of all units 213 As of 2011 the Tiruchirappalli division employed about 10 000 people 213 and is supported by a number of ancillary industries producing almost 250 000 tonnes 250 000 000 kg of fabricated materials 77 These ancillary units together with BHEL contribute nearly 60 per cent of India s steel fabrication 77 earning the city the title Energy equipment and fabrication capital of India 214 Other important industries in Tiruchirappalli include Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited TDCL which was established at Senthaneerpuram in the former Golden Rock municipality in 1966 215 and the Trichy Steel Rolling Mills which was started as a private limited company on 27 June 1961 216 The Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited manufactures rectified spirit 215 acetaldehyde 215 acetic acid 215 acetic anhydride 217 and ethyl acetate It is one of the biggest private sector distilleries in Tamil Nadu and produced 13 5 megalitres 3 0 million imperial gallons of spirit alcohol between December 2005 and November 2006 218 The Ordnance Factories Board runs a weapons manufacturing unit and a Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project HAPP facility 219 the latter was set up in the late 1980s and consists of a flexible manufacturing system FMS the first of its kind in India 220 221 222 From the late 1980s a synthetic gem industry was developed in the city the gemstones are cut and polished in Tiruchirappalli district and in Pudukottai district 223 In 1990 the Indian government launched a scheme to increase employment by boosting the production of American diamonds and training local artisans in semi automated machinery and technology The local gem industry was reportedly generating annual revenues of 100 million equivalent to 510 million or US 6 3 million in 2020 by the mid 1990s 224 Concerns have been raised over the employment of children aged 9 14 in the gem cutting and polishing industry 224 225 As a result in 1996 Tiruchirappalli district was selected to be involved in the National Child Labour Project and in the running of special schools to educate working children 226 As of December 2010 the Tiruchirappalli region annually exports around 262 1 million equivalent to 500 million or US 6 3 million in 2020 of software 227 228 The ELCOT IT Park Trichy the city s first IT park commissioned at a cost of 600 million equivalent to 1 1 billion or US 14 million in 2020 was inaugurated in December 2010 229 230 Set up by the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu the park occupies an area of 59 74 hectares 147 6 acres and constitutes a Special Economic Zone 230 231 Employing a workforce of over 1 500 more than six companies including Vuram iLink Systems Pvt Ltd Scientific Publishing Company Vdart Technologies GI Tech Gaming Co India Pvt Ltd VR Della IT Services Pvt Ltd and the Tamil Nadu Disaster Recovery Centre function out of the existing building occupying the entire built up space 232 The ELCOT IT Park Trichy is in close proximity to the Tiruchi International Airport The facility was highlighted through the two editions of Global Investors Meet and became a key factor for the demand for the built up space 233 Culture EditSee also Tamil culture and Tamil cuisine A Jallikattu match A resident of Tiruchirappalli is generally referred to as a Tiruchiite 234 Situated at the edge of the Kaveri Delta the culture of Tiruchirappalli is predominantly Brahminical prevalent elsewhere in the delta 235 With a substantial population of students and migrant industrial workers from different parts of India Tiruchirappalli has a more cosmopolitan outlook than the surrounding countryside 236 237 The main festival celebrated in Tiruchirappalli is Pongal a regional harvest festival celebrated during January As part of the Pongal celebrations Jallikattu a bull taming village sport played on the last day of the festival 238 is occasionally held on the outskirts of the city 239 Aadi Perukku 240 Samayapuram flower festival 241 Vaikunta Ekadasi 242 Srirangam car festival 243 and the Teppakulam float festival are some of the prominent festivals that are held locally 244 Bakrid and Eid al Fitr are also widely celebrated owing to the substantial number of Muslims in the city 245 246 Nationwide festivals such as the Gregorian New Year 247 Christmas Deepavali 248 and Holi 249 are also celebrated in Tiruchirappalli The 12th century Tamil epic Kambaramayanam was first recited at the Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam In 1771 Rama Natakam a musical drama written Arunachala Kavi and based on the Ramayana was