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Broadcasting

April 22, 2023

"Broadcast" redirects here. For other uses, see Broadcast (disambiguation).

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.[1] Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, most implementations of electronic communication (early radio, telephone, and telegraph) were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. The term broadcasting evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about.[2] It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials[3] or by telegraph.[4] Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898.[5]

A broadcasting antenna in Stuttgart

Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, though more recently, both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable (cable television). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as public radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio and commercial television. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines "broadcasting" as "transmissions intended for reception by the general public, either direct or relayed".[6] Private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, amateur ("ham") and citizens band (CB) radio operators are not allowed to broadcast. As defined, "transmitting" and "broadcasting" are not the same.

Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by radio waves is referred to as "over the air" (OTA) or terrestrial broadcasting and in most countries requires a broadcasting license. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like cable television (which also retransmits OTA stations with their consent), are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well.[7]

History

Main article: History of broadcasting

The earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using Morse code, a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel Morse, physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail. They developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the silence between them. Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. This was particularly important for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, but it became increasingly important for business and general news reporting, and as an arena for personal communication by radio amateurs.[2]

In 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean.[8] This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. Audio radio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.[9]

World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications. After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar.[10] Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.[11]

On 25 March 1925, John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929.[12] However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927.[13] After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium, using VHF and UHF spectrum. Satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellites) emerging in the 1980s.

Originally all broadcasting was composed of analog signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s, broadcasters switched to digital signals using digital transmission. An analog signal is any continuous signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves.[14] In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values which imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information and entertainment programming from various sources to the general public.[15]

The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information, to 1.9 zettabytes.[16] This is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986, and 175 newspapers per person per day by 2007.[17]

Methods

In a broadcast system, the central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analog (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).[18][19]

Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and video to the general public:

Economic models

There are several means of providing financial support for continuous broadcasting:

  • Commercial broadcasting: for-profit, usually privately owned stations, channels, networks, or services providing programming to the public, supported by the sale of air time to advertisers for radio or television advertisements during or in breaks between programs, often in combination with cable or pay cable subscription fees.
  • Public broadcasting: usually non-profit, publicly owned stations or networks supported by license fees, government funds, grants from foundations, corporate underwriting, audience memberships, contributions or a combination of these.
  • Community broadcasting: a form of mass media in which a television station, or a radio station, is owned, operated or programmed, by a community group to provide programs of local interest known as local programming. Community stations are most commonly operated by non-profit groups or cooperatives; however, in some cases they may be operated by a local college or university, a cable company or a municipal government.
  • Internet Webcast: the audience pays to recharge and buy virtual gifts for the anchor, and the platform converts the gifts into virtual currency. The anchor withdraws the virtual currency, which is drawn by the platform. If the anchor belongs to a trade union, it will be settled by the trade union and the live broadcasting platform, and the anchor will get the salary and part of the bonus. This is the most common profit model of live broadcast products.

Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models. For example, in the United States, National Public Radio (NPR) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS, television) supplement public membership subscriptions and grants with funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), which is allocated bi-annually by Congress. US public broadcasting corporate and charitable grants are generally given in consideration of underwriting spots which differ from commercial advertisements in that they are governed by specific FCC restrictions, which prohibit the advocacy of a product or a "call to action".

Recorded and live forms

 
An "On Air" sign is illuminated, usually in red, while a broadcast or recording session is taking place.

The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as "recorded" or "live". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like sports television can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the live television telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s, requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: Effects of time on North American broadcasting). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg disaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio radio stations around the world.

A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may learn the outcome of an event before the recording is broadcast, which may be a "spoiler". Prerecording may be used to prevent announcers from deviating from an officially approved script during a live radio broadcast, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s. Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "live-to-tape"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio concert performance. Similar situations have occurred in television production ("The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live television studio audience") and news broadcasting.

A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the radio studio at a single station or television station, it is sent through the studio/transmitter link to the transmitter and hence from the television antenna located on the radio masts and towers out to the world. Programming may also come through a communications satellite, played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time, originally via microwave link, now usually by satellite. Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as magnetic tape, compact disc (CD), DVD, and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when electronic news gathering (ENG) returns a story to the station for inclusion on a news programme.

The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a radio station or television station to an antenna and radio receiver, or may come through cable television[20] or cable radio (or "wireless cable") via the station or directly from a network. The Internet may also bring either internet radio or streaming media television to the recipient, especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared. The term "broadcast network" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signals that can be received using a tuner (television) inside a television set with a television antenna from so-called networks that are broadcast only via cable television (cablecast) or satellite television that uses a dish antenna. The term "broadcast television" can refer to the television programs of such networks.

