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Surabaya

May 04, 2023

For other uses, see Surabaya (disambiguation).

Surabaya (Javanese: ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; Javanese pronunciation: [surɔbɔjɔ]; Indonesian pronunciation: [suraˈbaja] (listen)) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern border of Java island, on the Madura Strait, it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Medan, and Makassar.[8][9] The city has a population of 2.87 million within its city limits at the 2020 census and 9.9 million in the extended Surabaya metropolitan area, making it the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia.[10]

Surabaya
City
City of Surabaya
Kota Surabaya
Other transcription(s)
 • Javaneseꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ or ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ
 • Pegonكوڟا سورابايا (Pegon Jawa)
كوَڟّا سَوربٓاجٓا(Pegon Madura)
 • JavaneseKutha Surabaya
 • MaduraKoṭṭa Sorbhâjâh
Suramadu Bridge
Port of Tanjung Perak
Surabaya City Hall
Hotel Majapahit
Alun-alun of Surabaya
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Kota Pahlawan
"City of Heroes"
Kota Baya
"Brave City"
Motto(s): 
Surabaya Gemilang
"Sparkling Surabaya"
Location within East Java
Interactive map outlining Surabaya
Surabaya
Location in Java and Indonesia
Surabaya
Surabaya (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 07°14′45″S 112°44′16″E / 7.24583°S 112.73778°E / -7.24583; 112.73778Coordinates: 07°14′45″S 112°44′16″E / 7.24583°S 112.73778°E / -7.24583; 112.73778
Country Indonesia
RegionJava
Province East Java
Settled1037[1]
FoundedMay 31st 1293[2]
IncorporatedApril 1st 1906 (as Gemeente)[3]
Government
 • MayorEri Cahyadi (PDI-P)
 • Vice MayorArmuji [id]
Area
 • City326.81 km2 (126.18 sq mi)
 • Urban
911 km2 (352 sq mi)
 • Metro
5,925 km2 (2,288 sq mi)
Elevation
5 m (16 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)
 • City2,874,314 (2nd)
 • Urban
[4]
6,998,000 (3rd)
 • Urban density7,134/km2 (18,480/sq mi)
 • Metro
[5]
9,924,509 (2nd)
 • Metro density1,615/km2 (4,180/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groupsJavanese, Madurese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Batak, Banjar, Balinese, Bugis, Malay, Chinese, Indian, Arabs
 • Religion[6]Islam 85.50%
Christianity 12.80%
— Protestantism 8.89%%
— Catholicism 3.91%%
Buddhism 1.42%
Hinduism 0.25%
Confucianism 0.02%
Others 0.01%
Time zoneUTC+07:00
Postal Code
60111 – 60299
Area code(+62) 31
Vehicle registrationL (for Motor vehicle), SKB (for Rickshaw)
Nominal GDP[7]2019
 - TotalRp 580.7 trillion (2nd)
$ 41.1 billion
$ 135.0 billion (PPP)
 - Per capitaRp 200,505 thousand (5th)
$ 14,180
$ 46,610 (PPP)
 - Growth 6.1%
HDI (2022) 0.827 (12th) – Very High
AirportJuanda International Airport
Commuter rail Commuter rail in Surabaya (Jenggala, Komuter Surabaya-Bangil, Komuter Surabaya-Pasuruan, Komuter Sulam, Komuter Sidoarjo-Indro)
Rapid transit Suroboyo Bus
Surabaya LRT and MRT (planned)
Websitesurabaya.go.id

The city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala, one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy, a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under the Majapahit empire.[11]

At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea. During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530.[12][13] Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.[14][15]

From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies, and the center of trading in the Indonesian archipelago, which was then a competitor to Shanghai and Hong Kong.[11]

The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution. The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and entertainment hubs of the archipelago,[16] arguably second only to Jakarta, and the Port of Tanjung Perak is Indonesia's second-busiest seaport located on northern Surabaya. The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia.

Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia.[17] Principal exports from the port include sugar, tobacco, and coffee.[18] Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance, and sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors. The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools.[19] The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia.[20][21]

Etymology

 
Fighting shark and crocodile, the emblem of Surabaya since colonial times, derived from local folk etymology

Surabaya, from the Javanese "sura ing baya", means "bravely facing danger";[22] originally from the union of Pali words "sura", referring to the "Asura" (Buddhism beliefs), and "bhaya", referring to "fear", "perils" or "danger". This name for Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya, a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom, whose name means "conquering the fear or perils" derived from the Pali words "Jaya" or "Vijaya" (victory or conqueror) and "bhaya" (fear, perils or danger). Jayabaya foresaw a fight between a giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area.[23]

The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java, a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya's Majapahit on 31 May 1293,[24][22] which is now considered the date of the city's founding.[25]

The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo.[26]

Some people consider Jayabaya's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies, though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable.[27]

History

Further information: Timeline of Surabaya

Early history

The Kingdom of Janggala was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne the Kingdom of Kahuripan of in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua, in which it was called Jung-ya-lu.[28] The name Janggala is derived from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese sources. Hujung Galuh was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency.[29]

By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban, Gresik, and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan: "after travelling south for more than 20 li, the ship reached Sulumayi, whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh".[30]

Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana. He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Zhangzhou. Then, he sailed east to the thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed.[31]

Pre-colonial era

 
Ampel in 1927

The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of the Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of Kali Mas river. The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293, Commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against the Mongol invasion. Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA (sharks / brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as BAYA (crocodiles / danger), literally translating to brave to face the dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya.

By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel , located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel.[32]

In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to a duchy, a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit.[12] By that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port,[33] owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea.[34] During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530.[12][13] Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.[14][15]

Following the collapse of Demak, Surabaya was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate, under the leadership of Panembahan Senopati in 1598, and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, An article by the VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region.[35]

The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung.[36]: 31  It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura, and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most of Java, except the Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia.[36]: 31 

Colonial era

 
Coat of Arms of Soerabaia (old spelling of Surabaya) during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1931.
 
The Pasar Besar with the railway viaduct in the background, the so-called Hogeweg, Surabaya circa between 1900 and 1940

The expanding Dutch East India Company took the city over from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and his nephew, Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from the powerful Han family of Lasem.[37][38]

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies. Becoming a major trading center and hosted the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by its natural harbor.[39]

During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory encompasses what is now the Gresik Regency, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Jombang. In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia.

Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah; (English: Red Bridge). In 1910, a modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and Ketabang grew.

In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association. The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh sentences.[40]

Independence era

 
The burnt-out car of Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was killed by pro-independence Indonesian soldiers during the Battle of Surabaya on 31 October 1945

Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender.[41]

The Battle of Surabaya, started after the Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah, allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The incident of the red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle of this city.[42]

The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution.[43]

Modern history

 
Recent development of Surabaya

After the independence era, population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted not only traffic jams in the downtown area but also frequently in the suburbs. Surabaya has grown away from a relatively slum city in the late 19th century, into a metropolis in the late 20th century and in the 21st century, become one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to turn into one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air quality.

On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah, the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS, followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the following day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. While 57 people were injured; several were in critical condition.

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020.[44] In May 2020, Surabaya became the epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia.

Geography

Topography

 
Outskirts of Surabaya

Surabaya is located on the northern coast of East Java province. It is mostly lowlands with a river estuary of Kalimas, one of two branches of the Brantas River. Surabaya city borders Madura Strait in the north and east. The regencies surrounding Surabaya are:

Like many other large Indonesian metropolises, many residents reside outside the city limits in a metropolitan area called Gerbangkertosusila.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification system, Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's wet season runs from October through May, while the dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C.

Climate data for Surabaya, elevation: 5 m or 16 ft, extremes 1963–1980
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.3
(91.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		35
(95) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35
(95) 		35.6
(96.1)
Average high °C (°F) 31.8
(89.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		32.7
(90.9) 		33.4
(92.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.8
(89.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27
(81) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.2
(81.0) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.1
(80.9)
Average low °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.7
(74.7)
Record low °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		20
(68) 		14.4
(57.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 327
(12.9) 		275
(10.8) 		283
(11.1) 		181
(7.1) 		159
(6.3) 		47
(1.9) 		17
(0.7) 		15
(0.6) 		22
(0.9) 		101
(4.0) 		105
(4.1) 		219
(8.6) 		1,751
(69)
Average rainy days 17 18 19 15 13 7 5 3 4 11 12 23 147
Average relative humidity (%) 66.61 69.1 66.3 67.23 64.87 60.27 60.84 57.87 54.53 56.06 56.13 63.03 61.90
Mean monthly sunshine hours 140.6 123.6 143.2 155.8 188.9 199.3 223.8 245.5 228.8 221.0 182.6 138.1 2,191.2
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization;[45] Climate-Data.org (daily mean);[46] and Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (record extreme temperature)[47][48]
Source 2: WeatherOnline (2000–2019 sunshine data)[49]
Wind Speed and Humidity data for Surabaya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Maximum Wind Speed (km/h) 23 16 16 26 27 29 40 34 34 35 29 21 27.5
Average Wind Speed (km/h) 13.39 12.10 13.30 14.37 20.26 16.87 22.71 22.16 22.8 22.35 18.6 13.55 17.71
Minimum Wind Speed (km/h) 8 10 10 10 3 5 11 11 14 10 11 10 9.42
Maximum Humidity (%) 86 75 83 92 96 77 67 69 64 73 65 79 77.17
Average Humidity (%) 66.61 69.1 66.3 67.23 64.87 60.27 60.84 57.87 54.53 56.06 56.13 63.03 61.9
Minimum Humidity (%) 44 60 59 58 53 47 52 47 46 42 46 53 50.58
Source: Climatevo[50]
Climate data for Surabaya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		29.1
(84.4)
Mean daily daylight hours 12.5 12.3 12.1 11.9 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.1
Average Ultraviolet index 12 12 12 12 11 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 11.6
Source: Weather Atlas[51]

Urban forest and parks

 
Bungkul Park, one of the most visited parks in Surabaya.

Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia.[52] This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area.[53] These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park,[54] and others. Bungkul Park was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area (street food centers), green open area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet (Wi-Fi), and routine garden maintenance management.[55]

 
Surabaya Mangrove Edu-Tourism Centre in Wonorejo District, East Surabaya.

The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment.[56] The city has won many awards in the field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally.[57] These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as the Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016.[58] The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia.[59] Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific" by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with the best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014.[60] In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg, Kazan, and Tokyo, on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city.[61] Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award.[61][62] On the other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya.[63][64] This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region.[65]

Government

 
Surabaya City Hall at dusk.
 
Districts of Surabaya.

