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Pune

December 15, 2023

This article is about the city in India. For its namesake district, see Pune district. For other uses, see Pune (disambiguation).
"Poona" redirects here. For other uses, see Poona (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Puno.

Pune (/ˈpuːnə/ POO-nə, Marathi: [ˈpuɳe] ⓘ), previously spelled in English as Poona (the official name until 1978),[15][16] is a city in Maharashtra state in the Deccan plateau in Western India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Pune district, and of Pune division. According to the 2011 Census of India, Pune is the ninth-most populous city in India with a population of 3.1 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 7.2 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the eight-most populous metropolitan area in India. [17] The city of Pune is part of Pune Metropolitan Region.[18] Pune is one of the largest IT hubs in India.[19][20] It is also one of the most important automobile and manufacturing hubs of India.[21] Pune is often referred to as "Oxford of the East" because of its highly regarded educational institutions in the city.[22][23][24] It has been ranked "the most liveable city in India" several times.[25][26]

Pune
Puṇē
Poona
Metropolis
Counterclockwise from top left: Amanora township Skyline, Shaniwar Wada, University of Pune, Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple, Mutha River, Westin Hotel, Aga Khan Palace
Nickname(s): 
Oxford of the East, The Queen of Deccan[1][2]
Interactive Map Outlining Pune
Pune
Location of Pune in Maharashtra
Pune
Location of Pune in India
Pune
Location of Pune in Asia
Coordinates: 18°31′13″N 73°51′24″E / 18.52028°N 73.85667°E / 18.52028; 73.85667
Country India
State Maharashtra
DistrictPune district
DivisionPune division
EstablishedAD 758; 1265 years ago (758)[3]
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • Municipal CommissionerVikram Kumar, IAS[4][5]
 • MayorVacant
Area
 • Pune MC[6]484.61 km2 (187.11 sq mi)
 • Pune MR[7]7,256.46 km2 (2,801.73 sq mi)
Elevation
570.62 m (1,872.11 ft)
Population
 • Rank9th in India
59th in World
 • Pune MC[6]
6,200,000
 • Pune MC[6] density13,000/km2 (33,000/sq mi)
 • Pune MR[7]
7,276,000
 • Pune MR[7] density1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Punekar,[8] Poonaite[9]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN Code(s)
411001 – 411090[10]
Area code020
Vehicle registration
  • MH-12 PMC, Pune
  • MH-14 PCMC, Pune
  • MH-53 Pune City South
  • MH-54 Pune City North
Member of Parliamentvacant
GDP$69 billion[11][12][13]
International airportsPune International Airport (PNQ)
TransitRapid Transit: Pune Metro
Commuter rail: Pune Suburban Railway
BRTS: PMPML
Urban Planning AuthorityPune Metropolitan Region Development Authority
Websitepmc.gov.in

Pune at different points in time has been ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty, Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the Mughals, and the Adil Shahi dynasty. In the 18th century, the city was a part of Maratha Empire, and the seat of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire.[27] Many historical landmarks like Pataleshwar caves, Shaniwarwada, Shinde Chhatri, and Vishrambaug Wada date to this era. Historical sites from different eras are dotted across the city.

Pune has historically been a major cultural centre, with important figures like Dnyaneshwar, Shivaji, Tukaram, Baji Rao I, Balaji Baji Rao, Madhavrao I, Nana Fadnavis,Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, Savitribai Phule, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Tarabai Shinde, Dhondo Keshav Karve, and Pandita Ramabai doing their life's work in Pune City or in an area that falls in Pune Metropolitan Region. Pune was a major centre of resistance to British Raj, with people like Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar playing leading roles in struggle for Indian independence in their times.

Etymology edit

Further information: Puneri

The earliest reference to Pune is an inscription on a Rashtrakuta Dynasty copper plate dated 937 CE, which refers to the town as Punya-Vishaya, meaning 'sacred news'.[28] By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Punawadi.[29]

During the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the city was referred to as Punnaka and Punyapur. The copper plates of 758 and 768 CE show that the Yadava dynasty had renamed the city Punakavishaya and Punya Vishaya. 'Vishaya' means land, and 'Punaka' and 'Punya' mean holy. The city was known as Kasbe Pune when under the command of Maratha king Shivaji's father, Shahaji. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb renamed a small neighbourhood in central part of the old city as Muhiyabad (the only divergent naming) some time between 1703 and 1705 in memory of his great-grandson Muhi-ul-Milan, who died there. The name Muhiyabad was reverted back soon after Aurangzeb's death.[15] Anglicized to Poona in 1857 by the English during British rule, the city's name was changed to Pune in 1978.

History edit

Main article: History of Pune
Historical affiliations

  Maratha Empire 1674–1818
  Bombay Presidency 1843–1947
  Bombay State 1947–1960
  Maharashtra 1960–Present

Early and Medieval Period edit

 
The circular Nandi mandapa at the Pataleshwar cave temple built in the Rashtrakuta era (753-982)

Copper plates dated 858 and 868 CE show that by the 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty. The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this era.[30] Pune was part of the territory ruled by the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri from the 9th century to 1327. Pune was under control of various Muslim sultanates until the late 1600s.[31][32]

The Maratha Empire edit

Main article: Maratha Empire

Pune was part of the Jagir (fiefdom) granted by the Nizamshahi (Ahmadnagar Sultanate) to Maloji Bhosale in 1599.[33] Maloji Bhosale passed on Jagir of Pune to his son Shahaji Bhosale. The town was destroyed by Murar Jagdeo, a general from the rival Adil Shahi dynasty in 1636.Soon Shahaji himself joined Adilshahi and got his Pune jagir back.At that time he selected the town for the residence of his wife Jijabai, and young son Shivaji, the future founder of the Maratha empire. Shahaji appointed Dadoji Konddeo to help Jijabai in the administration of Jagir and in the reconstruction of the town.The Lal Mahal residence of Jiajabai and Shivaji was completed in 1640 AD.[28] Shivaji spent his young years at the Lal Mahal. Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple. The Ganesha idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity (Gramadevata) of the city.[34] Pune changed hands between the Mughals and the Marathas many times during the rest of the 1600s.Recognizing the military potential of Pune, the Mughal general Shaista Khan and later, the emperor Aurangzeb further developed the areas around the town.[35] From 1703 to 1705, towards the end of the 27-year-long Mughal–Maratha Wars, the town was occupied by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and its name was changed temporarily to Muhiyabad.[15][36] This name was abandoned and reverted back to its original name soon after Aurangzib's death.

Peshwa Rule edit

In 1720, Baji Rao I was appointed Peshwa (prime minister) of the Maratha Empire by Shahu I, the fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.[37] As the Peshwa, Bajirao moved his base from Saswad to Pune in 1728, marking the beginning of the transformation of what was a kasbah into a city.[38][39] He also commissioned the construction of the Shaniwar Wada on the high grounds of right bank of the Mutha River. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. Bajirao's son and successor, Nanasaheb constructed a lake at Katraj on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city.[40][41] The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004.[42][43]

 
British defence plan during Battle of Koregaon

The patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in a great expansion of Pune, with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul[44] and the temples on Parvati Hill[45] and many Maruti, Vithoba, Vishnu, Mahadeo, Rama, Krishna, and Ganesh temples. The building of temples led to religion being responsible for about 15% of the city's economy during this period.[39][46] Pune prospered as a city during the reign of Nanasaheb Peshwa. He developed Saras Baug, Heera Baug, Parvati Hill and new commercial, trading, and residential localities. Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth, Rasta Peth and Nana Peth were developed. The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces at the Battle of Panipat but Pune remained the seat of power. In 1802 Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the Battle of Poona, directly precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II by the British East India Company in 1818.[47]

Historian Govind Sakharam Sardesai lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military, and finance in 18th century Pune. Of these 163 families, a majority(80) were Deshastha Brahmins, 46 were Chitpawan, 15 were Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP) whereas Karhade Brahmin and Saraswat accounted for 11 families each.[48]

British Rule (1818 – 1947) edit

 
Map of Poona in 1911.

The Third Anglo-Maratha War broke out between the Marathas and the British East India Company in 1817. The Peshwas were defeated at the Battle of Khadki (then spelled Kirkee) on 5 November near Pune and the city was seized by the British. It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency and the British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (now used by the Indian Army).[citation needed] The Southern Command of the Indian Army was established in 1895 and has its headquarters in Pune cantonment.[49][50]

 
Harris railway bridge, Dapodi in 1858.

The city of Pune was known as Poona during British rule. Poona Municipality was established in 1858. A railway line from Bombay to the city opened in 1858, run by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR).[51][52] Navi Peth, Ganj Peth (now renamed Mahatma Phule Peth) were developed during the British Raj.[citation needed]

Centre of Social Reform and Nationalism edit

Pune was prominently associated with the struggle for Indian independence. In the period between 1875 and 1910, the city was a centre of agitation led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The city was also a centre for social reform led by Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, feminist Tarabai Shinde, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Pandita Ramabai. They demanded the abolition of caste prejudice, equal rights for women, harmony between the Hindu and Muslim communities, and better schools for the poor.[53] Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned at the Yerwada Central Jail several times and placed under house arrest at the Aga Khan Palace between 1942 and 1944, where both his wife Kasturba Gandhi and aide Mahadev Desai died.[54] Savarkar used to study in Fergusson College and performed the "Holi" of foreign items near Mutha river bank[citation needed].

Pune since Indian Independence edit

 
A Street in Budhwar Peth
 
Deccan College in 1875

After Indian independence from the British in 1947, Pune saw enormous growth transforming it into a modern metropolis. The Poona Municipal Council was reorganised to form the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) in 1950.[55] The education sector in the city continued its growth in the post-independence era with the establishment of the University of Pune (now, Savitribai Phule Pune University) in 1949, the National Chemical Laboratory in 1950 and the National Defence Academy in 1955.[56][57][58]

The establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in the Hadapsar, Bhosari, and Pimpri areas.[59][60] MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.[61] In the 1970s, several engineering companies were set up in the city, allowing it to vie with Chennai.[62][63] In the 1990s, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. IT parks were established in Aundh, Viman Nagar, Hinjawadi, Wagholi, Kharadi and Balewadi-Baner region. As a result, the city saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing, and lately, the software industries.

The breach in the Panshet dam and the resulting flood of 1961 led to severe damage and destruction of housing close to the river banks.[64] The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes.[65] To integrate urban planning, the Pune Metropolitan Region was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC, the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, the three cantonments and the surrounding villages.[66]

In 1998 work on the six-lane Mumbai-Pune expressway began; it was completed in 2001.[67] In 2008 the Commonwealth Youth Games took place in Pune, which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city.[68] On 13 February 2010 a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in the upmarket Koregaon Park neighbourhood in eastern Pune, killing 17 and injuring 60.[69][70][71] Evidence suggested that the Indian Mujahideen terrorist group carried out the attack.[72]

21st-century edit

Pune evolved greatly since Indian Independence, from notable universities, colleges and management schools, earning it the nickname of the 'Oxford Of The East', to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub.[21][73] Pune is also home to the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, Serum Institute of India.[74][75]

Geography edit

 
Vetal Hill Panorama, a prominent hill in Pune. Elevation c. 800 m.

Pune is situated at approximately 18° 32" north latitude and 73° 51" east longitude. The city's total area is 15.642 km2,[76] and the municipal corporation area covers 518 km2.[77] By road Pune is 1,173 km (729 mi) south of Delhi, 734 km (456 mi) north of Bangalore, 562 km (349 mi) north-west of Hyderabad and 149 km (93 mi) south-east of Mumbai.

Pune lies on the western margin of the Deccan plateau, at an altitude of 560 m (1,840 ft) above sea level. It is on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which forms a barrier from the Arabian Sea. It is a hilly city, with Vetal Hill rising to 800 m (2,600 ft) above sea level. The Sinhagad fort is at an altitude of 1,300 metres (4,300 feet).

The old city of Pune is at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana, a tributary of Mula river and Indrayani river, a tributary of the Bhima river, traverse the northwest Neighbourhoods of Pune.

