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Gyeongju

January 08, 2024

For the 2014 South Korean film, see Gyeongju (film). For the given name, see Kyung-ju (name).
"Geumseong" redirects here. For other uses, see Geumseong (disambiguation).

Gyeongju (Korean: 경주, pronounced [kjʌ̹ŋ.dzu]), historically known as Seorabeol (서라벌, pronounced [sʰʌ̹.ɾa̠.bʌɭ]), is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.[1][2] It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering 1,324 km2 (511 sq mi) with a population of 264,091 people as of December 2012.[1][3] Gyeongju is 370 km (230 mi) southeast of Seoul,[4] and 55 km (34 mi) east of Daegu.[5] The city borders Cheongdo and Yeongcheon to the west, Ulsan to the south and Pohang to the north, while to the east lies the coast of the Sea of Japan.[1] Numerous low mountains—outliers of the Taebaek range—are scattered around the city.[6]

Gyeongju
경주시
Municipal City
Korean transcription(s)
 • Hangul경주시
 • Hanja慶州市
 • Revised RomanizationGyeongju-si
 • McCune-ReischauerKyŏngju-si
Top left: Anapji pond; Top right: Bell of King Seongdeok; middle left: Seokguram; middle right:Bulguksa temple; bottom left: Yangdong Folk Village; bottom right: Cheomseongdae.
Flag
Emblem of Gyeongju
Location in South Korea
Coordinates: 35°51′N 129°13′E / 35.850°N 129.217°E / 35.850; 129.217
Country South Korea
RegionNorth Gyeongsang Province
Administrative divisions4 eup, 8 myeon, 11 dong, 305 ri
Government
 • mayorJu nak Young (주낙영)
Area
 • Total1,324.39 km2 (511.35 sq mi)
Population
 (November, 2022)
 • Total249,845
 • Density212/km2 (550/sq mi)
 • Dialect
Gyeongsang
DemonymGyeongjuite
Time zoneUTC+9 (Korea Standard Time)
Area code+82-54
WebsiteCity of Gyeongju

Gyeongju was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Silla (57 BC – 935 AD), which ruled about two-thirds of the Korean peninsula at its height between the 7th and 9th centuries, for close to one thousand years. Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,[7] and Gyeongju[8] was[when?] the fourth largest city in the world.[9][10][11][12] A vast number of archaeological sites and cultural properties from this period remain in the city. Gyeongju is often referred to as "the museum without walls".[13][14] Among such historical treasures, Seokguram grotto, Bulguksa temple, Gyeongju Historic Areas and Yangdong Folk Village are designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.[15][16] The many major historical sites have helped Gyeongju become one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Korea.[5][17]

The city of Gyeongju was united with the nearby rural Gyeongju County in 1995 and is now an urban–rural complex.[18] It is similar to 53 other small and medium-sized cities with a population under 300,000 people in South Korea.[19] As well as its rich historical heritage, Gyeongju today is affected by the economic, demographic, and social trends that have shaped modern South Korean culture. Tourism remains the major economic driver, but manufacturing activities have developed due to its proximity to major industrial centers such as Ulsan and Pohang. Gyeongju is connected to the nationwide rail and highway networks, which facilitate industrial and tourist traffic.[20][21][22]

History edit

Main article: History of Gyeongju

The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom, of which it was the capital. Gyeongju first enters non-Korean records as Saro-guk, during the Samhan period in the early Common Era.[23] Korean records, probably based on the dynastic chronicles of Silla, record that Saro-guk was established in 57 BCE, when six small villages in the Gyeongju area united under Bak Hyeokgeose. As the kingdom expanded, it changed its name to Silla.[24] During the Silla period, the city was called "Seorabeol" (this toponym would eventually evolve into a Korean word for "capital city" as in Seoul),[23] "Gyerim" (lit. Rooster's forest), or "Geumseong" (lit. City of Gold or Metal i.e. Impenetrable Fortress).[25] After the unification of the peninsula up to Taedong River[26] in 668 AD, Gyeongju became the center of Korean political and cultural life.[27] The city was home to the Silla court and the great majority of the kingdom's elite. Its prosperity became legendary, and was reported as far away as Persia according to the 9th century book The Book of Roads and Kingdoms.[28] The historical text Samguk yusa give the city's population in its peak period[when?] as 178,936 households,[25] suggesting that the total population was almost one million.[29][30][31] Many of Gyeongju's most famous sites date from this Unified Silla period, which ended in the beginning of 10th century by Goryeo (918–1392).[23][24]

 
A portrait of the last king of Silla, King Gyeongsun (r. 927–935). After his surrender to King Taejo, Gyeongju lost its status as capital city.

In 940, the founder of Goryeo, King Taejo, changed the city's name to "Gyeongju",[32] which literally means "Congratulatory district".[33] In 987, as Goryeo introduced a system in which three additional capitals were established in politically important provinces outside Gaegyeong (nowadays Kaesong), and Gyeongju was designated as "Donggyeong" ("East Capital"). However, that title was removed in 1012, the third year of King Hyeongjong's reign, due to political rivalries at that time,[32][34] though Gyeongju was later made the seat of Yeongnam Province.[23] It had jurisdiction over a wide area, including much of central eastern Yeongnam,[23] although this area was greatly reduced in the 13th century.[32] Under the subsequent Joseon (1392–1910) dynasties, Gyeongju was no longer of national importance, but remained a regional center of influence.[23] In 1601, the city ceased to be the provincial capital.[35]

Over these centuries, the city suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century, Mongol forces destroyed a nine-story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa.[23][36] During the Japanese invasions of Korea, the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield,[23] and Japanese forces burned the wooden structures at Bulguksa.[37][38] Not all damage was due to invasions, however. In the early Joseon period, a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on Namsan by Neo-Confucian radicals, who hacked arms and heads off statuary.[39]

In the 20th century, the city remained relatively small, no longer ranking among the major cities of Korea.[40] During the early 20th century, many archaeological excavations were conducted, particularly inside the tombs which had remained largely intact over the centuries.[41] A museum, the forerunner of the present-day Gyeongju National Museum, was inaugurated in 1915 to exhibit the excavated artifacts.[42]

Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese occupation, as the Donghae Nambu Line and Jungang line were established in preparation for the Second Sino-Japanese War and to exploit the rich resources of the eastern part of the Korean peninsula.[43][44] Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil, and Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present-day Dongcheon-dong.[45] In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains.[46]

Despite the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting, and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict. However, for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines, as North Korean forces pushed the Pusan Perimeter southward from Pohang.[47]

In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part.[48][49] The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973,[50] and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year.[51] These developments helped to support the emergence of Gyeongju's manufacturing sector.[20]

Geography and climate edit

 
Seokguram grotto on the slopes of Tohamsan.[52]

Gyeongju lies in the southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province, and is bounded by the metropolitan city of Ulsan on the south. Within the province, its neighbors include Pohang on the north, Cheongdo County on the southwest, and Yeongcheon on the northwest.[1] Gyeongju is located about 50 kilometers (31 mi) north of Busan.[2] To the east, it has no neighbor but the sea.[1]

Most of Gyeongju lies in the Gyeongsang Basin, but a few areas of the city belong to the Pohang Basin, such as Eoil-ri and Beomgok-ri in Yangbuk-myeon, and part of Cheonbuk-myeon. The Gyeongsang Basin areas consist of Bulguksa intrusive rock penetrating layers of sedimentary rocks, mainly granite and porphyry. By contrast, the Pohang Basin areas are made up of stratum that formed in the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era, which consist of igneous rock, aqueous rock, porphyry, sandstone, and tuff.[53]

Low mountains are widespread throughout Gyeongju. The highest of these are the Taebaek Mountains, which run along the city's western border. Gyeongju's highest point, Munbok Mountain (문복산), is 1,015 meters (3,330 ft) above sea level. This peak lies in Sannae-myeon, on the border with Cheongdo.[54] East of the Taebaek range, other western peaks such as Danseok Mountain lie within the Jusa subrange.[55] The city's eastern peaks, including Toham Mountain, belong to the Haean Mountains and Dongdae Mountains.[56][57]

 
Principal mountains and drainage patterns of Gyeongju. Mountains of 500 to 700 m (1,600 to 2,300 ft) are in green, those taller than 700 m (2,300 ft) in violet. The rest three in gray are under 500 m (1,600 ft).

Gyeongju's drainage patterns are shaped by these lines of mountains.[6] The Dongdae Mountains divide a narrow foothills area on their east, and various internal river systems to the west. Most of the city's interior is drained by the small Hyeongsan River, which flows north from Ulsan and meets the sea at Pohang Harbor. The Hyeongsan's chief tributaries include the Bukcheon and Namcheon, which join it in Gyeongju Basin.[6] The southwestern corner of Gyeongju, on the far side of the Taebaek range, drains into the Geumho River, which then flows into the Nakdong. A small area of the south, just west of the Dongdae range, drains into the Taehwa River, which flows into the Bay of Ulsan.[58][59]

The Gyeongju coastline runs for 36.1 kilometers (22.4 mi) between Pohang in the north and Ulsan in the south.[60] There are no islands or large bays, only the small indentations made by the small streams flowing off the Dongdae ridgeline. Because of this, the city has no significant ports, though there are 12 small harbors.[61] One such harbor in Gyeongju's southeast corner is home to the Ulsan base of the National Maritime Police. This base is responsible for security over a wide area of South Korea's east-central coast.[62][63][64]

Climate edit

Gyeongju has a cooler version of a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa). Due to its coastal location, Gyeongju has a slightly milder climate than the more inland regions of Korea. In general, however, the city's climate is typical of South Korea. It has hot summers and cool winters, with a monsoon season between late June and early August. As on the rest of Korea's east coast, autumn typhoons are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is 1,091 millimeters (43.0 in), and the average annual high temperatures range from 8.6–31.1 °C (47–88 °F).[65]

Gyeongju's historic city center lies on the banks of the Hyeongsan in Gyeongju Basin. This lowlying area has been subject to repeated flooding throughout recorded history, often as a result of typhoons. On average, chronicles report a major flood every 27.9 years, beginning in the 1st century.[66] Modern flood control mechanisms brought about a dramatic reduction in flooding in the later 20th century. The last major flood occurred in 1991, when the Deokdong Lake reservoir overflowed due to Typhoon Gladys.[67]

Climate data for Gyeongju (2011–2020 normals, extremes 2010–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		32.5
(90.5) 		36.2
(97.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.7
(103.5) 		39.8
(103.6) 		35.1
(95.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		27.7
(81.9) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.4
(88.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		19.6
(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		13.4
(56.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.2
(61.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		8.0
(46.4)
Record low °C (°F) −14.7
(5.5) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.0
(57.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−14.7
(5.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 32.2
(1.27) 		30.8
(1.21) 		59.7
(2.35) 		96.1
(3.78) 		55.3
(2.18) 		100.6
(3.96) 		190.1
(7.48) 		191.9
(7.56) 		194.1
(7.64) 		108.2
(4.26) 		37.8
(1.49) 		24.4
(0.96) 		1,121.2
(44.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.1 6.8 7.6 9.8 7.7 9.6 12.8 13.7 12.2 6.7 6.8 5.4 104.2
Average relative humidity (%) 52.6 56.7 58.3 60.3 63.5 72.6 78.4 79.8 81.3 75.1 67.5 56.3 66.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 197.2 179.1 226.7 218.8 240.0 182.1 162.9 180.9 147.5 178.5 161.8 186.2 2,261.7
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration[68][69]

Government edit

 
Gyeongju City Hall in Dongcheon-dong.

The executive branch of the government is headed by a mayor and vice-mayor. As in other South Korean cities and counties, the mayor is elected directly, while the vice-mayor is appointed.[70] As of 2019, the mayor is Joo Nak-young, who was elected on June 13, 2018, in the local elections.[71][72] He is Gyeongju's fifth mayor to be directly elected, the sixth to preside over the city in its present form, and the 31st mayor since 1955.[73] Like most heads of government in the Yeongnam region, he is a member of the conservative Liberty Korea Party.[74][75][76]

The legislative branch consists of the Gyeongju City Council, with 21 members as of 2009.[77][78] The present City Council was formed from the merger of the old Gyeongju City Council with the Wolseong County Council in 1991. Most subdivisions of Gyeongju elect a single member to represent them in the council, but Angang-eup is represented by two members because of its large population, and two of the representatives serve combined districts composed of two dong. Like the mayor, the council members were last elected in 2006, except for a small number elected in more recent by-elections.