The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public transportation. The current mayor of the city is Eri Cahyadi, the city's first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini, she has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards since her first term began in 2010. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award". Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the Surabaya Municipal People's Representative Council, which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years.[66]

The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP, Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination, ambulance and fire services.[67][68] All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as the champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018.[69] Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018.[70]

Surabaya is divided into thirty-one kecamatan (districts),[71][72] and subdivided into 154 kelurahan (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[72] and the 2020 Census.[73]

Demographics

 
The metropolitan area in 2014, seen from the International Space Station, the brightest section are Surabaya and its metropolitan areas
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1883122,000—    
1897142,980+17.2%
1900150,000+4.9%
1930341,700+127.8%
1940403,000+17.9%
1945618,000+53.3%
1949500,000−19.1%
1950715,000+43.0%
1955808,267+13.0%
19611,008,000+24.7%
19651,183,851+17.4%
19711,556,255+31.5%
19802,008,335+29.0%
19902,467,089+22.8%
20002,610,519+5.8%
20102,768,225+6.0%
20202,874,314+3.8%
Source: Various sources

1883–1961 : Surabaya: City of Work[74]
1897 : New International Encyclopedia[75]
1930 : Workers, Unions and Politics: Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s[76]
1965 : World Population Review[77]

1971–2020 : Statistics Indonesia (BPS)

Surabaya is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits (kota) in the 2020 census.[78][73] With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gresik-Bangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Lamongan) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only the metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya (Zona Surabaya Raya) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia.[79] The city is highly urbanised, with industries centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia.[80]

Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java.[81]

Ethnicity

Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, forming around 83 percent out all population, while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities, forming around 7 percent respectively,[82] the rest are Arab and other ethnics that are present. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese, Minang, Batak, Banjar, and Balinese. Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of Middle East people; there are Arabs, especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen, Armenian people, and Jews.[83]

  •  

    Javanese Pegon bride in Surabaya

  •  

    Kya-Kya, Surabaya Chinatown, used to be called as Kya-Kya Kembang Djepun

  •  

    Arab-Indonesians in Ampel, Surabaya

As one of the educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia, even among them they also form their own community forum, majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as Papuan, Minahasan, Bugis, Timor people and others. As one of the regional trade centers, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the West Surabaya area, community like Korean and westerners are exist in the city.

Language

Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan, a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech.[84] The use of register is less strict than the Central Java dialect.[85] The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese, which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk.[86] The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go.

Religion

Religion in Surabaya 2019

  Islam (85.5%)
  Protestantism (8.89%)
  Roman catholic (3.91%)
  Buddhism (1.42%)
  Hinduism (0.25%)
  Confucianism (0.02%)
  Other (0.01%)

Although around 80% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam, other major religions include Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox), of whom the majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic Indian[87] and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism, and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism.[88]

The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era.[89] The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat).[89] His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama, was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926.[90] Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world.[91]

Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians, as well as native Javanese, Bataks, and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church.[92][93] A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen - a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java.[94] Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of the Birth of Our Lady, also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia.[95] Graha Bethany Nginden, is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia.[96] The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.[97]

Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Janggala and Majapahit era, Hinduism played a major role in traditional Surabayan culture.[98] Small Hindu communities still exist, most commonly in the eastern sections of the city.[99] Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java,[100] but it rarely obtained a minyan (quorum). The synagogue was demolished in 2013 by unidentified persons while the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site.[101] In the years before its demolition, it had been the site of many anti-Israel protests.[101] A Jewish cemetery exists in the city.[102][103]

Culture

 
Ludruk is a native Surabaya-genre play (theatre).

Javanese culture in Surabaya has distinctive characteristics compared to other regions, the uniqueness of its characteristics which is more egalitarian and open. Surabaya is known to have several distinctive arts, namely:

  • Ludruk, a cultural drama performance art that tells daily routine of working-class people.[104]
  • Remo Dance, a traditional welcome dance that is generally dedicated to special guests.[105]
  • Kidungan, a poetry musicalisation and contains elements of humor.[citation needed]

In addition to the art above, the call culture of arek or rek (a distinctive call from Surabaya) is also a unique characteristic. There are other distinctive calls as well, namely Cak for men and Ning for women. In an effort to preserve culture, Cak & Ning Surabaya is selected once a year, and the selected finalists are tourism ambassadors and icons of the young generation of the city.[106]

Cak Durasim Festival (FCD) is held annually, which is an art festival to preserve the culture of Surabaya and East Java in general. The Cak Durasim Festival is usually held at Cak Durasim Building.[107] There is also the Surabaya Art Festival (FSS) which raises all kinds of art forms such as theatre, dance, music, literary seminars, painting exhibitions. Event organisers usually aside from art groups in Surabaya also come from outside the city. Also enlivened is the screening of movie screens and T-shirt exhibitions. The Surabaya Art Festival is held once a year in June and is usually held at the Youth Hall.[citation needed]

In addition to Javanese culture, there has also been a mixture of various cultures such as from Madura, the Arab world, India, the Malay world, China and Europe. The Surabaya Cross Culture is an annual art and culture festival that show various cultures outside Indonesia.[108]

Economy

 
Tunjungan, main Central business district of Surabaya

Since the early 1900s, Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia.[17] Principal exports from the port include sugar, tobacco, and coffee.[109] Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance, and sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors. The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools.[19] The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia.[20][21]

Business

As the provincial capital, Surabaya has numerous offices and business centers; as a metropolitan city, it became the center of economic, financial, and business activities in East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya is the second-largest port city in Indonesia after Jakarta. As a trading center, Surabaya is not only a trade center for East Java, but also facilitates areas in Central Java, Kalimantan, and Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic location in almost in the center of Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the critical hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia.[110] It is currently in the process of building high-rise skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels to attract foreign capital. Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly growing and the most advanced economic development in Indonesia. The city is also one of the most essential cities in supporting Indonesia's economy.

Most of the population is engaged in services, industry, and trade. Surabaya is a fast-growing trading center. Major industries include shipbuilding, heavy equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and handicrafts. Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as Sampoerna, Maspion, Wings Group, Unilever Indonesia, Pakuwon Group, Jawa Pos Group, and PAL Indonesia.[111][112]

Business districts

The area between Jalan Basuki Rachmat, Jalan Tunjungan,[113] Jalan Embong Malang, and Jalan Bubutan has grown as a business center and has turned into one of the main business and trade activities areas in Surabaya. Some of the important buildings in this area include Wisma BRI Surabaya, Hotel Bumi Surabaya, Wisma Dharmala Surabaya, The Peak Residence, and Sheraton Hotel.[114][115]

Another cluster around Jalan Mayjend Sungkono, Jalan Adityawarman, Jalan HR Muhammad, and Jalan Bukit Darmo has grown as a new business center of the city. This area has now grown as one of the most rapidly growing commercial and business centers in East Java, with high-rise buildings. Some of the tallest buildings in Surabaya are located in this area, such as Adhiwangsa Apartment, Waterplace Residence, Puri Matahari, Beverly Park Apartment, The Via & The Vue Apartment, Ciputra World Hotel, Puncak Permai Apartment, and Rich Palace Hotel.[116][117]

Retail

 
Ciputra World Surabaya, a superblock in Surabaya

Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia, ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls. Outlets of local and international brands have a presence in modern shopping malls. There were about 100 hectares/one million square metres of retail space in Surabaya by the end of 2016.[118] There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods, gadgets and computer hardware.

Some important shopping malls of the city are:

Cityscapes

 
Panorama of Central Surabaya at night

Infrastructure

Architecture

See also: List of tallest buildings in Surabaya
 
Modern architecture of Surabaya Mangrove Edu-Tourism Centre in Wonorejo District, East Surabaya.

Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, most colonial buildings were built around the 17th century to the early 20th century.[124] These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages.[125]

Before the Second World War, there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey.[126] They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street.[127]

After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In the 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters).[128]

Important landmarks

 
Jalesveva Jayamahe monument
  • Suramadu Bridge, which connect Surabaya to the nearby Madura island.
  • Kebun Binatang Surabaya (Surabaya Zoo) opened in 1916. It was the first Zoo in the world to breed orangutans in captivity.
  • Zheng He (Cheng Ho) Mosque, a recently built mosque, one of the unique mosques with Chinese-style architecture in Indonesia. Dedicated to the Hui Chinese diplomat, Zheng He.[129]
  • Al-Akbar Mosque, the largest mosque in East Java.[130]
  • Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya, one of the first churches to be built in Indonesia, and the first one ever built in East Java.[131]
  • Graha Bethany Nginden, is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia.[132]
  • Heroes Monument, a 41 metres (135 ft) high monument, is the main symbol of Surabaya and commemorates the heroes of the revolutionary struggle. There is a museum on location as well, exhibiting reminders of the struggle for independence.[133]
  • Museum Nahdlatul Ulama, the resource center of the culture and history of Nahdlatul Ulama, an independent Islamic religious organization.[134]
  • Museum Bank Indonesia, a bank museum occupying the former De Javasche Bank built in 1904.[135]
  • House of Sampoerna, a museum devoted to the history of clove cigarette (kretek) manufacturing in Indonesia, housed in Dutch colonial buildings dating to 1864.[136]
     
    Wisma Intiland, most famous brutalist building in Surabaya.
  • Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument, a large, admiral-like statue which commemorates the Indonesian Navy.
  • Monkasel, abbreviated from Monumen Kapal Selam (Submarine Monument)[137] A Soviet-built Whiskey class submarine (named KRI Pasopati (410)), first launched in 1952, served in the Indonesian Navy from 1962 until decommissioned in 1990.[citation needed] After its decommissioning, Pasopati was dismantled and transferred to its present site in 1996. The submarine was reassembled on the current site and opened as a museum and tourist attraction in 1998.
  • Kenjeran Beach, located in the eastern of Surabaya, which also housed Sanggar Agung, a Chinese temple built over the sea.[138]
  • Market of the Chinese Tomb,[139] last resting place of Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen, magnate, mandarin and landlord in Surabaya and East Java, and patriarch of the patrician Han family of Lasem[140]
  • Han Ancestral Hall,[141] a historic house that serves as a memorial temple for the ancestors of the Han family of Lasem[142][143]
  • Tomb of Sunan Ampel[144]
  • Bungkul Park, one of the most visited urban parks in Surabaya.[145]
  • Wisma Intiland, a brutalist building in Downtown Surabaya.[146]
  • Museum Pendidikan Surabaya[147]

Military establishment

The Eastern Fleet, one of three fleets in the Indonesian Navy, is headquartered in the city's Soerabaja Naval Base. Its maritime heritage is also represented in the form of KRI Pasopati Submarine Monument, a retired Russian Whiskey class submarine.[148][149]

Transportation

 
Juanda International Airport

Transportation in Surabaya is supported by land and sea infrastructure serving local, regional, and international journeys. Air transport is located at Juanda Airport, at Sedati, Sidoarjo. Intracity transport is primarily by motor vehicles, motorcycles and taxis with limited public bus transport available. Recently Surabaya has been declared as the city with the worst congestion in Indonesia, according to a survey[150]

Surabaya is also a transit city between Jakarta and Bali for ground transportation. Another bus route is between Jakarta and the neighboring island of Madura. In 2018, President Joko Widodo inaugurated final segments of the Trans-Java Toll Road, fully connecting Jakarta and Surabaya with expressways.[151]

Airport

Surabaya's Juanda International Airport is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya's Navy Airbase, operated by the TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) and located just outside Surabaya, on the outskirts of Sidoarjo. This airport has served Surabaya for many years and currently has two terminals, with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international flights and Garuda Indonesia's domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2.[citation needed]

