Kingscote, South Australia
Kingscote is a town in the Australian state of South Australia located on Kangaroo Island about 119 kilometres (74 mi) south-west of the state capital of Adelaide.[4][2] It is South Australia's oldest European settlement and the island's largest town.[8] At the 2016 census, Kingscote had a population of 1,790.[1] It is a well-established tourist centre and the administrative and communications centre. It is home to a colony of the smallest penguins in the world, the little penguin.
| Kingscote South Australia | |||||||||||||||
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Dauncey Street | |||||||||||||||
Kingscote | |||||||||||||||
| Coordinates | 35°39′11″S 137°38′03″E / 35.65306°S 137.63417°E | ||||||||||||||
| Population | 1,790 (2016 census)[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Established | 1836 | ||||||||||||||
| Postcode(s) | 5223[2] | ||||||||||||||
| Location | 119 km (74 mi) south-west of Adelaide | ||||||||||||||
| LGA(s) | Kangaroo Island Council | ||||||||||||||
| Region | Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island[3] | ||||||||||||||
| County | Carnarvon[4] | ||||||||||||||
| State electorate(s) | Mawson[5] | ||||||||||||||
| Federal division(s) | Mayo[6] | ||||||||||||||
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| Footnotes | Location[2] Climate[7] Adjoining localities[4] | ||||||||||||||
The town is served by Kingscote Airport with passenger flights on two airlines.
History edit
The South Australian Company established its colony at Kingscote at Reeves Point on 27 July 1836, as South Australia's first official European settlement, the first settlers having arrived on the Duke of York,[9] and named for Henry Kingscote, one of the founding directors of the company.
It was early suggested that Kingscote could serve as the capital of South Australia, but the island's resources were insufficient to support such a large community; the South Australian Company moved almost six months later to Adelaide after sending surveyors to find a better site.
The history of the area is displayed in the museum in Hope Cottage, to the north of the town. Hope Cottage was one of the three earliest houses built in Kingscote, circa 1850, with the adjoining cottages of Faith and Charity. (Faith has been subsequently demolished.)
The Old Mulberry Tree at Reeves Point was planted in 1836 and still bears fruit. Reeves Point has been placed on the Australian Heritage Places List.[10][11]
The current town of Kingscote is now immediately to the south of the original Kingscote settlement at Reeves Point in the area originally known as Queenscliffe (the origin of the name of the Queenscliffe Hotel in Dauncey Street).[12]
State heritage places edit
Kingscote contains the following places which are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register:
Facilities edit
Kingscote has a school offering years reception to 12 (R-12), a hospital, supermarket, post office and government offices. It is the administrative centre for the Kangaroo Island Council, whose offices have recently undergone a significant upgrade.
Recreational facilities include a sports centre and adjoining oval and netball courts.
Foreshore edit
A wharf and jetty stand at the waterfront. They were previously used by the roll-on, roll-off vessels, Troubridge and Island Seaway and now serve smaller vessels.
The jetty is accessible for recreational fishing and scuba diving and pelican feeding and nocturnal penguin tours are offered at the Penguin Centre, which is adjacent to the jetty.