also performed there 250 Tiruchirappalli was home to some of the prominent Carnatic musicians including Lalgudi Jayaraman Srirangam Kannan and A K C Natarajan and scholars such as T S Murugesan Pillai Kundalam Rangachariar and K A P Viswanatham 251 Composers poets and vocalists such as G Ramanathan T K Ramamoorthy 252 Vaali and P Madhuri who have made significant contributions to Tamil film music hail from the city 253 254 Textile weaving leather work and gem cutting are some of the important crafts practised in Tiruchirappalli 255 Wooden idols of Hindu gods and goddesses are sold at Poompuhar the crafts emporium run by the Government of Tamil Nadu 256 The Trichy Travel Federation TTF was formed on 5 May 2009 to promote Tiruchirappalli as a favourable tourist destination 257 The federation organises an annual food festival called Suvai 258 Lack of infrastructure has been a major deterrent to the city s tourism industry 259 260 Landmarks Edit The Vellai Gopuram white tower on the eastern entrance of the Srirangam temple named after a Devadasi 261 Once a part of the Chola kingdom Tiruchirappalli has a number of exquisitely sculpted temples and fortresses 262 The Erumbeeswarar Temple has been designated a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India Most of the temples including the Rockfort temples the Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam the Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval the Samayapuram Mariamman Temple the Erumbeeswarar Temple Gneeliwaneswarar Temple at Thiruppaingneeli 263 and the temples in Urayur are built in the Dravidian style of architecture 264 the Ranganathaswamy Temple and Jambukeswarar Temple are often counted among the best examples of this style 265 266 267 The rock cut cave temples of the Rockfort along with the gateway and the Erumbeeswarar Temple are listed as monuments of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India 268 Night View of Trichy from the top of Rockfort photographed from the temple window Considered one of the symbols of Tiruchirappalli the Rockfort is a fortress which stands atop a 273 foot high rock 269 It consists of a set of monolithic rocks accommodating many rock cut cave temples Originally built by the Pallavas it was later reconstructed by the Madurai Nayaks and Vijayanagara rulers The temple complex has three shrines two of which are dedicated to Lord Ganesha one at the foot and the Ucchi Pillayar Temple at the top and the Thayumanavar Temple between them The Thayumanavar temple the largest of the three houses a shrine for Parvati as well as the main deity As per a legend Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham Twister Because of the santamarutham eight kodumudigal parts fell from kailasam into eight different places which are Thirugonamalai Trincomalee Sri Lanka Thirukalahasti Thiruchiramalai Rock fort Thiruenkoimalai Rajathagiri Neerthagiri Ratnagiri and Swethagiri Thirupangeeli 270 271 The Rockfort is visible from almost every part of the city s north 92 The Teppakulam at the foot of the Rockfort is surrounded by bazaars 272 It has a mandapa at its centre 273 The Ranganathaswamy Temple dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu is located on the island of Srirangam 92 Often cited as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world 92 it has a perimeter of 4 116 metres 13 504 ft and occupies 156 acres 630 000 m2 274 Considered to be among the 108 Divya Desams Holy shrines of Lord Vishnu 275 the temple is believed to house the mortal remains of the Vaishnavite saint and philosopher Ramanujacharya 276 Originally built by the Cholas 277 the temple was later renovated by the Pandyas the Hoysalas the Madurai Nayaks and the Vijayanagar empire between the 9th and 16th centuries AD 278 There are 21 gopurams towers 279 of which the Rajagopuram is 236 feet 72 m 280 According to the Limca Book of Records it was the tallest temple tower in the world until 1999 281 St Mary s Cathedral The Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval and the Erumbeeswarar Temple at Thiruverumbur were built in the rule of the Medieval Cholas 282 283 The Jambukeswarar Temple is one of the Pancha Bhoota Stalams dedicated to Lord Shiva it is the fifth largest temple complex in Tamil Nadu 284 The city s best known mosque is the Nadir Shah Mosque 285 The Christ Church constructed by the German Protestant missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz in 1766 and the Our Lady of Lourdes Church are noted examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the city 286 Tropical butterfly conservatory The Chokkanatha