 
Ships in Surabaya North Quay in Tanjung Perak port

Seaport

See also: Port of Tanjung Perak

Port of Tanjung Perak is the trading port in East Java and is one of the busiest ports in the country. It is the second-largest port of trade, container and passenger traffic in Indonesia after the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta. There is also Teluk Lamong Port Terminal, which is the main buffer terminal of Tanjung Perak Port. The port terminal of Lamong Bay is the first green port in Indonesia and is one of the most sophisticated port terminals in the world where the entire operating system is automated.[citation needed]

Train

Further information: Commuter rail in Surabaya
 
Surabaya Gubeng Station, main station served Surabaya

Surabaya has three major train stations, being Surabaya Kota (also known as Semut), Surabaya Pasar Turi, and Surabaya Gubeng. The Argo Bromo Anggrek operated by Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) connects Surabaya from Surabaya Pasar Turi Station to Gambir Station in Jakarta. Both economy and executive class trains are served to and from Surabaya.[citation needed]

Commuter trains in the city has 5 separate lines (as of 2021) that connect Surabaya with surrounding regencies. Their services, also operated by KAI, have extended into Lamongan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, and Pasuruan.[citation needed]

Surabaya formerly had an approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) of tram network, operated by a private company Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij. It was opened in 1889 and closed by PJKA (former name of KAI) in 1978. There are plans to reopen the network in the future.[citation needed]

Surabaya MRT (planned) with Track Gauge Standard 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and from KOICA Railways Mass transit in Surabaya, Surabaya MRT with Rolling stock Hyundai Rotem, Rapid transit Jakarta and Surabaya corridor. System Mass Metro Rapid transit in Greater Surabaya (Surabaya, Gresik and Sidoarjo) on the Generation surabaya mass rapid transit with track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) in Korea Rapid Transit from prime minister Chung Sye-kyun, of Eri Cahyadi Mayor of the Surabaya City of Rail Transport in Indonesia-Korea.[citation needed]

Bus

 
Suroboyo Bus, main bus in Surabaya

The main bus terminal is Terminal Purabaya (located in Bungurasih, Waru, Sidoarjo), the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak.[152]

In Surabaya it is served by city buses as a means of choice for residents of Surabaya and surrounding cities for their daily activities. Surabaya has a number of terminals in the city, including Joyoboyo Terminal, Bratang Terminal, Jembatan Merah Bus Stop, Ujung Baru Bus Stop, and so on. These terminals are meeting points between city buses and other modes of transportation within the city.

Since April 7, 2018, the Surabaya city government has launched a city bus system named Suroboyo Bus which serves important points throughout the city. The Suroboyo Bus payment system is very unique because it uses plastic waste and makes Surabaya the second city in the world to implement this system in mass transportation after the Beijing subway in 2014. Suroboyo Bus has small stops scattered throughout the city.

Public transport

There are various kinds of local transport, including taxi-cabs, Suroboyo Bus, shuttle bus service, city bus, angkot, and commuter rail. Go-Jek and Grab are also available throughout the city.[153][154]

Infrastructure

 
Kenjeran Bridge during car-free night

Until 2009, the growth of road length in Surabaya was only about 0.01% per year. This is not comparable to the growth of motorized vehicles which reaches around 7–8% annually. Congestion that occurred in Surabaya was triggered by the growth of vehicles that were not proportional to the capacity of the road. To reduce congestion, the city government has built many new roads, including the construction of a frontage road on Ahmad Yani road which is divided into east and west sides of 4 km each. This slow lane is planned to penetrate to the Buduran area, Sidoarjo Regency. In addition, the city government has completed the construction of the Middle East Ring Road (MERR), which is a 10.98 km ring road between the Kenjeran area to Tambak Sumur that connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport; and the 780-meter Suroboyo Bridge that crosses the sea which is now a tourist icon in the Kenjeran Beach area. The city government has also intensified the construction of massive box culverts in Surabaya to reduce congestion while anticipating flooding.

The Surabaya city government is also working on the construction of two new ring roads, namely the 17 km Outer East Ring Road (OERR) between the Kenjeran area to Gunung Anyar which also connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport and the West Outer Ring Road ( West Outer Ring Road (WORR) along 26.1 km between the Romokalisari area to Lakarsantri which connects the southern area of Surabaya with Teluk Lamong Harbor Terminal. In addition to building the ring road, the city government has completed the construction of an underpass on Jalan Mayjen Sungkono, and plans to build an underpass and flyover on Jalan Ahmad Yani. The problem of flooding is also a serious threat to city residents. To anticipate the occurrence of flooding, the city government has built many pump houses spread across several points in Surabaya, including Mulyorejo and Jemursari. In addition to pump houses, the city government has also built many parks that are used as sources of water absorption as well as areas for residents to interact, as well as carry out intensive cleaning and maintenance of major rivers in Surabaya. To accommodate the needs of pedestrians and tourists, the Surabaya city government has built bicycle lanes on many protocol roads in Surabaya, as well as pedestrian paths that are almost evenly distributed throughout the Surabaya area.

Toll Roads

 
Birdview of Waru interchange at night

The toll roads that are connected to Surabaya are the Surabaya-Gresik segment which connects Surabaya with Gresik and cities on the north coast of Java, Surabaya-Mojokerto which connects Surabaya with the western part of East Java, Surabaya-Gempol which connects Surabaya with the southern part of East Java. , as well as Waru-Juanda Airport which connects Surabaya with Juanda International Airport. The Surabaya-Gempol section is connected to the Gempol-Pandaan section. The Gempol-Pandaan section is connected to the Gempol-Pasuruan section which connects Surabaya with the Horseshoe (Indonesian: Tapak Kuda) area in East Java and the Pandaan-Malang section which connects Surabaya with Malang, the second largest city in East Java and the southern part of East Java.

The Suramadu Bridge (derived from Surabaya-Madura) connects Surabaya and Madura Island over the Madura Strait. A 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura International Seaport-City in Pernajuh village, Kocah district, Bangkalan, Madura at the cost of approximately Rp. 60 billion (US$7 billion). This container port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya's overloaded Tanjung Perak Port.[155]

Education

Universities and post-secondary institutions

Surabaya has several major universities and institutions, including those with religious or technical specialties (sorted by importance):

 
State University of Surabaya (UNESA) main entrance.
  • Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 (Untag) Surabaya, one of the oldest private universities in Surabaya.
  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), a major public technological institute teaches robotics and mechanics, and is the center of Ship and Ocean Structure Design to support offshore exploration.[157]
 
Petra University
  • State University of Surabaya (UNESA), a major university educating teachers; also with programs in Economics, Technology, and Law.[158]
  • Universitas Kristen Petra, a major Christian private university in Indonesia, with programs in Economics, Technology, Designs, Technical, Literature and Education. Established in 1961, it is the oldest major Christian university in Indonesia.[159]
  • Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (PENS-PPNS), a major technical public institution located in Surabaya.[160]
  • Hang Tuah University, a university managed by Yayasan Nala, founded by the Indonesian Navy.[161]
  • Universitas Bhayangkara, a university affiliated with the Indonesian Police Department of East Java.[162]
  • Institut Sains Terapan dan Teknologi Surabaya, a private institute specializing in electronics, computer technologies, and communication and product design.[163]
  • Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, a public institute in Surabaya.[164]
  • Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, an institute specializing in Technical Studies.[165]
  • State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel (UINSA), a public university for Islamic studies.[166]
  • University of Surabaya, a private university teaching Pharmacy and Psychology, established in 1968.[167]
  • Wijaya Putra University a public University established in 1984.[168]
  • Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya, a university which is the oldest private faculty of medicine in eastern Indonesia. Established in 1981, the Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1986.[169]
  • Widya Mandala Catholic University, a Catholic private university in Surabaya with facilities for Healthcare Studies at a newly opened third campus in the eastern part of the city. Widya Mandala Catholic University one of the Catholic oldest private universities in Surabaya which was established in 1960.[170]
  • Widya Kartika Catholic University, a Catholic private university in Surabaya.[171]
  • Pelita Harapan University, a private university in Indonesia founded in 1994.[172]
  • Ciputra University, a private entrepreneurial-oriented university founded in 2006 by the Ciputra Group.[173]
  • Narotama University (UNNAR), a private university in Surabaya.[174]
  • Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya (UM Surabaya), an Islamic private university established in 1964.

Primary and secondary schools

 
Petra Christian High School

International schools include:

Private schools include:

  • Petra Christian School[180]
  • St. Louis Catholic School[181]
  • St. Agnes Catholic School[182]
  • Angelus Custos Catholic School[183]
  • GLORIA Christian School[184]
  • IPH Christian School[185]
  • JAC School
  • Xin Zhong School (新中三语学校)

Cuisine

See also: Javanese cuisine
 
 
 
 
Various Surabayan cuisine, from top left to right: Rujak Cingur, Rawon rice, Soto Lamongan and Bebek Madura

As a metropolitan city, all types of Indonesian cuisine and other international restaurants have a presence.[186] However, as the capital of East Java, cuisines from the rest of the province dominate the culinary culture of the city. East Javanese cuisines include a variety of processed fruits, crispy tempeh, Bakpao telo, Bakso Malang, Rawon, tahu campur lamongan, Cwie noodles, tahu takwa, tahu pong, getuk pisang, pecel madiun, wingko, tape, nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, bonggolan, shrimp crackers, shrimp paste or petis, Tempeh Chips, tahu tepo, Nasi lethok, sego tempong, salad soup, pecel rawon, Suwar-suwir, tape proll, gaplek, lodho, goat satay, and pecel tulungagung.[187]

Surabaya is famous for Rawon, Rujak cingur, Semanggi, Lontong Balap, clams satay, mussels, and rice cake.[188]

  • Rujak cingur:[189] a marinated cow snout or lips and noses (cingur), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelised fermented shrimp paste (petis), peanuts, chili, and spices. It is usually served with lontong, a boiled rice cake. Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of Surabaya.
  • Rawon: a dark beef soup, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (Pangium edule) nuts.[190]
  • Lontong kupang: lontong with small cockles in petis sauce.[191]
  • Semanggi: a salad made of boiled semanggi (Marsilea crenata) leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce. It is usually eaten with rice crackers.[192]

Sports

 
Ultras choreography of Persebaya.

