Mdina

"Silent City" redirects here. For other uses, see Silent City (disambiguation).

Mdina (Maltese: L-Imdina [lɪmˈdiːnɐ]; Phoenician: 𐤌𐤋𐤈, romanized: Maleṭ; Ancient Greek: Μελίττη, romanized: Melíttē; Arabic: مدينة, romanized: Madīnah; Italian: Medina), also known by its Italian-language titles Città Vecchia ("Old City") and Città Notabile ("Notable City"), is a fortified city in the Northern Region of Malta which served as the island's capital from antiquity to the medieval period. The city is still confined within its walls, and has a population of just under 100, but it is contiguous with the town of Rabat, which takes its name from the Arabic word for suburb, and has a population of over 11,000 (as of March 2014).^[2]

Mdina L-Imdina (Maltese) Città Notabile, Città Vecchia Maleth, Melite, Melita
City and Local council
From top: Skyline, Cathedral, Main Gate, Palazzo Santa Sofia, Palazzo Vilhena
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname:  The Silent City
Mdina Show map of Malta Mdina Show map of Mediterranean
Coordinates: 35°53′9″N 14°24′11″E / 35.88583°N 14.40306°E / 35.88583; 14.40306
Country	Malta
Region	Northern Region
District	Western District
Established	c. 8th century BC as Maleth c. 11th century AD as Mdina
Borders	Attard, Mtarfa, Rabat
Government
• Mayor	Peter Sant Manduca (PN)
Area
• Total	0.9 km^2 (0.3 sq mi)
Population  (Aug. 2023)
• Total	93^[citation needed]
Demonym(s)	Midjan (m), Midjana (f), Midjani (pl)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	MDN
Dialing code	356
ISO 3166 code	MT-29
Patron saints	St. Peter St. Paul Our Lady of Mount Carmel
Day of festa	29 June 4th Sunday of July
Website	localgovernmentdivisioncms.gov.mt/en/lc/Mdina/Pages/default.aspx
Buses 50, 51, 52, 53, 56 from Valletta terminus, stop at bus stop named "Rabat 3"^[1]

The city was founded as Maleth in around the 8th century BC by Phoenician settlers, and was later renamed Melite by the Romans. Ancient Melite was larger than present-day Mdina, and it was reduced to its present size during the Byzantine or Arab occupation of Malta. During the latter period, the city adopted its present name, which derives from the Arabic word medina. The city remained the capital of Malta throughout the Middle Ages, until the arrival of the Order of St. John in 1530, when Birgu became the administrative centre of the island. Mdina experienced a period of decline over the following centuries, although it saw a revival in the early 18th century. At this point, it acquired several Baroque features, although it did not lose its medieval character.

Mdina remained the centre of the Maltese nobility and religious authorities (and property continues to largely be passed down from families and from generation to generation), but it never regained its pre-1530 importance, giving rise to the popular nickname the "Silent City" by both locals and visitors.^[3] Mdina is on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and it is now one of the main tourist attractions in Malta.^[4]

History

Antiquity

Main article: Melite (ancient city)

 

The Mdina stele attests to Malta's Phoenician past

The plateau on which Mdina is built has been inhabited since prehistory, and by the Bronze Age it was a place of refuge since it was naturally defensible.^[5] The Phoenicians colonized Malta around the 8th century BC, and they founded the city of Maleth on this plateau.^[6] It was taken over by the Roman Republic in 218 BC, becoming known as Melite. The Punic-Roman city was about three times the size of present-day Mdina, extending into a large part of modern Rabat.^[7]

According to Early Modern interpretation the Acts of the Apostles, when Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked on Malta in 60 AD, he was greeted by Publius, the governor of Melite, and he cured his sick father.^[8] According to tradition, the population of Melite converted to Christianity, and Publius became the first Bishop of Malta and then Bishop of Athens before being martyred in 112 AD.^[9][10]

Very few remains of the Punic-Roman city survive today. The most significant are the ruins of the Domvs Romana, in which several well-preserved mosaics, statues and other remains were discovered. Remains of the podium of a Temple of Apollo, fragments of the city walls and some other sites have also been excavated.^[11]