The central administration is composed of a City Council committee, five departments, two subsidiary organs, a chamber (the auditor), and six business offices. The five departments are the departments of Planning and Culture, Autonomous Administration, Industry and Environment, Construction and Public Works, and the National Enterprise Committee; these oversee a total of 29 subdivisions. The two subsidiary organs are the Health Care Center and Agro-technology Center; these belong directly to the central administration and have a total of 4 subdivisions. In addition, there are 23 local administrative subdivisions. Each of these subdivisions has a local office with a small administrative staff.[79] As of December 2008, the city government employed 1,462 people.[80]

Subdivisions edit

Main article: Subdivisions of Gyeongju

The city is divided into 23 administrative districts: 4 eup, 8 myeon, and 11 dong.[81][82] These are the standard subdivisions of cities and counties in South Korea. The dong or neighborhood units occupy the area of the city center, which was formerly occupied by Gyeongju-eup. Eup are typically substantial villages, whereas myeon are more rural.[60][83]

The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju-gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural rea. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today, but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as it is today.[23]

Map of Gyeongju
 
# Place Population
(2007)[60]		 Households Area
(km2) 		# Place Population
 Households Area
(km2)
1 Sannae-myeon 3,561 1,779 142.6 13 Seondo-dong 13,813 2,831 28.0
2 Seo-myeon 4,773 1,779 52.1 14 Seonggeon-dong 18,378 7,562 6.4
3 Hyeongok-myeon 16,829 5,726 55.7 15 Hwangseong-dong 29,660 9,415 3.8
4 Angang-eup 33,802 12,641 138.6 16 Yonggang-dong 15,959 5,244 5.1
5 Gangdong-myeon 8,834 3,659 81.4 17 Bodeok-dong 2,296 977 81.0
6 Cheonbuk-myeon 6,185 2,328 58.2 18 Bulguk-dong 9,001 3,722 37.4
7 Munmudaewang-myeon 4,535 2,026 120.1 19 Hwangnam-dong* 8,885 3,875 20.5
8 Gampo-eup 7,099 3,084 44.9 20 Jungbu-dong 7,003 3,022 0.9
9 Yangnam-myeon 7,131 2,941 85.1 21 Hwango-dong* 10,225 4283 1.5
10 Oedong-eup 19,006 6,965 109.8 22 Dongcheon-dong 26,721 9,228 5.3
11 Naenam-myeon 6,142 2,526 122.1 23 Wolseong-dong 6,522 4,842 31.4
12 Geoncheon-eup 11,217 4,533 92.4
Eup Myeon Dong
*Figures based on resident registration figures made available by local government offices. For more detailed source information, see Subdivisions of Gyeongju.

Demographics edit

When the Silla kingdom reached the peak of its development, Gyeongju was estimated to have a million residents, four times the city's population in 2008.[1][30] In recent years, Gyeongju has followed the same trends that have affected the rest of South Korea. Like the country as a whole, Gyeongju has seen its population age and the size of families shrink. For instance, the mean household size is 2.8 people. Because this has fallen in recent years, there are more households in the city as of 2008 (105,009) than there were in 2003, even though the population has fallen.[84]

Like most of South Korea's smaller cities, Gyeongju has seen a steady drop in population in recent years. From 2002 to 2008, the city lost 16,557 people.[85] This is primarily due to the migration of workers seeking employment in the major South Korean cities. In 2007, about 1,975 more people moved away from the city each year than moved in.[86] During the same period, births exceeded deaths by roughly 450 per year, a significant number but not enough to offset the losses due to migration.[87]

Gyeongju has a small but growing population of non-Koreans. In 2007, there were 4,671 foreigners living in Gyeongju. This number corresponds to 1.73% of the total population, more than double the figure from 2003. The growth was largely in immigrants from other Asian countries, many of whom are employed in the automotive parts industry. Countries of origin whose numbers have risen include the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Vietnam. The number of residents from Japan, the United States, and Canada fell significantly in the 2003–2007 period.[88]

Dialect edit

The city has a distinctive dialect which it shares with northern portions of Ulsan. This dialect is similar to the general Gyeongsang dialect, but retains distinctive features of its own. Some linguists have treated the distinctive characteristics of the Gyeongju dialect as vestiges of the Silla language. For instance, the contrast between the local dialect form "소내기" (sonaegi) and the standard "소나기" (sonagi, meaning "rainshower") has been seen as reflecting the ancient phonemic character of the Silla language.[89]

Culture and people edit

Cultural properties edit

 
A gold crown excavated from Gold Crown Tomb. National Treasures of South Korea No. 87.
 
Divine Bell of King Seongdeok

Gyeongju is the main destination in South Korea for visitors interested in the cultural heritage of Silla and the architecture of Joseon. The city has 31 National Treasures, and Gyeongju National Museum houses 16,333 artifacts.[90] There are four broad categories of relics and historical sites: tumuli and their artifacts; Buddhist sites and objects; fortresses and palace sites; and ancient architecture. Prehistoric remains including Mumun pottery have been excavated in central Gyeongju, in the Moa-ri and Oya-ri villages of the Cheonbuk-myeon district, and in the Jukdong-ri village of the Oedong district. Dolmens are found in several places, especially in Gangdong-myeon and Moa-ri. Bronze Age relics found in Angye-ri village of Gangdong-myeon, Jukdong-ri and Ipsil-ri villages of Oedong-eup and graveyards in the Joyang-dong district represent the Samhan confederacy period of around the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD.[91]

There are 35 royal tombs and 155 tumuli in central Gyeongju, and 421 tumuli in the outskirts of the city.[92] Silla burial mounds built after the period of the Three Kingdoms are found in central Gyeongju, including tumuli in the districts of Noseo-dong, Nodong-dong, Hwangnam-dong, Hwango-dong and Inwang-dong. Western Gyeongju has the tomb of King Muyeol in Seoak-dong, nearby tumuli in Chunghyo-dong and the tomb of Kim Yu-sin. The tombs of Queen Seondeok, King Sinmun, King Hyogong and King Sinmu are at the base of Namsan mountain while the tombs of King Heongang, King Jeonggang, King Gyeongmyeong and King Gyeongae are on the slopes of the mountain. In addition to the tombs, tumuli have been found surrounding Namsan mountain and in the western part of Geumgang mountain. Artifacts excavated from the tombs of Geumgwanchong (gold crown tomb), Seobongchong (western phoenix tomb), Cheonmachong (heavenly horse tomb) and northern and southern parts of Tomb No. 98 are good examples of Silla culture.[91]

Notable people edit

See also: Category:People from Gyeongju
 
Yi Je-hyeon (1287–1367)

Gyeongju has produced notable individuals throughout its history. As the capital of Silla, Gyeongju was a center of culture in its heyday.[30] Notable Gyeongju residents in the Silla period included most of the kingdom's leading figures, not only rulers but scholars such as Seol Chong and Choe Chiwon,[93][94][95] and generals like Kim Yu-sin, the leader of the Hwarang warriors.[96] The city continued to contribute to traditional Korean thought in subsequent dynasties. Relatives of Choe Chi-won such as Choe Eon-wi and Choe Hang played an important role in establishing the structures of early Goryeo.[32][97][98] In the Joseon period, Gyeongju joined the rest of Gyeongsang in becoming a hotbed of the conservative Sarim faction. Notable Gyeongju members of this faction included the 15th century intellectual Yi Eonjeok. He has been enshrined in the Oksan Seowon since 1572.[99][100][101] In modern times, the city produced writers such as Kim Dongni and Pak Mok-wol, both of whom did a great deal to popularize the region's culture,[40][102][103] as well as Choe Jun, a wealthy businessman who established the Yeungnam University Foundation.[104]

Some Korean family clans trace their origins to Gyeongju, often to the ruling elites of Silla. For example, the Gyeongju Kim clan claims descent from the rulers of later Silla.[105] The Gyeongju Park clan [ko] and Gyeongju Seok clans [ko] trace their ancestry to Silla's earlier ruling families. These three royal clans played a strong role in preserving the historical precincts of Gyeongju into modern times.[106] The Gyeongju Choe and Gyeongju Lee clans [ko] also trace their ancestry to the Silla elites. Prominent members of the Gyeongju Lee clan include Goryeo period scholar Yi Je-hyeon, and Joseon period scholars Yi Hwang and Yi Hang-bok. A contemporary notable figure from the Gyeongju Lee clan is Lee Byung-chul, the founder of Samsung Group.[107] However, not all Gyeongju clans date to the Silla period; for instance, the Gyeongju Bing clan was founded in the early Joseon period.[108][109]

Religion edit

The city remains an important centre of Korean Buddhism. East of the downtown area lies Bulguksa, one of South Korea's largest Buddhist temples; nearby is Seokguram, a famed Buddhist shrine. Traditional prayer locations are found on mountains throughout Gyeongju. Such mountains include Namsan near the city center,[110] Danseok-san and Obong-san in the west, and the low peak of Hyeong-san on the Gyeongju-Pohang border.[111] Namsan in particular is often referred to as "the sacred mountain" due to the Buddhist shrines and statues which cover its slopes.[112] In addition, Gyeongju is the birthplace of Cheondoism, an indigenous religion to Korea based on Korean shamanism, Taoism and Korean Buddhism, with elements drawn from Christianity. The religion evolved from Donghak (lit. East learning) disciplines established by Choe Je-u. His birthplace of Yongdamjeong, located in Hyeongok-myeon, is regarded as a sacred place to followers of Cheondogyo.[101][113][114]

Cuisine edit

See also: Korean cuisine
 
Gyeongju bread, a local speciality.

The cuisine of Gyeongju is generally similar to other areas of Gyeongsang province: spicy and salty.[115][116][117] However, it has distinctive tastes according to region and several local specialties known nationwide.[117] The most famous of these is "Gyeongju bread" or "Hwangnam bread", a red-bean pastry first baked in 1939 and now sold throughout the country.[118][119] Chalboribbang, made with locally produced glutinous barley, is also a pastry with a filling of red bean paste.[120][121] Local specialties with a somewhat longer pedigree include beopju, a traditional Korean liquor produced by the Gyeongju Choe in Gyo-dong. The brewing skill and distill master were designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties by South Korea government.[122][123][124]

 
Ssambap, a rice dish served with vegetable leaves, various small side dishes and condiments.