Surabaya is a barometer and center of association football development in Indonesia. The city has many association football clubs founded in Surabaya. The first club was founded by the youth of Hoogere Burger School (HBS) John Edgar with the Victoria club in 1895.[193][194] Others included Scoren Is Ons Doel (SIOD), Sparta, Rapiditas and Thot Heil Onzer Ribben (THOR). These are the pioneers of association football in Surabaya. The clubs then took management under Oost Java Voetbalbond (OJVB) in 1907. Two years later, the OJVB changed to Soerabajasche Voetbalbond (SVB). Starting in 1914, SVB was based on the Nederlandsch Indische Voetbalbond (NIVB), created by Dutch football federation (KNVB). The Surabaya Chinese and native people also founded their association football clubs by ethnicity. Oei Kwie Liem founded Hoa Soerabaja in 1914, while the Bumiputera through R Pamoedji and Paidjo founded the Soerabajasche Indonesische Voetbalbond (SIVB) on 18 June 1927 (now Persebaya), which three years later co-founded the PSSI.[195][194]

In 1950, the working-class people and office men founded Soerabajasche Kantoor Voetbalbond (SKVB).[196][197] The association football sector in Indonesia and specifically Surabaya became more developed, and the football association of Indonesia founded a semi-professional competition in 1979, which was named the Main Football League (Galatama). A new team emerged from Surabaya, NIAC Partners and the Salim Group Association. Besides Galatama, PSSI also formed a women's soccer competition called the Women's Football League (Galanita). Surabaya also has a women's soccer team, which was founded in 1977 and named Puteri Puspita. Clubs from Surabaya have also gained attention from the rest of the world. Persebaya has competed against European teams including Lokomotiv Moscow, Sturm Graz, Grasshoppers, Salzburg, Stade de Reims, Ajax Amsterdam, PSV Eindhoven, AC Milan, and lastly, Queens Park Rangers (QPR). Aside from European teams, there are several national teams outside the country competing against Persebaya, including Yugoslavia Olympics, Malaysia, Mozambique, Uruguay, Thailand, South Korea, and the Japanese national team.[197]

NIAC Mitra also competed against Arsenal and won the Aga Khan Gold Cup competition in 1979 in Bangladesh. The achievements of NIAC Mitra in the Galatama competition included three championships in 1980–1982, 1982–1983, and 1987–1988, and finishing as runners-up in 1988–89. However, NIAC Partners officially dissolved and withdrew from the Galatama competition held by PSSI in 1990 because they considered the policies issued by PSSI irrelevant. After being disbanded, the demands of the Surabaya community to revive the NIAC Partners were channelled when the Jawa Pos party weighed in and changed the name of the NIAC Partner to the Surabaya Partner.[198] When the Union competition was merged with Galatama in 1994, the new Persebaya was able to win in 1997 and 2004. Persebaya was listed as the first team capable of winning the Indonesian League twice. Mitra Surabaya was only able to exist until the 1998–1999 season and it was re-established again in another city, Tenggarong and has not used the name of Surabaya again.[199]

 
Inside Gelora Bung Tomo stadium, 2018

Recently, only Persebaya has stable fans and achievements. Persebaya has won the Indonesian Premier Division three times–twice when the division was the first tier and once as the second tier. Fans refer to themselves as Bonek, an abbreviation for Bondo Nekat (which translates as "equipped by bravery"). The city is the home of CLS Knights Indonesia, a basketball club which participated in IBL (Indonesia basketball league) & Asean Basketball League.

Surabaya has a multi-purpose stadium, Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium. The stadium is used mostly for football matches. It is the new home stadium of Persebaya, replacing Gelora 10 November Stadium.[200] It was the venue of a match between Persebaya 1927 against then–English Premier League club Queens Park Rangers, held on 23 July 2012.

Another prevalent sport is badminton. There are numerous schools and clubs in the city that train students of various ages to reach the next level of the Badminton League.[201] Many children start out their career from Surabaya and have made it to the national and sometimes international level.

Media

One of the largest circulating national newspapers in Indonesia, Jawa Pos, is headquartered in Surabaya; alongside its media conglomerate Jawa Pos Group. Major newspapers include Surabaya Pagi and Surya.

Surabaya is served by many radio and television networks. Radio networks affiliates include the public RRI Surabaya, Gen FM Surabaya and Prambors FM Surabaya; as well as local stations Suara Surabaya and Radio Istara. Local television stations include the public 1suara Jawa Timur, JTV (both are regional stations serving East Java, which are based in the city), SBO TV, Surabaya TV and Nahdlatul Ulama-affiliated TV9.

International relations

Diplomatic Missions

General Consulates

Consulates

 
Japanese General-consulate in Surabaya

Other diplomatic offices

  • Taiwan (Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya)[228]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

Surabaya is twinned with:

Notable people

Main category: People from Surabaya

See also

References

Citations

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Bibliography

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surabaya.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Surabaya.
  • "Official Site". Pemerintah Kota Surabaya (in Indonesian).
  • "Surabaya News". otoresing.com (in Indonesian). 9 December 2015. from the original on 9 December 2015.
  • "Surabaya" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
  • "Surabaya or Soerabaya. The largest city in Java" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