Medieval period

At some point following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, a retrenchment was built within the city, reducing it to its present size. This was done to make the city's perimeter more easily defensible, and similar reductions in city sizes were common around the Mediterranean region in the early Middle Ages. Although it was traditionally assumed that the retrenchment was built by the Arabs, it has been suggested that it was actually built by the Byzantine Empire in around the 8th century, when the threat from the Arabs increased.^[5]

In 870, Byzantine Melite, which was ruled by governor Amros (probably Ambrosios), was besieged by Aghlabids led by Halaf al-Hādim. He was killed in the fighting, and Sawāda Ibn Muḥammad was sent from Sicily to continue the siege following his death. The duration of the siege is unknown, but it probably lasted for some weeks or months. After Melite fell to the invaders, the inhabitants were massacred, the city was destroyed and its churches were looted. Marble from Melite's churches was used to build the castle of Sousse.^[12][13]

According to Al-Himyarī, Malta remained almost uninhabited until it was resettled in 1048 or 1049 by a Muslim community and their slaves, who built a settlement called Medina on the site of Melite. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city was already a thriving Muslim settlement by the beginning of the 11th century, so 1048–49 might be the date when the city was officially founded and its walls were constructed.^[14] The layout of the new city was completely different to that of ancient Melite.^[11] Mdina still has features typical of a medina, a legacy of the period of Arab rule.

The Byzantines besieged Medina in 1053–54, but were repelled by its defenders.^[15] The city surrendered peacefully to Roger I of Sicily after a short siege in 1091,^[16] and Malta was subsequently incorporated into the County and later the Kingdom of Sicily, being dominated by a succession of feudal lords. A castle known as the Castellu di la Chitati was built on the southeast corner of the city near the main entrance, probably on the site of an earlier Byzantine fort.

The population of Malta during the fifteenth century was about 10,000, with town life limited to Mdina, Birgu and the Gozo Citadel. Mdina was comparatively small and partly uninhabited and by 1419, it was already outgrown by its suburb, Rabat.^[17] Under Aragonese rule, local government rested on the Università, a communal body based in Mdina, which collected taxation and administered the islands' limited resources. At various points during the fifteenth century, this town council complained to its Aragonese overlords that the islands were at the mercy of the sea and the saracens.^[18]

The city withstood a siege by Hafsid invaders in 1429.^[19] While the exact number of casualties or Maltese who were carried into slavery is unknown, the islands suffered depopulation in this raid.

Hospitaller rule

 

Aerial view of Mdina and its fortifications

When the Order of Saint John took over in Malta in 1530, the nobles ceremoniously handed over the keys of the city to Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, but the Order settled in Birgu and Mdina lost its status as capital city.^[20] In the 1540s, the fortifications began to be upgraded during the magistracy of Juan de Homedes y Coscon,^[21] and in 1551 the city withstood a brief Ottoman attack.^[22]

During the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, Mdina was the base of the Order's cavalry, which made occasional sorties on the invading Ottomans. On 7 August 1565, the cavalry attacked the unprotected Ottoman field hospital, which led in the invaders abandoning a major assault on the main fortifications in Birgu and Senglea. The Ottomans attempted to take Mdina in September so as to winter there, but abandoned their plans when the city fired its cannon inefficiently at a much longer range than normal, leading them to believe that it had ammunition to spare. After the siege, Maltese military engineer Girolamo Cassar drew up plans to reduce Mdina's size by half and turning it into a fortress, but these were never implemented due to protests by the city's nobles.^[22] The fortifications were again upgraded in the mid-17th century, when the large De Redin Bastion was built at the centre of the land front.^[23]

Mdina suffered severe damage during the 1693 Sicily earthquake, although no casualties were reported the 13th-century Cathedral of St. Paul was partially destroyed, and it was rebuilt by Lorenzo Gafà in the Baroque style between 1697 and 1703.^[24]

On 3 November 1722, newly elected Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena issued orders for the restoration and renovation of Mdina.^[25] This renovation was entrusted to the French architect and military engineer Charles François de Mondion, who introduced strong French Baroque elements into what was still a largely medieval city. At this point, large parts of the fortifications and the city entrance were completely rebuilt. The remains of the Castellu di la Chitati were demolished to make way for Palazzo Vilhena, while the main gate was walled up and a new Mdina Gate was built nearby. Several public buildings were also built, including the Banca Giuratale and the Corte Capitanale. The last major addition to the Mdina fortifications was Despuig Bastion, which was completed in 1746.^[26]