Social impact

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. As with all technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and slang have developed. A list of these terms can be found at List of broadcasting terms.[21] Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having a cable converter box with decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels, pay-tv and pay-per-view services. In his essay, John Durham Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination. Peters stated, "Dissemination is a lens—sometimes a usefully distorting one—that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time ... on the agenda of any future communication theory in general".[22]: 211  Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between. It is possible for the message to be changed or corrupted by government officials once the main source releases it. There is no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting.

Broadcasting focuses on getting a message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Peters also states that broadcasting is used to address an open-ended destination.[22]: 212  There are many forms of broadcasting, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Broadcasters typically arrange audiences into entire assemblies.[22]: 213  In terms of media broadcasting, a radio show can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific disc jockey. The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and just talks into the microphone.[22] He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time.

Broadcast engineering

Main article: Broadcast engineering

Broadcast engineering is the field of electrical engineering, and now to some extent computer engineering and information technology, which deals with radio and television broadcasting. Audio engineering and RF engineering are also essential parts of broadcast engineering, being their own subsets of electrical engineering.[23]

Broadcast engineering involves both the studio and transmitter aspects (the entire airchain), as well as remote broadcasts. Every station has a broadcast engineer, though one may now serve an entire station group in a city. In small media markets the engineer may work on a contract basis for one or more stations as needed.[23][24][25]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Peters, John Durham (1999). Speaking into the Air. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-66276-3. OCLC 40452957. from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b Douglas, Susan J. (1987). Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3832-3. OCLC 15485739.
  3. ^ The Hand-book of Wyoming and Guide to the Black Hills and Big Horn Regions 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, 1877, p. 74: "in the case of the estimates sent broadcast by the Department of Agriculture, in its latest annual report, the extent has been sadly underestimated".
  4. ^ "Medical Advertising" 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, December 1886, p. 334: "operations formerly described in the city press alone, are now sent broadcast through the country by multiple telegraph".
  5. ^ "Wireless Telegraphy" 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Electrician (London), 14 October 1898, p. 815: "there are rare cases where, as Dr. Lodge once expressed it, it might be advantageous to 'shout' the message, spreading it broadcast to receivers in all directions".
  6. ^ Electronic Code of Federal Regulation. (28 September 2017). Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  7. ^ Maccise, Diana Larrea; Montaser Marai (2018). "Mobile Journalism" (PDF). AlJazeera Media Training and Development Centre. (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  8. ^ Vujovic, Ljubo (1998). . Tesla Memorial Society of New York. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016.
  9. ^ "TR Center – Talking Across the Ocean". www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  10. ^ Thompson, R.J. Jr. (2011). Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 9781118104644.
  11. ^ Théberge, P.; Devine, K.; Everrett, T (2015). Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781623566654.
  12. ^ . MZTV Museum of Television. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.
  13. ^ Postman, Neil (29 March 1999). . Time. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009.
  14. ^ "Analogue Signal – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  15. ^ "Digital Signal Processing | Journal | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  16. ^ "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
  17. ^ . Ideas.economist.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  18. ^ Haykin, Simon (2001). Communication Systems (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-471-17869-9.
  19. ^ How Radio Works 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, HowStuffWorks.com, 2006.
  20. ^ "Информационно – развлекательный портал – DIWAXX.RU – мобильная связь, безопасность ПК и сетей, компьютеры и программы, общение, железо, секреты Windows, web-дизайн, раскрутка и оптимизация сайта, партнерские программы". Diwaxx.ru. from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  21. ^ . Qsl.net. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  22. ^ a b c d Peters, John Durham (2006), "Communication as Dissemination", Communication as…: Perspectives on Theory, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 211–222, doi:10.4135/9781483329055.n23, ISBN 978-1-4129-0658-6, from the original on 22 August 2022, retrieved 22 August 2022
  23. ^ a b Pizzi, Skip (2014). A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers. Graham Jones (4th ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-90683-4. OCLC 879025861.
  24. ^ . Careerplanning.about.com. 8 November 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  25. ^ . skillset. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

Bibliography

  • Carey, James (1989), Communication as Culture, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 201–30
  • Kahn, Frank J., ed. Documents of American Broadcasting, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).
  • Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds, American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television (Hastings House, 1975).
  • Meyrowitz, Joshua, Mediating Communication: What Happens? in Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (eds), Questioning The Media (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1995), pp. 39–53
  • Peters, John Durham (2006), "Communication as Dissemination", Communication as…: Perspectives on Theory, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 211–222, doi:10.4135/9781483329055.n23, ISBN 978-1-4129-0658-6, from the original on 22 August 2022, retrieved 22 August 2022{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  • Thompson, J., The Media and Modernity, in Mackay, H., and O'Sullivan, T. (eds), The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation (London: Sage, 1999), pp. 12–27
  • International bibliography – History of wireless and radio broadcasting