Other local specialities include ssambap, haejangguk, and muk.[125] Ssambap refers to a rice dish served with vegetable leaves, various banchan (small side dishes) and condiments such as gochujang (chili pepper paste) or ssamjang (a mixture of soybean paste and gochujang) to wrap them together. Most ssambap restaurants in Gyeongju are gathered in the area of Daenuengwon or Grand Tumuli Park.[126] Haejangguk is a kind of soup eaten as a hangover cure, and means "soup to chase a hangover".[127] A street dedicated to haejangguk is located near Gyeongju National Museum, where 20 haejangguk restaurants are gathered to serve the Gyeongju-style haejangguk. The soup is made by boiling soybean sprout, sliced memilmuk (buckwheat starch jelly), sour kimchi (pickled vegetables) and gulfweed in a clear broth of dried anchovy and Alaska pollack.[128]

The east district of Gyeongju, Gampo-eup town, is adjacent to the sea, so fresh seafood and jeotgal (fermented salted seafood) are abundant. There are over 240 seafood restaurants in Gampo Harbor offering various dishes made with seafood caught in the sea, such as hoe (raw fish dishes), jeonboktang (an abalone soup), grilled seafood and others.[129][130][131]

Sports edit

 
2008 Gyeongju Citizens' Athletics Festival held at Gyeongju Public Stadium.

As of 2007, Gyeongju city had two stadiums, two gymnasiums, two tennis courts, one swimming pool and others as public sport facilities as well as various registered private sports venues.[132][133] Many of public sport facilities are located in Hwangseong Park with an area of 1,022,350 m2 (11,004,500 sq ft) including a luxuriant pine trees forest.[134][135] The site was originally the location of the artificial forest of Doksan which was established for feng shui purposes during the Silla period. It was also used as a training ground for hwarang warriors and hunting spot for Silla kings, and was reported to be King Jinpyeong's favorite location.[136][137] In 1975, Hwangseong Park was designated a "city neighborhood park" and it currently consists of the multi-purpose Gyeongju Public Stadium, Football Park (with seven football fields and one futsal field), and one gymnasium, as well as Horimjang field for gukgung or Korean traditional archery and a ssireum wrestling ring.[138] In addition, it contains a gateball field, an inline skating rink, jogging courses, and cycling roads.[139] The Gyeongju Public Stadium was completed in 1982[132] and can accommodate 20,000 people at capacity.[134]

Angang Field Hockey Stadium, located in the district of Angang-eup, is home to Gyeongju City Hockey, which is one of four professional women's field hockey teams in South Korea.[140][141] The team was formed in 1994,[142] and is governed by the Sport and Youth Division of Gyeongju City.[143] Although not an initial successful team, Gyeongju City Hockey won the first trophies both at National Division Hockey Championships and National Sports Festival in 2000. In 2002, Gyeongju City Hockey took a first prize and three second prizes,[142] and in 2008, the team won the first prize at the 51st National Division Hockey Championships.[144]

The city plays host to two annual marathon events. The Gyeongju International Marathon, held in October, garners elite level competition while the larger Gyeongju Cherry Blossom Marathon caters more for amateur fun runners. The Cherry Blossom Marathon has been held each year in Gyeongju since 1992, usually in April, to improve relations with Japan (a country with a long history of marathon running).[145] The race, mainly sponsored by Gyeongju city and the district, attracted 13,600 participants in 2009 including about 1,600 foreigners.[146]

Economy edit

See also: Economy of South Korea
 
Gampo Port

The economy of Gyeongju is diverse.[20][21] Although tourism is important to the economy, most residents work in other fields. Over 27,000 are employed in manufacturing compared to roughly 13,500 in the hospitality industry. The number involved in tourism has remained constant over recent years, while the manufacturing sector added about 6,000 jobs from 1999 to 2003.[147] The manufacturing sector is closely tied to nearby cities, utilizing Gyeongju's transit links with Ulsan, Pohang, and Daegu.[20][22][148] As in Ulsan and Daegu the automotive parts industry plays an important role.[48] Of the 1,221 businesses incorporated in Gyeongju almost a third are involved in auto-parts manufacture.[149]

Fishing takes place in coastal towns, especially in Gampo-eup in the city's northeast, with 436 registered fishing craft in the city.[61] Fishing industry in Gyeongju is generally in a declined status due to relatively inconvenient transport conditions and lacks of subordinate facilities.[21] Much of the catch from these boats goes direct from the harbor to Gyeongju's many seafood restaurants. Mainly, sauries, anchovies, rays are harvested and a small number of abalone and wakame farming takes place. Local specialties include myeolchijeot (fermented anchovy), abalone, wakame, and squid.[150]

 
Paddy fields in Gyeongju

Agriculture is still important, particularly in the outlying regions of Gyeongju. According to the 2006 statistical yearbook of Gyeongju, rice fields occupy an area of 169.57 km2 (65.47 sq mi), which is 70% of the total cultivated acreage of 24,359 km2 (9,405 sq mi). The remaining 74.02 km2 (28.58 sq mi) consists of fields under other crops and farmsteads. Crop production is centered in the fertile river basins near the Hyeongsan River. The main crops are rice, barley, beans and corn. Vegetables such as radish and napa cabbage and fruits are also important crops. Apples are mainly produced in the districts of Geoncheon-eup, Gangdong-myeon and Cheonbuk-myeon and Korean pear are cultivated in Geoncheon-eup and Angang-eup. The city plays a leading role in the domestic production of beef and mushrooms. Button mushrooms harvested in Geoncheon-eup are canned and exported.[20] The cultivated acreage and the number of households engaging in agriculture is however declining.[21]

A small amount of quarrying activity takes place in the city, with 46 active mines and quarries in Gyeongju. Most are engaged in the extraction of kaolin, fluorspar and Agalmatolite[151] and Kaolin is exported.[152]

 
A fruit shop at Seongdong Market

As the capital of Silla, commerce and trading in Gyeongju developed early on. Samguk Sagi has records on the establishment of Gyeongdosi (capital area market) in March, 490 during King Soji's reign, and Dongsi (East Market) in 509, during King Jijeung's reign. In the 1830s, Gyeongju had five five-day markets which remained very active until the late 1920s. Due to its size Gyeongju Bunaejang (Gyeongju village market) was referred to as one of the two leading markets in the Yeongnam area, along with Daegu Bunaejang. Transportation developed in the late period of the Japanese occupation, as the Jungang Line and the Daegu Line and the connecting route between Pohang and the northwestern part of Japan were set up, leading to increasing population and developing commerce. After the 1960s, traditional periodic markets gradually transformed into regular markets as the city was flourishing. In periodic markets, agricultural and marine products, industrial products, living necessaries, wild edible greens, herbs, and cattle are mainly traded. As of 2006, Gyeongju had eight regular markets, nine periodic markets and the Gyeongju department store. Traditional periodic markets declined and have become token affairs these days.[20][21]

Tourism edit

Main article: Tourism in Gyeongju
 
Dabotap pagoda at Bulguksa temple

Gyeongju is a major tourist destination for South Koreans as well as foreign visitors. It boasts the 1000 years of Silla heritage with vast number of ancient ruins and archaeological sites found throughout the city,[27] which help to attract 6 million visiting tourists including 750,000 foreigners per year.[4] The city government has parlayed its historic status into a basis for other tourism-related developments such as conferences, festivals, and resorts.[153]

Many Silla sites are located in Gyeongju National Park such as the Royal Tomb Complex, the Cheomseongdae observatory that is one of the oldest surviving astronomical observatories in East Asia,[154] the Anapji royal pond garden,[153] and the Gyerim forest.[155] Gyeongju National Museum hosts many important artifacts and national treasures that have been excavated from sites within the city and surrounding areas.[153]

 
Bunhwangsa pagoda, National Treasure of Korea No. 30

Much of Gyeongju's heritage are related to the Silla kingdom's patronage of Buddhism. The grotto of Seokguram and the temple of Bulguksa were the first Korean sites to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995.[153][156] In addition, the ruins of the old Hwangnyongsa temple, said to have been Korean's largest, are preserved on the slopes of Toham Mountain. Various Silla-era stone carvings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are found on mountainsides throughout the city, particularly on Namsan.[153]

A significant portion of Gyeongju's tourist traffic is due to the city's promotion of itself as a site for various festivals, conferences, and competitions. Every year since 1962, the Silla cultural festival has been held in October to celebrate and honour the dynasty's history and culture. It is one of the major festivals of Korea.[157][158][159] It features athletic events, folk games, music, dance, literary contests and Buddhist religious ceremonies. Other festivals include the Cherry Blossom Marathon in April,[160] the Korean Traditional Liquor and Cake festival in March,[14] and memorial ceremonies for the founders of the Silla Dynasty and General Kim Yu-sin.[133]

There were 15 hotels including Hilton Hotel, Gyeognju Chosun Hotel, and 276 lodging facilities, and 2,817 restaurants in Gyeongju in 2006.[21]

Gyeongju's emerging tourist attraction is the Hwangnidan-gil. The address of Hwangnidan-gil is 1080, Poseok-ro, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province. There are about 80 stores, including restaurants, cafes, bookstores, and gift shops. Hwangnidan-gil became popular through social networking sites, and neighboring Gyeongju's historical site is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The advantage of the Hwangnidan-gil is the result of voluntary efforts by merchants without help from local governments.[161]

Tourist spots edit

Places recommended by Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture & Tourism Organization
Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond
Gyeongju World Culture Expo Park
Yangdong Folk Village
Silla Oreung Tombs
Tohamsan
Gyeongju Gameunsa Temple Site
Gyeongju East Palace Garden (Donggungwon)
Gyeongju World
Gyeongju Gyochon Traditional Village
Gumisan Mountain[permanent dead link]
Girimsa Temple
Tomb of General Kim Yusin
Gyeongju Namsan Mountain
Danseoksan Mountain
Daereungwon Tomb Complex
Royal Tomb of King Taejong Muyeol
Bunhwangsa Temple
Bulguksa Temple
Seokguram Grotto
Sogeumgangsan Mountain
Silla Arts and Science Museum
Yangnam Jusangjeolli Cliff Observatory
Tongiljeon
Poseokjeong Pavilion

Media edit

 
Gyeongju Sinmun, a local newspaper company is housed in this building.

Gyeongju has two main local newspapers; the Gyeongju Sinmun and the Seorabeol Sinmun.[162] Both are weekly newspapers providing news via online as well and their headquarters are located in the neighborhood of Dongcheon-dong.[163][164] The Gyeongju Sinmun was founded in 1989 and provides various news and critics on anything concerning Gyeongju.[165] Its online newspaper, Digital Gyeongju Sinmun opened in December, 2000 to provide live local news out of the limit as a weekly newspaper and to establish mutual information exchanges from Gyeongju locals. In 2001, Gyeongju Sinmun started to present Gyeongju Citizen Awards to people who try to develop the local industry and economy, culture and education, and welfare service. Since 2003, the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant headquarter co-hosts the awards with Gyeongju Sinmun.[166]

The Seorabeol Sinmun was established in 1993,[167] however, from November 15, 2000, to November 10, 2005, its publication was stopped for financial difficulties after the 1997 Asian economic crisis had left a strong impact on the nationwide economy.[168] Since 2006, Seorabeol Sinmun presents Serabeol Awards to people having devouring to develop Gyeongju.[167][169]

Several major feature films have been filmed in the city, including Kick the Moon,[170] On the Occasion of Remembering the Turning Gate,[171] Taegukgi,[172] Chwihwaseon[173] and others. In 2009, the filming of the Queen Seondeok, a popular MBC TV series took place in a studio at Silla Millennium Park located in Bomun Lake Resort.[174][175]

Education edit

See also: Education in South Korea

Gyeongju is strongly associated with the education tradition of Hwarangdo ("Way of the Flower of Young Men") which was established and flourished during the Silla period. It is a military and philosophical code that offered the basis of training to Hwarang, a military cadet of youths from the aristocratic class. The training equally emphasized practicing academic and martial arts based on Buddhism and patriotism. A number of Silla's greatest generals and military leaders such as Kim Yu-sin were Hwarang who played a central role in Silla unification of the Korean peninsula. As Silla was integrated into the next ruling dynasty, Goryeo, the system declined and was officially disbanded in the Joseon dynasty. However, the spirit and discipline were revived in the second half of the 20th century as a form of Korean martial arts with the same name.[176][177]

 
A building of the Gyeongju Hyanggyo

Formal education has a longer history in Gyeongju than anywhere else in South Korea. The Gukhak, or national academy, was established here in 682, at the beginning of the Unified Silla period.[178] Its curriculum focused on the Confucian classics for local officials.[27] After the fall of Silla in the 10th century, the Gukhak closed. However, due to Gyeongju's role as a provincial center under the Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties, the city was home to state-sponsored provincial schools (hyanggyo) under both dynasties such as Gyeongju Hyanggyo. During the later Joseon dynasty there were several seowon, or private Confucian academies, were set up in the city such as Oksan Seowon and Seoak Seowon.[179]

The education system of Gyeongju is the same as elsewhere in the country. Schooling begins with preschools; there are 65 in the city. This is followed by six years in elementary schools; Gyeongju has 46. Subsequently, students pass through three years of middle school. There are 19 middle schools in Gyeongju. High school education, which lasts for three years, is not compulsory, but most students attend and graduate from high school. Gyeongju is home to 21 high schools,[179] of which 11 provide specialized technical training. At each of these levels, there is a mix of public and private institutions. All are overseen by the Gyeongju bureau of North Gyeongsang's Provincial Office of Education.[180] Gyeongju is home to a school for the mentally disabled, which provides education to students from preschool to adult age.[90]

 
Campus of Dongguk University in Gyeongju at night

Gyeongju is home to four institutions of tertiary education.[90] Sorabol College is a technical college in the district of Chunghyo-dong that offers majors specializing in tourism, leisure, health care and cosmetic treatments.[181][182]

Each of Gyeongju's three universities reflects the city's unique role. Dongguk and Uiduk universities are Buddhist institutions,[183][184] reflecting that religion's link to the city.[185][186] Gyeongju University, formerly Korea Tourism University, is strongly focused on tourism, reflecting its importance in the region.[187]

Infrastructure edit

Healthcare edit

 
Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital

According to the 2008 yearbook of Gyeongju, the total number of medical institutions was 224 with 3,345 beds, including two general hospitals, thirteen hospitals, 109 clinics, five nursing homes, forty two dental hospitals, two Korean traditional medicine hospitals and 50 Korean traditional medicine clinics.[188] There are also twenty eight medical institutions related to Gyeongju Health Center affiliated to the Gyeongju City government.[90]

The two general hospitals are associated with two major universities in Gyeongju and nearby Daegu. One is the Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, located in the district of Seokjang-dong, which is affiliated with Dongguk University Medical School and Center. The Gyeongju Hospital was opened in a seven-story building in 1991 to provide Gyeongju locals with a quality medical service and train medical specialists in the region.[189] After various renovations the hospital currently has 24 departments including a radiation oncology center and 438 beds.[190] It is also assigned as a teaching and learning hospital and in partnership with Dongguk University Oriental Hospital.[191] The other general hospital is a branch of Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Hospital in Daegu. It is the successor of Gyeongju Christianity Hospital founded in 1962, and was reborn as the current general hospital in 1991. The Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital is located in the district of Seobu-dong and has 12 departments in a three-story building.[192]

Utilities edit

 
A view of Hyeongsan River from Dong Bridge. The river is one of water sources of Gyeongju.