The Aurora Ozone Seafront Hotel, with its mermaid statue, is a well-known landmark on the Kingscote foreshore. The hotel opened in 1907.[18] It was destroyed by fire 27 Aug 1918,[19] but was rebuilt and opened for business again on 29 December 1920.[20]
Shark proof tidal swimming pool edit
A shark-proof tidal swimming pool is open to the public.[21][22] Fundraising commenced in 1947[23][24][25] and plans were drafted by the South Australian Harbours Board. The Harbours Board estimated the total construction cost for the pool to be £607[26] and Mr W. S. Myers, won the contract for its construction.[27] A subscription list was started and maintained to update local residents on fundraising progress[26] and matching funding was offered by the South Australian Tourist Bureau.[28] Construction commenced in 1949.[29][30] Work continued in 1950, following delays owing to labor shortages and inclement weather.[31]
Little penguin colony edit
In 2007, the Kingscote colony of little penguins' population was 868 adults and fell to 706 in 2010.[32] In 2011, it was believed to be either declining or stable.[33] In 2012, the population fell to 300 adults according to DEW figures.[32] In 2013, the Kingscote colony of little penguins had dropped to 20 birds, according to tour operator John Ayliffe.[34] Official 2013 census figures were greater, estimating 154 breeding adults, down 48 per cent from the previous year and 82 per cent since the population peak in 2007.[35]
| Year | Population | References |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 410 | [36] |
| 2007 | 868 | [32][36] |
| 2008 | 748 | [36] |
| 2009 | 654 | [36] |
| 2010 | 706 | [32][36] |
| 2011 | 380 | [36] |
| 2012 | 300 | [32][36] |
| 2013 | 154 | [35][36] |
| 2014 | 128 | [36] |
Increasing populations of long-nosed fur seals are believed to be a factor in the decline. Other predators of penguins on Kangaroo Island include rats, dogs, cats, goannas, sea lions and sea eagles.[33] Since the 1990s, penguin tour operators have improved the nesting habitat in the visitation area at Kingscote, through vegetation, habitat protection and constructing boardwalks for tourists.[33] In October 2011, 15 dead penguin chicks were found near the Kingscote colony with their heads removed. A dog or cat attack was presumed to be the cause of death. A similar event also happened in 2010.[37]
Disease and declining fish stocks have also been blamed for declines in Little penguin numbers.[32]
Other colonies in South Australia have experienced dramatic declines since the 1990s. The nearest examples of colonies in decline are found in Encounter Bay (Granite Island, Wright Island and West Island) and at Penneshaw on Kangaroo Island.[34]
Accounts of little penguins at Kingscote exist from the 1930s.[38]
The Spit edit
Historically, little penguins have also been observed in burrows on The Spit which lies across the mouth of Bay of Shoals. Observations of penguins at this location were published in 1888,[39] 1911,[40] 1915,[41] 1934[42] and 1938.[43] A child visiting in 1947 found at least six penguin burrows.[44] The species did not appear in the list of birds observed at Busby Islet Conservation Park (part of The Spit) which was published in 1987.[45] The colonies at Busby and Beatrice Islets became extinct after introduced African boxthorn vegetation was removed. This destabilised the sand and rendered the habitat unsuitable for penguin burrows.[36]
Climate edit
Kingscote experiences a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb), Trewartha: Csbl); with warm, dry summers; mild, relatively dry springs and autumns; and mild winters with moderate precipitation.[46]
| Climate data for Kingscote (1914−2002, extremes to 1957, rainfall to 1877) 35.66° S, 137.64° E | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40.6 (105.1) | 41.0 (105.8) | 35.8 (96.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.0 (71.6) | 23.0 (73.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 34.4 (93.9) | 39.4 (102.9) | 38.8 (101.8) | 41.0 (105.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.2 (72.0) | 19.8 (67.6) | 17.5 (63.5) | 15.4 (59.7) | 14.6 (58.3) | 15.0 (59.0) | 16.5 (61.7) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.5 (68.9) | 22.3 (72.1) | 19.1 (66.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 14.3 (57.7) | 12.5 (54.5) | 10.8 (51.4) | 9.3 (48.7) | 8.4 (47.1) | 8.3 (46.9) | 9.1 (48.4) | 10.3 (50.5) | 12.0 (53.6) | 13.6 (56.5) | 11.6 (52.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) | 8.9 (48.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 5.6 (42.1) | 2.8 (37.0) | −1.1 (30.0) | 2.1 (35.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | 1.6 (34.9) | 2.2 (36.0) | 4.7 (40.5) | 6.1 (43.0) | −1.1 (30.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14.9 (0.59) | 17.4 (0.69) | 17.9 (0.70) | 34.2 (1.35) | 58.0 (2.28) | 71.9 (2.83) | 77.4 (3.05) | 64.5 (2.54) | 46.6 (1.83) | 36.4 (1.43) | 22.4 (0.88) | 19.4 (0.76) | 486.6 (19.16) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 3.7 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 8.8 | 12.9 | 15.9 | 18.2 | 17.2 | 13.0 | 10.1 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 121.1 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 63 | 65 | 67 | 70 | 73 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 70 | 66 | 63 | 63 | 68 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) | 13.5 (56.3) | 12.8 (55.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 10.7 (51.3) | 9.6 (49.3) | 8.2 (46.8) | 8.0 (46.4) | 9.4 (48.9) | 9.6 (49.3) | 10.8 (51.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 10.8 (51.4) |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology[47] | |||||||||||||
There is also data at the airport in Kingscote, 12.0 km away. It experiences similar climatic conditions, but due to its inland location, the weather station has a greater seasonal difference between winter and summer; and the diurnal range is greater.