Nayak Palace which houses the Rani Mangammal Mahal was built by the Madurai Nayaks in the 17th century it has now been converted into a museum 287 The Nawab s palace 288 the Railway Heritage Centre 289 the Upper Anaicut constructed by Sir Arthur Cotton and the world s oldest functional dam the Grand Anaicut are some of the other important structures in Tiruchirappalli 290 291 Education EditMain article List of educational institutions in Trichy Tiruchirappalli has been recognised in India as an important educational centre since the time of British rule 292 293 294 St Joseph s College which opened in Nagapattinam in 1846 and transferred to Tiruchirappalli in 1883 is one of the oldest educational institutions in South India 295 The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel SPG college established in 1883 is a premium missionary institution in the city 292 India s second Nobel laureate C V Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli As of 2013 Tiruchirappalli has 45 arts and science colleges 40 polytechnic colleges and 13 colleges that offer management education National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli is located in a area of 800 acres National Institutional Ranking Framework ranked this NIT the first among other others in India 296 The St Joseph s College National College 297 Bishop Heber College 298 Jamal Mohamed College 299 and the Government Law College are prominent colleges providing higher education in the arts and sciences 300 There are approximately 35 engineering colleges in and around the city 228 The National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli established by the government in 1964 as the Regional Engineering College 301 has a campus at Thuvakudi on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli 302 National Institute of Technology Trichy NIT T released the enhanced version of e commerce mobile application the institute Sponsored by the Department of Science and TechnologyThe Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute was established as a constituent college of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1989 and the National Research Centre for Banana offer higher education and research in agriculture 303 The Tiruchirappalli branch of Anna University was established after the bifurcation of Anna University in 2007 304 64 self financing colleges which offer courses in engineering architecture management and computer applications in the districts of Ariyalur Cuddalore Nagapattinam Perambalur Pudukkottai Thanjavur and Tiruvarur are affiliated to Anna University 305 The SRM Group of Colleges established the SRM Institute of Science and Technology at Irungalur near Tiruchirappalli this was followed by Chennai Medical College and Hospital in 2007 A proposal by the group to include the institutions in SRM University is under review by the Ministry of Human Resources Development of the Government of India 306 The Bharathidasan University was established in Tiruchirappalli in 1982 and controls 104 colleges in Tiruchirappalli district and seven neighbouring districts 307 308 The university also runs a management school the Bharathidasan Institute of Management in the city in collaboration with BHEL 309 The Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli was set up during the Eleventh Five Year Plan along with five other IIMs opened during the 2011 12 academic season 310 311 In 2013 the Ministry of Human Resource Development MHRD approved Indian Institute of Information Technology IIIT 312 and the Tamil Nadu National Law School modelled on the National Law School of India University both started their operations in the city 313 The city is also the regional headquarters of the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha for the state of Tamil Nadu 314 There are 200 higher secondary schools in Tiruchirappalli 296 notable ones are the St Johns Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School 315 Campion Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School 316 St Joseph s Anglo Indian Girls Higher Secondary School 317 Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School Higher Secondary School for Boys Srirangam 318 and RSK Higher Secondary School 319 320 Notable people who were either born or educated at Tiruchirappalli include C V Raman 321 A P J Abdul Kalam 322 Sujatha Vaali G N Ramachandran and former President of India R Venkataraman 307 Sports Edit Synthetic turf hockey ground in the Anna Stadium Hockey and cricket are the most popular sports in Tiruchirappalli 323 324 Former Indian hockey goalkeepers Charles