Water supply and sewage disposal are municipal services which are respectively handled by the Water Supply Office and Water Quality and Environment Office. Water comes from the Hyeongsan River, the multi-purpose Deokdong Dam and several streams. The city is divided into seven water districts, with eight filtration plants and seven sewage treatment plants.[193] One of the sewage treatment plants, Angang Sewage Disposal Plant began operating in April 2005 by the co-investment of the Government of North Gyeongsang and Gyeongju City with a fund of 44,300,000,000 won to install facilities to prevent the pollution of the Hyeongsan River, which is a main water source for Gyeongju and Pohang residents. The plant is located on a spacious site with 39,000 m2 (420,000 sq ft) in Homyeong-ri, Gangdong-myeon in Gyeongju where nature friendly facilities provide recreational venues for the locals. Through 56.1 km (34.9 mi) of sewer pipes and 14 pumping stations, the plant has a capacity of 18,000 tonnes of domestic sewage per day that comes from Angang-eup, and Gangdong-myeon. The facilities have high-powered disposal equipment developed by related industrial companies to maintain the discharged water at the first or second degree in quality, so that it is used as river maintenance flow and agricultural water in case a drought occurs.[194]

The city had managed its own recycling service, but privatized it since July 1, 2009.[195]

Other utilities are provided by private entities or South Korean government-owned companies. Seorabeol City Gas, an affiliate of GS Group, provides gas to the Gyeongju residents,[196] while, electrical power is supplied by the public enterprises, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power via the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant. The plant is known for the only nuclear power plant operating PHWRs (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) in South Korea[20] and supplies about 5% of South Korea's electricity.[197] The owner, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power[198] began to build the Wolseong 1 in the districts of Yangnam-myeon, Yangbuk-myeon and Gampo-eup in 1976. Since 1983, the power plant has been providing commercial service[198] and operating with the PHWRs that has a capacity of 678,000 kW. As the construction of each Wolseong 2, 3 and 4 with a capacity of 70,000 kW were completed respectively in 1997, 1998 and 1999, Wolseong Nuclear Power plant site has been successfully operating the four PHWRs plants.[20] New project, Sinwolseong No. 1 and No. 2 are currently under construction which is estimated to be completed until 2011–12.[199][200] The Wolseong Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Center, which treats and stores low and intermediate level radioactive waste from the local power plants,[201] is overseen and inspected by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS).[202]

Transportation edit

 
Gyeongju train station

The city lies at the junction of two minor lines operated by the Korean National Railroad. The Jungang Line runs from Seoul to Gyeongju and carries trains from the Daegu Line, which originates in Dongdaegu.[21] In Gyeongju, the Jungang line connects to the Donghae Line which runs between Busan and Yeongdeok.[21] The Gyeongbu Expressway, which runs from Seoul to Busan, passes through Gyeongju,[21] and Provincial highway 68, aided by the South Korean government, connects Seocheon in the South Chungcheong province to Gyeongju.[203] Additionally national highways such as Route 4,[204] 7,[205] 14,[206] 20,[207] 28,[208] 31,[209] and 35[210] crisscross the city. Since the city is a popular tourist destination, nonstop bus services are available from most major cities in South Korea.[211]

High-speed rail does not serve central Gyeongju, but the KTX Gyeongbu Line stops at the nearby Gyeongju station, in Geoncheon-eup, west of Gyeongju's city center.[212][213]

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea

Gyeongju is twinned with:[214]

See also edit

Notes edit

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  214. ^ "Sister Cities". gyeongju.go.kr. Gyeongju. Retrieved 2020-04-13.

References edit

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  • Cherry, Judith (2001), Korean multinationals in Europe, Routledge Advances in Korean Studies, Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1480-4
  • Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun: A modern history. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-31681-5
  • Kang, Bong W. (2002). A study of success and failure in the water management of the Buk Chun in Kyongju, Korea. Paper delivered at the Eighteenth Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. (Electronic Version).
  • Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne. (2006) The land of scholars: two thousand years of Korean Confucianism Homa & Sekey Books, ISBN 1-931907-37-4
  • Kim, Chang-hyun (August, 2008), The Position and the Administration System of Donggyeong in Koryeo Dynasty, (in Korean) Dongguk University, Silla Culture, issue 32, pp. 1–43
  • Kim, Chong-un; Fulton, Bruce, (1998) A ready-made life: early masters of modern Korean fiction, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 107–120, ISBN 0-8248-2071-1
  • Kim, Deok-muk, (2003) 전국의 기도터와 굿당 (Jeon-gukui gidoteo wa gutdang. Tr. "Sites of Buddhist prayer and shamanic practice nationwide"), (in Korean), 한국민속기록보존소 ISBN 89-953630-3-7
  • Kim, Won-yong. (1982). . Korea Journal 22(9), pp. 25–32.
  • Kookmin University, Department of Korean History (2004) "경주문화권 (Gyeongju Munhwagwon. The Gyeongju cultural area)", Seoul:역사공간 ISBN 89-90848-02-4
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  • Lee, Ki-baek; Tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Schulz, (1984), A new history of Korea (rev. ed.), Seoul, Ilchogak, ISBN 89-337-0204-0
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  • Oppenheim, Robert. (2008) Kyǒngju things: assembling place, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-05030-3
  • Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin, Paul E Schellinger, Sharon La Boda (1996) International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1-884964-04-4
  • Robinson, Martin; Ray Bartlett, Rob Whyte (2007), Korea Lonely Planet, pp. 197–209, ISBN 1-74104-558-4
  • Rutt, Richard; Hoare, James. (1999) Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, Durham East-Asia series. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0464-7
  • Sundaram, Jomo Kwame. (2003) Manufacturing competitiveness in Asia: how internationally competitive national firms and industries developed in East Asia, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-29922-5
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  • Yi, Sŭng-hwan; Song, Jaeyoon (translation) (2005) A topography of Confucian discourse: politico-philosophical reflections on Confucian discourse since modernity, Homa & Sekey Books, ISBN 1-931907-27-7
  • Yu, Hong-jun; (translation) Mueller, Charles M., (1999) Smiles of the baby Buddha: appreciating the cultural heritage of Kyǒngju, Changbi (창비), ISBN 89-364-7056-6

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Gyeongju (category)
  •   Gyeongju travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • City of Gyeongju Government official website
  • Gyeongju Guide official website