Cityscape edit

See also: List of neighbourhoods in Pune
 
A view of the city from Baner Hill

The modern city of Pune has many distinct neighbourhoods. These include the numerous peths of the old city on the eastern bank of the Mutha river, the cantonment areas of Khadki and Camp established by the British, and numerous suburbs.[60] There are several Peths in usual localities of the Pune city.[78] The industrial growth in the Pimpri, Chinchwad, Akurdi, Nigdi and nearby areas allowed these areas to incorporate a new governing municipal corporation.[61][79][80][81][82][83][84]

The Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR), initially defined in 1967, has grown to 7,256 km2 made up of the ten talukas of the Pune district.[85] The areas of PMC and PCMC along with the three cantonment areas of Camp, Khadki, and Dehu Road form the urban core of the PMR, which also includes seven municipal councils and 842 villages.[85][86][87]

Rapid industrialisation since the 1960s has led to large influx of people into the city. Housing supply has not kept pace with demand, causing the number of slum dwellings to increase.[88] Approximately 36% of the population lives in 486 slum areas. Of these, 45% slum households do not have in-house toilet facilities and 10% do not have electricity. One third of the slums are on mixed ownership land. The living conditions in slums varies considerably, depending on their status (formal/informal) and in how far non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community organisations (CBOs) and government agencies are involved and committed to improving local living conditions.[89] Since the 1990s a number of landmark integrated townships and gated communities have been developed in Pune such as Magarpatta, Nanded city, Amanora, Blue Ridge, Life Republic and Lavasa.[90] They also offer business opportunities and access to infrastructure. According to the PMC, six townships with up to 15,000 housing units existed in Pune in 2012 and 25 more were in the planning process.[89]

The Mercer 2017 Quality of Living Rankings evaluated living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world and ranked Pune at 145, second highest in India after Hyderabad at 144.[91] The same source highlights Pune as being among evolving business centres and as one of nine emerging cities around the world with the citation "Hosts IT and automotive companies".[92] The 2017 Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) report, released by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, adjudged Pune as the best governed of 23 major cities.[93]

Peths in Pune edit

Main article: Peths in Pune

Peth is a general term in the Marathi language for a locality in Pune. Seventeen peths are located in Pune, which today constitute the old city of Pune. Most were established during the Maratha empire era under the Maratha and Peshwa rule of the city in the 18th century, before the arrival of the British.[94] Pune is home to many distinctive peths, or place names, for various neighbourhoods. The majority of them bore the names of their founders and days of the week.[95]

Climate edit

Pune has a tropical wet and dry (Köppen Aw) climate, closely bordering upon a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with average temperatures ranging between 20 and 28 °C (68 and 82 °F).[96] Pune experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. Typical summer months are from mid-March to mid-June, with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching 42 °C (108 °F). The warmest month in Pune is May. The city often has heavy dusty winds in May, with humidity remaining high. Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature recorded was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on 30 April 1897.[97]

The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C (72 to 82 °F). Most of the 722 mm (28.43 in) of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms are not unheard of. For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around 29 °C (84.2 °F) while overnight temperatures are below 12 °C (53.6 °F). The lowest temperature recorded was 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) on 17 January 1935. On 1 March 2015, the city recorded a daytime high of only 18.9 °C (66 °F), which was the lowest recorded maximum temperature. On 11 May 2023, Koregaon Park recorded a temperature of 44.4 °C (112 °F) [98]

Climate data for Pune (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.3
(95.5) 		38.9
(102.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		43.3
(109.9) 		41.7
(107.1) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		37.8
(100.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		43.3
(109.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6) 		32.1
(89.8) 		35.6
(96.1) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.9
(98.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		31.7
(89.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.8
(64.0)
Record low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.6
(40.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		1.7
(35.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.1
(0.04) 		0.3
(0.01) 		2.2
(0.09) 		8.5
(0.33) 		26.8
(1.06) 		173.4
(6.83) 		181.4
(7.14) 		145.2
(5.72) 		146.1
(5.75) 		86.3
(3.40) 		25.0
(0.98) 		7.0
(0.28) 		803.0
(31.61)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.8 1.9 9.5 12.4 9.8 8.0 4.4 1.2 0.3 48.7
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 34 26 21 24 37 66 76 79 73 53 43 39 47
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54) 		11
(52) 		11
(52) 		13
(55) 		18
(64) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		19
(66) 		16
(61) 		13
(55) 		16
(61)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 294.5 282.5 300.7 303.0 313.1 183.0 114.7 111.6 177.0 244.9 264.0 279.0 2,868
Mean daily sunshine hours 9.5 10.0 9.7 10.1 10.1 6.1 3.7 3.6 5.9 7.9 8.8 9.0 7.9
Source: India Meteorological Department[99][100][101]

Seismology edit

Main article: List of earthquakes in India

Pune is 100 km (62 mi) north of the seismically active zone around Koyna Dam.[102][103] The India Meteorological Department has assessed this area as being in Zone 3, on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes.[104][105] Pune has experienced some moderate – and many low – intensity earthquakes in its history.

Demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1851 73,000—    
1891 118,790+62.7%
1901 153,320+29.1%
1911 158,856+3.6%
1921 198,523+25.0%
1931 198,078−0.2%
1941 257,554+30.0%
1951 488,419+89.6%
1971 856,105+75.3%
1981 1,203,351+40.6%
1991 1,566,651+30.2%
2001 2,540,069+62.1%
2011 3,124,458+23.0%
Source: Census of India[citation needed]

The city has a population of 3,124,458; while 5,057,709 people reside in the Pune Urban Agglomeration as of the 2011 census.[106] The latter was c. 4,485,000 in 2005. According to the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC), 40% of the population lived in slums in 2001.[107]

Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis, it has attracted migrants from all parts of India. The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005.[108] The sharp increase in population during the decade 1991–2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city.[109] The top five source areas of migrants are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The Sindhis in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants, who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947.[110] Initially they settled in the Pimpri area, which is still home to a large number of Sindhi people. However, they are also present in other parts of the city.[111] As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades, immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 per cent of the population growth.[112][113]

The average literacy rate of Pune was 86.15% in 2011 compared to 80.45% in 2001.[114]

Religion edit

Religion in Pune (2011)[115]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 79.43%
Islam
 
 11.03%
Buddhism
 
 3.94%
Jainism
 
 2.45%
Christianity
 
 2.17%
Sikhism
 
 0.43%
Other or not stated
 
 0.55%
Others include Parsis.
See also: Hindu temples in Pune

Hinduism is the major religion, practised by a little under 80% of people in Pune. Other religions with a significant presence include Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism.[115][116]

Of the many Hindu temples in the city, the Parvati temple complex on Parvati Hill and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century.[117] These temples were commissioned by the Peshwas, who ruled the city at the time, and are dedicated to various deities including Maruti, Vithoba, Vishnu, Mahadeo, Rama, Krishna and Ganesh.[118][119][120][121] The historic temples of Kasba Ganapati, the Tambadi (Red) Jogeshwari are considered the guardian deities of the city.[32][122] Dagdusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune. Pune has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of the Varkari sect of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra, namely Alandi where the samadhi of 13th century Saint Dnyaneshwar is located and Dehu where the 17th century Saint Tukaram lived. Every year in the Hindu month of Ashadh (June/July), the Paduka (symbolic sandals) of these saints are carried in a pilgrimage, the Pandharpur Vari, to meet Vithoba. The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way to Pandharpur attracting hundreds of thousands of Varkaris and devotees. Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites in PMR or the district include Jejuri, and five of Ashtavinayak Ganesh temples. The Shrutisagar Ashram houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of Dakshinamurthy.

Prominent mosques include Roshan Masjid, Chand Tara Masjid, Jama Masjid, and Azam Campus Masjid, Manusha Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid, located in Nana Peth, is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters (markaz) for the Tablighi Jamaat. Pune is also the birthplace of Meher Baba, although his followers usually travel to Meherabad to visit his tomb. Hazrat Babajan, identified by Meher Baba as one of the five perfect masters, has a shrine (Dargah) erected in her honour under a neem tree in Pune Camp.[123][124]

Pune has a distinct Christian community comprising Roman Catholic, CNI, Methodist, Presbyterians, Christian Missionaries helped in setting up schools and colleges all over and also spread the message of faith.[125] The city has several churches dedicated to different Christian denominations including St. Anthony's Shrine, Dapodi Church, etc. St. Patrick's Cathedral built in 1850 is the seat of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona.

Pune has Jain temples dating back to the Peshwa era. At present, there are more than one hundred Jain temples in PMR with the one at Katraj being the largest.[126] Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras, with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar in Pune Camp and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha in Ganesh Peth being the ones situated in the heart of the city. The 19th-century Ohel David Synagogue, known locally as Lal Deval, is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel.[127][128] The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple.

Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers. The controversial Guru Osho, formerly the self-styled Bhagwan Rajneesh, lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. The Osho International Meditation Resort, one of the world's largest spiritual centres, is located in Koregaon Park and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries. The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon, known as Osho Monsoon Festival. Number of well known artists around the world participates in the event.[129]

Languages edit

Languages of Pune M Corp (2011)[130]

  Marathi (67.89%)
  Hindi (13.14%)
  Urdu (3.78%)
  Marwari (2.60%)
  Gujarati (2.25%)
  Telugu (1.99%)
  Kannada (1.92%)
  Others (6.43%)

Marathi is the official and most-spoken language. Pune, being the cultural capital of Maharashtra, is a centre for Marathi literature and its dialect forms the basis for the written standard of Marathi. As a destination for migrants throughout India, Hindi is also widely-spoken, as is Dakhni Urdu by the Muslim community. Gujarati and Marwari are spoken by the business community.

Government and politics edit

Main articles: Pune Municipal Corporation, Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune Police, and PMRDA

Civic administration edit

 
Pune Municipal Corporation building

Pune Municipal Corporation and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation are the civic bodies responsible for local government. It comprises two branches, the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer appointed by the Government of Maharashtra, and an elected deliberative branch, the general body, headed by the Mayor of Pune.[131] Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councillors, commonly known as "corporators", who form the general body. The current general body of the PMC elected in February 2017 has 162 corporators representing 41 multi-member wards (39 with 4 corporators each and 2 with 3 each).[132] The general body, in turn, elects the mayor and the deputy mayor. The mayor has a ceremonial role as the first citizen and ambassador of the city while the actual executive power lies with the municipal commissioner. For policy deliberations, corporators form several committees. Perhaps the most important of these is the 16-member Standing Committee, half of whose members retire every year.[133] The Standing Committee and the 15 ward committees are in charge of financial approvals.[131] PMC was ranked 8th out of 21 Indian cities for best governance and administrative practices in 2014. It scored 3.5 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[134]

The Pune City Police Department is the law enforcement agency for the city of Pune. It is a division of the Maharashtra Police and is headed by the Police Commissioner, an officer of the Indian Police Service. The Pune Police Department reports to the State Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate police commissionerate was announced for PCMC, Pune in April 2018 to be carved out of the historic Pune Police Department.[135][136] The new commissionerate took charge on 15 August 2018.[137][138]

Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) was formed on 31 March 2015 and is responsible for the integrated development of the PMR.[139] Currently its jurisdiction extends over 7,256.46 km2 (2,802 sq mi) and includes two municipal corporations, three cantonment boards, seven municipal councils, 13 census towns and 842 villages.[85][87]

 
Khadakwasla reservoir, the main source of water for the city

Utility services edit

The PMC supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Khadakwasla Reservoir. There are five other reservoirs in the area that supply water to the city and the greater metropolitan area.[140] The city lacks the capacity to treat all the sewage it generates, which leads to the Mutha river containing only sewage outside the monsoon months.[141] In 2009 only 65% of sewage generated was treated before being discharged into the rivers.[140] According to Anwesha Borthakur and Pardeep Singh, unplanned and haphazard development has turned the Mula-Mutha river into a dead river. The Pune municipal corporation has undertaken plans to restore life into the rivers.[142] PMC is also responsible for collecting solid waste. Around 1,600 tons of solid waste is generated in Pune each day. The waste consists of 53% organic, compostable material; and 47% inorganic material, of which around half is recyclable. The unrecovered solid waste is transported to the dumping grounds in Urali devachi.[143]

The state owned Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited supplies electricity to the city. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), owned by the central government, as well as private enterprises such as Reliance Jio, Bharti Airtel and Vodafone Idea are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.[144]: 25–26 : 179 

 
One of the oldest hospitals in India, Sassoon Hospital

Healthcare edit

See also: List of hospitals in Pune

Healthcare in the PMR is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners of Allopathic medicine as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e. Ayurved, Homeopathy and Unani). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the region often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine.[145] The PMR is served by three government hospitals: Sassoon Hospital, Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also a number of private hospitals such as Ranka Hospital, Sahyadri, Jahangir Nursing Home, Sancheti Hospital, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, KEM Hospital, Ruby Hall, Naidu Hospital[146] and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune.[147]