May 04, 2023
surabaya, other, uses, disambiguation, javanese, ꦫꦧꦪ, ꦫꦨꦪ, javanese, pronunciation, surɔbɔjɔ, indonesian, pronunciation, suraˈbaja, listen, capital, city, indonesian, province, east, java, second, largest, city, indonesia, after, jakarta, located, northeastern. For other uses see Surabaya disambiguation Surabaya Javanese ꦱ ꦫꦧꦪ or ꦯ ꦫꦨꦪ Javanese pronunciation surɔbɔjɔ Indonesian pronunciation suraˈbaja listen is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta Located on the northeastern border of Java island on the Madura Strait it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia According to the National Development Planning Agency Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia alongside Jakarta Medan and Makassar 8 9 The city has a population of 2 87 million within its city limits at the 2020 census and 9 9 million in the extended Surabaya metropolitan area making it the second largest metropolitan area in Indonesia 10 SurabayaCityCity of SurabayaKota SurabayaOther transcription s Javaneseꦯ ꦫꦨꦪ or ꦱ ꦫꦧꦪ Pegonكوڟا سورابايا Pegon Jawa كو ڟ ا س ورب اج ا Pegon Madura JavaneseKutha Surabaya MaduraKoṭṭa SorbhajahSuramadu BridgePort of Tanjung PerakSurabaya City HallHotel MajapahitAlun alun of SurabayaFlagCoat of armsNickname s Kota Pahlawan City of Heroes Kota Baya Brave City Motto s Surabaya Gemilang Sparkling Surabaya Location within East JavaInteractive map outlining SurabayaSurabayaLocation in Java and IndonesiaShow map of JavaSurabayaSurabaya Indonesia Show map of IndonesiaCoordinates 07 14 45 S 112 44 16 E 7 24583 S 112 73778 E 7 24583 112 73778 Coordinates 07 14 45 S 112 44 16 E 7 24583 S 112 73778 E 7 24583 112 73778Country IndonesiaRegionJavaProvince East JavaSettled1037 1 FoundedMay 31st 1293 2 IncorporatedApril 1st 1906 as Gemeente 3 Government MayorEri Cahyadi PDI P Vice MayorArmuji id Area City326 81 km2 126 18 sq mi Urban911 km2 352 sq mi Metro5 925 km2 2 288 sq mi Elevation5 m 16 ft Population 2020 census City2 874 314 2nd Urban 4 6 998 000 3rd Urban density7 134 km2 18 480 sq mi Metro 5 9 924 509 2nd Metro density1 615 km2 4 180 sq mi Demographics Ethnic groupsJavanese Madurese Sundanese Minangkabau Batak Banjar Balinese Bugis Malay Chinese Indian Arabs Religion 6 Islam 85 50 Christianity 12 80 Protestantism 8 89 Catholicism 3 91 Buddhism 1 42 Hinduism 0 25 Confucianism 0 02 Others 0 01 Time zoneUTC 07 00Postal Code60111 60299Area code 62 31Vehicle registrationL for Motor vehicle SKB for Rickshaw Nominal GDP 7 2019 TotalRp 580 7 trillion 2nd 41 1 billion 135 0 billion PPP Per capitaRp 200 505 thousand 5th 14 180 46 610 PPP Growth6 1 HDI 2022 0 827 12th Very HighAirportJuanda International AirportCommuter railCommuter rail in Surabaya Jenggala Komuter Surabaya Bangil Komuter Surabaya Pasuruan Komuter Sulam Komuter Sidoarjo Indro Rapid transitSuroboyo Bus Surabaya LRT and MRT planned Websitesurabaya go idThe city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons In the late 15th and 16th centuries Surabaya grew to be a duchy a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java probably under the Majapahit empire 11 At that time Surabaya was already a major trading port owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea During the decline of Majapahit the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530 12 13 Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546 14 15 From the 18th century until the mid 20th century Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and the center of trading in the Indonesian archipelago which was then a competitor to Shanghai and Hong Kong 11 The city is known as Kota Pahlawan the city of heroes due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution The city is one of the important financial commercial industrial transportation and entertainment hubs of the archipelago 16 arguably second only to Jakarta and the Port of Tanjung Perak is Indonesia s second busiest seaport located on northern Surabaya The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia 17 Principal exports from the port include sugar tobacco and coffee 18 Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks insurance and sound export import companies The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools 19 The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia 20 21 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Pre colonial era 2 3 Colonial era 2 4 Independence era 2 5 Modern history 3 Geography 3 1 Topography 3 2 Climate 3 3 Urban forest and parks 4 Government 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnicity 5 2 Language 5 3 Religion 5 4 Culture 6 Economy 6 1 Business 6 2 Business districts 6 3 Retail 6 4 Cityscapes 7 Infrastructure 7 1 Architecture 7 2 Important landmarks 7 3 Military establishment 8 Transportation 8 1 Airport 8 2 Seaport 8 3 Train 8 4 Bus 8 5 Public transport 9 Infrastructure 9 1 Toll Roads 10 Education 10 1 Universities and post secondary institutions 10 2 Primary and secondary schools 11 Cuisine 12 Sports 13 Media 14 International relations 14 1 Diplomatic Missions 14 1 1 General Consulates 14 1 2 Consulates 14 1 3 Other diplomatic offices 14 2 Twin towns sister cities 15 Notable people 16 See also 17 References 17 1 Citations 17 2 Bibliography 18 External linksEtymology Edit Fighting shark and crocodile the emblem of Surabaya since colonial times derived from local folk etymology Surabaya from the Javanese sura ing baya means bravely facing danger 22 originally from the union of Pali words sura referring to the Asura Buddhism beliefs and bhaya referring to fear perils or danger This name for Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya a 12th century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom whose name means conquering the fear or perils derived from the Pali words Jaya or Vijaya victory or conqueror and bhaya fear perils or danger Jayabaya foresaw a fight between a giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area 23 The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan Mongol ruler of China and those of Raden Wijaya s Majapahit on 31 May 1293 24 22 which is now considered the date of the city s founding 25 The two animals are now used as the city s symbol with the two facing and circling each other as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo 26 Some people consider Jayabaya s prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945 Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city The two heroes were named Sura and Baya These folk etymologies though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders are unverifiable 27 History EditFurther information Timeline of Surabaya Early history Edit The Kingdom of Janggala was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne the Kingdom of Kahuripan of in favor of his two sons The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua in which it was called Jung ya lu 28 The name Janggala is derived from the name Hujung Galuh Old Javanese lit Cape Diamond or Cape Gemstone or Jung ya lu according to Chinese sources Hujung Galuh was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency 29 By the 14th and 15th centuries Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements together with Tuban Gresik and Hujung Galuh Sidoarjo Ma Huan documented the early 15th century visit of Zheng He s treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan after travelling south for more than 20 li the ship reached Sulumayi whose foreign name is Surabaya At the estuary the outflowing water is fresh 30 Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He s fourth expedition in 1413 during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital He first arrived at the port of Tu pan Tuban where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Zhangzhou Then he sailed east to the thriving new trading town of Ko erh hsi Gresik Su pa erh ya Surabaya and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang ku Changgu Continuing to travel by land to the southwest he arrived in Man che po I Majapahit where the Javanese king stayed 31 Pre colonial era Edit Ampel in 1927 The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of the Majapahit Kingdom from the sea at the mouth of Kali Mas river The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31 1293 Commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against the Mongol invasion Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA sharks brave and Raden Wijaya s troops who came from the land were described as BAYA crocodiles danger literally translating to brave to face the dangers that come threatening So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya By the late 15th century Islam began to take its root in Surabaya The settlement of Ampel located around Ampel Mosque in today s Ampel subdistrict Semampir district north Surabaya was established by Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel 32 In the late 15th and 16th centuries Surabaya grew to a duchy a major political and military power in eastern Java The Portuguese writer Tome Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513 though likely still a vassal of the Hindu Buddhist Majapahit 12 By that time Surabaya was already a major trading port 33 owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea 34 During the decline of Majapahit the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530 12 13 Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546 14 15 Following the collapse of Demak Surabaya was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate under the leadership of Panembahan Senopati in 1598 and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610 An article by the VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region 35 The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung 36 31 It was one of Mataram s fiercest campaigns in which they had to conquer Surabaya s allies Sukadana and Madura and to lay siege to the city blocking the flow of the Brantas River Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender With this conquest Mataram then controlled most of Java except the Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia 36 31 Colonial era Edit Coat of Arms of Soerabaia old spelling of Surabaya during Dutch colonial era granted in 1931 The Pasar Besar with the railway viaduct in the background the so called Hogeweg Surabaya circa between 1900 and 1940 The expanding Dutch East India Company took the city over from a weakened Mataram in November 1743 In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and in time the rest of East Java the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo 1720 1776 his brother Han Bwee Kong Kapitein der Chinezen 1727 1778 and his nephew Han Chan Piet Majoor der Chinezen 1759 1827 all from the powerful Han family of Lasem 37 38 In the 18th and 19th centuries Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies Becoming a major trading center and hosted the most extensive naval base in the colony Surabaya also served as the center of Java s plantation economy industry supported by its natural harbor 39 During the Dutch East Indies era Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency whose territory encompasses what is now the Gresik Regency Sidoarjo Mojokerto and Jombang In 1905 Surabaya received the status of municipality gemeente In 1926 Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia Before 1900 the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah English Red Bridge In 1910 a modern port facility was built in Surabaya now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor Until the 1920s new settlements such as Darmo Gubeng Fields and Ketabang grew In 1920 a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city In 1917 a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya led by the Indies Social Democratic Association The revolt was firmly crushed and the insurgents were given harsh sentences 40 Independence era Edit The burnt out car of Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was killed by pro independence Indonesian soldiers during the Battle of Surabaya on 31 October 1945 Japan occupied the city in 1942 as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944 After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists The young nation soon came into conflict with the British who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender 41 The Battle of Surabaya started after the Arek Arek Suroboyo Teenagers of Surabaya killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945 near Jembatan Merah allegedly with a stray bullet The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender but they refused The ensuing battle which cost thousands of lives took place on 10 November which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan Heroes Day The incident of the red white flag the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel s tower that was torn into the Indonesian red white flag by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle of this city 42 The city is known as Kota Pahlawan the city of heroes due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution 43 Modern history Edit Recent development of Surabaya After the independence era population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today The increase in vehicles the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted not only traffic jams in the downtown area but also frequently in the suburbs Surabaya has grown away from a relatively slum city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century and in the 21st century become one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia Surabaya also managed to turn into one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air quality On 13 May 2018 three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the following day 28 people were killed including the assailants While 57 people were injured several were in critical condition The first confirmed case of COVID 19 in East Java was in Surabaya on 17 March 2020 44 In May 2020 Surabaya became the epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia Geography EditTopography Edit Outskirts of Surabaya This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Surabaya is located on the northern coast of East Java province It is mostly lowlands with a river estuary of Kalimas one of two branches of the Brantas River Surabaya city borders Madura Strait in the north and east The regencies surrounding Surabaya are Lamongan Regency to the northwest Gresik Regency to the west Bangkalan Regency to the northeast on Madura island Sidoarjo Regency to the south Mojokerto Regency to the southwestLike many other large Indonesian metropolises many residents reside outside the city limits in a metropolitan area called Gerbangkertosusila Climate Edit Under the Koppen climate classification system Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate Aw with distinct wet and dry seasons The city s wet season runs from October through May while the dry season covers the remaining four months Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year with an average high temperature of around 31 C and average low temperatures around 23 C Climate data for Surabaya elevation 5 m or 16 ft extremes 1963 1980Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 33 3 91 9 34 4 93 9 33 9 93 0 33 3 91 9 33 9 93 0 33 9 93 0 33 9 93 0 34 4 93 9 33 9 93 0 35 95 35 6 96 1 35 95 35 6 96 1 Average high C F 31 8 89 2 31 5 88 7 31 6 88 9 31 4 88 5 31 6 88 9 31 2 88 