January 08, 2024
gyeongju, 2014, south, korean, film, film, given, name, kyung, name, geumseong, redirects, here, other, uses, geumseong, disambiguation, korean, 경주, pronounced, kjʌ, historically, known, seorabeol, 서라벌, pronounced, sʰʌ, bʌɭ, coastal, city, southeastern, corner. For the 2014 South Korean film see Gyeongju film For the given name see Kyung ju name Geumseong redirects here For other uses see Geumseong disambiguation Gyeongju Korean 경주 pronounced kjʌ ŋ dzu historically known as Seorabeol 서라벌 pronounced sʰʌ ɾa bʌɭ is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province South Korea 1 2 It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong covering 1 324 km2 511 sq mi with a population of 264 091 people as of December 2012 update 1 3 Gyeongju is 370 km 230 mi southeast of Seoul 4 and 55 km 34 mi east of Daegu 5 The city borders Cheongdo and Yeongcheon to the west Ulsan to the south and Pohang to the north while to the east lies the coast of the Sea of Japan 1 Numerous low mountains outliers of the Taebaek range are scattered around the city 6 Gyeongju 경주시Municipal CityKorean transcription s Hangul경주시 Hanja慶州市 Revised RomanizationGyeongju si McCune ReischauerKyŏngju siTop left Anapji pond Top right Bell of King Seongdeok middle left Seokguram middle right Bulguksa temple bottom left Yangdong Folk Village bottom right Cheomseongdae FlagEmblem of GyeongjuLocation in South KoreaCoordinates 35 51 N 129 13 E 35 850 N 129 217 E 35 850 129 217Country South KoreaRegionNorth Gyeongsang ProvinceAdministrative divisions4 eup 8 myeon 11 dong 305 riGovernment mayorJu nak Young 주낙영 Area Total1 324 39 km2 511 35 sq mi Population November 2022 Total249 845 Density212 km2 550 sq mi DialectGyeongsangDemonymGyeongjuiteTime zoneUTC 9 Korea Standard Time Area code 82 54WebsiteCity of GyeongjuGyeongju was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Silla 57 BC 935 AD which ruled about two thirds of the Korean peninsula at its height between the 7th and 9th centuries for close to one thousand years Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country 7 and Gyeongju 8 was when the fourth largest city in the world 9 10 11 12 A vast number of archaeological sites and cultural properties from this period remain in the city Gyeongju is often referred to as the museum without walls 13 14 Among such historical treasures Seokguram grotto Bulguksa temple Gyeongju Historic Areas and Yangdong Folk Village are designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO 15 16 The many major historical sites have helped Gyeongju become one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Korea 5 17 The city of Gyeongju was united with the nearby rural Gyeongju County in 1995 and is now an urban rural complex 18 It is similar to 53 other small and medium sized cities with a population under 300 000 people in South Korea 19 As well as its rich historical heritage Gyeongju today is affected by the economic demographic and social trends that have shaped modern South Korean culture Tourism remains the major economic driver but manufacturing activities have developed due to its proximity to major industrial centers such as Ulsan and Pohang Gyeongju is connected to the nationwide rail and highway networks which facilitate industrial and tourist traffic 20 21 22 Contents 1 History 2 Geography and climate 2 1 Climate 3 Government 4 Subdivisions 5 Demographics 5 1 Dialect 6 Culture and people 6 1 Cultural properties 6 2 Notable people 6 3 Religion 6 4 Cuisine 7 Sports 8 Economy 9 Tourism 9 1 Tourist spots 10 Media 11 Education 12 Infrastructure 12 1 Healthcare 12 2 Utilities 12 3 Transportation 13 Twin towns sister cities 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External linksHistory editMain article History of GyeongjuThe early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom of which it was the capital Gyeongju first enters non Korean records as Saro guk during the Samhan period in the early Common Era 23 Korean records probably based on the dynastic chronicles of Silla record that Saro guk was established in 57 BCE when six small villages in the Gyeongju area united under Bak Hyeokgeose As the kingdom expanded it changed its name to Silla 24 During the Silla period the city was called Seorabeol this toponym would eventually evolve into a Korean word for capital city as in Seoul 23 Gyerim lit Rooster s forest or Geumseong lit City of Gold or Metal i e Impenetrable Fortress 25 After the unification of the peninsula up to Taedong River 26 in 668 AD Gyeongju became the center of Korean political and cultural life 27 The city was home to the Silla court and the great majority of the kingdom s elite Its prosperity became legendary and was reported as far away as Persia according to the 9th century book The Book of Roads and Kingdoms 28 The historical text Samguk yusa give the city s population in its peak period when as 178 936 households 25 suggesting that the total population was almost one million 29 30 31 Many of Gyeongju s most famous sites date from this Unified Silla period which ended in the beginning of 10th century by Goryeo 918 1392 23 24 nbsp A portrait of the last king of Silla King Gyeongsun r 927 935 After his surrender to King Taejo Gyeongju lost its status as capital city In 940 the founder of Goryeo King Taejo changed the city s name to Gyeongju 32 which literally means Congratulatory district 33 In 987 as Goryeo introduced a system in which three additional capitals were established in politically important provinces outside Gaegyeong nowadays Kaesong and Gyeongju was designated as Donggyeong East Capital However that title was removed in 1012 the third year of King Hyeongjong s reign due to political rivalries at that time 32 34 though Gyeongju was later made the seat of Yeongnam Province 23 It had jurisdiction over a wide area including much of central eastern Yeongnam 23 although this area was greatly reduced in the 13th century 32 Under the subsequent Joseon 1392 1910 dynasties Gyeongju was no longer of national importance but remained a regional center of influence 23 In 1601 the city ceased to be the provincial capital 35 Over these centuries the city suffered numerous assaults In the 13th century Mongol forces destroyed a nine story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa 23 36 During the Japanese invasions of Korea the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield 23 and Japanese forces burned the wooden structures at Bulguksa 37 38 Not all damage was due to invasions however In the early Joseon period a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on Namsan by Neo Confucian radicals who hacked arms and heads off statuary 39 In the 20th century the city remained relatively small no longer ranking among the major cities of Korea 40 During the early 20th century many archaeological excavations were conducted particularly inside the tombs which had remained largely intact over the centuries 41 A museum the forerunner of the present day Gyeongju National Museum was inaugurated in 1915 to exhibit the excavated artifacts 42 Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese occupation as the Donghae Nambu Line and Jungang line were established in preparation for the Second Sino Japanese War and to exploit the rich resources of the eastern part of the Korean peninsula 43 44 Following liberation in 1945 Korea was plunged into turmoil and Gyeongju was no exception Returnees from abroad were numerous a village for them was constructed in present day Dongcheon dong 45 In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains 46 Despite the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict However for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines as North Korean forces pushed the Pusan Perimeter southward from Pohang 47 In the 1970s Korea saw substantial industrial development much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part 48 49 The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973 50 and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year 51 These developments helped to support the emergence of Gyeongju s manufacturing sector 20 Geography and climate edit nbsp Seokguram grotto on the slopes of Tohamsan 52 Gyeongju lies in the southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province and is bounded by the metropolitan city of Ulsan on the south Within the province its neighbors include Pohang on the north Cheongdo County on the southwest and Yeongcheon on the northwest 1 Gyeongju is located about 50 kilometers 31 mi north of Busan 2 To the east it has no neighbor but the sea 1 Most of Gyeongju lies in the Gyeongsang Basin but a few areas of the city belong to the Pohang Basin such as Eoil ri and Beomgok ri in Yangbuk myeon and part of Cheonbuk myeon The Gyeongsang Basin areas consist of Bulguksa intrusive rock penetrating layers of sedimentary rocks mainly granite and porphyry By contrast the Pohang Basin areas are made up of stratum that formed in the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era which consist of igneous rock aqueous rock porphyry sandstone and tuff 53 Low mountains are widespread throughout Gyeongju The highest of these are the Taebaek Mountains which run along the city s western border Gyeongju s highest point Munbok Mountain 문복산 is 1 015 meters 3 330 ft above sea level This peak lies in Sannae myeon on the border with Cheongdo 54 East of the Taebaek range other western peaks such as Danseok Mountain lie within the Jusa subrange 55 The city s eastern peaks including Toham Mountain belong to the Haean Mountains and Dongdae Mountains 56 57 nbsp Principal mountains and drainage patterns of Gyeongju Mountains of 500 to 700 m 1 600 to 2 300 ft are in green those taller than 700 m 2 300 ft in violet The rest three in gray are under 500 m 1 600 ft Gyeongju s drainage patterns are shaped by these lines of mountains 6 The Dongdae Mountains divide a narrow foothills area on their east and various internal river systems to the west Most of the city s interior is drained by the small Hyeongsan River which flows north from Ulsan and meets the sea at Pohang Harbor The Hyeongsan s chief tributaries include the Bukcheon and Namcheon which join it in Gyeongju Basin 6 The southwestern corner of Gyeongju on the far side of the Taebaek range drains into the Geumho River which then flows into the Nakdong A small area of the south just west of the Dongdae range drains into the Taehwa River which flows into the Bay of Ulsan 58 59 The Gyeongju coastline runs for 36 1 kilometers 22 4 mi between Pohang in the north and Ulsan in the south 60 There are no islands or large bays only the small indentations made by the small streams flowing off the Dongdae ridgeline Because of this the city has no significant ports though there are 12 small harbors 61 One such harbor in Gyeongju s southeast corner is home to the Ulsan base of the National Maritime Police This base is responsible for security over a wide area of South Korea s east central coast 62 63 64 Climate edit Gyeongju has a cooler version of a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa Due to its coastal location Gyeongju has a slightly milder climate than the more inland regions of Korea In general however the city s climate is typical of South Korea It has hot summers and cool winters with a monsoon season between late June and early August As on the rest of Korea s east coast autumn typhoons are not uncommon The average annual rainfall is 1 091 millimeters 43 0 in and the average annual high temperatures range from 8 6 31 1 C 47 88 F 65 Gyeongju s historic city center lies on the banks of the Hyeongsan in Gyeongju Basin This lowlying area has been subject to repeated flooding throughout recorded history often as a result of typhoons On average chronicles report a major flood every 27 9 years beginning in the 1st century 66 Modern flood control mechanisms brought about a dramatic reduction in flooding in the later 20th century The last major flood occurred in 1991 when the Deokdong Lake reservoir overflowed due to Typhoon Gladys 67 Climate data for Gyeongju 2011 2020 normals extremes 2010 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 16 8 62 2 24 2 75 6 26 6 79 9 32 5 90 5 36 2 97 2 36 5 97 7 39 7 103 5 39 8 103 6 35 1 95 2 31 5 88 7 29 4 84 9 19 3 66 7 39 8 103 6 Mean daily maximum C F 5 9 42 6 8 4 47 1 14 4 57 9 19 7 67 5 25 7 78 3 27 7 81 9 30 6 87 1 31 4 88 5 26 2 79 2 21 6 70 9 15 3 59 5 7 7 45 9 19 6 67 3 Daily mean C F 0 3 32 5 2 3 36 1 7 4 45 3 12 7 54 9 18 4 65 1 21 9 71 4 25 4 77 7 25 9 78 6 20 5 68 9 14 8 58 6 8 7 47 7 1 9 35 4 13 4 56 1 Mean daily minimum C F 4 7 23 5 3 1 26 4 1 0 33 8 6 0 42 8 11 7 53 1 17 0 62 6 21 4 70 5 21 9 71 4 16 2 61 2 9 3 48 7 3 0 37 4 3 2 26 2 8 0 46 4 Record low C F 14 7 5 5 13 4 7 9 6 6 20 1 3 0 26 6 1 9 35 4 10 2 50 4 14 9 58 8 14 0 57 2 7 0 44 6 0 6 30 9 6 6 20 1 11 7 10 9 14 7 5 5 Average precipitation mm inches 32 2 1 27 30 8 1 21 59 7 2 35 96 1 3 78 55 3 2 18 100 6 3 96 190 1 7 48 191 9 7 56 194 1 7 64 108 2 4 26 37 8 1 49 24 4 0 96 1 121 2 44 14 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 5 1 6 8 7 6 9 8 7 7 9 6 12 8 13 7 12 2 6 7 6 8 5 4 104 2Average relative humidity 52 6 56 7 58 3 60 3 63 5 72 6 78 4 79 8 81 3 75 1 67 5 56 3 66 9Mean monthly sunshine hours 197 2 179 1 226 7 218 8 240 0 182 1 162 9 180 9 147 5 178 5 161 8 186 2 2 261 7Source Korea Meteorological Administration 68 69 Government edit nbsp Gyeongju City Hall in Dongcheon dong The executive branch of the government is headed by a mayor and vice mayor As in other South Korean cities and counties the mayor is elected directly while the vice mayor is appointed 70 As of 2019 the mayor is Joo Nak young who was elected on June 13 2018 in the local elections 71 72 He is Gyeongju s fifth mayor to be directly elected the sixth to preside over the city in its present form and the 31st mayor since 1955 73 Like most heads of government in the Yeongnam region he is a member of the conservative Liberty Korea Party 74 75 76 The legislative branch consists of the Gyeongju City Council with 21 members as of 2009 77 78 The present City Council was formed from the merger of the old Gyeongju City Council with the Wolseong County Council in 1991 Most subdivisions of Gyeongju elect a single member to represent them in the council but Angang eup is represented by two members because of its large population and two of the representatives serve combined districts composed of two dong Like the mayor the council members were last elected in 2006 except for a small number elected in more recent by elections The central administration is composed of a City