Economy edit

Main page: Category:Economy of Pune
 
World Trade Center, Pune
 
Cerebrum IT Park
 
EON IT park, Kharadi
 
Cybercity, Magarpatta

Pune is a well known manufacturing and industrial center of India. With an estimated nominal GDP of Rs. 3,31,478 crores for year 2019-20, Pune District is the third largest contributor to the economy of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Thane. Pune has the fifth largest metropolitan economy and the sixth highest per capita income in the country.[148][149] As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Maharashtra), the GDP per capita of Pune District in 2019-20 was Rs. 3,16,848. In 2014-15, the manufacturing sector provided employment to over 500,000 people.[150]

Manufacturing edit

Main article: List of vehicle plants in India § Maharashtra

The formation of MIDC in 1962 resulted in a constant process of industrial land acquisition and the creation of required support infrastructure. Since then, there has been a massive influx of several European companies who continue to be keen on setting up manufacturing facilities in the city. The city serves as headquarters to many companies. Major industrial areas around Pune are Chakan, Chinchwad, Bhosari, Pirangut, Hinjawadi, Talegaon, Talawade, Urse. The Independent referred Chakan as India's "Motor City".[151] The Kirloskar Group, one of India's largest manufacturers and exporters of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia, is headquartered in Pune.[152][153] Kalyani Group headquartered in Pune owns Bharat Forge which operates world's largest single location forging facility consisting of fully automated forging press lines and state-of-the-art machining facility in Pune.[154][155] Bajaj Auto, headquartered in Pune, is ranked as the world's fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer.[156] Engineering services company DesignTech Systems is based in Pune.[157]

The city is known for its automotive industry. A large number of automobile companies such as Bajaj Auto, Tata Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra, Skoda cars, Mercedes Benz, Force Motors, Kinetic Motors, General Motors, Land Rover, Jaguar, Renault, Volkswagen, and Fiat have there manufacturing plants in Chakan. Serum Institute of India, the world's fifth largest vaccine producer by volume, is based in Pune.[158]

As of August 2023, Tesla, Inc. has leased a space in Pune, marking its initial step towards establishing a presence in India.[159]

Information Technology edit

The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi is a ₹ 60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC).[160][161] The IT Park encompasses an area of about 2,800 acres (11 km2) and is home to over 800 IT companies.[162][150] Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at Magarpatta, Kharadi and several other parts of the city. As of 2017, the IT sector employs more than 300,000 people.[162][150] Pune has also emerged as a new hub for tech startups in India.[163][164][165] NASSCOM, in association with MIDC, has started a co-working space for city based startups under its 10,000 startups initiative at Kharadi MIDC.[166] Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by the World Bank. It is being implemented with the help of Small Industries Development Bank of India, Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune.[167][168]

Major technology companies Ubisoft Pune, Zensar Technologies, Patni Computer Systems, Persistent Systems, Indiacom, Harbinger Knowledge Products, Seniority, Monjin, Mylab Discovery Solutions, Quick Heal and KPIT Technologies are headquartered in Pune. Indian tech giant Infosys was founded in Pune who have a mega campus in city. Zensar Technologies is located in a mega campus called Zensar Park.

Entertainment edit

See also: List of tourist attractions in Pune
 
Westend Mall, Aundh, Pune

Pune is an emerging center for VFX services, with Indian and international studios such as Anibrain, Reliance Animation,[169] Digikore Studio, HMX Media, Waffold Pune, Stereo D, Framestore and Method Studios[170] having established their facilities here.

The Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions trade is expected to be boosted since the Pune International Exhibition and Convention Centre (PIECC) opened in 2017. The 97-hectare PIECC boasts a seating capacity of 20,000 with a floor area of 13,000 m2 (139,931 sq ft). It has seven exhibition centres, a convention centre, a golf course, a five-star hotel, a business complex, shopping malls, and residences. The US$115 million project was developed by the Pimpri-Chinchwad New Town Development Authority.[171] There are many food joints around Pune which makes it a favourite outing destination.[172]

World Trade Center (WTC) Pune is a 1.6 million sq. ft. complex built to foster international trade. WTC Pune is part of the World Trade Centers Association.[173][174]

Culture edit

Architecture edit

 
Shinde Chhatri in Wanowrie.

Historical attractions include the 8th century rock-cut Pataleshwar cave temple, the 18th century Shaniwarwada, the 19th century Aga Khan Palace, Lal Mahal and Sinhagad fort. Shinde Chhatri, located at Wanowrie, is a memorial dedicated to the great Maratha general, Mahadaji Shinde (Scindia).[175] The old city had many residential buildings with courtyards called Wada. However, many of these have been demolished and replaced by modern buildings.

A renowned wada in Pune is the last residential palace of the Peshwa called Vishrambaug Wada which is currently being renovated by the city corporation.[176] The city is also known for its British Raj bungalow architecture and the Garden Cities Movement layout of the Cantonment from the early 20th century. Landmark architectural works by Christopher Charles Benninger surround the city, including the Mahindra United World College of India, the Centre for Development Studies and Activities, the YMCA Retreat at Nilshi and the Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies.

 
Pu. La. Deshpande Garden.

Museums, parks and zoos edit

Museums in Pune include the Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum, Mahatma Phule Industrial Museum, Deccan college museum of Maratha history,[177] Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum, Joshi's Museum of Miniature Railway and the Pune Tribal Museum. Pune also houses Blades of Glory Cricket Museum which is the biggest cricket museum in the world. The College of Military Engineering has an archive and an equipment museum; this includes a rail exhibit with a metre-gauge train. The Aga Khan Palace, where Mahatma Gandhi was interned during the Quit India movement, has a memorial dedicated to his wife, Kasturba Gandhi who died during the internment.

For a city of its size, Pune has very few large public parks and gardens. Parks and green spaces in the city include the Kamala Nehru Park, Sambhaji Park, Shahu Udyan, Peshwe Park, Saras Baug, Empress Gardens, and Bund Garden.[178] The Pu La Deshpande Udyan is a replica of the Korakuen Garden in Okayama, Japan.[179] The Hanuman hill, Vetal hill, and Taljai Hills are protected nature reserves on hills within the city limits.

The Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park is located in Katraj.[180] The zoo, earlier located at Peshwe Park, was merged with the reptile park at Katraj in 1999. Pune Riverfront is under-construction being developed by Pune Municipal Corporation along the banks of Mula-Mutha River.[181]

Performing arts edit

 
Ganpati procession by Jnana Prabodhini school

Both experimental and professional theatre receive extensive patronage from the Marathi community. The Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir, Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir, Bharat Natya Mandir, Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha, and Sudarshan Rangmanch are prominent theatres in the city.[182][183][184]

Ganesh Kala Krida Rangamanch is the largest indoor theatre in the city, with a seating capacity of approximately 45,000.[185] The Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav, one of the most prominent and sought-after Indian classical music festivals in India, is held in Pune every year in December. It commemorates the life and achievements of Sawai Gandharva.[186] The concept of Diwāḷī Pahāṭ (lit. Diwali dawn) originated in Pune as a music festival on the morning of the festival of Diwali.[187]

Festivals edit

Ganesh Festival is widely and publicly celebrated in Pune. Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the public celebration of the festival as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892.[188][189] Pandals with Ganesh idols are erected all across Pune. Many Ganesh mandals display live or figurine shows called Dekhava during the festival. These shows often carry socially relevant messages. Processions of Ganpati are accompanied by Dhol-Tasha pathaks (groups who play Dhol-Tasha percussion instruments). Involvement of these pathaks has become a cultural identity of Pune with there being over 150 such groups operating in and around Pune. Jnana Prabodhini, a social organisation in Pune is widely accredited for founding the tradition of Dhol-Tasha pathaks.[190]

Transport edit

Main article: Transport in Pune

Air edit

Main article: Pune International Airport
 
Pune Airport

Pune International Airport at Lohagaon is one of the busiest airports in India. The airport is operated by the Airports Authority of India. It shares its runways with the neighbouring Indian Air Force base.[191] In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, the airport has international direct flights to Dubai, operated by Air India Express,[192] and SpiceJet, and direct flights to Singapore operated by Vistara. Pune International Airport at Lohegaon was ranked third best in the category of 5-15 million passengers by Airport Service Quality in 2018.[193]

A new international airport has been proposed, due to the limited capacity of the existing airport. A location in the Chakan-Rajgurunagar area was chosen for the airport,[194][195] but non-availability of land delayed the project for over a decade.[196] In September 2016 the location was changed to Purandar, c. 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the city.[197][198] The proposed airport in Purandar will be spread over 2,400 hectares. New Pune Airport is proposed to serve the city of Pune. The greenfield airport will be located near the villages of Ambodi, Sonori, Kumbharvalan, Ekhatpur-Munjawadi, Khanwadi, Pargaon Memane, Rajewadi, Aamble, Tekwadi, Vanpuri, Udachiwadi, Singapur near Saswad and Jejuri in Purandar taluka of Pune District.[citation needed]

Public transport edit

Public transport in Pune includes Pune Suburban Railway, bus services operated by PMPML and auto rickshaws. Uber and Ola Cabs also operate in the city. Construction of Pune Metro, an urban mass rapid transit system, is underway[199] and is slated to be completed by December 2023. Work is underway on an additional line connecting Hinjewadi IT hub to Shivajinagar Civil Court. This line is expected to open to public by 2025.[200]

Rail edit

Main articles: Pune Railway Station and Pune Suburban Railway
 
Pune Junction railway station
 
Pune Suburban Railway

Pune Suburban Railway (electric multiple units) (popularly called local trains) connect Pune to the industrial city of Pimpri-Chinchwad and the hill station of Lonavala. Daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai, Nashik, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Nanded, Miraj-Sangli, Kolhapur Jaipur, Raipur, Nagpur, Visakhapatnam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Allahabad, Kanpur, Howrah, Jammu Tawi, Vijayawada, Darbhanga, Goa, Gwalior, Varanasi, Bhubaneswar, Ranchi, Patna, and Jamshedpur. At Pune, there is a diesel locomotive shed and an electric trip shed.[201] Pune Railway Station is administered by the Pune Railway Division of Central Railways.[202]

Bus service edit

Main articles: Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited and Rainbow BRTS
 
Rainbow BRT System

Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML). PMPML operates the Rainbow BRTS system, the first of its kind in India, in which dedicated bus lanes were supposed to allow buses to travel quickly through the city. The project has turned out to be a failure, receiving little patronage from the local citizenry.[203] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation runs buses from stations in Wakdewadi, Pune station, and Swargate to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states. Private companies also run buses to major cities throughout India.[204] In January 2019, Pune became the first Indian city to adopt e-buses and Bhekrai Nagar the country's first all electric bus depot. As of November 2019, up to 133 electric vehicles (EVs) have been deployed across the city in the first phase of its e-bus programme.[205] The user's group is Pune Bus Pravasi Sangh.

Metro edit

Main article: Pune Metro
 
Civil Court metro station
 
Nal Stop metro station

Pune Metro, a mass rapid transit system, is under construction and with 12 km of two lines currently in operation as of 6 March 2022.[206][207][208] The detailed project report was prepared for the initial two lines by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation which was approved by the State government in 2012 and by the central government in December 2016.[209][210][211] Two lines, Line 1 from Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corportion Building to Swargate and Line 2 from Ramwadi to Vanaz, with a combined length of 31.25 kilometres (19.42 mi), are being constructed by MahaMetro, a 50:50 joint venture of the State and central governments.[212] Line 1 will run underground between Swargate and Range Hills be and elevated until PCMC Bhavan. Line 2 will be completely elevated and will intersect Line 1 at the Civil Court interchange station in Shivajinagar.[213] The civil court interchange station will eventually host three main lines of Pune metro under one roof, facilitating easy changeover for passengers from one line to another. Incidentally, the civil court station of Pune Metro will also be the largest interchange station in the city, and also the head office of Pune Metro.[214]

Line 3 between Hinjawadi and Civil Court, Shivajinagar was approved by the state and central governments in January and March 2018, respectively.[215][216] This 23.3-km line is being implemented by PMRDA on a public-private partnership basis.[217]

Road transport edit

Main article: List of roads in Pune

Pune is well-connected to other cities by Indian and state highways. National Highway 48 connects it to Mumbai and Bangalore, National Highway 65 connects it to Hyderabad and National Highway 60 connects it to Nashik. State Highway 27 connect Pune to Ahmednagar.