| Climate data for Kingscote Airport (1993−2022) 35.71° S, 137.52° E | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 45.4 (113.7) | 43.8 (110.8) | 39.9 (103.8) | 34.4 (93.9) | 27.1 (80.8) | 22.4 (72.3) | 25.0 (77.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 34.6 (94.3) | 41.0 (105.8) | 43.0 (109.4) | 45.4 (113.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.4 (79.5) | 24.6 (76.3) | 21.8 (71.2) | 18.6 (65.5) | 16.1 (61.0) | 15.4 (59.7) | 16.0 (60.8) | 17.8 (64.0) | 20.2 (68.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 25.1 (77.2) | 21.0 (69.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) | 13.6 (56.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 8.9 (48.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 6.6 (43.9) | 6.0 (42.8) | 5.7 (42.3) | 6.4 (43.5) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 11.0 (51.8) | 9.0 (48.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) | 4.7 (40.5) | 2.9 (37.2) | −0.4 (31.3) | −0.8 (30.6) | −2.4 (27.7) | −2.1 (28.2) | −1.9 (28.6) | −2.2 (28.0) | −2.0 (28.4) | 0.4 (32.7) | 2.3 (36.1) | −2.4 (27.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.5 (0.61) | 19.1 (0.75) | 22.2 (0.87) | 25.4 (1.00) | 49.4 (1.94) | 65.1 (2.56) | 67.3 (2.65) | 57.0 (2.24) | 46.1 (1.81) | 30.0 (1.18) | 21.4 (0.84) | 19.0 (0.75) | 444.9 (17.52) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.4 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 9.3 | 15.3 | 18.4 | 20.0 | 19.5 | 15.5 | 10.6 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 138.6 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 44 | 45 | 47 | 53 | 63 | 68 | 69 | 64 | 61 | 55 | 48 | 45 | 55 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 11.3 (52.3) | 11.8 (53.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 10.3 (50.5) | 10.0 (50.0) | 8.7 (47.7) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.5 (47.3) | 8.3 (46.9) | 9.5 (49.1) | 9.9 (49.8) | 9.6 (49.3) |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology[48] | |||||||||||||
Gallery edit
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Commercial Street
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Dauncey Street
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Pelican feeding
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Council chambers
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Ozone Hotel
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Kingscote (Urban Centre and Localities)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ a b c "Postcode for Kingscote, South Australia". postcodes-australia.com. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
- ^ "Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island SA Government region" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ a b c . Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- ^ Mawson (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "Federal electoral division of Mayo, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ "Climate statistics for Kingscote". Australian Government, Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
- ^ Kingscote, South Australia 10 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Travelmate, Accessed 3 August 2018
- ^ Kangaroo Island Council – Welcome
- ^ "Reeves Point Settlement Site (listing RNE15625)". Australia Heritage Places Inventory. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 17 July 2007.. Australian Heritage Places Inventory. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Reeves Point Settlement Site, Seaview Rd, Kingscote, SA, Australia". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. Dept of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ ""WHAT'S IN A NAME."". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 16 April 1902. p. 4. Retrieved 9 December 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Dwelling ('Hope Cottage')". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
- ^ "'The Bluff' Cottage (formerly 'Reeves' Cottage, 'Seaview Farm')". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
- ^ "Combined Shop/Dwelling (originally Barrett's Store)". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
- ^ "Reeves Point Settlement Site (site of the first official settlement in the Colony), including cemetery, well and mulberry tree". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
- ^ "Old Government Quarry". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