Council committee five departments two subsidiary organs a chamber the auditor and six business offices The five departments are the departments of Planning and Culture Autonomous Administration Industry and Environment Construction and Public Works and the National Enterprise Committee these oversee a total of 29 subdivisions The two subsidiary organs are the Health Care Center and Agro technology Center these belong directly to the central administration and have a total of 4 subdivisions In addition there are 23 local administrative subdivisions Each of these subdivisions has a local office with a small administrative staff 79 As of December 2008 the city government employed 1 462 people 80 Subdivisions editMain article Subdivisions of Gyeongju The city is divided into 23 administrative districts 4 eup 8 myeon and 11 dong 81 82 These are the standard subdivisions of cities and counties in South Korea The dong or neighborhood units occupy the area of the city center which was formerly occupied by Gyeongju eup Eup are typically substantial villages whereas myeon are more rural 60 83 The city s boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century From 1895 to 1955 the area was known as Gyeongju gun Gyeongju County In the first decades of the century the city center was known as Gyeongju myeon signifying a relatively rural rea In 1931 the downtown area was designated Gyeongju eup in recognition of its increasingly urban nature In 1955 Gyeongju eup became Gyeongju si Gyeongju City the same name as today but with a much smaller area The remainder of Gyeongju gun became Wolseong County The county and city were reunited in 1995 creating Gyeongju City as it is today 23 Map of Gyeongju nbsp Place Population 2007 60 Households Area km2 Place Population Households Area km2 1 Sannae myeon 3 561 1 779 142 6 13 Seondo dong 13 813 2 831 28 02 Seo myeon 4 773 1 779 52 1 14 Seonggeon dong 18 378 7 562 6 43 Hyeongok myeon 16 829 5 726 55 7 15 Hwangseong dong 29 660 9 415 3 84 Angang eup 33 802 12 641 138 6 16 Yonggang dong 15 959 5 244 5 15 Gangdong myeon 8 834 3 659 81 4 17 Bodeok dong 2 296 977 81 06 Cheonbuk myeon 6 185 2 328 58 2 18 Bulguk dong 9 001 3 722 37 47 Munmudaewang myeon 4 535 2 026 120 1 19 Hwangnam dong 8 885 3 875 20 58 Gampo eup 7 099 3 084 44 9 20 Jungbu dong 7 003 3 022 0 99 Yangnam myeon 7 131 2 941 85 1 21 Hwango dong 10 225 4283 1 510 Oedong eup 19 006 6 965 109 8 22 Dongcheon dong 26 721 9 228 5 311 Naenam myeon 6 142 2 526 122 1 23 Wolseong dong 6 522 4 842 31 412 Geoncheon eup 11 217 4 533 92 4Eup Myeon Dong Figures based on resident registration figures made available by local government offices For more detailed source information see Subdivisions of Gyeongju Demographics editWhen the Silla kingdom reached the peak of its development Gyeongju was estimated to have a million residents four times the city s population in 2008 1 30 In recent years Gyeongju has followed the same trends that have affected the rest of South Korea Like the country as a whole Gyeongju has seen its population age and the size of families shrink For instance the mean household size is 2 8 people Because this has fallen in recent years there are more households in the city as of 2008 105 009 than there were in 2003 even though the population has fallen 84 Like most of South Korea s smaller cities Gyeongju has seen a steady drop in population in recent years From 2002 to 2008 the city lost 16 557 people 85 This is primarily due to the migration of workers seeking employment in the major South Korean cities In 2007 about 1 975 more people moved away from the city each year than moved in 86 During the same period births exceeded deaths by roughly 450 per year a significant number but not enough to offset the losses due to migration 87 Gyeongju has a small but growing population of non Koreans In 2007 there were 4 671 foreigners living in Gyeongju This number corresponds to 1 73 of the total population more than double the figure from 2003 The growth was largely in immigrants from other Asian countries many of whom are employed in the automotive parts industry Countries of origin whose numbers have risen include the Philippines China Taiwan Indonesia and Vietnam The number of residents from Japan the United States and Canada fell significantly in the 2003 2007 period 88 Dialect edit The city has a distinctive dialect which it shares with northern portions of Ulsan This dialect is similar to the general Gyeongsang dialect but retains distinctive features of its own Some linguists have treated the distinctive characteristics of the Gyeongju dialect as vestiges of the Silla language For instance the contrast between the local dialect form 소내기 sonaegi and the standard 소나기 sonagi meaning rainshower has been seen as reflecting the ancient phonemic character of the Silla language 89 Culture and people editCultural properties edit nbsp A gold crown excavated from Gold Crown Tomb National Treasures of South Korea No 87 nbsp Divine Bell of King SeongdeokGyeongju is the main destination in South Korea for visitors interested in the cultural heritage of Silla and the architecture of Joseon The city has 31 National Treasures and Gyeongju National Museum houses 16 333 artifacts 90 There are four broad categories of relics and historical sites tumuli and their artifacts Buddhist sites and objects fortresses and palace sites and ancient architecture Prehistoric remains including Mumun pottery have been excavated in central Gyeongju in the Moa ri and Oya ri villages of the Cheonbuk myeon district and in the Jukdong ri village of the Oedong district Dolmens are found in several places especially in Gangdong myeon and Moa ri Bronze Age relics found in Angye ri village of Gangdong myeon Jukdong ri and Ipsil ri villages of Oedong eup and graveyards in the Joyang dong district represent the Samhan confederacy period of around the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD 91 There are 35 royal tombs and 155 tumuli in central Gyeongju and 421 tumuli in the outskirts of the city 92 Silla burial mounds built after the period of the Three Kingdoms are found in central Gyeongju including tumuli in the districts of Noseo dong Nodong dong Hwangnam dong Hwango dong and Inwang dong Western Gyeongju has the tomb of King Muyeol in Seoak dong nearby tumuli in Chunghyo dong and the tomb of Kim Yu sin The tombs of Queen Seondeok King Sinmun King Hyogong and King Sinmu are at the base of Namsan mountain while the tombs of King Heongang King Jeonggang King Gyeongmyeong and King Gyeongae are on the slopes of the mountain In addition to the tombs tumuli have been found surrounding Namsan mountain and in the western part of Geumgang mountain Artifacts excavated from the tombs of Geumgwanchong gold crown tomb Seobongchong western phoenix tomb Cheonmachong heavenly horse tomb and northern and southern parts of Tomb No 98 are good examples of Silla culture 91 Notable people edit See also Category People from Gyeongju nbsp Yi Je hyeon 1287 1367 Gyeongju has produced notable individuals throughout its history As the capital of Silla Gyeongju was a center of culture in its heyday 30 Notable Gyeongju residents in the Silla period included most of the kingdom s leading figures not only rulers but scholars such as Seol Chong and Choe Chiwon 93 94 95 and generals like Kim Yu sin the leader of the Hwarang warriors 96 The city continued to contribute to traditional Korean thought in subsequent dynasties Relatives of Choe Chi won such as Choe Eon wi and Choe Hang played an important role in establishing the structures of early Goryeo 32 97 98 In the Joseon period Gyeongju joined the rest of Gyeongsang in becoming a hotbed of the conservative Sarim faction Notable Gyeongju members of this faction included the 15th century intellectual Yi Eonjeok He has been enshrined in the Oksan Seowon since 1572 99 100 101 In modern times the city produced writers such as Kim Dongni and Pak Mok wol both of whom did a great deal to popularize the region s culture 40 102 103 as well as Choe Jun a wealthy businessman who established the Yeungnam University Foundation 104 Some Korean family clans trace their origins to Gyeongju often to the ruling elites of Silla For example the Gyeongju Kim clan claims descent from the rulers of later Silla 105 The Gyeongju Park clan ko and Gyeongju Seok clans ko trace their ancestry to Silla s earlier ruling families These three royal clans played a strong role in preserving the historical precincts of Gyeongju into modern times 106 The Gyeongju Choe and Gyeongju Lee clans ko also trace their ancestry to the Silla elites Prominent members of the Gyeongju Lee clan include Goryeo period scholar Yi Je hyeon and Joseon period scholars Yi Hwang and Yi Hang bok A contemporary notable figure from the Gyeongju Lee clan is Lee Byung chul the founder of Samsung Group 107 However not all Gyeongju clans date to the Silla period for instance the Gyeongju Bing clan was founded in the early Joseon period 108 109 Religion edit The city remains an important centre of Korean Buddhism East of the downtown area lies Bulguksa one of South Korea s largest Buddhist temples nearby is Seokguram a famed Buddhist shrine Traditional prayer locations are found on mountains throughout Gyeongju Such mountains include Namsan near the city center 110 Danseok san and Obong san in the west and the low peak of Hyeong san on the Gyeongju Pohang border 111 Namsan in particular is often referred to as the sacred mountain due to the Buddhist shrines and statues which cover its slopes 112 In addition Gyeongju is the birthplace of Cheondoism an indigenous religion to Korea based on Korean shamanism Taoism and Korean Buddhism with elements drawn from Christianity The religion evolved from Donghak lit East learning disciplines established by Choe Je u His birthplace of Yongdamjeong located in Hyeongok myeon is regarded as a sacred place to followers of Cheondogyo 101 113 114 Cuisine edit See also Korean cuisine nbsp Gyeongju bread a local speciality The cuisine of Gyeongju is generally similar to other areas of Gyeongsang province spicy and salty 115 116 117 However it has distinctive tastes according to region and several local specialties known nationwide 117 The most famous of these is Gyeongju bread or Hwangnam bread a red bean pastry first baked in 1939 and now sold throughout the country 118 119 Chalboribbang made with locally produced glutinous barley is also a pastry with a filling of red bean paste 120 121 Local specialties with a somewhat longer pedigree include beopju a traditional Korean liquor produced by the Gyeongju Choe in Gyo dong The brewing skill and distill master were designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties by South Korea government 122 123 124 nbsp Ssambap a rice dish served with vegetable leaves various small side dishes and condiments Other local specialities include ssambap haejangguk and muk 125 Ssambap refers to a rice dish served with vegetable leaves various banchan small side dishes and condiments such as gochujang chili pepper paste or ssamjang a mixture of soybean paste and gochujang to wrap them together Most ssambap restaurants in Gyeongju are gathered in the area of Daenuengwon or Grand Tumuli Park 126 Haejangguk is a kind of soup eaten as a hangover cure and means soup to chase a hangover 127 A street dedicated to haejangguk is located near Gyeongju National Museum where 20 haejangguk restaurants are gathered to serve the Gyeongju style haejangguk The soup is made by boiling soybean sprout sliced memilmuk buckwheat starch jelly sour kimchi pickled vegetables and gulfweed in a clear broth of dried anchovy and Alaska pollack 128 The east district of Gyeongju Gampo eup town is adjacent to the sea so fresh seafood and jeotgal fermented salted seafood are abundant There are over 240 seafood restaurants in Gampo Harbor offering various dishes made with seafood caught in the sea such as hoe raw fish dishes jeonboktang an abalone soup grilled seafood and others 129 130 131 Sports edit nbsp 2008 Gyeongju Citizens Athletics Festival held at Gyeongju Public Stadium As of 2007 Gyeongju city had two stadiums two gymnasiums two tennis courts one swimming pool and others as public sport facilities as well as various registered private sports venues 132 133 Many of public sport facilities are located in Hwangseong Park with an area of 1 022 350 m2 11 004 500 sq ft including a luxuriant pine trees forest 134 135 The site was originally the location of the artificial forest of Doksan which was established for feng shui purposes during the Silla period It was also used as a training ground for hwarang warriors and hunting spot for Silla kings and was reported to be King Jinpyeong s favorite location 136 137 In 1975 Hwangseong Park was designated a city neighborhood park and it currently consists of the multi purpose Gyeongju Public Stadium Football Park with seven football fields and one futsal field and one gymnasium as well as Horimjang field for gukgung or Korean traditional archery and a ssireum wrestling ring 138 In addition it contains a gateball field an inline skating rink jogging courses and cycling roads 139 The Gyeongju Public Stadium was completed in 1982 132 and can accommodate 20 000 people at capacity 134 Angang Field Hockey Stadium located in the district of Angang eup is home to Gyeongju City Hockey which is one of four professional women s field hockey teams in South Korea 140 141 The team was formed in 1994 142 and is governed by the Sport and Youth Division of Gyeongju City 143 Although not an initial successful team Gyeongju City Hockey won the first trophies both at National Division Hockey Championships and National Sports Festival in 2000 In 2002 Gyeongju City Hockey took a first prize and three second prizes 142 and in 2008 the team won the first prize at the 51st National Division Hockey Championships 144 The city plays host to two annual marathon events The Gyeongju International Marathon held in October garners elite level competition while the larger Gyeongju Cherry Blossom Marathon caters more for amateur fun runners The Cherry Blossom Marathon has been held each year in Gyeongju since 1992 usually in April to improve relations with Japan a country with a long history of marathon running 145 The race mainly sponsored by Gyeongju city and the district attracted 13 600 participants in 2009 including about 1 600 foreigners 146 Economy editSee also Economy of South Korea nbsp Gampo PortThe economy of Gyeongju is diverse 20 21 Although tourism is important to the economy most residents work in other fields Over 27 000 are employed in manufacturing