The Mumbai Pune Expressway is India's first six-lane high-speed expressway, and it was built in 2002. Only four wheeled vehicles are allowed on it. This expressway has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to a little over two hours. A ring road is planned around the city.[218][219][220]

Major highways:

Personal transport edit

 
Mumbai Pune Expressway
 
JRD Tata Bridge, Kasarwadi

Once known as the "cycle city of India", Pune has experienced a rapid growth in the number of motorised two wheelers replacing the bicycle.[221] In 2005 the city was reported to have one million two wheelers. The report also stated that the increase in vehicular and industrial activity had led to a 10-fold increase in particulate pollution in some areas of the city.[222] In 2018 the number of vehicles in the city has exceeded its population with 3.62 million total vehicles, 2.70 million being two wheelers.[223][224] In the fiscal year 2017–18 alone 300,000 new vehicles were registered in the city, two-thirds of them two wheelers.[225]

A revival of cycling in Pune with 130 kilometres (81 mi) of cycle tracks built was attempted as a part of the BRT system under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission in 2004. However, a 2011 report revealed that only 88 kilometres (55 mi) of tracks were actually built and most were unusable at the time of the report.[226][227] Under the Smart Cities Mission, app based cycle sharing schemes have been launched in the city since late 2017.[228][229][230] The PMC has devised the Pune Cycle Plan with 470 kilometres (290 mi) of cycle tracks planned.[231][232][233] Cycles are also seen as a possible way of improving last mile connectivity for the metro system.[234]

Education edit

Main article: List of educational institutions in Pune
 
Main building of Pune University

Pune has over a hundred educational institutes and more than nine deemed universities apart from the Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU; formerly University of Pune), which is the largest University in the country based on total number of affiliated colleges.[235] Higher education institutes attract international students mainly from the Middle Eastern countries such as Iran, and United Arab Emirates, and also African countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya.[236] Pune is the largest centre for Japanese learning in India.[237] Other languages taught in the city include German, which is taught at the Goethe-Institut, and French, which is taught at Alliance Française. Several colleges in Pune have student exchange programmes with colleges in Europe.[238]

Primary and secondary education edit

Main article: List of schools in Pune

The PMC runs 297 primary schools and 30 secondary and higher secondary schools.[239][240] While it is mandatory for the PMC to provide primary education under state law, secondary education is an optional duty.[240][241][242] In the rural and suburban areas of the PMR, public primary schools are run by the Pune Zilla Parishad. Private schools are run by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.[243] Public schools are affiliated to the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (State Board). The language of instruction in public schools is primarily Marathi, although the PMC also runs Urdu, English and Kannada medium schools.[240][244][245] Along with these languages, private schools also offer instruction in Hindi and Gujarati.[246] Private schools vary in their choice of curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education, the CBSE or CISCE.[247][248]

Jnana Prabodhini Prashala, located in Sadashiv Peth, is the first school for intellectually gifted and talented students in India.[249] Additionally, it counts with one of the 18 United World Colleges across the globe, having UWC Mahindra College in the Mulshi Valley.

Tertiary education edit

Main article: List of educational institutions in Pune

Most colleges in Pune are affiliated to the SPPU (Savitribai Phule Pune University). Nine other universities have also been established in the city.[250] Pune also hosts the Military Intelligence Training School which offers diploma courses in counter intelligence, combat intelligence, aerial imagery and interpretation, among others.[251]

 
National Defence Academy (India)

The College of Engineering Pune, an autonomous institute of the government of Maharashtra founded in 1854, is the third oldest engineering college in Asia. The Deccan Education Society was founded by local citizens in 1884, including social and political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who was also responsible for founding Fergusson College in 1885.[252] The Indian Law Society's Law College is one of the top ten law schools in India.[253] The Armed Forces Medical College and B. J. Medical College are among the top medical colleges in India. The Armed Forces Medical College consistently ranks among the top five medical colleges in India.[254] The Film and Television Institute of India, one of only three Indian institutions in the global CILECT film school network, is located on Law College Road. The Lalit Kala Kendra is an undergraduate department of Music, Dance and Drama on the SPPU campus that has been operational since 1987. This department features a combination of gurukul and formal education systems.[255] The College of Military Engineering, the Army Institute of Physical Training, and the Institute of Armament Technology are also in Pune. Christ University Pune Lavasa campus, is part of Christ University, Bangalore located in Lavasa.[256]

Symbiosis International University operates 33 colleges and institutions in the city, including the Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, the Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, the Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development, the Symbiosis Law School and the Symbiosis Institute of International Business. They are ranked among the top management and law institutes in the country.[257][258] The Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research is one of the few colleges in India that promotes open source technology.[259]

UWC Mahindra College, one of eighteen United World Colleges worldwide and the third is Asia, offering the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program (DP), is located near Pune.[260][261]

Research institutes edit

Pune is home to a number of governmental and non-governmental research institutes focusing on a wide range of subject areas from the humanities to the sciences. The Ministry of Defence also runs a number of defence related education, training and research establishments in and around the city. Major research centers include:

Media edit

A number of Marathi-language newspapers from the British era continued publishing decades after independence. These included Kesari, Tarun Bharat, Prabhat and Sakal.[264] Sakal has remained the most popular Marathi daily.[265][266] Kesari is now only published as an online newspaper. The Mumbai-based Maharashtra Times, Loksatta and Lokmat have all introduced Pune based editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper the Indian Express has a Pune edition. Its rival the Times of India introduced a tabloid called Pune Mirror in 2008. Mid-Day, Daily News and Analysis and Sakaal Times are other local English newspapers. The English-language newspaper The Hindu has launched[when?] a Pune edition covering local as well as national news.[citation needed] Another English-language online news website PuneNow was launched, covering local and national news.[267]

The government owned All India Radio (AIR) has been broadcasting from Pune since 1953.[268] Savitribai Phule Pune University broadcasts programmes focusing on its different departments and student welfare schemes on its own FM radio channel called Vidyavani.[269] A number of commercial FM channels are also received in the city.[270] The city receives almost all of the television channels in India including broadcast, cable and direct-to-home TV.

Sports edit

Main article: Sports in Pune
 
Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium

Badminton in its modern form originated in Pune.[271] The game of badminton was also known as Poona or Poonah after the then British garrison town of Poona where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873. (Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia, but the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the British as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. "Battledore" was an older term for "racquet".)[272][273][undue weight? – discuss]

 
Badminton Arena in Balewadi.

Women's tennis ITF $25K tournament held at Deccan Gymkhana club's tennis courts in 2021. It also hosted men's ITF $15K event. ATP 250 Maharashtra Open was held at Balewadi till 2022. It was India's biggest professional tennis championship and only ATP event of India, where top professional tennis players participated.[274][275]

Popular games and sports in Pune include cricket, athletics, basketball, badminton, field hockey, football, tennis, kabaddi, paragliding, kho-kho, wrestling, rowing, and chess.[citation needed] The Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium in Balewadi is the venue for wrestling and other traditional sports. The Royal Connaught Boat Club is one of several boating clubs on the Mula-Mutha river. Pune has basketball courts at the Deccan Gymkhana and at Fergusson College.[276] Pune Skatepark is a skateboarding park built in Sahakarnagar, consisting of an eight-foot bowl in a 3,000 square foot flatground.[277] Other prominent sporting institutions in Pune include the Nehru Stadium, the PYC Hindu Gymkhana, the Poona Golf Club and the Poona Cricket Club. The PYC has a long history of excellence in cricket. It is one of the oldest clubs in India and has produced many great cricketers, including D. B. Deodhar, Vijay Hazare and C. K. Naid.[278]

 
Closing ceremony of the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games hosted in Pune.

The Neharu Stadium has hosted a game of the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The city is scheduled to host five games of 2023 Cricket World Cup including one of India against Bangladesh.

The Pune International Marathon is an annual marathon conducted in Pune. The National Games of 1994 and the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games were held in the city at the Balewadi Stadium. The Deccan Gymkhana has hosted Davis Cup matches on several occasions. The 37,000 seating capacity Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium has hosted international cricket – T20s, One Day Internationals, and a test match.[279] The National Education Foundation organises Enduro3, a cross country adventure race in Pune. It is a two- or three-day event with activities including cycling, trekking, river-crossing and rifle shooting.[280] Pune Race Course was built in 1830 on 118.5 acres (0.480 km2) of land and is managed by the Royal Western India Turf Club. The course has two training tracks and two racing surfaces. The racing season is from July to October and includes the Pune Derby, the RWITC Invitational, the Independence Cup and the Southern Command Cup.[281] The city hosted the 2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship.

Teams edit

The Maharashtra cricket team and state's women's team owned by Maharashtra Cricket Association represents the state in domestic cricket competitions such as the Ranji, Vijay Hazare Trophy and women's domestic cricket respectively, is based in Pune (headquarter at Gahunje village). Pune Warriors India (2011–2014) and Rising Pune Supergiant (2016-2017) were the two teams based in Pune to play in the Indian Premier League.[282] Poona District Football Association (PDFA) was established in 1972 and currently has more than 100 registered teams.[283] There were two popular football clubs (now defunct) competing in the I-League from the city: Pune FC,[284] and DSK Shivajians FC.[285] FC Pune City was an Indian Super League football club in Pune. Established in 2014, FC Pune City became the only professional football club in India to have teams which participated at all levels of professional football; Senior Team (ISL), U-18 Team (Elite league), U- 16 Team, U-14 Team and the Women's Team.[286] The city is home to the Pune Peshwas, runners-up in the 2015 UBA Pro Basketball League season. Pune also has an American football franchise, called the Pune Marathas, which began playing in the inaugural season of the Elite Football League of India in 2011 and which plays at the Balewadi Stadium.[287][288]

City-based professional clubs
Club Sport League Stadium Span
Pune Marathas American football EFLI Deccan Gymkhana Ground 2012–present
Pune FC Association football I-League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2007–2016
DSK Shivajians FC Association football I-League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 1987–2017
Bharat FC Association football I-League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014-2015
FC Pune City Association football Indian Super League (ISL) Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014–2019
Pune FC Academy Association football Indian Super League (ISL) Youth League (India) 2011–2016
Pune 7 Aces Badminton Premier Badminton League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2016–present
Pune Pistons Badminton Indian Badminton League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2016–present
Pune Peshwas Basketball UBA Deccan Gymkhana Ground 2015–present
Maharashtra cricket team Cricket Ranji Trophy Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 1934–present
Pune Warriors India Cricket Indian Premier League (IPL) Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2011–2014
Rising Pune Supergiant Cricket Indian Premier League (IPL) Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2016–2017
Puneri Bappa Cricket Maharashtra Premier League (MPL) Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2023–present
Veer Marathi Cricket Celebrity Cricket League (CCL) Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2013–2015
Maratha Warriors Hockey Premier Hockey League (PHL) Mahindra Hockey Stadium 2005–2008
Puneri Paltan Kabaddi Pro Kabaddi League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014–present
Pune Marathas Tennis Champions Tennis League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014–2015

International relations edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India
 
Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden
Twin towns and sister cities
Informal relationship