Further reading

  • Barnouw Erik. The Golden Web (Oxford University Press, 1968); The Sponsor (1978); A Tower in Babel (1966).
  • Covert Cathy, and Stevens John L. Mass Media Between the Wars (Syracuse University Press, 1984).
  • Tim Crook; International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice Routledge, 1998
  • John Dunning; On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio Oxford University Press, 1998
  • Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. Broadcasting: Radio and Television (Harper & Brothers, 1952).
  • Maclaurin W. Rupert. Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry (The Macmillan Company, 1949).
  • Robert W. McChesney; Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928–1935 Oxford University Press, 1994
  • Gwenyth L. Jackaway; Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924–1939 Praeger Publishers, 1995
  • Lazarsfeld Paul F. The People Look at Radio (University of North Carolina Press, 1946).
  • Schramm Wilbur, ed. Mass Communications (University of Illinois Press, 1960).
  • Schwoch James. The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900–1939 (University of Illinois Press, 1990).
  • Slater Robert. This ... is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years (Prentice Hall, 1988).
  • Sterling Christopher H. Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920–1983 (Praeger, 1984).
  • Sterling Christopher, and Kittross John M. Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting (Wadsworth, 1978).
  • Wells, Alan, World Broadcasting: A Comparative View, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 1-56750-245-8

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broadcasting.
 
Look up broadcasting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Radio Locator, for American radio station with format, power, and coverage information.
  • Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page – History of broadcast transmitter
  • – Broadcast Industry Glossary