French occupation and British rule

 

Plaque near the Torre dello Standardo commemorating six Maltese people who were killed during the uprising of September 1798

On 10 June 1798, Mdina was captured by French forces without much resistance during the French invasion of Malta.^[27] A French garrison remained in the city, but a Maltese uprising broke out on 2 September of that year. The following day, rebels entered the city through a sally port and massacred the garrison of 65 men.^[28] These events marked the beginning of a two-year uprising and blockade, and the Maltese set up a National Assembly which met at Mdina's Banca Giuratale.^[29] The rebels were successful, and in 1800 the French surrendered and Malta became a British protectorate.^[22]

From 1883 to 1931, Mdina was linked with Valletta by the Malta Railway.^[30]

Present day

Today, Mdina is one of Malta's major tourist attractions, hosting about 750,000 tourists a year.^[31] No cars (other than a limited number of residents, emergency vehicles, wedding cars and horses) are allowed in Mdina, partly why it has earned the nickname 'the Silent City' (Maltese: Il-Belt Siekta). The city displays an unusual mix of Norman and Baroque architecture, including several palaces, most of which serve as private homes.

An extensive restoration of the city walls was undertaken between 2008 and 2016.^[32]

Government

 

Mdina Local Council Composition:
Mayoral Majority:
 •   Partit Nazzjonalista (4)
Minority:
 •   Partit Laburista (1)

Local Council

Mdina is governed by a directly-elected 5-member Local Council. The Nationalist Party has always had the majority of seats and all mayors of Mdina have come from this party, with the Labour Party holding either one, two or no seats at all since the inception of the Council. Peter Joseph Sant Manduca, Count of Sant Manduca^[a],^[33] has been Mayor of Mdina since 2003.^[34] The 2019 election did not happen as only five nominations (therefore equalling the total amount of seats) were submitted.

Places of interest

 

St. Paul's Cathedral

 

Cathedral Museum

The following are a number of historic and monumental buildings around Mdina:^[35]

• The city walls, including Mdina Gate, Greeks Gate and the Torre dello Standardo
• St. Paul's Cathedral
• St. Paul's Catacombs
• Palazzo Vilhena (National Museum of Natural History)
• Palazzo Falson (Norman House)
• Palazzo Gatto Murina
• Palazzo Santa Sofia
• Palazzo Costanzo
• Banca Giuratale
• Corte Capitanale (city hall)
• St. Agatha's Chapel
• St. Nicholas' Chapel
• St Roque's Church
• Mdina Dungeons
• Carmelite Church & Convent
• Mdina Experience
• St Peter's Church and Monastery
• Bastion Square
• Domvs Romana, ruins of a Roman townhouse just outside the city

Sports

Founded in 2006, the Mdina Knights F.C. play in the third division league of the Malta Football Association.

Streets in Mdina

 

Villegaignon Street, with the Banca Giuratale visible in the centre

• Misraħ il-Kunsill (Council Square)
• Pjazza San Pawl (St Paul Square)
• Pjazza San Publiju (St Publius Square)
• Pjazza tal-Arċisqof (Archbishop Square)
• Pjazza tas-Sur (Bastion Square)
• Pjazzetta Beata Marija Adeodata Pisani (Blessed Maria Adeodata Pisani Square)
• Triq Inguanez (Inguanez Street)
• Triq Mesquita (Mesquita Street)
• Triq is-Sur (Bastion Street)
• Triq San Pawl (St Paul Street)
• Triq Santu Rokku (St Roch Street)
• Triq l-Imħażen (Magazines' Street)
• Triq Villegaignon (Villegaignon Street) (Main road).