compared to roughly 13 500 in the hospitality industry The number involved in tourism has remained constant over recent years while the manufacturing sector added about 6 000 jobs from 1999 to 2003 147 The manufacturing sector is closely tied to nearby cities utilizing Gyeongju s transit links with Ulsan Pohang and Daegu 20 22 148 As in Ulsan and Daegu the automotive parts industry plays an important role 48 Of the 1 221 businesses incorporated in Gyeongju almost a third are involved in auto parts manufacture 149 Fishing takes place in coastal towns especially in Gampo eup in the city s northeast with 436 registered fishing craft in the city 61 Fishing industry in Gyeongju is generally in a declined status due to relatively inconvenient transport conditions and lacks of subordinate facilities 21 Much of the catch from these boats goes direct from the harbor to Gyeongju s many seafood restaurants Mainly sauries anchovies rays are harvested and a small number of abalone and wakame farming takes place Local specialties include myeolchijeot fermented anchovy abalone wakame and squid 150 nbsp Paddy fields in GyeongjuAgriculture is still important particularly in the outlying regions of Gyeongju According to the 2006 statistical yearbook of Gyeongju rice fields occupy an area of 169 57 km2 65 47 sq mi which is 70 of the total cultivated acreage of 24 359 km2 9 405 sq mi The remaining 74 02 km2 28 58 sq mi consists of fields under other crops and farmsteads Crop production is centered in the fertile river basins near the Hyeongsan River The main crops are rice barley beans and corn Vegetables such as radish and napa cabbage and fruits are also important crops Apples are mainly produced in the districts of Geoncheon eup Gangdong myeon and Cheonbuk myeon and Korean pear are cultivated in Geoncheon eup and Angang eup The city plays a leading role in the domestic production of beef and mushrooms Button mushrooms harvested in Geoncheon eup are canned and exported 20 The cultivated acreage and the number of households engaging in agriculture is however declining 21 A small amount of quarrying activity takes place in the city with 46 active mines and quarries in Gyeongju Most are engaged in the extraction of kaolin fluorspar and Agalmatolite 151 and Kaolin is exported 152 nbsp A fruit shop at Seongdong MarketAs the capital of Silla commerce and trading in Gyeongju developed early on Samguk Sagi has records on the establishment of Gyeongdosi capital area market in March 490 during King Soji s reign and Dongsi East Market in 509 during King Jijeung s reign In the 1830s Gyeongju had five five day markets which remained very active until the late 1920s Due to its size Gyeongju Bunaejang Gyeongju village market was referred to as one of the two leading markets in the Yeongnam area along with Daegu Bunaejang Transportation developed in the late period of the Japanese occupation as the Jungang Line and the Daegu Line and the connecting route between Pohang and the northwestern part of Japan were set up leading to increasing population and developing commerce After the 1960s traditional periodic markets gradually transformed into regular markets as the city was flourishing In periodic markets agricultural and marine products industrial products living necessaries wild edible greens herbs and cattle are mainly traded As of 2006 Gyeongju had eight regular markets nine periodic markets and the Gyeongju department store Traditional periodic markets declined and have become token affairs these days 20 21 Tourism editMain article Tourism in Gyeongju nbsp Dabotap pagoda at Bulguksa templeGyeongju is a major tourist destination for South Koreans as well as foreign visitors It boasts the 1000 years of Silla heritage with vast number of ancient ruins and archaeological sites found throughout the city 27 which help to attract 6 million visiting tourists including 750 000 foreigners per year 4 The city government has parlayed its historic status into a basis for other tourism related developments such as conferences festivals and resorts 153 Many Silla sites are located in Gyeongju National Park such as the Royal Tomb Complex the Cheomseongdae observatory that is one of the oldest surviving astronomical observatories in East Asia 154 the Anapji royal pond garden 153 and the Gyerim forest 155 Gyeongju National Museum hosts many important artifacts and national treasures that have been excavated from sites within the city and surrounding areas 153 nbsp Bunhwangsa pagoda National Treasure of Korea No 30Much of Gyeongju s heritage are related to the Silla kingdom s patronage of Buddhism The grotto of Seokguram and the temple of Bulguksa were the first Korean sites to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995 153 156 In addition the ruins of the old Hwangnyongsa temple said to have been Korean s largest are preserved on the slopes of Toham Mountain Various Silla era stone carvings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are found on mountainsides throughout the city particularly on Namsan 153 A significant portion of Gyeongju s tourist traffic is due to the city s promotion of itself as a site for various festivals conferences and competitions Every year since 1962 the Silla cultural festival has been held in October to celebrate and honour the dynasty s history and culture It is one of the major festivals of Korea 157 158 159 It features athletic events folk games music dance literary contests and Buddhist religious ceremonies Other festivals include the Cherry Blossom Marathon in April 160 the Korean Traditional Liquor and Cake festival in March 14 and memorial ceremonies for the founders of the Silla Dynasty and General Kim Yu sin 133 There were 15 hotels including Hilton Hotel Gyeognju Chosun Hotel and 276 lodging facilities and 2 817 restaurants in Gyeongju in 2006 21 Gyeongju s emerging tourist attraction is the Hwangnidan gil The address of Hwangnidan gil is 1080 Poseok ro Gyeongju North Gyeongsang Province There are about 80 stores including restaurants cafes bookstores and gift shops Hwangnidan gil became popular through social networking sites and neighboring Gyeongju s historical site is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site The advantage of the Hwangnidan gil is the result of voluntary efforts by merchants without help from local governments 161 Tourist spots edit Places recommended by Gyeongsangbuk do Culture amp Tourism Organization Donggung Palace and Wolji PondGyeongju World Culture Expo ParkYangdong Folk VillageSilla Oreung TombsTohamsanGyeongju Gameunsa Temple SiteGyeongju East Palace Garden Donggungwon Gyeongju WorldGyeongju Gyochon Traditional VillageGumisan Mountain permanent dead link Girimsa TempleTomb of General Kim YusinGyeongju Namsan MountainDanseoksan MountainDaereungwon Tomb ComplexRoyal Tomb of King Taejong MuyeolBunhwangsa TempleBulguksa TempleSeokguram GrottoSogeumgangsan MountainSilla Arts and Science MuseumYangnam Jusangjeolli Cliff ObservatoryTongiljeonPoseokjeong PavilionMedia edit nbsp Gyeongju Sinmun a local newspaper company is housed in this building Gyeongju has two main local newspapers the Gyeongju Sinmun and the Seorabeol Sinmun 162 Both are weekly newspapers providing news via online as well and their headquarters are located in the neighborhood of Dongcheon dong 163 164 The Gyeongju Sinmun was founded in 1989 and provides various news and critics on anything concerning Gyeongju 165 Its online newspaper Digital Gyeongju Sinmun opened in December 2000 to provide live local news out of the limit as a weekly newspaper and to establish mutual information exchanges from Gyeongju locals In 2001 Gyeongju Sinmun started to present Gyeongju Citizen Awards to people who try to develop the local industry and economy culture and education and welfare service Since 2003 the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant headquarter co hosts the awards with Gyeongju Sinmun 166 The Seorabeol Sinmun was established in 1993 167 however from November 15 2000 to November 10 2005 its publication was stopped for financial difficulties after the 1997 Asian economic crisis had left a strong impact on the nationwide economy 168 Since 2006 Seorabeol Sinmun presents Serabeol Awards to people having devouring to develop Gyeongju 167 169 Several major feature films have been filmed in the city including Kick the Moon 170 On the Occasion of Remembering the Turning Gate 171 Taegukgi 172 Chwihwaseon 173 and others In 2009 the filming of the Queen Seondeok a popular MBC TV series took place in a studio at Silla Millennium Park located in Bomun Lake Resort 174 175 Education editSee also Education in South Korea Gyeongju is strongly associated with the education tradition of Hwarangdo Way of the Flower of Young Men which was established and flourished during the Silla period It is a military and philosophical code that offered the basis of training to Hwarang a military cadet of youths from the aristocratic class The training equally emphasized practicing academic and martial arts based on Buddhism and patriotism A number of Silla s greatest generals and military leaders such as Kim Yu sin were Hwarang who played a central role in Silla unification of the Korean peninsula As Silla was integrated into the next ruling dynasty Goryeo the system declined and was officially disbanded in the Joseon dynasty However the spirit and discipline were revived in the second half of the 20th century as a form of Korean martial arts with the same name 176 177 nbsp A building of the Gyeongju HyanggyoFormal education has a longer history in Gyeongju than anywhere else in South Korea The Gukhak or national academy was established here in 682 at the beginning of the Unified Silla period 178 Its curriculum focused on the Confucian classics for local officials 27 After the fall of Silla in the 10th century the Gukhak closed However due to Gyeongju s role as a provincial center under the Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties the city was home to state sponsored provincial schools hyanggyo under both dynasties such as Gyeongju Hyanggyo During the later Joseon dynasty there were several seowon or private Confucian academies were set up in the city such as Oksan Seowon and Seoak Seowon 179 The education system of Gyeongju is the same as elsewhere in the country Schooling begins with preschools there are 65 in the city This is followed by six years in elementary schools Gyeongju has 46 Subsequently students pass through three years of middle school There are 19 middle schools in Gyeongju High school education which lasts for three years is not compulsory but most students attend and graduate from high school Gyeongju is home to 21 high schools 179 of which 11 provide specialized technical training At each of these levels there is a mix of public and private institutions All are overseen by the Gyeongju bureau of North Gyeongsang s Provincial Office of Education 180 Gyeongju is home to a school for the mentally disabled which provides education to students from preschool to adult age 90 nbsp Campus of Dongguk University in Gyeongju at nightGyeongju is home to four institutions of tertiary education 90 Sorabol College is a technical college in the district of Chunghyo dong that offers majors specializing in tourism leisure health care and cosmetic treatments 181 182 Each of Gyeongju s three universities reflects the city s unique role Dongguk and Uiduk universities are Buddhist institutions 183 184 reflecting that religion s link to the city 185 186 Gyeongju University formerly Korea Tourism University is strongly focused on tourism reflecting its importance in the region 187 Infrastructure editHealthcare edit nbsp Dongguk University Gyeongju HospitalAccording to the 2008 yearbook of Gyeongju the total number of medical institutions was 224 with 3 345 beds including two general hospitals thirteen hospitals 109 clinics five nursing homes forty two dental hospitals two Korean traditional medicine hospitals and 50 Korean traditional medicine clinics 188 There are also twenty eight medical institutions related to Gyeongju Health Center affiliated to the Gyeongju City government 90 The two general hospitals are associated with two major universities in Gyeongju and nearby Daegu One is the Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital located in the district of Seokjang dong which is affiliated with Dongguk University Medical School and Center The Gyeongju Hospital was opened in a seven story building in 1991 to provide Gyeongju locals with a quality medical service and train medical specialists in the region 189 After various renovations the hospital currently has 24 departments including a radiation oncology center and 438 beds 190 It is also assigned as a teaching and learning hospital and in partnership with Dongguk University Oriental Hospital 191 The other general hospital is a branch of Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Hospital in Daegu It is the successor of Gyeongju Christianity Hospital founded in 1962 and was reborn as the current general hospital in 1991 The Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital is located in the district of Seobu dong and has 12 departments in a three story building 192 Utilities edit nbsp A view of Hyeongsan River from Dong Bridge The river is one of water sources of Gyeongju Water supply and sewage disposal are municipal services which are respectively handled by the Water Supply Office and Water Quality and Environment Office Water comes from the Hyeongsan River the multi purpose Deokdong Dam and several streams The city is divided into seven water districts with eight filtration plants and seven sewage treatment plants 193 One of the sewage treatment plants Angang Sewage Disposal Plant began operating in April 2005 by the co investment of the Government of North Gyeongsang and Gyeongju City with a fund of 44 300 000 000 won to install facilities to prevent the pollution of the Hyeongsan River which is a main water source for Gyeongju and Pohang residents The plant is located on a spacious site with 39 000 m2 420 000 sq ft in Homyeong ri Gangdong myeon in Gyeongju where nature friendly facilities provide recreational venues for the locals Through 56 1 km 34 9 mi of sewer pipes and 14 pumping stations the plant has a capacity of 18 000 tonnes of domestic sewage per day that comes from Angang eup and Gangdong myeon The facilities have high powered disposal equipment developed by related industrial companies to maintain the discharged water at the first or second degree in quality so that it is used as river maintenance flow and agricultural water in