- ^ "SCHOONER ASHORE". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. LXXII, no. 18, 910. South Australia. 22 June 1907. p. 8. Retrieved 4 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "OZONE HOTEL". Daily Herald. Vol. 9, no. 2634. South Australia. 29 August 1918. p. 2. Retrieved 4 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "MIDLAND LICENSING DISTRICT". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. LXXXVI, no. 23, 187. South Australia. 2 March 1921. p. 4. Retrieved 4 June 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Council, Kangaroo Island (23 January 2015), Tidal Pool, Kingscote, Kangaroo Island Council, retrieved 23 December 2017
- ^ "Kingscote Pool – Beach in Kingscote Kangaroo Island SA". SLS Beachsafe. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "The Kingscote Carnival & Regatta". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 17 January 1947. p. 3. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "IMPROVEMENTS AT KINGSCOTE". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 4 June 1947. p. 5. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "KINGSCOTE CHRISTMAS CARNIVAL". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 12 December 1947. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ a b "The Shark Proof Swimming Enclosure". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 13 February 1948. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "The Kingscote and District Program Association Inc". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 26 November 1948. p. 1. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "SHARK PROOF SWIMMING POOL". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 12 December 1947. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "Kingscote District Progress Association". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 30 September 1949. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "Kingscote District Progress Association". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 3 June 1949. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ "Kingscote & District Progress Association". Kangaroo Island Courier. Kingscote, SA. 29 September 1950. p. 4. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Black, Shauna "Local politics blamed for penguin inaction" The Islander, Kangaroo Island, South Australia (6 June 2013). Retrieved 2014-02-07.
- ^ a b c Wiebken, A. S. "Conservation management priorities for little penguin populations in Gulf St Vincent" 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resource Management Board / SARDI, South Australia (2011–06). Retrieved 2014-02-06.
- ^ a b Austin, Nigel "Kangaroo Island little penguins at giant risk as colony drops to 20" The Advertiser, South Australia (29 July 2013). Retrieved 2014-02-06.
- ^ a b "Penguin populations dropping". The Islander. Kangaroo Island, South Australia. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Copley, Peter (2016). Conservation risk assessment report for little penguins in South Australia – DEWNR Technical Report 2016/33. South Australia: Government of South Australia. pp. 50–52.
- ^ "Penguin chicks killed on Kangaroo Island". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ "PENGUINS ARE WORTH £5 EACH". The Kangaroo Island Courier. 24 November 1934. p. 2. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ "Field Naturalists Society of South Australia Cruise to Kangaroo Island." South Australian Weekly Chronicle, South Australia (14 April 1888). Retrieved 2014-03-12.
- ^ Canyon "KANGAROO ISLAND. PICTURESQUE AND PRODUCTIVE." Chronicle, South Australia (2 December 1911). Retrieved 2014-02-26.
- ^ "Bird Life on Kangaroo Island". The Kangaroo Island Courier. 26 June 1915. p. 6. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ "A Trip to Kangaroo Island" Burra Record, South Australia (17 January 1934). Retrieved 2014-02-26.
- ^ George, Elisabeth "LIFE and LETTERS" The West Australian, Western Australia (30 April 1938). Retrieved 2014-02-26.
- ^ Shoppee, Rosemary (27 December 1946). "Five Stars Club for Young Catholics – PENGUINS, SEAGULLS & COCKLES". Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ Conservation parks of Kangaroo Island management plan Parks & Wildlife Service, Department of Environment & Planning, South Australia (1987–12). ISBN 0 7243 8983 0
- ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1642. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (direct: Final Revised Paper) - ^ "Kingscote, SA Climate". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "Kingscote Aero, SA Climate (1994-present normals and extremes)". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
External links edit
- Hope Cottage
- Kangaroo Island