2 31 3 88 3 30 1 86 2 32 7 90 9 33 4 92 1 33 1 91 6 31 9 89 4 31 8 89 2 Daily mean C F 26 8 80 2 26 8 80 2 27 81 27 3 81 1 27 3 81 1 26 7 80 1 26 2 79 2 26 5 79 7 27 2 81 0 28 2 82 8 28 3 82 9 27 3 81 1 27 1 80 9 Average low C F 24 1 75 4 24 2 75 6 24 0 75 2 24 8 76 6 24 1 75 4 23 5 74 3 23 0 73 4 22 5 72 5 22 9 73 2 23 7 74 7 24 1 75 4 23 8 74 8 23 7 74 7 Record low C F 21 1 70 0 21 1 70 0 20 6 69 1 18 3 64 9 16 7 62 1 15 6 60 1 14 4 57 9 16 1 61 0 16 7 62 1 17 8 64 0 19 4 66 9 20 68 14 4 57 9 Average rainfall mm inches 327 12 9 275 10 8 283 11 1 181 7 1 159 6 3 47 1 9 17 0 7 15 0 6 22 0 9 101 4 0 105 4 1 219 8 6 1 751 69 Average rainy days 17 18 19 15 13 7 5 3 4 11 12 23 147Average relative humidity 66 61 69 1 66 3 67 23 64 87 60 27 60 84 57 87 54 53 56 06 56 13 63 03 61 90Mean monthly sunshine hours 140 6 123 6 143 2 155 8 188 9 199 3 223 8 245 5 228 8 221 0 182 6 138 1 2 191 2Source 1 World Meteorological Organization 45 Climate Data org daily mean 46 and Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System record extreme temperature 47 48 Source 2 WeatherOnline 2000 2019 sunshine data 49 Wind Speed and Humidity data for SurabayaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearMaximum Wind Speed km h 23 16 16 26 27 29 40 34 34 35 29 21 27 5Average Wind Speed km h 13 39 12 10 13 30 14 37 20 26 16 87 22 71 22 16 22 8 22 35 18 6 13 55 17 71Minimum Wind Speed km h 8 10 10 10 3 5 11 11 14 10 11 10 9 42Maximum Humidity 86 75 83 92 96 77 67 69 64 73 65 79 77 17Average Humidity 66 61 69 1 66 3 67 23 64 87 60 27 60 84 57 87 54 53 56 06 56 13 63 03 61 9Minimum Humidity 44 60 59 58 53 47 52 47 46 42 46 53 50 58Source Climatevo 50 Climate data for SurabayaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage sea temperature C F 29 3 84 7 28 9 84 0 29 4 84 9 29 6 85 3 29 5 85 1 29 0 84 2 28 3 82 9 27 8 82 0 28 1 82 6 28 9 84 0 30 1 86 2 30 2 86 4 29 1 84 4 Mean daily daylight hours 12 5 12 3 12 1 11 9 11 8 11 7 11 7 11 9 12 1 12 3 12 5 12 5 12 1Average Ultraviolet index 12 12 12 12 11 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 11 6Source Weather Atlas 51 Urban forest and parks Edit Bungkul Park one of the most visited parks in Surabaya Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia 52 This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area 53 These parks include Bungkul Park Harmoni Park Pelangi Park Surya Park Mundu Park Undaan Fruit Park Jayengrono Park 54 and others Bungkul Park was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities starting from the economic area street food centers green open area parks disability friendly area free internet Wi Fi and routine garden maintenance management 55 Surabaya Mangrove Edu Tourism Centre in Wonorejo District East Surabaya The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment 56 The city has won many awards in the field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally 57 These awards have included Adipura Adipura kencana Adiwiyata Wahyu Tata Nugraha and other green awards the Adipura Cup which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s the Adipura Kencana trophy the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017 seven consecutive times as well as the Adipura trophy plenary in 2016 58 The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia 59 Surabaya in 2012 has won the award City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific by Citynet for the success of the city government and people s participation in managing the environment Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or the city with the best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN in 2011 and 2014 60 In 2018 Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg Kazan and Tokyo on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city 61 Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award 61 62 On the other hand however there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya 63 64 This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region 65 Government Edit Surabaya City Hall at dusk Districts of Surabaya The city has its own local government and legislative body The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five year term The city government enjoys greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body such as the provision of public schools public health facilities and public transportation The current mayor of the city is Eri Cahyadi the city s first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini she has led Surabaya to achieve many regional national and international awards since her first term began in 2010 In 2012 Surabaya was awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor there is the Surabaya Municipal People s Representative Council which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years 66 The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016 integrating all civic services including Satpol PP Bakesbangpol and Linmas Hygiene and Parks Service Transportation Agency Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination ambulance and fire services 67 68 All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number The city is dubbed as the champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index IKCI in 2015 and 2018 69 Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018 70 Surabaya is divided into thirty one kecamatan districts 71 72 and subdivided into 154 kelurahan urban villages The districts are grouped into five areas Central North South East and West The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census 72 and the 2020 Census 73 Name Area inkm2 Pop nCensus2010 Pop nCensus2020Karangpilang 9 23 72 469 74 796Jambangan 4 19 46 430 50 470Gayungan 6 07 42 717 41 289Wonocolo 6 77 80 276 75 315Tenggilis Mejoyo 5 52 72 467 61 187Gunung Anyar 9 71 62 120 62 482Rungkut 21 08 121 084 123 757Sukolilo 23 68 119 873 110 557Mulyorejo 14 21 94 728 86 545Gubeng 7 99 128 127 123 961Wonokromo 8 47 133 211 144 650Dukuh Pakis 9 94 64 249 56 707Wiyung 12 46 67 987 71 605Lakarsantri 18 99 51 195 59 256Sambikerep 23 68 61 101 63 778Tandes 11 07 103 084 87 511 Name Area inkm2 Pop nCensus2010 Pop nCensus2020Sukomanunggal 9 23 100 612 101 259Sawahan 6 93 170 605 188 693Tegalsari 4 29 85 606 92 014Genteng 4 05 46 548 52 924Tambaksari 8 99 204 805 214 966Kenjeran 7 77 163 438 181 325Bulak 6 72 37 214 43 764Simokerto 2 59 79 319 86 897Semampir 8 76 151 429 172 669Pabean Cantian 6 80 69 423 70 808Bubutan 3 86 84 465 90 646Krembangan 8 34 106 664 109 027Asemrowo 15 44 42 704 45 547Benowo 23 73 54 133 69 938Pakal 22 07 47 404 59 971Totals 326 81 2 768 225 2 874 314Demographics Edit The metropolitan area in 2014 seen from the International Space Station the brightest section are Surabaya and its metropolitan areasHistorical populationYearPop 1883122 000 1897142 980 17 2 1900150 000 4 9 1930341 700 127 8 1940403 000 17 9 1945618 000 53 3 1949500 000 19 1 1950715 000 43 0 1955808 267 13 0 19611 008 000 24 7 19651 183 851 17 4 19711 556 255 31 5 19802 008 335 29 0 19902 467 089 22 8 20002 610 519 5 8 20102 768 225 6 0 20202 874 314 3 8 Source Various sources 1883 1961 Surabaya City of Work 74 1897 New International Encyclopedia 75 1930 Workers Unions and Politics Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s 76 1965 World Population Review 77 1971 2020 Statistics Indonesia BPS Surabaya is the second most populous city in Indonesia with 2 874 314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits kota in the 2020 census 78 73 With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila derived from Gresik Bangkalan Mojokerto Surabaya Sidoarjo Lamongan adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik Sidoarjo Mojokerto and Pasuruan regencies The central government of Indonesia recognises only the metropolitan area Surabaya Gresik and Sidoarjo as Greater Surabaya Zona Surabaya Raya with a population of 8 319 229 2015 making Surabaya now the second largest metropolitan area in Indonesia 79 The city is highly urbanised with industries centralised in the city and contains slums As a leading education center the city is also home for students from around Indonesia 80 Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time and its population continues to grow at roughly 2 2 per year In recent years more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java 81 Ethnicity Edit Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya forming around 83 percent out all population while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities forming around 7 percent respectively 82 the rest are Arab and other ethnics that are present Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia Sundanese Minang Batak Banjar and Balinese Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of Middle East people there are Arabs especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen Armenian people and Jews 83 Javanese Pegon bride in Surabaya Kya Kya Surabaya Chinatown used to be called as Kya Kya Kembang Djepun Arab Indonesians in Ampel SurabayaAs one of the educational destinations Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia even among them they also form their own community forum majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as Papuan Minahasan Bugis Timor people and others As one of the regional trade centers many foreigners expatriates live in Surabaya especially in the West Surabaya area community like Korean and westerners are exist in the city Language Edit Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan a subdialect of the Arekan dialect A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech 84 The use of register is less strict than the Central Java dialect 85 The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media such as in local TV shows radio newspapers and traditional dramas called Ludruk 86 The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go Religion Edit Religion in Surabaya 2019 Islam 85 5 Protestantism 8 89 Roman catholic 3 91 Buddhism 1 42 Hinduism 0 25 Confucianism 0 02 Other 0 01 Although around 80 of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam other major religions include Christianity Roman Catholicism Protestantism and Orthodox of whom the majority are Roman Catholics The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism mostly among the ethnic Indian 87 and Balinese minorities Also a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism 88 The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era 89 The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel Raden Rahmat 89 His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia Nahdlatul Ulama was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926 90 Al Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world 91 Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians as well as native Javanese Bataks and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church 92 93 A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java 94 Around 15 churches are in Surabaya they vary in size The Church of the Birth of Our Lady also known as Gereja Kepanjen was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia 95 Graha Bethany Nginden is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya Indonesia and Southeast Asia 96 The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia St Nikolas Church is also based in Surabaya The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008 97 Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Janggala and Majapahit era Hinduism played a major role in traditional Surabayan culture 98 Small Hindu communities still exist most commonly in the eastern sections of the city 99 Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java 100 but it rarely obtained a minyan quorum The synagogue was demolished in 2013 by unidentified persons while the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site 101 In the years before its demolition it had been the site of many anti Israel protests 101 A Jewish cemetery exists in the city 102 103 Baitul Hamdi Mosque Church of the Birth of Our Lady oldest church in Surabaya Graha Bethany Nginden is a megachurch in Surabaya An Eastern Orthodox Church congregation Tian Ti Pagoda an iconic Buddhist temple Sanggar Agung a Chinese folk temple Pura Jagatnatha Perak a Hindu temple Jewish Surabaya SynagogueCulture Edit Ludruk is a native Surabaya genre play theatre Javanese culture in Surabaya has distinctive characteristics compared to other regions the uniqueness of its characteristics which is more egalitarian and open Surabaya is known to have several distinctive arts namely Ludruk a cultural drama performance art that tells daily routine of working class people 104 Remo Dance a traditional welcome dance that is generally dedicated to special guests 105 Kidungan a poetry musicalisation and contains elements of humor citation needed In addition to the art above the call culture of arek or rek a distinctive call from Surabaya is also a unique characteristic There are other distinctive calls as well namely Cak for men and Ning for women In an effort to preserve culture Cak amp Ning Surabaya is selected once a year and the selected finalists are tourism ambassadors and icons of the young generation of the city 106 Cak Durasim Festival FCD is held annually which is an art festival to preserve the culture of Surabaya and East Java in general The Cak Durasim Festival is usually held at Cak Durasim Building 107 There is also the Surabaya Art Festival FSS which raises all kinds of art forms such as theatre dance music literary seminars painting exhibitions Event organisers usually aside from art groups in Surabaya also come from outside the city Also enlivened is the screening of movie screens and T shirt exhibitions The Surabaya Art Festival is held once a year in June and is usually held at the Youth Hall citation needed In addition to Javanese culture there has also been a mixture of various cultures such as from Madura the Arab world India the Malay world China and Europe The Surabaya Cross Culture is an annual art and culture festival that show various cultures outside Indonesia 108 Economy Edit Tunjungan main Central business district of Surabaya Since the early 1900s Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia 17 Principal exports from the port include sugar tobacco and coffee 109 Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks insurance and sound export import companies The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools 19 The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia 20 21 Business Edit As the provincial capital Surabaya has numerous offices and business centers as a metropolitan city it became the center of economic financial and business activities in East Java and beyond Also Surabaya is the second largest port city in Indonesia after Jakarta As a trading center Surabaya is not only a trade center for East Java but also facilitates areas in Central Java Kalimantan and Eastern Indonesia Surabaya s strategic location in almost in the center of Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the critical hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia 110 It is currently in the process of building high rise skyscrapers including apartments condominiums and hotels to attract foreign capital Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly growing and the most advanced economic development in Indonesia The city is also one of the most essential cities in supporting Indonesia s economy Most of the population