See also edit

References edit

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December 15, 2023
pune, this, article, about, city, india, namesake, district, district, other, uses, disambiguation, poona, redirects, here, other, uses, poona, disambiguation, confused, with, puno, marathi, ˈpuɳe, previously, spelled, english, poona, official, name, until, 19. This article is about the city in India For its namesake district see Pune district For other uses see Pune disambiguation Poona redirects here For other uses see Poona disambiguation Not to be confused with Puno Pune ˈ p uː n e POO ne Marathi ˈpuɳe previously spelled in English as Poona the official name until 1978 15 16 is a city in Maharashtra state in the Deccan plateau in Western India It is the administrative headquarters of the Pune district and of Pune division According to the 2011 Census of India Pune is the ninth most populous city in India with a population of 3 1 million residents within the city limits and has a population of 7 2 million residents in the metropolitan region making it the eight most populous metropolitan area in India 17 The city of Pune is part of Pune Metropolitan Region 18 Pune is one of the largest IT hubs in India 19 20 It is also one of the most important automobile and manufacturing hubs of India 21 Pune is often referred to as Oxford of the East because of its highly regarded educational institutions in the city 22 23 24 It has been ranked the most liveable city in India several times 25 26 Pune PuṇePoonaMetropolisCounterclockwise from top left Amanora township Skyline Shaniwar Wada University of Pune Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple Mutha River Westin Hotel Aga Khan PalaceNickname s Oxford of the East The Queen of Deccan 1 2 Interactive Map Outlining PunePuneLocation of Pune in MaharashtraShow map of MaharashtraPuneLocation of Pune in IndiaShow map of IndiaPuneLocation of Pune in AsiaShow map of AsiaCoordinates 18 31 13 N 73 51 24 E 18 52028 N 73 85667 E 18 52028 73 85667Country IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictPune districtDivisionPune divisionEstablishedAD 758 1265 years ago 758 3 Government TypeMunicipal Corporation Pune Municipal Corporation Municipal CommissionerVikram Kumar IAS 4 5 MayorVacantArea Pune MC 6 484 61 km2 187 11 sq mi Pune MR 7 7 256 46 km2 2 801 73 sq mi Elevation570 62 m 1 872 11 ft Population Rank9th in India59th in World Pune MC 6 6 200 000 Pune MC 6 density13 000 km2 33 000 sq mi Pune MR 7 7 276 000 Pune MR 7 density1 000 km2 2 600 sq mi Demonym s Punekar 8 Poonaite 9 Time zoneUTC 5 30 IST PIN Code s 411001 411090 10 Area code020Vehicle registrationMH 12 PMC Pune MH 14 PCMC Pune MH 53 Pune City South MH 54 Pune City NorthMember of ParliamentvacantGDP 69 billion 11 12 13 International airportsPune International Airport PNQ TransitRapid Transit Pune Metro Commuter rail Pune Suburban Railway BRTS PMPMLUrban Planning AuthorityPune Metropolitan Region Development AuthorityWebsitepmc gov inPune at different points in time has been ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty Ahmadnagar Sultanate the Mughals and the Adil Shahi dynasty In the 18th century the city was a part of Maratha Empire and the seat of the Peshwas the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire 27 Many historical landmarks like Pataleshwar caves Shaniwarwada Shinde Chhatri and Vishrambaug Wada date to this era Historical sites from different eras are dotted across the city Pune has historically been a major cultural centre with important figures like Dnyaneshwar Shivaji Tukaram Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao Madhavrao I Nana Fadnavis Mahadev Govind Ranade Gopal Krishna Gokhale Mahatma Jyotirao Phule Savitribai Phule Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Tarabai Shinde Dhondo Keshav Karve and Pandita Ramabai doing their life s work in Pune City or in an area that falls in Pune Metropolitan Region Pune was a major centre of resistance to British Raj with people like Gopal Krishna Gokhale Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar playing leading roles in struggle for Indian independence in their times Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early and Medieval Period 2 2 The Maratha Empire 2 3 Peshwa Rule 2 4 British Rule 1818 1947 2 4 1 Centre of Social Reform and Nationalism 2 5 Pune since Indian Independence 2 6 21st century 3 Geography 3 1 Cityscape 3 1 1 Peths in Pune 3 2 Climate 3 3 Seismology 4 Demographics 4 1 Religion 4 2 Languages 5 Government and politics 5 1 Civic administration 5 2 Utility services 5 3 Healthcare 6 Economy 6 1 Manufacturing 6 2 Information Technology 6 3 Entertainment 7 Culture 7 1 Architecture 7 2 Museums parks and zoos 7 3 Performing arts 7 4 Festivals 8 Transport 8 1 Air 8 2 Public transport 8 2 1 Rail 8 2 2 Bus service 8 2 3 Metro 8 3 Road transport 8 3 1 Personal transport 9 Education 9 1 Primary and secondary education 9 2 Tertiary education 9 3 Research institutes 10 Media 11 Sports 11 1 Teams 12 International relations 13 See also 14 References 15 External linksEtymology editFurther information Puneri The earliest reference to Pune is an inscription on a Rashtrakuta Dynasty copper plate dated 937 CE which refers to the town as Punya Vishaya meaning sacred news 28 By the 13th century it had come to be known as Punawadi 29 During the Rashtrakuta dynasty the city was referred to as Punnaka and Punyapur The copper plates of 758 and 768 CE show that the Yadava dynasty had renamed the city Punakavishaya and Punya Vishaya Vishaya means land and Punaka and Punya mean holy The city was known as Kasbe Pune when under the command of Maratha king Shivaji s father Shahaji Mughal emperor Aurangzeb renamed a small neighbourhood in central part of the old city as Muhiyabad the only divergent naming some time between 1703 and 1705 in memory of his great grandson Muhi ul Milan who died there The name Muhiyabad was reverted back soon after Aurangzeb s death 15 Anglicized to Poona in 1857 by the English during British rule the city s name was changed to Pune in 1978 History editMain article History of Pune Historical affiliations nbsp Maratha Empire 1674 1818 nbsp Bombay Presidency 1843 1947 nbsp Bombay State 1947 1960 nbsp Maharashtra 1960 Present Early and Medieval Period edit nbsp The circular Nandi mandapa at the Pataleshwar cave temple built in the Rashtrakuta era 753 982 Copper plates dated 858 and 868 CE show that by the 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune The plates indicate that this region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta dynasty The Pataleshwar rock cut temple complex was built during this era 30 Pune was part of the territory ruled by the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri from the 9th century to 1327 Pune was under control of various Muslim sultanates until the late 1600s 31 32 The Maratha Empire edit Main article Maratha Empire Pune was part of the Jagir fiefdom granted by the Nizamshahi Ahmadnagar Sultanate to Maloji Bhosale in 1599 33 Maloji Bhosale passed on Jagir of Pune to his son Shahaji Bhosale The town was destroyed by Murar Jagdeo a general from the rival Adil Shahi dynasty in 1636 Soon Shahaji himself joined Adilshahi and got his Pune jagir back At that time he selected the town for the residence of his wife Jijabai and young son Shivaji the future founder of the Maratha empire Shahaji appointed Dadoji Konddeo to help Jijabai in the administration of Jagir and in the reconstruction of the town The Lal Mahal residence of Jiajabai and Shivaji was completed in 1640 AD 28 Shivaji spent his young years at the Lal Mahal Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple The Ganesha idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity Gramadevata of the city 34 Pune changed hands between the Mughals and the Marathas many times during the rest of the 1600s Recognizing the military potential of Pune the Mughal general Shaista Khan and later the emperor Aurangzeb further developed the areas around the town 35 From 1703 to 1705 towards the end of the 27 year long Mughal Maratha Wars the town was occupied by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and its name was changed temporarily to Muhiyabad 15 36 This name was abandoned and reverted back to its original name soon after Aurangzib s death Peshwa Rule edit In 1720 Baji Rao I was appointed Peshwa prime minister of the Maratha Empire by Shahu I the fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire 37 As the Peshwa Bajirao moved his base from Saswad to Pune in 1728 marking the beginning of the transformation of what was a kasbah into a city 38 39 He also commissioned the construction of the Shaniwar Wada on the high grounds of right bank of the Mutha River The construction was completed in 1730 ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city Bajirao s son and successor Nanasaheb constructed a lake at Katraj on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city 40 41 The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004 42 43 nbsp British defence plan during Battle of KoregaonThe patronage of the Maratha Peshwas resulted in a great expansion of Pune with the construction of around 250 temples and bridges in the city including the Lakdi Pul 44 and the temples on Parvati Hill 45 and many Maruti Vithoba Vishnu Mahadeo Rama Krishna and Ganesh temples The building of temples led to religion being responsible for about 15 of the city s economy during this period 39 46 Pune prospered as a city during the reign of Nanasaheb Peshwa He developed Saras Baug Heera Baug Parvati Hill and new commercial trading and residential localities Sadashiv Peth Narayan Peth Rasta Peth and Nana Peth were developed The Peshwa s influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces at the Battle of Panipat but Pune remained the seat of power In 1802 Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the Battle of Poona directly precipitating the Second Anglo Maratha War of 1803 1805 The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II by the British East India Company in 1818 47 Historian Govind Sakharam Sardesai lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics military and finance in 18th century Pune Of these 163 families a majority 80 were Deshastha Brahmins 46 were Chitpawan 15 were Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu CKP whereas Karhade Brahmin and Saraswat accounted for 11 families each 48 British Rule 1818 1947 edit nbsp Map of Poona in 1911 The Third Anglo Maratha War broke out between the Marathas and the British East India Company in 1817 The Peshwas were defeated at the Battle of Khadki then spelled Kirkee on 5 November near Pune and the city was seized by the British It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency and the British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city now used by the Indian Army citation needed The Southern Command of the Indian Army was established in 1895 and has its headquarters in Pune cantonment 49 50 nbsp Harris railway bridge Dapodi in 1858 The city of Pune was known as Poona during British rule Poona Municipality was established in 1858 A railway line from Bombay to the city opened in 1858 run by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway GIPR 51 52 Navi Peth Ganj Peth now renamed Mahatma Phule Peth were developed during the British Raj citation needed Centre of Social Reform and Nationalism edit Pune was prominently associated with the struggle for Indian independence In the period between 1875 and 1910 the city was a centre of agitation led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak The city was also a centre for social reform led by Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Mahatma Jyotirao Phule feminist Tarabai Shinde Dhondo Keshav Karve and Pandita Ramabai They demanded the abolition of caste prejudice equal rights for women harmony between the Hindu and Muslim communities and better schools for the poor 53 Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned at the Yerwada Central Jail several times and placed under house arrest at the Aga Khan Palace between 1942 and 1944 where both his wife Kasturba Gandhi and aide Mahadev Desai died 54 Savarkar used to study in Fergusson College and performed the Holi of foreign items near Mutha river bank citation needed Pune since Indian Independence edit nbsp A Street in Budhwar Peth nbsp Deccan College in 1875 After Indian independence from the British in 1947 Pune saw enormous growth transforming it into a modern metropolis The Poona Municipal Council was reorganised to form the Pune Municipal Corporation PMC in 1950 55 The education sector in the city continued its growth in the post independence era with the establishment of the University of Pune now Savitribai Phule Pune University in 1949 the National Chemical Laboratory in 1950 and the National Defence Academy in 1955 56 57 58 The establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in the Hadapsar Bhosari and Pimpri areas 59 60 MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations 61 In the 1970s several engineering companies were set up in the city allowing it to vie with Chennai 62 63 In the 1990s Pune began to attract foreign capital particularly in the information technology and engineering industries IT parks were established in Aundh Viman Nagar Hinjawadi Wagholi Kharadi and Balewadi Baner region As a result the city saw a huge influx of people to the city due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing and lately the software industries The breach in the Panshet dam and the resulting flood of 1961 led to severe damage and destruction of housing close to the river banks 64 The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes 65 To integrate urban planning the Pune Metropolitan Region was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC the Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation the three cantonments and the surrounding villages 66 In 1998 work on the six lane Mumbai Pune expressway began it was completed in 2001 67 In 2008 the Commonwealth Youth Games took place in Pune which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city 68 On 13 February 2010 a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in the upmarket Koregaon Park neighbourhood in eastern Pune killing 17 and injuring 60 69 70 71 Evidence suggested that the Indian Mujahideen terrorist group carried out the attack 72 21st century edit Pune evolved greatly since Indian Independence from notable universities colleges and management schools earning it the nickname of the Oxford Of The East to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub 21 73 Pune is also home to the world s largest vaccine manufacturer Serum Institute of India 74 75 Geography edit nbsp Vetal Hill Panorama a prominent hill in Pune Elevation c 800 m Pune is situated at approximately 18 32 north latitude and 73 51 east longitude The city s total area is 15 642 km2 76 and the municipal corporation area covers 518 km2 77 By road Pune is 1 173 km 729 mi south of Delhi 734 km 456 mi north of Bangalore 562 km 349 mi north west of Hyderabad and 149 km 93 mi south east of Mumbai Pune lies on the western margin of the Deccan plateau at an altitude of 560 m 1 840 ft above sea level It is on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range which forms a barrier from the Arabian Sea It is a hilly city with Vetal Hill rising to 800 m 2 600 ft above sea level The Sinhagad fort is at an altitude of 1 300 metres 4 300 feet The old city of Pune is at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers The Pavana a tributary of Mula river and Indrayani river a tributary of the Bhima river traverse the northwest Neighbourhoods of Pune Cityscape edit See also List of neighbourhoods in Pune nbsp A view of the city from Baner HillThe modern city of Pune has many distinct