case a drought occurs 194 The city had managed its own recycling service but privatized it since July 1 2009 195 Other utilities are provided by private entities or South Korean government owned companies Seorabeol City Gas an affiliate of GS Group provides gas to the Gyeongju residents 196 while electrical power is supplied by the public enterprises Korea Hydro amp Nuclear Power via the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant The plant is known for the only nuclear power plant operating PHWRs Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor in South Korea 20 and supplies about 5 of South Korea s electricity 197 The owner Korea Hydro amp Nuclear Power 198 began to build the Wolseong 1 in the districts of Yangnam myeon Yangbuk myeon and Gampo eup in 1976 Since 1983 the power plant has been providing commercial service 198 and operating with the PHWRs that has a capacity of 678 000 kW As the construction of each Wolseong 2 3 and 4 with a capacity of 70 000 kW were completed respectively in 1997 1998 and 1999 Wolseong Nuclear Power plant site has been successfully operating the four PHWRs plants 20 New project Sinwolseong No 1 and No 2 are currently under construction which is estimated to be completed until 2011 12 199 200 The Wolseong Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Center which treats and stores low and intermediate level radioactive waste from the local power plants 201 is overseen and inspected by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety KINS 202 Transportation edit nbsp Gyeongju train stationThe city lies at the junction of two minor lines operated by the Korean National Railroad The Jungang Line runs from Seoul to Gyeongju and carries trains from the Daegu Line which originates in Dongdaegu 21 In Gyeongju the Jungang line connects to the Donghae Line which runs between Busan and Yeongdeok 21 The Gyeongbu Expressway which runs from Seoul to Busan passes through Gyeongju 21 and Provincial highway 68 aided by the South Korean government connects Seocheon in the South Chungcheong province to Gyeongju 203 Additionally national highways such as Route 4 204 7 205 14 206 20 207 28 208 31 209 and 35 210 crisscross the city Since the city is a popular tourist destination nonstop bus services are available from most major cities in South Korea 211 High speed rail does not serve central Gyeongju but the KTX Gyeongbu Line stops at the nearby Gyeongju station in Geoncheon eup west of Gyeongju s city center 212 213 Twin towns sister cities editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea Gyeongju is twinned with 214 nbsp Iksan South Korea 1998 nbsp Nara Japan 1970 nbsp Obama Japan 1977 nbsp Pompei Italy 1985 nbsp Versailles France 1987 nbsp Xi an China 2007 nbsp Huế Vietnam 2007 nbsp Nitra Slovakia 2014 nbsp Isfahan Iran 2016 See also editGeography of South Korea List of cities in South Korea Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region World Heritage SiteNotes edit a b c d e f 경주시 Gyeongju si in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 02 a b S Korean US presidents to meet before APEC summit Xinhua News 2005 10 18 Archived from the original on 2012 11 02 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Population Gyeongju Population City Population City 2015 a b De Ville Colby Jacqueline 2018 04 24 The Expatriate Handbook Seoul Korea Hollym ISBN 9781565910461 Retrieved 2018 04 24 a b Kyŏngju Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009 Retrieved 2009 09 15 a b c 경주시의 자연환경 Natural environment of Gyeongju in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 MacGregor Neil 2011 10 06 A History of the World in 100 Objects Penguin UK ISBN 9780141966830 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Chŏng Yang mo Smith Judith G Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y 1998 Arts of Korea Metropolitan Museum of Art p 230 ISBN 9780870998508 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Adams Edward B April 1989 The Legacy of Kyongju The Rotarian 28 Retrieved 23 June 2018 Ross Alan 2013 01 17 After Pusan Faber amp Faber ISBN 9780571299355 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Mason David A Gyeongju Korea s treasure house Korea net Korean Culture and Information Service KOCIS Archived from the original on 3 October 2016 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Adams Edward Ben 1990 Korea s pottery heritage Seoul International Pub House p 53 ISBN 9788985113069 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Robinson et al 2007 p 187 a b Spring into Korea s Cultural Festivals Travel Blackboard 2005 03 04 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Korea Republic of UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2009 Retrieved 2010 08 22 Gyeongju Yangdong Folk Village UNESCO World Heritage Korea Tourism Organization Archived from the original on 2013 10 23 Retrieved 2010 08 23 Insa dong Rivals Jeju as Most Popular Tourist Spot The Chosun Ilbo 2009 05 05 Retrieved 2009 08 04 Lee Jae Won Lee Man Hyung 1997 Urban Rural Integration Conflicts After 1994 s Reform in Korea PDF Dosi Yeongu Korea Center for City and Environment Research 3 103 121 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 09 01 Retrieved 2009 08 31 Yun Daesic Hwang Junghoon Moon Changkeun June 2008 A Study on Analysis of Mode Choice Characteristics and Travel Pattern in Urban Rural Integrated City PDF in Korean Korea Research Institute For Human Settlements p 118 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 01 05 Retrieved 2009 09 15 a b c d e f g h 경주시의 산업 교통 Industry and Transportation of Gyeongju in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 09 15 a b c d e f g h i 경주시 산업과 교통 Industry and transport of Gyeongju in Korean Nate Britannica Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 07 a b Tamasy amp Taylor 2008 p 129 a b c d e f g h i 경주시의 역사 History of Gyeongju in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 a b 신라 新羅 Silla in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 a b Lee Ki baek 1984 p 78 Robinson et al 2007 p 26 a b c Robinson et al 2007 p 28 Milledge Nelson Sarah 17 February 2017 Gyeongju The Capital of Golden Silla ISBN 9781317237938 Retrieved 2018 04 24 제 1전시 한민족 생활사 Exhibition Hall 1 History of Korean People in Korean National Museum of Korea Archived from the original on 2015 10 19 Retrieved 2009 08 06 a b c Breen 1999 p 82 Presenters Yu In chon 1998 12 19 신라의 왕궁은 어디에 있었나 Where was the royal palace of Silla 역사스페셜 History Special Series 9 in Korean Seoul South Korea KBS KBS 1TV Archived from the original on 2012 08 04 Transcript Retrieved 2009 08 06 a b c d Kim Chang hyun 2008 pp 1 6 慶州 경주 Gyeongju in Korean Nate Hanja Dictionary Archived from the original on 2011 07 14 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Lee 1984 pp 115 116 Michelin January 2012 Michelin Green Guide South Korea ISBN 9782067182554 Retrieved 2018 04 24 Lee 1984 p 149 Lee 1984 p 214 Cole Teresa Levonian 2003 10 11 My brilliant Korea The Guardian Retrieved 2009 09 15 Kookmin University 2004 p 27 a b 경주의 이야기꾼 김동리 Gyeongju s storyteller Kim Dong ni in Korean KBS 2006 03 29 Archived from the original on October 30 2010 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Lee Kyong hee 2009 07 22 Ancient Silla armor comes to light JoongAng Daily Retrieved 2009 09 15 국립경주박물관 國立慶州博物館 Gyeongju National Museum in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 동해남부선 東海南部線 Donaghae Nambu Line in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 06 중앙선 中央線 Donaghae Nambu Line in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 06 Lee Soyoung Leidy Denise Patry 2013 Silla Korea s Golden Kingdom ISBN 9781588395023 Cumings 1997 p 244 Cumings 1997 p 275 a b Lee Sungkyun Spring 2004 Economic Change and Regional Development Disparities in the 1990s in Korea Korea Journal 44 1 75 102 Archived from the original on June 14 2011 Retrieved 2009 09 08 Kim Won Bae Summer 2003 The Evolution of Regional Economic Disparities in Korea Korea Journal 43 2 55 80 Archived from the original on June 14 2011 Retrieved 2009 09 08 Sundaram 2003 p 58 Cherry 2001 p 41 Kang and Lee 2006 p 59 경주시 Gyeongju si 慶州市 in Korean Doosan Encyclopedia Retrieved 2009 08 08 permanent dead link 문복산 文福山 Munbok Mountain Munboksan in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 경주부산성 慶州富山城 Gyeongju Busanseong in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 토함산 吐含山 Toham Mountain Tohamsan in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 양북면 Yangbuk myeon 陽北面 in Korean Doosan Encyclopedia Retrieved 2009 08 05 permanent dead link 태화강 太和江 Taehwa River in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 형산강지구대 兄山江地溝帶 Hyeongsan River Rift Valley in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 08 05 a 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Retrieved 2009 09 15 Lee Ji yun Park Jae han 2005 04 07 우리 한나라 재보선 6곳중 4곳 건지겠다 Uri Party Grand National Party Shall win at 4 of the 6 districts up for by election in Korean Retrieved 2009 09 15 한나라당에선 전통적인 영남정서를 이유로 양측 모두 박빙의 우세를 점치고 있다 Set up of the Countcil Organization of the Council Gyeongju City Council Archived from the original on 2012 01 05 Retrieved 2009 09 15 경주시의회 방폐장 집회두고 시끌 Gyeongju City Council disputing before the meeting for the nuclear waste disposal facility in Korean Yonhap News 2009 07 27 Retrieved 2009 09 15 전체 시의원 21명 행정조직 Administrative organization in Korean Gyeongju City 2009 05 12 Archived from the original on 2011 06 13 Retrieved 2009 09 15 기본현황 Basic status quo in Korean Gyeongju City p 7 Retrieved 2009 09 15 permanent dead link 기본현황 Status quo in Korean Gyeongju City Archived from the original on 2011 06 13 Retrieved 2009 09 15 소규모 행정동 통폐합 5일부터 업무개시 in Korean Gyeongju Sibo Archived from the original on 2011 07 22 Retrieved 2009 08 18 행정구역 Administrative 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Archived from the original on 2011 07 26 Retrieved 2009 08 06 Park Jong jin 박종진 2006 01 26 姓氏를 말하면 꼭 다시 물어요 People surely questioning again whenever I say my surname in Korean Hankook Ilbo Archived from the original on 2011 06 13 Retrieved 2009 08 06 Robinson et al 2007 p 204 Kim 2003 pp 136 152 For example in the Handbook of Korea 11th ed p 656 and in World Heritage Committee twenty fourth session UNESCO WHC Archive 2005 07 09 Retrieved 2009 09 15 North Culture Vicinity Gyeongju City Archived from the original on June 13 2011 Retrieved 2009 09 15 용담성지 龍潭聖地 Yongdam sacred site in Korean Nate Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Archived from the original on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Regional Flavors in Seoul Top 3 Restaurants of Gyeongsang do amp Gangwon do Food Korea Tourism Organization 2008 03 10 Retrieved 2009 09 16 Korean Food Culture Series Part 7 Local Foods Korea Tourism Organization 2008 02 05 Archived from the original on 2011 06 14 Retrieved 2009 09 15 a b Lee Han yong 이한용 2002 08 30 내 고향 맛 지도 경주 영천 청도 지역 The map of my town s taste Gyeongju Yeongcheon Cheongdo regions PDF Hyangto wa Munhwa 향토와 문화 in Korean Daegu Bank 23 23 28 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Min Byeong jun November 2008 르포라이터 민병준의 향토기행 경북 경주 Reporter Min Byeong jun s domestic travel sketches Gyeongju North Gyeongsang Province Monthly Mountain in Korean 469 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Jang Hui bok 장희복 2002 03 07 lt 모범납세자 프로필 철탑산업훈장 gt 황남빵 Profile of exemplary tax payer Iron Pagoda Order of Industrial Service Merit Hwangnam Bread in Korean Sejeong Sinmun Retrieved 2009 09 15 Gyeongju Korea Tourism Organization Retrieved 2009 09 15 경주 재래시장 특산품 Gyeongju traditional markets local specialties in Korean Daegu Ilbo 2007 01 26 Archived from the original on 2011 07 18 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Liquor of Gyo dong in Gyeongju Local brewing Gyeongju U Tourism Archived from the original on 2011 07 22 Retrieved 2009 09 15 Park Ji Young Drinks of the Ancients SkyNews Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 Retrieved 2009 09 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thousand years of Korean Confucianism Homa amp Sekey Books ISBN 1 931907 37 4 Kim Chang hyun August 2008 The Position and the Administration System of Donggyeong in Koryeo Dynasty in Korean Dongguk University Silla Culture issue 32 pp 1 43 Kim Chong un Fulton Bruce 1998 A ready made life early masters of modern Korean fiction University of Hawaii Press pp 107 120 ISBN 0 8248 2071 1 Kim Deok muk 2003 전국의 기도터와 굿당 Jeon gukui gidoteo wa gutdang Tr Sites of Buddhist prayer and shamanic practice nationwide in Korean 한국민속기록보존소 ISBN 89 953630 3 7 Kim Won yong 1982 Kyŏngju The homeland of Korean culture Korea Journal 22 9 pp 25 32 Kookmin University Department of Korean History 2004 경주문화권 Gyeongju Munhwagwon The Gyeongju cultural area Seoul 역사공간 ISBN 89 90848 02 4 Korean Overseas Information Service 2003 Handbook of Korea 11th ed Seoul Hollym ISBN 1 56591 212 8 Lee Ki baek Tr by E W Wagner amp E J Schulz 1984 A new history of Korea rev ed Seoul Ilchogak ISBN 89 337 0204 0 Nilsen Robert South Korea Moon Handbooks ISBN 1 56691 418 3 Oppenheim Robert 2008 Kyǒngju things assembling place University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 05030 3 Ring Trudy Robert M Salkin Paul E Schellinger Sharon La Boda 1996 International Dictionary of Historic Places Asia and Oceania Taylor amp Francis ISBN 1 884964 04 4 Robinson Martin Ray Bartlett Rob Whyte 2007 Korea Lonely Planet pp 197 209 ISBN 1 74104 558 4 Rutt Richard Hoare James 1999 Korea a historical and cultural dictionary Durham East Asia series Routledge ISBN 0 7007 0464 7 Sundaram Jomo Kwame 2003 Manufacturing competitiveness in Asia how internationally competitive national firms and industries developed in East Asia Routledge ISBN 0 415 29922 5 Tamasy Christine Taylor Mike 2008 Globalising Worlds and New Economic Configurations Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 0 7546 7377 4 Yi Sŭng hwan Song Jaeyoon translation 2005 A topography of Confucian discourse politico philosophical reflections on Confucian discourse since modernity Homa amp Sekey Books ISBN 1 931907 27 7 Yu Hong jun translation Mueller Charles M 1999 Smiles of the baby Buddha appreciating the cultural heritage of Kyǒngju Changbi 창비 ISBN 89 364 7056 6External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gyeongju category nbsp Gyeongju travel guide from Wikivoyage City of Gyeongju Government official website Gyeongju Guide official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gyeongju amp oldid 1193861208, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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