In popular culture

• Mdina (together with Birgu and Gozo) plays a significant role in The Disorderly Knights, the third book of the acclaimed Lymond Chronicles by Dorothy Dunnett, which is set around the events of the Dragut Raid of 1551 when the Ottomans briefly besieged the city.
• In White Wolf Publishing's World of Darkness, Mdina is the European capital of clan Lasombra.
• In the 2007 novel Snakehead by Anthony Horowitz, Mdina is the site of an "ambush" where MI6 intends to retrieve Alex Rider's father John.
• In the first season of HBO's Game of Thrones, Mdina was the filming location for the series' fictional capital city of King's Landing.^[36] More specifically, Mesquita Square is the shooting location of Littlefinger’s brothel and the town’s baroque gate can be seen in the first season (episode 3).^[37]
• The action of several chapters (21ff) of A.J. Hackwith's fantasy novel The Library of the Unwritten (2019) is set in Mdina; the city has a special status in that "Nothing not born of humankind - not angel or demon [...] - gets in without invitation from its residents" (p. 186).

Notable people

• Pietru Caxaro - philosopher and poet^[38]
• Gasper Grima - philosopher^[38]
• John Constance Parnis - philosopher^[38]
• Francesco Azopardi - composer and music theorist^[38]
• Joseph Calleia - actor and singer^[38]

Notes

1. Peter Joseph dei Conti Sant Manduca is the name he registers in local council elections.

References

1. . Malta Public Transport. 19 April 2016. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016.
2. . Government of Malta. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
3. . VisitMalta. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020.
4. Blasi, Abigail (29 September 2014). . Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015.
5. Spiteri 2004–2007, pp. 3–4
6. Cassar 2000, pp. 53–54 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCassar2000 (help)
7. Sagona 2015, p. 273
8. Acts 28:1–10
9. . Orthodox England. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016.
10. . Orthodox England. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
11. Testa, Michael (19 March 2002). . Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016.
12. Brincat 1995, p. 11
13. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/41626/1/Malta_fiz-zmien_nofsani_1989.pdf^{[bare URL PDF]}
14. Blouet 2007, p. 41
15. Brincat 1995, p. 12
16. Dalli, Charles (2005). "The Siculo-African Peace and Roger I's Annexation of Malta in 1091". In Cortis, Toni; Gambin, Timothy (eds.). (PDF). Publishers Enterprises Group (PEG) Ltd. p. 273. ISBN 9789990904093. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2014.
17. Luttrell, Anthony (1975). Medieval Malta: studies on Malta before the Knights. Rome: The British School at Rome. p. 55.
18. Vann, Theresa M. (2004). "The Militia of Malta". The Journal of Medieval Military History. 2: 137–142.
19. Cauchi, Mark (12 September 2004). . Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
20. Borg 2002, p. 124
21. Spiteri 2004–2007, p. 9
22. Grima, Noel (15 June 2015). . The Malta Independent. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015.
23. (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
24. Montanaro Gauci, Gerald (11 January 2015). . Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015.
25. De Lucca, Denis (1979). "Mdina: Baroque town planning in 18th century Mdina". Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization. Midsea Books Ltd. 1: 21–25.
26. (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2015.
27. Castillo 2006, p. 103
28. Goodwin 2002, p. 48
29. . kagoon.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015.
30. . maltarailway.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
31. Zammit, Ninu (12 December 2006). . Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
32. . Malta Today. 5 April 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016.
33. "Sant Manduca". santfournier.org. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
34. PARLIAMENTARY QUESTION, 1800/2008 Malta, https://parlament.mt/media/60131/0468.pdf
35. Thake, Conrad Gerald (2017). . ArcHistoR (AHR - Architecture History Restoration). Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria. 4 (7): 88. doi:10.14633/AHR054. ISSN 2384-8898. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.
36. . thewholeworldisaplayground.com. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.
37. Taskos, Nikos (6 November 2020). "The 31 best things to do in Mdina [with photos]". Miles with Vibes. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
38. "People from Mdina". FamousFix.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mdina.

 

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mdina.

Bibliography

• Blouet, Brian W. (2007). The Story of Malta. Allied Publications. ISBN 9789990930818.
• Borg, Victor Paul (2002). The Rough Guide to Malta & Gozo. Rough Guides. p. 124. ISBN 9781858286808.
• Brincat, Joseph M. (1995). (PDF). Valletta: Said International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006). The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313323294.
• Goodwin, Stefan (2002). Malta, Mediterranean Bridge. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780897898201.
• Sagona, Claudia (2015). The Archaeology of Malta. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107006690.
• Spiteri, Stephen C. (2004–2007). (PDF). Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification (1–4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2015.