neighbourhoods These include the numerous peths of the old city on the eastern bank of the Mutha river the cantonment areas of Khadki and Camp established by the British and numerous suburbs 60 There are several Peths in usual localities of the Pune city 78 The industrial growth in the Pimpri Chinchwad Akurdi Nigdi and nearby areas allowed these areas to incorporate a new governing municipal corporation 61 79 80 81 82 83 84 The Pune Metropolitan Region PMR initially defined in 1967 has grown to 7 256 km2 made up of the ten talukas of the Pune district 85 The areas of PMC and PCMC along with the three cantonment areas of Camp Khadki and Dehu Road form the urban core of the PMR which also includes seven municipal councils and 842 villages 85 86 87 Rapid industrialisation since the 1960s has led to large influx of people into the city Housing supply has not kept pace with demand causing the number of slum dwellings to increase 88 Approximately 36 of the population lives in 486 slum areas Of these 45 slum households do not have in house toilet facilities and 10 do not have electricity One third of the slums are on mixed ownership land The living conditions in slums varies considerably depending on their status formal informal and in how far non governmental organisations NGOs community organisations CBOs and government agencies are involved and committed to improving local living conditions 89 Since the 1990s a number of landmark integrated townships and gated communities have been developed in Pune such as Magarpatta Nanded city Amanora Blue Ridge Life Republic and Lavasa 90 They also offer business opportunities and access to infrastructure According to the PMC six townships with up to 15 000 housing units existed in Pune in 2012 and 25 more were in the planning process 89 The Mercer 2017 Quality of Living Rankings evaluated living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world and ranked Pune at 145 second highest in India after Hyderabad at 144 91 The same source highlights Pune as being among evolving business centres and as one of nine emerging cities around the world with the citation Hosts IT and automotive companies 92 The 2017 Annual Survey of India s City Systems ASICS report released by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy adjudged Pune as the best governed of 23 major cities 93 Selection of neighborhoods in Pune nbsp Amanora Park Town nbsp Aundh nbsp Bund Garden nbsp Erandwane nbsp Hadapsar nbsp Hinjewadi nbsp Katraj nbsp Kharadi nbsp Koregaon Park nbsp Kothrud nbsp Magarpatta nbsp Market Yard nbsp Pimpri Chinchwad nbsp Pune Camp nbsp Shivajinagar nbsp Sus nbsp Vimannagar nbsp Kalyani NagarPeths in Pune edit Main article Peths in Pune Peth is a general term in the Marathi language for a locality in Pune Seventeen peths are located in Pune which today constitute the old city of Pune Most were established during the Maratha empire era under the Maratha and Peshwa rule of the city in the 18th century before the arrival of the British 94 Pune is home to many distinctive peths or place names for various neighbourhoods The majority of them bore the names of their founders and days of the week 95 Climate edit Pune has a tropical wet and dry Koppen Aw climate closely bordering upon a hot semi arid climate Koppen BSh with average temperatures ranging between 20 and 28 C 68 and 82 F 96 Pune experiences three seasons summer monsoon and winter Typical summer months are from mid March to mid June with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching 42 C 108 F The warmest month in Pune is May The city often has heavy dusty winds in May with humidity remaining high Even during the hottest months the nights are usually cool due to Pune s high altitude The highest temperature recorded was 43 3 C 109 9 F on 30 April 1897 97 The monsoon lasts from June to October with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 C 72 to 82 F Most of the 722 mm 28 43 in of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September and July is the wettest month of the year Hailstorms are not unheard of For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around 29 C 84 2 F while overnight temperatures are below 12 C 53 6 F The lowest temperature recorded was 1 7 C 35 1 F on 17 January 1935 On 1 March 2015 the city recorded a daytime high of only 18 9 C 66 F which was the lowest recorded maximum temperature On 11 May 2023 Koregaon Park recorded a temperature of 44 4 C 112 F 98 Climate data for Pune 1981 2010 extremes 1901 2012 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 35 3 95 5 38 9 102 0 42 8 109 0 43 3 109 9 43 3 109 9 41 7 107 1 36 0 96 8 35 0 95 0 36 1 97 0 37 8 100 0 36 1 97 0 35 0 95 0 43 3 109 9 Mean daily maximum C F 29 8 85 6 32 1 89 8 35 6 96 1 37 6 99 7 36 9 98 4 31 9 89 4 28 3 82 9 27 6 81 7 29 4 84 9 31 5 88 7 30 4 86 7 29 2 84 6 31 7 89 1 Mean daily minimum C F 11 2 52 2 12 2 54 0 15 7 60 3 19 6 67 3 22 6 72 7 23 1 73 6 22 4 72 3 21 7 71 1 20 9 69 6 18 4 65 1 14 5 58 1 11 5 52 7 17 8 64 0 Record low C F 1 7 35 1 3 9 39 0 7 2 45 0 10 6 51 1 13 8 56 8 17 0 62 6 18 9 66 0 17 2 63 0 13 2 55 8 9 4 48 9 4 6 40 3 3 3 37 9 1 7 35 1 Average rainfall mm inches 1 1 0 04 0 3 0 01 2 2 0 09 8 5 0 33 26 8 1 06 173 4 6 83 181 4 7 14 145 2 5 72 146 1 5 75 86 3 3 40 25 0 0 98 7 0 0 28 803 0 31 61 Average rainy days 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 8 1 9 9 5 12 4 9 8 8 0 4 4 1 2 0 3 48 7Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 34 26 21 24 37 66 76 79 73 53 43 39 47Average dew point C F 12 54 11 52 11 52 13 55 18 64 21 70 21 70 21 70 21 70 19 66 16 61 13 55 16 61 Mean monthly sunshine hours 294 5 282 5 300 7 303 0 313 1 183 0 114 7 111 6 177 0 244 9 264 0 279 0 2 868Mean daily sunshine hours 9 5 10 0 9 7 10 1 10 1 6 1 3 7 3 6 5 9 7 9 8 8 9 0 7 9Source India Meteorological Department 99 100 101 Seismology edit Main article List of earthquakes in India Pune is 100 km 62 mi north of the seismically active zone around Koyna Dam 102 103 The India Meteorological Department has assessed this area as being in Zone 3 on a scale of 2 to 5 with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes 104 105 Pune has experienced some moderate and many low intensity earthquakes in its history Demographics editHistorical populationYearPop 185173 000 1891118 790 62 7 1901153 320 29 1 1911158 856 3 6 1921198 523 25 0 1931198 078 0 2 1941257 554 30 0 1951488 419 89 6 1971856 105 75 3 19811 203 351 40 6 19911 566 651 30 2 20012 540 069 62 1 20113 124 458 23 0 Source Census of India citation needed The city has a population of 3 124 458 while 5 057 709 people reside in the Pune Urban Agglomeration as of the 2011 census update 106 The latter was c 4 485 000 in 2005 According to the Pune Municipal Corporation PMC 40 of the population lived in slums in 2001 107 Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis it has attracted migrants from all parts of India The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43 900 in 2001 to 88 200 in 2005 108 The sharp increase in population during the decade 1991 2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city 109 The top five source areas of migrants are Karnataka Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Gujarat and Rajasthan The Sindhis in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947 110 Initially they settled in the Pimpri area which is still home to a large number of Sindhi people However they are also present in other parts of the city 111 As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 per cent of the population growth 112 113 The average literacy rate of Pune was 86 15 in 2011 compared to 80 45 in 2001 114 Religion edit Religion in Pune 2011 115 Religion PercentHinduism 79 43 Islam 11 03 Buddhism 3 94 Jainism 2 45 Christianity 2 17 Sikhism 0 43 Other or not stated 0 55 Others include Parsis See also Hindu temples in Pune Hinduism is the major religion practised by a little under 80 of people in Pune Other religions with a significant presence include Islam Buddhism Jainism Christianity Sikhism and Zoroastrianism 115 116 Of the many Hindu temples in the city the Parvati temple complex on Parvati Hill and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century 117 These temples were commissioned by the Peshwas who ruled the city at the time and are dedicated to various deities including Maruti Vithoba Vishnu Mahadeo Rama Krishna and Ganesh 118 119 120 121 The historic temples of Kasba Ganapati the Tambadi Red Jogeshwari are considered the guardian deities of the city 32 122 Dagdusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune Pune has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of the Varkari sect of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra namely Alandi where the samadhi of 13th century Saint Dnyaneshwar is located and Dehu where the 17th century Saint Tukaram lived Every year in the Hindu month of Ashadh June July the Paduka symbolic sandals of these saints are carried in a pilgrimage the Pandharpur Vari to meet Vithoba The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way to Pandharpur attracting hundreds of thousands of Varkaris and devotees Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites in PMR or the district include Jejuri and five of Ashtavinayak Ganesh temples The Shrutisagar Ashram houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of Dakshinamurthy Prominent mosques include Roshan Masjid Chand Tara Masjid Jama Masjid and Azam Campus Masjid Manusha Masjid Chand Tara Masjid located in Nana Peth is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters markaz for the Tablighi Jamaat Pune is also the birthplace of Meher Baba although his followers usually travel to Meherabad to visit his tomb Hazrat Babajan identified by Meher Baba as one of the five perfect masters has a shrine Dargah erected in her honour under a neem tree in Pune Camp 123 124 Pune has a distinct Christian community comprising Roman Catholic CNI Methodist Presbyterians Christian Missionaries helped in setting up schools and colleges all over and also spread the message of faith 125 The city has several churches dedicated to different Christian denominations including St Anthony s Shrine Dapodi Church etc St Patrick s Cathedral built in 1850 is the seat of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona Pune has Jain temples dating back to the Peshwa era At present there are more than one hundred Jain temples in PMR with the one at Katraj being the largest 126 Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar in Pune Camp and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha in Ganesh Peth being the ones situated in the heart of the city The 19th century Ohel David Synagogue known locally as Lal Deval is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel 127 128 The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers The controversial Guru Osho formerly the self styled Bhagwan Rajneesh lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s The Osho International Meditation Resort one of the world s largest spiritual centres is located in Koregaon Park and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon known as Osho Monsoon Festival Number of well known artists around the world participates in the event 129 Languages edit Languages of Pune M Corp 2011 130 Marathi 67 89 Hindi 13 14 Urdu 3 78 Marwari 2 60 Gujarati 2 25 Telugu 1 99 Kannada 1 92 Others 6 43 Marathi is the official and most spoken language Pune being the cultural capital of Maharashtra is a centre for Marathi literature and its dialect forms the basis for the written standard of Marathi As a destination for migrants throughout India Hindi is also widely spoken as is Dakhni Urdu by the Muslim community Gujarati and Marwari are spoken by the business community Government and politics editMain articles Pune Municipal Corporation Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Pune Police and PMRDA Civic administration edit nbsp Pune Municipal Corporation buildingPune Municipal Corporation and Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation are the civic bodies responsible for local government It comprises two branches the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner an IAS officer appointed by the Government of Maharashtra and an elected deliberative branch the general body headed by the Mayor of Pune 131 Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councillors commonly known as corporators who form the general body The current general body of the PMC elected in February 2017 has 162 corporators representing 41 multi member wards 39 with 4 corporators each and 2 with 3 each 132 The general body in turn elects the mayor and the deputy mayor The mayor has a ceremonial role as the first citizen and ambassador of the city while the actual executive power lies with the municipal commissioner For policy deliberations corporators form several committees Perhaps the most important of these is the 16 member Standing Committee half of whose members retire every year 133 The Standing Committee and the 15 ward committees are in charge of financial approvals 131 PMC was ranked 8th out of 21 Indian cities for best governance and administrative practices in 2014 It scored 3 5 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3 3 134 The Pune City Police Department is the law enforcement agency for the city of Pune It is a division of the Maharashtra Police and is headed by the Police Commissioner an officer of the Indian Police Service The Pune Police Department reports to the State Ministry of Home Affairs A separate police commissionerate was announced for PCMC Pune in April 2018 to be carved out of the historic Pune Police Department 135 136 The new commissionerate took charge on 15 August 2018 137 138 Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority PMRDA was formed on 31 March 2015 and is responsible for the integrated development of the PMR 139 Currently its jurisdiction extends over 7 256 46 km2 2 802 sq mi and includes two municipal corporations three cantonment boards seven municipal councils 13 census towns and 842 villages 85 87 nbsp Khadakwasla reservoir the main source of water for the cityUtility services edit The PMC supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Khadakwasla Reservoir There are five other reservoirs in the area that supply water to the city and the greater metropolitan area 140 The city lacks the capacity to treat all the sewage it generates which leads to the Mutha river containing only sewage outside the monsoon months 141 In 2009 only 65 of sewage generated was treated before being discharged into the rivers 140 According to Anwesha Borthakur and Pardeep Singh unplanned and haphazard development has turned the Mula Mutha river into a dead river The Pune municipal corporation has undertaken plans to restore life into the rivers 142 PMC is also responsible for collecting solid waste Around 1 600 tons of solid waste is generated in Pune each day The waste consists of 53 organic compostable material and 47 inorganic material of which around half is recyclable The unrecovered solid waste is transported to the dumping grounds in Urali devachi 143 The state owned Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited supplies electricity to the city Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BSNL owned by the central government as well as private enterprises such as Reliance Jio Bharti Airtel and Vodafone Idea are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city 144 25 26 179 nbsp One of the oldest hospitals in India Sassoon HospitalHealthcare edit See also List of hospitals in Pune Healthcare in the PMR is provided by private and public facilities Primary care is provided by practitioners of Allopathic medicine as well as traditional and alternative medicine i e Ayurved Homeopathy and Unani For minor and chronic ailments people in the region