Cornelius and Leslie Fernandez 325 Rajagopal Sathish who represents the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League 326 and Dharmaraj Ravanan who represents Chennai City F C in the I League 327 all hail from the city The Anna Stadium complex is the main venue for sports in the city it hosts an indoor stadium and an astro turf hockey ground 325 The stadium complex also includes a football ground an athletic track a swimming pool a gymnasium a badminton court and a hostel for the athletes 328 The Tiruchirappalli District Cricket Association TDCA is one of the constituents of the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association 329 and regulates school college and club cricket in the district 330 First class cricket matches were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium formerly the Khajamalai Stadium 331 332 At the association s golden jubilee celebrations in 2008 09 plans for the establishment of another cricket stadium and an academy in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli city were mooted 333 334 The Mannarpuram Cricket Academy is one of the noted cricket coaching academies in Tiruchirappalli 335 Domestic association football tennis and volleyball tournaments are held in and around the city 336 337 338 Tiruchirappalli hosted the Federation Cup a knockout style club football tournament in 1984 and an open chess tournament organised by FIDE in 2006 339 340 Media EditAccording to the Registrar of Newspapers in India more than 100 newspapers have been registered in Tiruchirappalli as of November 2013 341 The weekly newspaper Wednesday Review founded in 1905 is the first prominent journal to be published in Tiruchirappalli 342 Among the major English language newspapers being published in Tiruchirappalli are The Hindu which launched a Tiruchirappalli edition in 2004 343 and The New Indian Express which was publishing in Tiruchirappalli before The Hindu 344 Some of the important Tamil language newspapers that publish a Tiruchirappalli edition are Dina Thanthi 345 Dina Mani 346 Dina Malar Malai Malar Dinakaran 347 Tamil Murasu and Tamil Sudar 341 The popular Tamil weekly Ananda Vikatan launched a local supplement for Tiruchirappalli in 2011 348 The first radio transmission station in Tiruchirappalli was opened by All India Radio AIR on 16 May 1939 349 350 AIR started providing direct to home enabled radio broadcasting service from 2006 351 In 2007 the AIR launched Ragam a separate Carnatic music station from the city 352 Apart from the government owned AIR private FM radio stations such as Hello and Suryan FM and Mirchi 95 0 from Tiruchirappalli 353 Indira Gandhi National Open University s Gyan Vani started broadcasting from the city in 2008 354 Tiruchirappalli s first campus community radio station was started by Holy Cross College on 22 December 2006 355 Television broadcasting from Chennai was started on 15 August 1975 356 Satellite television channels have been available since 1991 357 Direct to home cable television services are provided by DD Direct Plus 358 359 360 and various other operators 361 Transport EditMain article Transport in Tiruchirappalli Check in counters at the integrated terminal of Tiruchirappalli International Airport Madurai Chennai Tejas Express at Trichy Junction The most commonly used modes of local transport in Tiruchirappalli are the state government owned Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation TNSTC buses and auto rickshaws 362 363 Tiruchirappalli forms a part of the Kumbakonam division of the TNSTC 364 The city has two major bus termini Chatram Bus Stand and Central Bus Stand both of which operate intercity services and local transport to suburban areas 365 The municipal administration and water supply department has accorded administrative sanction to construct new bus stands in three central districts at a total cost of 31 8 crore The state infrastructure amenities promotion committee has approved providing 50 of the estimated cost in 10 towns and cities across the state Tiruchirappalli sits at the junction of two major National Highways NH 45 and NH 67 366 NH 45 is one of the most congested highways in south India and carries almost 10 000 lorries on the Tiruchirappalli Chennai stretch every night 367 Other National Highways originating in the city are NH 45B NH 210 and NH 227 368 369 370 State highways that start from the city include SH 25 and SH 62 371 Tiruchirappalli has 715 85 km 444 81 mi of road maintained by the municipal corporation 372 A semi ring road connecting all the National Highways is being constructed to ease traffic