is engaged in services industry and trade Surabaya is a fast growing trading center Major industries include shipbuilding heavy equipment food processing and agriculture electronics home furnishings and handicrafts Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya such as Sampoerna Maspion Wings Group Unilever Indonesia Pakuwon Group Jawa Pos Group and PAL Indonesia 111 112 Business districts Edit The area between Jalan Basuki Rachmat Jalan Tunjungan 113 Jalan Embong Malang and Jalan Bubutan has grown as a business center and has turned into one of the main business and trade activities areas in Surabaya Some of the important buildings in this area include Wisma BRI Surabaya Hotel Bumi Surabaya Wisma Dharmala Surabaya The Peak Residence and Sheraton Hotel 114 115 Another cluster around Jalan Mayjend Sungkono Jalan Adityawarman Jalan HR Muhammad and Jalan Bukit Darmo has grown as a new business center of the city This area has now grown as one of the most rapidly growing commercial and business centers in East Java with high rise buildings Some of the tallest buildings in Surabaya are located in this area such as Adhiwangsa Apartment Waterplace Residence Puri Matahari Beverly Park Apartment The Via amp The Vue Apartment Ciputra World Hotel Puncak Permai Apartment and Rich Palace Hotel 116 117 Retail Edit Ciputra World Surabaya a superblock in Surabaya Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls Outlets of local and international brands have a presence in modern shopping malls There were about 100 hectares one million square metres of retail space in Surabaya by the end of 2016 118 There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods gadgets and computer hardware Some important shopping malls of the city are BG Junction 119 Ciputra World Surabaya City of Tomorrow Royal Plaza Surabaya East Coast Center Galaxy Mall Grand City Mall 120 HI Tech Mall ITC Surabaya Lenmarc Marvell City Pakuwon Mall Pasar Atom Mall Tunjungan Plaza Surabaya Town Square 121 World Trade Center Surabaya 122 123 Cityscapes Edit Panorama of Central Surabaya at nightInfrastructure EditArchitecture Edit See also List of tallest buildings in Surabaya Modern architecture of Surabaya Mangrove Edu Tourism Centre in Wonorejo District East Surabaya Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial Asian Javanese modern and post modern influences There are many colonial era relics still standing today such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia most colonial buildings were built around the 17th century to the early 20th century 124 These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages 125 Before the Second World War there were many shophouses in the old part of the city mostly two storey 126 They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions Although some have been dismantled for new construction there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons which are around the area of Kembang Jepun Street Karet Street Gula Street Slompretan Street and Rajawali Street 127 After the independence of Indonesia the center of Surabaya s architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings In the late 1990s and early 2000s modern and post modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya Along with economic development such buildings have continued to grow In the 2010s Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia such as The Peak Residence Tunjungan Plaza 6 215 meters and One Icon Residence Tunjungan Plaza 5 200 meters 128 Important landmarks Edit Jalesveva Jayamahe monument Suramadu Bridge which connect Surabaya to the nearby Madura island Kebun Binatang Surabaya Surabaya Zoo opened in 1916 It was the first Zoo in the world to breed orangutans in captivity Zheng He Cheng Ho Mosque a recently built mosque one of the unique mosques with Chinese style architecture in Indonesia Dedicated to the Hui Chinese diplomat Zheng He 129 Al Akbar Mosque the largest mosque in East Java 130 Church of the Birth of Our Lady Surabaya one of the first churches to be built in Indonesia and the first one ever built in East Java 131 Graha Bethany Nginden is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya Indonesia and Southeast Asia 132 Heroes Monument a 41 metres 135 ft high monument is the main symbol of Surabaya and commemorates the heroes of the revolutionary struggle There is a museum on location as well exhibiting reminders of the struggle for independence 133 Museum Nahdlatul Ulama the resource center of the culture and history of Nahdlatul Ulama an independent Islamic religious organization 134 Museum Bank Indonesia a bank museum occupying the former De Javasche Bank built in 1904 135 House of Sampoerna a museum devoted to the history of clove cigarette kretek manufacturing in Indonesia housed in Dutch colonial buildings dating to 1864 136 Wisma Intiland most famous brutalist building in Surabaya Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument a large admiral like statue which commemorates the Indonesian Navy Monkasel abbreviated from Monumen Kapal Selam Submarine Monument 137 A Soviet built Whiskey class submarine named KRI Pasopati 410 first launched in 1952 served in the Indonesian Navy from 1962 until decommissioned in 1990 citation needed After its decommissioning Pasopati was dismantled and transferred to its present site in 1996 The submarine was reassembled on the current site and opened as a museum and tourist attraction in 1998 Kenjeran Beach located in the eastern of Surabaya which also housed Sanggar Agung a Chinese temple built over the sea 138 Market of the Chinese Tomb 139 last resting place of Han Bwee Kong Kapitein der Chinezen magnate mandarin and landlord in Surabaya and East Java and patriarch of the patrician Han family of Lasem 140 Han Ancestral Hall 141 a historic house that serves as a memorial temple for the ancestors of the Han family of Lasem 142 143 Tomb of Sunan Ampel 144 Bungkul Park one of the most visited urban parks in Surabaya 145 Wisma Intiland a brutalist building in Downtown Surabaya 146 Museum Pendidikan Surabaya 147 Military establishment Edit The Eastern Fleet one of three fleets in the Indonesian Navy is headquartered in the city s Soerabaja Naval Base Its maritime heritage is also represented in the form of KRI Pasopati Submarine Monument a retired Russian Whiskey class submarine 148 149 Transportation EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Juanda International Airport Transportation in Surabaya is supported by land and sea infrastructure serving local regional and international journeys Air transport is located at Juanda Airport at Sedati Sidoarjo Intracity transport is primarily by motor vehicles motorcycles and taxis with limited public bus transport available Recently Surabaya has been declared as the city with the worst congestion in Indonesia according to a survey 150 Surabaya is also a transit city between Jakarta and Bali for ground transportation Another bus route is between Jakarta and the neighboring island of Madura In 2018 President Joko Widodo inaugurated final segments of the Trans Java Toll Road fully connecting Jakarta and Surabaya with expressways 151 Airport EditSurabaya s Juanda International Airport is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya s Navy Airbase operated by the TNI AL Indonesian Navy and located just outside Surabaya on the outskirts of Sidoarjo This airport has served Surabaya for many years and currently has two terminals with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international flights and Garuda Indonesia s domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2 citation needed Ships in Surabaya North Quay in Tanjung Perak port Seaport Edit See also Port of Tanjung Perak Port of Tanjung Perak is the trading port in East Java and is one of the busiest ports in the country It is the second largest port of trade container and passenger traffic in Indonesia after the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta There is also Teluk Lamong Port Terminal which is the main buffer terminal of Tanjung Perak Port The port terminal of Lamong Bay is the first green port in Indonesia and is one of the most sophisticated port terminals in the world where the entire operating system is automated citation needed Train Edit Further information Commuter rail in Surabaya Surabaya Gubeng Station main station served Surabaya Surabaya has three major train stations being Surabaya Kota also known as Semut Surabaya Pasar Turi and Surabaya Gubeng The Argo Bromo Anggrek operated by Kereta Api Indonesia KAI connects Surabaya from Surabaya Pasar Turi Station to Gambir Station in Jakarta Both economy and executive class trains are served to and from Surabaya citation needed Commuter trains in the city has 5 separate lines as of 2021 that connect Surabaya with surrounding regencies Their services also operated by KAI have extended into Lamongan Mojokerto Sidoarjo and Pasuruan citation needed Surabaya formerly had an approximately 50 kilometres 31 mi of tram network operated by a private company Oost Java Stoomtram Maatschappij It was opened in 1889 and closed by PJKA former name of KAI in 1978 There are plans to reopen the network in the future citation needed Surabaya MRT planned with Track Gauge Standard 1 435 mm 4 ft 8 1 2 in and from KOICA Railways Mass transit in Surabaya Surabaya MRT with Rolling stock Hyundai Rotem Rapid transit Jakarta and Surabaya corridor System Mass Metro Rapid transit in Greater Surabaya Surabaya Gresik and Sidoarjo on the Generation surabaya mass rapid transit with track gauge 1 435 mm 4 ft 8 1 2 in in Korea Rapid Transit from prime minister Chung Sye kyun of Eri Cahyadi Mayor of the Surabaya City of Rail Transport in Indonesia Korea citation needed Bus Edit Suroboyo Bus main bus in Surabaya The main bus terminal is Terminal Purabaya located in Bungurasih Waru Sidoarjo the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak 152 In Surabaya it is served by city buses as a means of choice for residents of Surabaya and surrounding cities for their daily activities Surabaya has a number of terminals in the city including Joyoboyo Terminal Bratang Terminal Jembatan Merah Bus Stop Ujung Baru Bus Stop and so on These terminals are meeting points between city buses and other modes of transportation within the city Since April 7 2018 the Surabaya city government has launched a city bus system named Suroboyo Bus which serves important points throughout the city The Suroboyo Bus payment system is very unique because it uses plastic waste and makes Surabaya the second city in the world to implement this system in mass transportation after the Beijing subway in 2014 Suroboyo Bus has small stops scattered throughout the city Public transport Edit There are various kinds of local transport including taxi cabs Suroboyo Bus shuttle bus service city bus angkot and commuter rail Go Jek and Grab are also available throughout the city 153 154 Infrastructure Edit Kenjeran Bridge during car free night This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Until 2009 the growth of road length in Surabaya was only about 0 01 per year This is not comparable to the growth of motorized vehicles which reaches around 7 8 annually Congestion that occurred in Surabaya was triggered by the growth of vehicles that were not proportional to the capacity of the road To reduce congestion the city government has built many new roads including the construction of a frontage road on Ahmad Yani road which is divided into east and west sides of 4 km each This slow lane is planned to penetrate to the Buduran area Sidoarjo Regency In addition the city government has completed the construction of the Middle East Ring Road MERR which is a 10 98 km ring road between the Kenjeran area to Tambak Sumur that connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport and the 780 meter Suroboyo Bridge that crosses the sea which is now a tourist icon in the Kenjeran Beach area The city government has also intensified the construction of massive box culverts in Surabaya to reduce congestion while anticipating flooding The Surabaya city government is also working on the construction of two new ring roads namely the 17 km Outer East Ring Road OERR between the Kenjeran area to Gunung Anyar which also connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport and the West Outer Ring Road West Outer Ring Road WORR along 26 1 km between the Romokalisari area to Lakarsantri which connects the southern area of Surabaya with Teluk Lamong Harbor Terminal In addition to building the ring road the city government has completed the construction of an underpass on Jalan Mayjen Sungkono and plans to build an underpass and flyover on Jalan Ahmad Yani The problem of flooding is also a serious threat to city residents To anticipate the occurrence of flooding the city government has built many pump houses spread across several points in Surabaya including Mulyorejo and Jemursari In addition to pump houses the city government has also built many parks that are used as sources of water absorption as well as areas for residents to interact as well as carry out intensive cleaning and maintenance of major rivers in Surabaya To accommodate the needs of pedestrians and tourists the Surabaya city government has built bicycle lanes on many protocol roads in Surabaya as well as pedestrian paths that are almost evenly distributed throughout the Surabaya area Toll Roads Edit Birdview of Waru interchange at night The toll roads that are connected to Surabaya are the Surabaya Gresik segment which connects Surabaya with Gresik and cities on the north coast of Java Surabaya Mojokerto which connects Surabaya with the western part of East Java Surabaya Gempol which connects Surabaya with the southern part of East Java as well as Waru Juanda Airport which connects Surabaya with Juanda International Airport The Surabaya Gempol section is connected to the Gempol Pandaan section The Gempol Pandaan section is connected to the Gempol Pasuruan section which connects Surabaya with the Horseshoe Indonesian Tapak Kuda area in East Java and the Pandaan Malang section which connects Surabaya with Malang the second largest city in East Java and the southern part of East Java The Suramadu Bridge derived from Surabaya Madura connects Surabaya and Madura Island over the Madura Strait A 16 kilometres 9 9 mi highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura International Seaport City in Pernajuh village Kocah district Bangkalan Madura at the cost of approximately Rp 60 billion US 7 billion This container port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya s overloaded Tanjung Perak Port 155 Education EditUniversities and post secondary institutions Edit Surabaya has several major universities and institutions including those with religious or technical specialties sorted by importance Universitas Airlangga UNAIR a major public research university in Indonesia based in Surabaya and Banyuwangi 156 State University of Surabaya UNESA main entrance Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Untag Surabaya one of the oldest private universities in Surabaya Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember ITS a major public technological institute teaches robotics and mechanics and is the center of Ship and Ocean Structure Design to support offshore exploration 157 Petra University State University of Surabaya UNESA a major university educating teachers also with programs in Economics Technology and Law 158 Universitas Kristen Petra a major Christian