often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine 145 The PMR is served by three government hospitals Sassoon Hospital Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital There are also a number of private hospitals such as Ranka Hospital Sahyadri Jahangir Nursing Home Sancheti Hospital Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital KEM Hospital Ruby Hall Naidu Hospital 146 and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune 147 Economy editMain page Category Economy of Pune nbsp World Trade Center Pune nbsp Cerebrum IT Park nbsp EON IT park Kharadi nbsp Cybercity Magarpatta Pune is a well known manufacturing and industrial center of India With an estimated nominal GDP of Rs 3 31 478 crores for year 2019 20 Pune District is the third largest contributor to the economy of Maharashtra after Mumbai and Thane Pune has the fifth largest metropolitan economy and the sixth highest per capita income in the country 148 149 As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Maharashtra the GDP per capita of Pune District in 2019 20 was Rs 3 16 848 In 2014 15 the manufacturing sector provided employment to over 500 000 people 150 Manufacturing edit Main article List of vehicle plants in India Maharashtra The formation of MIDC in 1962 resulted in a constant process of industrial land acquisition and the creation of required support infrastructure Since then there has been a massive influx of several European companies who continue to be keen on setting up manufacturing facilities in the city The city serves as headquarters to many companies Major industrial areas around Pune are Chakan Chinchwad Bhosari Pirangut Hinjawadi Talegaon Talawade Urse The Independent referred Chakan as India s Motor City 151 The Kirloskar Group one of India s largest manufacturers and exporters of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia is headquartered in Pune 152 153 Kalyani Group headquartered in Pune owns Bharat Forge which operates world s largest single location forging facility consisting of fully automated forging press lines and state of the art machining facility in Pune 154 155 Bajaj Auto headquartered in Pune is ranked as the world s fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer 156 Engineering services company DesignTech Systems is based in Pune 157 The city is known for its automotive industry A large number of automobile companies such as Bajaj Auto Tata Motors Mahindra amp Mahindra Skoda cars Mercedes Benz Force Motors Kinetic Motors General Motors Land Rover Jaguar Renault Volkswagen and Fiat have there manufacturing plants in Chakan Serum Institute of India the world s fifth largest vaccine producer by volume is based in Pune 158 As of August 2023 Tesla Inc has leased a space in Pune marking its initial step towards establishing a presence in India 159 Information Technology edit The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi is a 60 000 crore US 8 9 billion project by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation MIDC 160 161 The IT Park encompasses an area of about 2 800 acres 11 km2 and is home to over 800 IT companies 162 150 Besides Hinjawadi IT companies are also located at Magarpatta Kharadi and several other parts of the city As of 2017 the IT sector employs more than 300 000 people 162 150 Pune has also emerged as a new hub for tech startups in India 163 164 165 NASSCOM in association with MIDC has started a co working space for city based startups under its 10 000 startups initiative at Kharadi MIDC 166 Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by the World Bank It is being implemented with the help of Small Industries Development Bank of India Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune 167 168 Major technology companies Ubisoft Pune Zensar Technologies Patni Computer Systems Persistent Systems Indiacom Harbinger Knowledge Products Seniority Monjin Mylab Discovery Solutions Quick Heal and KPIT Technologies are headquartered in Pune Indian tech giant Infosys was founded in Pune who have a mega campus in city Zensar Technologies is located in a mega campus called Zensar Park Entertainment edit See also List of tourist attractions in Pune nbsp Westend Mall Aundh PunePune is an emerging center for VFX services with Indian and international studios such as Anibrain Reliance Animation 169 Digikore Studio HMX Media Waffold Pune Stereo D Framestore and Method Studios 170 having established their facilities here The Meetings Incentives Conferencing Exhibitions trade is expected to be boosted since the Pune International Exhibition and Convention Centre PIECC opened in 2017 The 97 hectare PIECC boasts a seating capacity of 20 000 with a floor area of 13 000 m2 139 931 sq ft It has seven exhibition centres a convention centre a golf course a five star hotel a business complex shopping malls and residences The US 115 million project was developed by the Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority 171 There are many food joints around Pune which makes it a favourite outing destination 172 World Trade Center WTC Pune is a 1 6 million sq ft complex built to foster international trade WTC Pune is part of the World Trade Centers Association 173 174 Culture editArchitecture edit nbsp Shinde Chhatri in Wanowrie Historical attractions include the 8th century rock cut Pataleshwar cave temple the 18th century Shaniwarwada the 19th century Aga Khan Palace Lal Mahal and Sinhagad fort Shinde Chhatri located at Wanowrie is a memorial dedicated to the great Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde Scindia 175 The old city had many residential buildings with courtyards called Wada However many of these have been demolished and replaced by modern buildings A renowned wada in Pune is the last residential palace of the Peshwa called Vishrambaug Wada which is currently being renovated by the city corporation 176 The city is also known for its British Raj bungalow architecture and the Garden Cities Movement layout of the Cantonment from the early 20th century Landmark architectural works by Christopher Charles Benninger surround the city including the Mahindra United World College of India the Centre for Development Studies and Activities the YMCA Retreat at Nilshi and the Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies nbsp Pu La Deshpande Garden Museums parks and zoos edit Museums in Pune include the Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum Mahatma Phule Industrial Museum Deccan college museum of Maratha history 177 Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum Joshi s Museum of Miniature Railway and the Pune Tribal Museum Pune also houses Blades of Glory Cricket Museum which is the biggest cricket museum in the world The College of Military Engineering has an archive and an equipment museum this includes a rail exhibit with a metre gauge train The Aga Khan Palace where Mahatma Gandhi was interned during the Quit India movement has a memorial dedicated to his wife Kasturba Gandhi who died during the internment For a city of its size Pune has very few large public parks and gardens Parks and green spaces in the city include the Kamala Nehru Park Sambhaji Park Shahu Udyan Peshwe Park Saras Baug Empress Gardens and Bund Garden 178 The Pu La Deshpande Udyan is a replica of the Korakuen Garden in Okayama Japan 179 The Hanuman hill Vetal hill and Taljai Hills are protected nature reserves on hills within the city limits The Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park is located in Katraj 180 The zoo earlier located at Peshwe Park was merged with the reptile park at Katraj in 1999 Pune Riverfront is under construction being developed by Pune Municipal Corporation along the banks of Mula Mutha River 181 Performing arts edit nbsp Ganpati procession by Jnana Prabodhini schoolBoth experimental and professional theatre receive extensive patronage from the Marathi community The Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir Bharat Natya Mandir Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha and Sudarshan Rangmanch are prominent theatres in the city 182 183 184 Ganesh Kala Krida Rangamanch is the largest indoor theatre in the city with a seating capacity of approximately 45 000 185 The Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav one of the most prominent and sought after Indian classical music festivals in India is held in Pune every year in December It commemorates the life and achievements of Sawai Gandharva 186 The concept of Diwaḷi Pahaṭ lit Diwali dawn originated in Pune as a music festival on the morning of the festival of Diwali 187 Festivals edit Ganesh Festival is widely and publicly celebrated in Pune Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the public celebration of the festival as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti public assembly legislation in 1892 188 189 Pandals with Ganesh idols are erected all across Pune Many Ganesh mandals display live or figurine shows called Dekhava during the festival These shows often carry socially relevant messages Processions of Ganpati are accompanied by Dhol Tasha pathaks groups who play Dhol Tasha percussion instruments Involvement of these pathaks has become a cultural identity of Pune with there being over 150 such groups operating in and around Pune Jnana Prabodhini a social organisation in Pune is widely accredited for founding the tradition of Dhol Tasha pathaks 190 Transport editMain article Transport in Pune Air edit Main article Pune International Airport nbsp Pune Airport Pune International Airport at Lohagaon is one of the busiest airports in India The airport is operated by the Airports Authority of India It shares its runways with the neighbouring Indian Air Force base 191 In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities the airport has international direct flights to Dubai operated by Air India Express 192 and SpiceJet and direct flights to Singapore operated by Vistara Pune International Airport at Lohegaon was ranked third best in the category of 5 15 million passengers by Airport Service Quality in 2018 193 A new international airport has been proposed due to the limited capacity of the existing airport A location in the Chakan Rajgurunagar area was chosen for the airport 194 195 but non availability of land delayed the project for over a decade 196 In September 2016 the location was changed to Purandar c 20 kilometres 12 mi south of the city 197 198 The proposed airport in Purandar will be spread over 2 400 hectares New Pune Airport is proposed to serve the city of Pune The greenfield airport will be located near the villages of Ambodi Sonori Kumbharvalan Ekhatpur Munjawadi Khanwadi Pargaon Memane Rajewadi Aamble Tekwadi Vanpuri Udachiwadi Singapur near Saswad and Jejuri in Purandar taluka of Pune District citation needed Public transport edit Public transport in Pune includes Pune Suburban Railway bus services operated by PMPML and auto rickshaws Uber and Ola Cabs also operate in the city Construction of Pune Metro an urban mass rapid transit system is underway 199 and is slated to be completed by December 2023 Work is underway on an additional line connecting Hinjewadi IT hub to Shivajinagar Civil Court This line is expected to open to public by 2025 200 Rail edit Main articles Pune Railway Station and Pune Suburban Railway nbsp Pune Junction railway station nbsp Pune Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway electric multiple units popularly called local trains connect Pune to the industrial city of Pimpri Chinchwad and the hill station of Lonavala Daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai Nashik Ahmedabad Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Nanded Miraj Sangli Kolhapur Jaipur Raipur Nagpur Visakhapatnam Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Coimbatore Bangalore Allahabad Kanpur Howrah Jammu Tawi Vijayawada Darbhanga Goa Gwalior Varanasi Bhubaneswar Ranchi Patna and Jamshedpur At Pune there is a diesel locomotive shed and an electric trip shed 201 Pune Railway Station is administered by the Pune Railway Division of Central Railways 202 Bus service edit Main articles Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited and Rainbow BRTS nbsp Rainbow BRT System Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated by Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited PMPML PMPML operates the Rainbow BRTS system the first of its kind in India in which dedicated bus lanes were supposed to allow buses to travel quickly through the city The project has turned out to be a failure receiving little patronage from the local citizenry 203 Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation runs buses from stations in Wakdewadi Pune station and Swargate to all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighbouring states Private companies also run buses to major cities throughout India 204 In January 2019 Pune became the first Indian city to adopt e buses and Bhekrai Nagar the country s first all electric bus depot As of November 2019 up to 133 electric vehicles EVs have been deployed across the city in the first phase of its e bus programme 205 The user s group is Pune Bus Pravasi Sangh Metro edit Main article Pune Metro nbsp Civil Court metro station nbsp Nal Stop metro station Pune Metro a mass rapid transit system is under construction and with 12 km of two lines currently in operation as of 6 March 2022 206 207 208 The detailed project report was prepared for the initial two lines by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation which was approved by the State government in 2012 and by the central government in December 2016 209 210 211 Two lines Line 1 from Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corportion Building to Swargate and Line 2 from Ramwadi to Vanaz with a combined length of 31 25 kilometres 19 42 mi are being constructed by MahaMetro a 50 50 joint venture of the State and central governments 212 Line 1 will run underground between Swargate and Range Hills be and elevated until PCMC Bhavan Line 2 will be completely elevated and will intersect Line 1 at the Civil Court interchange station in Shivajinagar 213 The civil court interchange station will eventually host three main lines of Pune metro under one roof facilitating easy changeover for passengers from one line to another Incidentally the civil court station of Pune Metro will also be the largest interchange station in the city and also the head office of Pune Metro 214 Line 3 between Hinjawadi and Civil Court Shivajinagar was approved by the state and central governments in January and March 2018 respectively 215 216 This 23 3 km line is being implemented by PMRDA on a public private partnership basis 217 Road transport edit Main article List of roads in Pune Pune is well connected to other cities by Indian and state highways National Highway 48 connects it to Mumbai and Bangalore National Highway 65 connects it to Hyderabad and National Highway 60 connects it to Nashik State Highway 27 connect Pune to Ahmednagar The Mumbai Pune Expressway is India s first six lane high speed expressway and it was built in 2002 Only four wheeled vehicles are allowed on it This expressway has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to a little over two hours A ring road is planned around the city 218 219 220 Major highways nbsp Pune Bengaluru Express highway nbsp Pune Nashik Highway nbsp Mumbai Pune Expressway nbsp Pune Solapur Highway nbsp Pune Ahmednagar Highway nbsp Pune Saswad Highway Personal transport edit nbsp Mumbai Pune Expressway nbsp JRD Tata Bridge Kasarwadi Once known as the cycle city of India Pune has experienced a rapid growth in the number of motorised two wheelers replacing the bicycle 221 In 2005 the city was reported to have one million two wheelers The report also stated that the increase in vehicular and industrial activity had led to a 10 fold increase in particulate