congestion in the city 373 As of 2013 approximately 328 000 two wheelers 93 500 cars and 10 000 public transport vehicles operate within the city limits 183 apart from the 1 500 inter city buses that pass through Tiruchirappalli daily 152 Tiruchirappalli suffers from traffic congestion mainly because of its narrow roads and absence of an integrated bus station 152 374 Passenger trains also carry a significant number of passengers from nearby towns 362 The Great Southern of India Railway Company was established in 1853 with its headquarters at England 375 In 1859 the company constructed its first railway line connecting Tiruchirappalli and Nagapattinam 375 The company merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company with Tiruchirappalli as its headquarters 376 377 The city retained the position until 1908 when the company s headquarters was transferred to Madras 378 Tiruchirappalli Junction is one of the busiest in India 379 It constitutes a separate division of the Southern Railway 380 Tiruchirappalli has rail connectivity with most important cities and towns in India 369 Other railway stations in the city include Tiruchirappalli Fort Tiruchirappalli Town Srirangam Tiruchirappalli Palakkarai and Golden Rock Ponmalai 381 382 Non stop flight time from Chennai to Trichy is between 1 hr to 1 hr 30 mins depending on the aircraft s cruising speed technical condition and weather wind Tiruchirappalli is served by Tiruchirappalli International Airport IATA TRZ ICAO VOTR 383 5 km 3 1 mi from the city centre 384 385 The airport handles fivefold more international air traffic than domestic services making it the only airport in India with this huge variation It serves as a gateway to immigrants from South east Asian countries 386 There are regular flights to Chennai 387 Mumbai Delhi Bangalore Hyderabad Colombo 388 Dubai Kuala Lumpur 389 and Singapore 390 The airport handled more than 1 million passengers and 2012 tonnes of cargo during the fiscal year 2013 14 391 See also EditTiruchirappalli metropolitan area Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple List of people from Tiruchirappalli Classification of Indian cities Mukkombu ELCOT IT Park Trichy Tiruchirappalli Rock FortNotes Edit a b c d The area of the city was expanded from 146 9 square kilometres 56 7 sq mi to 167 23 square kilometres 64 57 sq mi in 2010 as a result of which the population increased from 847 387 to 916 857 according to the 2011 census 12 13 The official spelling as per the municipal corporation website is Tiruchirappalli 6 However the spellings Tiruchirapalli Tiruchchirapalli and Tiruchchirappalli are also widely used 7 8 9 Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996 63 As the river beds contain a large amount of silica in the form of sand heat gets reflected 108 The Anglo Indians are present in significant numbers in and around all Southern Railway divisional headquarters where they are employed 137 138 References Edit Tiruchirapalli population in 2011 Census India 2011 About City Municipal Corporation Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation E Services Portal Trichycorporation gov in 22 September 2022 Retrieved 8 October 2022 About City Municipal Corporation Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation E Services Portal Trichycorporation gov in 22 September 2022 Retrieved 8 October 2022 Who s Who TIRUCHIRAPPALLI DISTRICT Govt Of Tamil Nadu India a b Primary Census Abstract Urban Agglomeration Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India Archived from the original XLS on 15 March 2016 Retrieved 13 October 2015 Welcome to Tiruchirappalli city The RockFort City Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 Retrieved 10 August 2013 Baliga 1999 p 993 Kuppuram 1988 p 101 Sharma Om Parkash 1989 Directory of Cities and Towns in India Dy Dir of Census Operations Kar Kripa Publishers p 116 ISBN 978 81 85414 00 3 Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 Retrieved 30 December 2016 a b Karthik Deepak 13 August 2018 Trichy ranked 12th in liveable cities ranking best in Tamil Nadu Times of India Archived from the original on 2 February 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2020 Live Chennai The safest cities for women in India Chennai amp Coimbatore safest cities for women in India Chennai Coimbatore www livechennai com Archived from the original on 20 May 2021 Retrieved 21 December 2020 a b Proceedings of the Commissioner of Municipal Administration PDF Commissionerate of Municipal Administration 22 July 2014 p 4 Archived PDF from the 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