private university in Indonesia with programs in Economics Technology Designs Technical Literature and Education Established in 1961 it is the oldest major Christian university in Indonesia 159 Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya PENS PPNS a major technical public institution located in Surabaya 160 Hang Tuah University a university managed by Yayasan Nala founded by the Indonesian Navy 161 Universitas Bhayangkara a university affiliated with the Indonesian Police Department of East Java 162 Institut Sains Terapan dan Teknologi Surabaya a private institute specializing in electronics computer technologies and communication and product design 163 Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur a public institute in Surabaya 164 Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya an institute specializing in Technical Studies 165 State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel UINSA a public university for Islamic studies 166 University of Surabaya a private university teaching Pharmacy and Psychology established in 1968 167 Wijaya Putra University a public University established in 1984 168 Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya a university which is the oldest private faculty of medicine in eastern Indonesia Established in 1981 the Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1986 169 Widya Mandala Catholic University a Catholic private university in Surabaya with facilities for Healthcare Studies at a newly opened third campus in the eastern part of the city Widya Mandala Catholic University one of the Catholic oldest private universities in Surabaya which was established in 1960 170 Widya Kartika Catholic University a Catholic private university in Surabaya 171 Pelita Harapan University a private university in Indonesia founded in 1994 172 Ciputra University a private entrepreneurial oriented university founded in 2006 by the Ciputra Group 173 Narotama University UNNAR a private university in Surabaya 174 Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya UM Surabaya an Islamic private university established in 1964 Primary and secondary schools Edit Petra Christian High School International schools include Surabaya Intercultural School 175 Surabaya Japanese School スラバヤ日本人学校 176 Surabaya Taipei International School 印尼泗水臺灣學校 177 Surabaya European School 178 Merlion school 179 Private schools include Petra Christian School 180 St Louis Catholic School 181 St Agnes Catholic School 182 Angelus Custos Catholic School 183 GLORIA Christian School 184 IPH Christian School 185 JAC School Xin Zhong School 新中三语学校 Cuisine EditSee also Javanese cuisine Various Surabayan cuisine from top left to right Rujak Cingur Rawon rice Soto Lamongan and Bebek Madura As a metropolitan city all types of Indonesian cuisine and other international restaurants have a presence 186 However as the capital of East Java cuisines from the rest of the province dominate the culinary culture of the city East Javanese cuisines include a variety of processed fruits crispy tempeh Bakpao telo Bakso Malang Rawon tahu campur lamongan Cwie noodles tahu takwa tahu pong getuk pisang pecel madiun wingko tape nasi krawu otak otak bandeng bonggolan shrimp crackers shrimp paste or petis Tempeh Chips tahu tepo Nasi lethok sego tempong salad soup pecel rawon Suwar suwir tape proll gaplek lodho goat satay and pecel tulungagung 187 Surabaya is famous for Rawon Rujak cingur Semanggi Lontong Balap clams satay mussels and rice cake 188 Rujak cingur 189 a marinated cow snout or lips and noses cingur served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelised fermented shrimp paste petis peanuts chili and spices It is usually served with lontong a boiled rice cake Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of Surabaya Rawon a dark beef soup served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal The dark almost black color comes from the kluwak Pangium edule nuts 190 Lontong kupang lontong with small cockles in petis sauce 191 Semanggi a salad made of boiled semanggi Marsilea crenata leaves that grow in paddy fields It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce It is usually eaten with rice crackers 192 Sports Edit Ultras choreography of Persebaya Surabaya is a barometer and center of association football development in Indonesia The city has many association football clubs founded in Surabaya The first club was founded by the youth of Hoogere Burger School HBS John Edgar with the Victoria club in 1895 193 194 Others included Scoren Is Ons Doel SIOD Sparta Rapiditas and Thot Heil Onzer Ribben THOR These are the pioneers of association football in Surabaya The clubs then took management under Oost Java Voetbalbond OJVB in 1907 Two years later the OJVB changed to Soerabajasche Voetbalbond SVB Starting in 1914 SVB was based on the Nederlandsch Indische Voetbalbond NIVB created by Dutch football federation KNVB The Surabaya Chinese and native people also founded their association football clubs by ethnicity Oei Kwie Liem founded Hoa Soerabaja in 1914 while the Bumiputera through R Pamoedji and Paidjo founded the Soerabajasche Indonesische Voetbalbond SIVB on 18 June 1927 now Persebaya which three years later co founded the PSSI 195 194 In 1950 the working class people and office men founded Soerabajasche Kantoor Voetbalbond SKVB 196 197 The association football sector in Indonesia and specifically Surabaya became more developed and the football association of Indonesia founded a semi professional competition in 1979 which was named the Main Football League Galatama A new team emerged from Surabaya NIAC Partners and the Salim Group Association Besides Galatama PSSI also formed a women s soccer competition called the Women s Football League Galanita Surabaya also has a women s soccer team which was founded in 1977 and named Puteri Puspita Clubs from Surabaya have also gained attention from the rest of the world Persebaya has competed against European teams including Lokomotiv Moscow Sturm Graz Grasshoppers Salzburg Stade de Reims Ajax Amsterdam PSV Eindhoven AC Milan and lastly Queens Park Rangers QPR Aside from European teams there are several national teams outside the country competing against Persebaya including Yugoslavia Olympics Malaysia Mozambique Uruguay Thailand South Korea and the Japanese national team 197 NIAC Mitra also competed against Arsenal and won the Aga Khan Gold Cup competition in 1979 in Bangladesh The achievements of NIAC Mitra in the Galatama competition included three championships in 1980 1982 1982 1983 and 1987 1988 and finishing as runners up in 1988 89 However NIAC Partners officially dissolved and withdrew from the Galatama competition held by PSSI in 1990 because they considered the policies issued by PSSI irrelevant After being disbanded the demands of the Surabaya community to revive the NIAC Partners were channelled when the Jawa Pos party weighed in and changed the name of the NIAC Partner to the Surabaya Partner 198 When the Union competition was merged with Galatama in 1994 the new Persebaya was able to win in 1997 and 2004 Persebaya was listed as the first team capable of winning the Indonesian League twice Mitra Surabaya was only able to exist until the 1998 1999 season and it was re established again in another city Tenggarong and has not used the name of Surabaya again 199 Inside Gelora Bung Tomo stadium 2018 Recently only Persebaya has stable fans and achievements Persebaya has won the Indonesian Premier Division three times twice when the division was the first tier and once as the second tier Fans refer to themselves as Bonek an abbreviation for Bondo Nekat which translates as equipped by bravery The city is the home of CLS Knights Indonesia a basketball club which participated in IBL Indonesia basketball league amp Asean Basketball League Surabaya has a multi purpose stadium Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium The stadium is used mostly for football matches It is the new home stadium of Persebaya replacing Gelora 10 November Stadium 200 It was the venue of a match between Persebaya 1927 against then English Premier League club Queens Park Rangers held on 23 July 2012 Another prevalent sport is badminton There are numerous schools and clubs in the city that train students of various ages to reach the next level of the Badminton League 201 Many children start out their career from Surabaya and have made it to the national and sometimes international level Media EditOne of the largest circulating national newspapers in Indonesia Jawa Pos is headquartered in Surabaya alongside its media conglomerate Jawa Pos Group Major newspapers include Surabaya Pagi and Surya Surabaya is served by many radio and television networks Radio networks affiliates include the public RRI Surabaya Gen FM Surabaya and Prambors FM Surabaya as well as local stations Suara Surabaya and Radio Istara Local television stations include the public 1suara Jawa Timur JTV both are regional stations serving East Java which are based in the city SBO TV Surabaya TV and Nahdlatul Ulama affiliated TV9 International relations EditDiplomatic Missions Edit General Consulates Edit Australian Consulate General Surabaya 202 Chinese Consulate General Surabaya 203 204 Consulate General of Japan Surabaya 205 206 Consulate General of the United States Surabaya 207 204 Consulates Edit Japanese General consulate in Surabaya Austria 208 Belarus 209 210 Belgium 211 Czech Republic 204 Denmark 212 204 East Timor 213 Finland France 214 215 204 Germany 204 Hungary 216 India 217 Mongolia 218 Netherlands 219 204 New Zealand 220 Philippines Poland 221 222 Russia 204 Slovakia 204 Sri Lanka 204 Switzerland 223 Sri Lanka 224 Sweden 225 Thailand 226 204 United Kingdom 227 204 Other diplomatic offices Edit Taiwan Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya 228 Twin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia Surabaya is twinned with Seattle United States 1992 229 Busan South Korea 1994 230 Kōchi Japan 1997 231 Monterrey Mexico 2001 232 Guangzhou China 2005 233 Xiamen China 2008 234 Varna Bulgaria 2010 235 Liverpool United Kingdom 2017 236 New Delhi India 2021 citation needed Shah Alam Malaysia 237 Kaoshiung Taiwan 238 Alexandria Egypt citation needed Johor Bahru Malaysia citation needed Kuala Belait Brunei citation needed Notable people EditMain category People from SurabayaSee also Edit Indonesia portalColonial architecture of Surabaya List of tallest buildings in SurabayaReferences EditCitations Edit Munoz Paul Michel 2006 Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula Continental Sales Incorporated p 246 ISBN 9789814155670 Pasar Keputran Utara Pasar Surya Perkembangan Kota Dan Arsitektur Kolonial Belanda Di Surabaya 1870 1940 Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Kristen PETRA Surabaya dan Penerbit ANDI Yogyakarta 1 January 1996 ISBN 9789795333739 via Google Books Demographia World Urban Areas 18th Annual Edition PDF July 2022 Retrieved 29 March 2023 PU net perkotaan bpiw pu go id Statistics Indonesia Surabaya Municipality in Figures 2017 surabayakota bps go id Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 Retrieved 1 April 2019 BPS Provinsi Jawa Timur jatim bps go id 26 Z Irian Jaya bappenas go id Word DOC in Indonesian Geografi Grasindo p 114 ISBN 978 979 759 619 4 Indonesia Java Regencies Cities and Districts 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IndonesiaYP in Indonesian Retrieved 23 February 2019 H E Mr Songphol Sukchan Ambassador of Thailand to Indonesia attended the dinner with Consul Generals and Honorary Consuls of foreign countries and Indonesian businessmen in Surabaya sthanexkxkhrrachthut n krungcakarta US 11 February 2019 Retrieved 23 February 2019 British Ambassador opens new Visa Application Centre in Surabaya GOV UK GB Retrieved 23 February 2019 首頁 Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya 駐印尼泗水辦事處 www roc taiwan org Retrieved 24 February 2019 Seattle s Sister Cities seattle gov City of Seattle Retrieved 21 July 2021 List of Sister Cities busan go kr Busan Metropolitan City Retrieved 21 July 2021 Sister Cities city kochi kochi jp Kōchi Retrieved 21 July 2021 Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Nuevo Leon sre gob mx in Spanish Secretaria de relaciones exteriores Retrieved 21 July 2021 Sister Cities eguangzhou gov cn Guangzhou Retrieved 21 July 2021 Sister Cities xmenglish cn Xiamen Retrieved 21 July 2021 Surabaya Republika Indoneziya live varna bg in Bulgarian Varna Retrieved 21 July 2021 Vice Mayor of Liverpool Gary Miller visits Surabaya GOV UK Retrieved 7 September 2018 Shah Alam signs pact with South Korean city of Hanam thestar com my The Star 3 December 2013 Retrieved 21 July 2021 Kaohsiung s 25 Sister Cities mykaohsiung com My Kaohsiung 30 May 2019 Retrieved 21 July 2021 Bibliography Edit Adi Dhahana 2014 Surabaya Punya Cerita Vol 1 Volume 1 in Indonesian Yogyakarta Indie Book Corner ISBN 9786023090242 Airlangga University Department of History 2013 Mengeja keseharian Sejarah kehidupan masyarakat kota Surabaya in Indonesian Surabaya Departemen Ilmu Sejarah UNAIR ISBN 9789791854115 Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994 Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke 17 Thesis in Indonesian Surabaya Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel Basundoro Purnawan 2013 Merebut Ruang Kota Berita Seputar Automotive in Indonesian South Tangerang CV Marjin Kiri ISBN 9789791260220 permanent dead link Dick Howard W 2002 Surabaya City of Work A Socioeconomic History 1900 2000 Athens Ohio Ohio University Press ISBN 978 0 89680 221 6 Ingleson John 2014 Workers Unions and Politics Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s Boston Brill Publishers p 12 ISBN 9789004264762 ISSN 2213 0527 Munoz Paul Michel 2006 Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula Continental Sales Incorporated p 246 ISBN 978 98 141 5567 0 Nasution 2006 Ekonomi Surabaya pada masa kolonial 1830 1930 in Indonesian Pustaka Intelektual ISBN 9789792506808 Padmodiwiryo Suhario 2016 Revolution in the City of Heroes A Memoir of the Battle That Sparked Indonesia s National Revolution ReadHowYouWant com ISBN 978 1 5252 3028 8 Palmos Frank 2016 Surabaya 1945 Sakral Tanahku Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia ISBN 9789794616383 Peters Robbie 2013 Surabaya 1945 2010 Neighbourhood State and Economy in Indonesia s City of Struggle Canberra Asian Studies Association of Australia ISBN 978 0 8248 3864 5 Pigeaud Theodore Gauthier Thomas 1976 Islamic States in Java 1500 1700 Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H J de Graaf The Hague Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 978 90 247 1876 4 Pigeaud Theodore Gauthier Thomas 1962 Java in the 14th Century A Study in Cultural History 3rd ed Leiden Springer Science Business Media p 243 ISBN 978 94 0177095 8 Ricklefs M C 11 September 2008 A History of Modern Indonesia Since C 1200 Palgrave Macmillan pp 46 48 ISBN 978 1 137 05201 8 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surabaya Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Surabaya Official Site Pemerintah Kota Surabaya in Indonesian Surabaya News otoresing com in Indonesian 9 December 2015 Archived from the original on 9 December 2015 Surabaya Collier s New Encyclopedia 1921 Surabaya or Soerabaya The largest city in Java New International Encyclopedia 1905 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Surabaya amp oldid 1153094004, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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