pollution in some areas of the city 222 In 2018 the number of vehicles in the city has exceeded its population with 3 62 million total vehicles 2 70 million being two wheelers 223 224 In the fiscal year 2017 18 alone 300 000 new vehicles were registered in the city two thirds of them two wheelers 225 A revival of cycling in Pune with 130 kilometres 81 mi of cycle tracks built was attempted as a part of the BRT system under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission in 2004 However a 2011 report revealed that only 88 kilometres 55 mi of tracks were actually built and most were unusable at the time of the report 226 227 Under the Smart Cities Mission app based cycle sharing schemes have been launched in the city since late 2017 228 229 230 The PMC has devised the Pune Cycle Plan with 470 kilometres 290 mi of cycle tracks planned 231 232 233 Cycles are also seen as a possible way of improving last mile connectivity for the metro system 234 Education editMain article List of educational institutions in Pune nbsp Main building of Pune UniversityPune has over a hundred educational institutes and more than nine deemed universities apart from the Savitribai Phule Pune University SPPU formerly University of Pune which is the largest University in the country based on total number of affiliated colleges 235 Higher education institutes attract international students mainly from the Middle Eastern countries such as Iran and United Arab Emirates and also African countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya 236 Pune is the largest centre for Japanese learning in India 237 Other languages taught in the city include German which is taught at the Goethe Institut and French which is taught at Alliance Francaise Several colleges in Pune have student exchange programmes with colleges in Europe 238 Primary and secondary education edit Main article List of schools in Pune The PMC runs 297 primary schools and 30 secondary and higher secondary schools 239 240 While it is mandatory for the PMC to provide primary education under state law secondary education is an optional duty 240 241 242 In the rural and suburban areas of the PMR public primary schools are run by the Pune Zilla Parishad Private schools are run by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government 243 Public schools are affiliated to the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education State Board The language of instruction in public schools is primarily Marathi although the PMC also runs Urdu English and Kannada medium schools 240 244 245 Along with these languages private schools also offer instruction in Hindi and Gujarati 246 Private schools vary in their choice of curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education the CBSE or CISCE 247 248 Jnana Prabodhini Prashala located in Sadashiv Peth is the first school for intellectually gifted and talented students in India 249 Additionally it counts with one of the 18 United World Colleges across the globe having UWC Mahindra College in the Mulshi Valley Tertiary education edit Main article List of educational institutions in PuneMost colleges in Pune are affiliated to the SPPU Savitribai Phule Pune University Nine other universities have also been established in the city 250 Pune also hosts the Military Intelligence Training School which offers diploma courses in counter intelligence combat intelligence aerial imagery and interpretation among others 251 nbsp National Defence Academy India The College of Engineering Pune an autonomous institute of the government of Maharashtra founded in 1854 is the third oldest engineering college in Asia The Deccan Education Society was founded by local citizens in 1884 including social and political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak who was also responsible for founding Fergusson College in 1885 252 The Indian Law Society s Law College is one of the top ten law schools in India 253 The Armed Forces Medical College and B J Medical College are among the top medical colleges in India The Armed Forces Medical College consistently ranks among the top five medical colleges in India 254 The Film and Television Institute of India one of only three Indian institutions in the global CILECT film school network is located on Law College Road The Lalit Kala Kendra is an undergraduate department of Music Dance and Drama on the SPPU campus that has been operational since 1987 This department features a combination of gurukul and formal education systems 255 The College of Military Engineering the Army Institute of Physical Training and the Institute of Armament Technology are also in Pune Christ University Pune Lavasa campus is part of Christ University Bangalore located in Lavasa 256 Symbiosis International University operates 33 colleges and institutions in the city including the Symbiosis Institute of Business Management the Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies the Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development the Symbiosis Law School and the Symbiosis Institute of International Business They are ranked among the top management and law institutes in the country 257 258 The Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research is one of the few colleges in India that promotes open source technology 259 UWC Mahindra College one of eighteen United World Colleges worldwide and the third is Asia offering the International Baccalaureate IB Diploma Program DP is located near Pune 260 261 Research institutes edit Pune is home to a number of governmental and non governmental research institutes focusing on a wide range of subject areas from the humanities to the sciences The Ministry of Defence also runs a number of defence related education training and research establishments in and around the city Major research centers include Agharkar Research Institute ARI Armament Research Development Establishment ARDE Armed Forces Medical College India AFMC Army Institute of Technology AIT Automotive Research Association of India ARAI Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI Central Institute of Road Transport CIRT 262 Central Water and Power Research Station CW amp PRS Centre for Development of Advanced Computing C DAC 263 Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO Defence Institute of Advanced Technology DIAT Film and Television Institute of India FTII Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics High Energy Materials Research Laboratory HEMRL Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune IISER Pune Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology IITM Inter university Centre for Astronomy amp Astrophysics IUCAA National AIDS Research Institute NARI National Centre for Cell Science NCCS National Centre for Radio Astrophysics NCRA National Chemical Laboratory NCL National Defence Academy NDA National Informatics Centre NIC National Institute of Bank Management NIBM National Institute of Construction Management and Research NICMAR National Institute of Virology NIV National School of Leadership NSL National Insurance Academy NIA Research amp Development Establishment Engineers R amp DE E Tata Research Development and Design Centre TRDDC Media editA number of Marathi language newspapers from the British era continued publishing decades after independence These included Kesari Tarun Bharat Prabhat and Sakal 264 Sakal has remained the most popular Marathi daily 265 266 Kesari is now only published as an online newspaper The Mumbai based Maharashtra Times Loksatta and Lokmat have all introduced Pune based editions in the last fifteen years The Mumbai based popular English newspaper the Indian Express has a Pune edition Its rival the Times of India introduced a tabloid called Pune Mirror in 2008 Mid Day Daily News and Analysis and Sakaal Times are other local English newspapers The English language newspaper The Hindu has launched when a Pune edition covering local as well as national news citation needed Another English language online news website PuneNow was launched covering local and national news 267 The government owned All India Radio AIR has been broadcasting from Pune since 1953 268 Savitribai Phule Pune University broadcasts programmes focusing on its different departments and student welfare schemes on its own FM radio channel called Vidyavani 269 A number of commercial FM channels are also received in the city 270 The city receives almost all of the television channels in India including broadcast cable and direct to home TV Sports editMain article Sports in Pune nbsp Maharashtra Cricket Association StadiumBadminton in its modern form originated in Pune 271 The game of badminton was also known as Poona or Poonah after the then British garrison town of Poona where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873 Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia but the modern game of badminton developed in the mid 19th century among the British as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock Battledore was an older term for racquet 272 273 undue weight discuss nbsp Badminton Arena in Balewadi Women s tennis ITF 25K tournament held at Deccan Gymkhana club s tennis courts in 2021 It also hosted men s ITF 15K event ATP 250 Maharashtra Open was held at Balewadi till 2022 It was India s biggest professional tennis championship and only ATP event of India where top professional tennis players participated 274 275 Popular games and sports in Pune include cricket athletics basketball badminton field hockey football tennis kabaddi paragliding kho kho wrestling rowing and chess citation needed The Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium in Balewadi is the venue for wrestling and other traditional sports The Royal Connaught Boat Club is one of several boating clubs on the Mula Mutha river Pune has basketball courts at the Deccan Gymkhana and at Fergusson College 276 Pune Skatepark is a skateboarding park built in Sahakarnagar consisting of an eight foot bowl in a 3 000 square foot flatground 277 Other prominent sporting institutions in Pune include the Nehru Stadium the PYC Hindu Gymkhana the Poona Golf Club and the Poona Cricket Club The PYC has a long history of excellence in cricket It is one of the oldest clubs in India and has produced many great cricketers including D B Deodhar Vijay Hazare and C K Naid 278 nbsp Closing ceremony of the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games hosted in Pune The Neharu Stadium has hosted a game of the 1996 Cricket World Cup The city is scheduled to host five games of 2023 Cricket World Cup including one of India against Bangladesh The Pune International Marathon is an annual marathon conducted in Pune The National Games of 1994 and the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games were held in the city at the Balewadi Stadium The Deccan Gymkhana has hosted Davis Cup matches on several occasions The 37 000 seating capacity Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium has hosted international cricket T20s One Day Internationals and a test match 279 The National Education Foundation organises Enduro3 a cross country adventure race in Pune It is a two or three day event with activities including cycling trekking river crossing and rifle shooting 280 Pune Race Course was built in 1830 on 118 5 acres 0 480 km2 of land and is managed by the Royal Western India Turf Club The course has two training tracks and two racing surfaces The racing season is from July to October and includes the Pune Derby the RWITC Invitational the Independence Cup and the Southern Command Cup 281 The city hosted the 2009 FIVB Men s Junior World Championship Teams edit The Maharashtra cricket team and state s women s team owned by Maharashtra Cricket Association represents the state in domestic cricket competitions such as the Ranji Vijay Hazare Trophy and women s domestic cricket respectively is based in Pune headquarter at Gahunje village Pune Warriors India 2011 2014 and Rising Pune Supergiant 2016 2017 were the two teams based in Pune to play in the Indian Premier League 282 Poona District Football Association PDFA was established in 1972 and currently has more than 100 registered teams 283 There were two popular football clubs now defunct competing in the I League from the city Pune FC 284 and DSK Shivajians FC 285 FC Pune City was an Indian Super League football club in Pune Established in 2014 FC Pune City became the only professional football club in India to have teams which participated at all levels of professional football Senior Team ISL U 18 Team Elite league U 16 Team U 14 Team and the Women s Team 286 The city is home to the Pune Peshwas runners up in the 2015 UBA Pro Basketball League season Pune also has an American football franchise called the Pune Marathas which began playing in the inaugural season of the Elite Football League of India in 2011 and which plays at the Balewadi Stadium 287 288 City based professional clubs Club Sport League Stadium SpanPune Marathas American football EFLI Deccan Gymkhana Ground 2012 presentPune FC Association football I League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2007 2016DSK Shivajians FC Association football I League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 1987 2017Bharat FC Association football I League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014 2015FC Pune City Association football Indian Super League ISL Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014 2019Pune FC Academy Association football Indian Super League ISL Youth League India 2011 2016Pune 7 Aces Badminton Premier Badminton League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2016 presentPune Pistons Badminton Indian Badminton League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2016 presentPune Peshwas Basketball UBA Deccan Gymkhana Ground 2015 presentMaharashtra cricket team Cricket Ranji Trophy Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 1934 presentPune Warriors India Cricket Indian Premier League IPL Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2011 2014Rising Pune Supergiant Cricket Indian Premier League IPL Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2016 2017Puneri Bappa Cricket Maharashtra Premier League MPL Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2023 presentVeer Marathi Cricket Celebrity Cricket League CCL Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 2013 2015Maratha Warriors Hockey Premier Hockey League PHL Mahindra Hockey Stadium 2005 2008Puneri Paltan Kabaddi Pro Kabaddi League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014 presentPune Marathas Tennis Champions Tennis League Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 2014 2015International relations editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in India nbsp Pune Okayama Friendship GardenTwin towns and sister cities nbsp San Jose California United States 1992 289 nbsp Vacoas Phoenix Mauritius 290 nbsp Austin Texas United States since 2018 nbsp Fairbanks Alaska United States nbsp Matteson Illinois United States nbsp Kawasaki Japan nbsp Winnipeg Canada nbsp Tromso Norway Informal relationship nbsp Bremen Germany 291 292 293 nbsp Okayama JapanSee also edit nbsp India portalList of tallest buildings in Pune List of people from Pune Poonawalla List of tourist attractions in Pune Pune Metro Pimpri ChinchwadReferences edit Choudhuri Debjani Pal 2007 Community Planning for Intervention for Victims of Domestic Violence Kassel University Press p 35 ISBN 978 3 89958 346 5 Diddee Jaymala 2000 Pune Queen of the Deccan Elephant Design Pvt Limited ISBN 978 8187693000 Pune History Origin and History of Poona India Archived from the original on 25 February 2019 Retrieved 25 February 2019 Municipal Commissioner Office Pune Official website of the Pune Municipal Corporation Archived from the 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