April 22, 2023
broadcasting, broadcast, redirects, here, other, uses, broadcast, disambiguation, distribution, audio, video, content, dispersed, audience, electronic, mass, communications, medium, typically, using, electromagnetic, spectrum, radio, waves, many, model, began,. Broadcast redirects here For other uses see Broadcast disambiguation Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum radio waves in a one to many model 1 Broadcasting began with AM radio which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers Before this most implementations of electronic communication early radio telephone and telegraph were one to one with the message intended for a single recipient The term broadcasting evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about 2 It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials 3 or by telegraph 4 Examples applying it to one to many radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898 5 A broadcasting antenna in Stuttgart Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television though more recently both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable cable television The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment e g a radio or television set can receive the signal The field of broadcasting includes both government managed services such as public radio community radio and public television and private commercial radio and commercial television The U S Code of Federal Regulations title 47 part 97 defines broadcasting as transmissions intended for reception by the general public either direct or relayed 6 Private or two way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition For example amateur ham and citizens band CB radio operators are not allowed to broadcast As defined transmitting and broadcasting are not the same Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by radio waves is referred to as over the air OTA or terrestrial broadcasting and in most countries requires a broadcasting license Transmissions using a wire or cable like cable television which also retransmits OTA stations with their consent are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license though in some countries a license is required In the 2000s transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well 7 Contents 1 History 2 Methods 3 Economic models 4 Recorded and live forms 5 Social impact 6 Broadcast engineering 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory EditMain article History of broadcasting The earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves using Morse code a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel Morse physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail They developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses and the silence between them Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code This was particularly important for ship to ship and ship to shore communication but it became increasingly important for business and general news reporting and as an arena for personal communication by radio amateurs 2 In 1894 Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean 8 This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio Audio radio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century On 17 December 1902 a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay Nova Scotia Canada became the world s first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America In 1904 a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers 9 World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications After the war commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication radio navigation and radar 10 Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard 11 On 25 March 1925 John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges Baird s device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929 12 However for most of the 20th century televisions depended on the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927 13 After World War II interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium using VHF and UHF spectrum Satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s with DBS Direct Broadcast Satellites emerging in the 1980s Originally all broadcasting was composed of analog signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s broadcasters switched to digital signals using digital transmission An analog signal is any continuous signal representing some other quantity i e analogous to another quantity For example in an analog audio signal the instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves 14 In contrast a digital signal represents the original time varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values which imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation In general usage broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information and entertainment programming from various sources to the general public 15 Analog audio radio AM FM vs Digital audio radio HD Radio Digital Audio Broadcasting DAB Satellite radio and Digital Radio Mondiale DRM Analog television vs Digital television WirelessThe world s technological capacity to receive information through one way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007 from 432 exabytes of optimally compressed information to 1 9 zettabytes 16 This is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986 and 175 newspapers per person per day by 2007 17 Methods EditIn a broadcast system the central high powered broadcast tower transmits a high frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low powered receivers The high frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information The receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information The broadcast signal can be either analog signal is varied continuously with respect to the information or digital information is encoded as a set of discrete values 18 19 Historically there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and video to the general public Telephone broadcasting 1881 1932 the earliest form of electronic broadcasting not counting data services offered by stock telegraph companies from 1867 if ticker tapes are excluded from the definition Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of Theatrophone Theatre Phone systems which were telephone based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theatre performances over telephone lines created by French inventor Clement Ader in 1881 Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone newspaper services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s primarily located in large European cities These telephone based subscription services were the first examples of electrical electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming citation needed Radio broadcasting experimentally from 1906 commercially from 1920 audio signals sent through the air as radio waves from a transmitter picked up by an antenna and sent to a receiver Radio stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common radio programs either in broadcast syndication simulcast or subchannels Television broadcasting telecast experimentally from 1925 commercially from the 1930s an extension of radio to include video signals Cable radio also called cable FM from 1928 and cable television from 1932 both via coaxial cable originally serving principally as transmission media for programming produced at either radio or television stations but later expanding into a broad universe of cable originated channels Direct broadcast satellite DBS from c 1974 and satellite radio from c 1990 meant for direct to home broadcast programming as opposed to studio network uplinks and down links provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming or both with dedicated satellite radio programming See also Satellite television Webcasting of video television from c 1993 and audio radio from c 1994 streams offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with dedicated Internet radio and Internet television Economic models EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message There are several means of providing financial support for continuous broadcasting Commercial broadcasting for profit usually privately owned stations channels networks or services providing programming to the public supported by the sale of air time to advertisers for radio or television advertisements during or in breaks between programs often in combination with cable or pay cable subscription fees Public broadcasting usually non profit publicly owned stations or networks supported by license fees government funds grants from foundations corporate underwriting audience memberships contributions or a combination of these Community broadcasting a form of mass media in which a television station or a radio station is owned operated or programmed by a community group to provide programs of local interest known as local programming Community stations are most commonly operated by non profit groups or cooperatives however in some cases they may be operated by a local college or university a cable company or a municipal government Internet Webcast the audience pays to recharge and buy virtual gifts for the anchor and the platform converts the gifts into virtual currency The anchor withdraws the virtual currency which is drawn by the platform If the anchor belongs to a trade union it will be settled by the trade union and the live broadcasting platform and the anchor will get the salary and part of the bonus This is the most common profit model of live broadcast products Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models For example in the United States National Public Radio NPR and the Public Broadcasting Service PBS television supplement public membership subscriptions and grants with funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting CPB which is allocated bi annually by Congress US public broadcasting corporate and charitable grants are generally given in consideration of underwriting spots which differ from commercial advertisements in that they are governed by specific FCC restrictions which prohibit the advocacy of a product or a call to action Recorded and live forms EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message A television studio production control room in Olympia Washington August 2008 An On Air sign is illuminated usually in red while a broadcast or recording session is taking place Radio Maria studio in Switzerland The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937 Broadcasts can be classified as recorded or live The former allows correcting errors and removing superfluous or undesired material rearranging it applying slow motion and repetitions and other techniques to enhance the program However some live events like sports television can include some of the aspects including slow motion clips of important goals hits etc in between the live television telecast American radio network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone See Effects of time on North American broadcasting This restriction was dropped for special occasions as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg disaster at Lakehurst New Jersey in 1937 During World War II prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U S radio In addition American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio radio stations around the world A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may learn the outcome of an event before the recording is broadcast which may be a spoiler Prerecording may be used to prevent announcers from deviating from an officially approved script during a live radio broadcast as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s Many events are advertised as being live although they are often recorded live sometimes called live to tape This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in studio concert performance Similar situations have occurred in television production The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live television studio audience and news broadcasting A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means If coming directly from the radio studio at a single station or television station it is sent through the studio transmitter link to the transmitter and hence from the television antenna located on the radio masts and towers out to the world Programming may also come through a communications satellite played either live or recorded for later transmission Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time originally via microwave link now usually by satellite Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media such as magnetic tape compact disc CD DVD and sometimes other formats Usually these are included in another broadcast such as when electronic news gathering ENG returns a story to the station for inclusion on a news programme The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer It may come over the air as with a radio station or television station to an antenna and radio receiver or may come through cable television 20 or cable radio or wireless cable via the station or directly from a network The Internet may also bring either internet radio or streaming media television to the recipient especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared The term broadcast network is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over the air television signals that can be received using a tuner television inside a television set with a television antenna from so called networks that are broadcast only via cable television cablecast or satellite television that uses a dish antenna The term broadcast television can refer to the television programs of such networks Social impact Edit Radio station WTUL studio Tulane University New Orleans The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule As with all technological endeavors a number of technical terms and slang have developed A list of these terms can be found at List of broadcasting terms 21 Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable often both simultaneously By coding signals and having a cable converter box with decoding equipment in homes the latter also enables subscription based channels pay tv and pay per view services In his essay John Durham Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination Peters stated Dissemination is a lens sometimes a usefully distorting one that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction presence and space and time on the agenda of any future communication theory in general 22 211 Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between It is possible for the message to be changed or corrupted by government officials once the main source releases it There is no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message They can choose to listen analyze or ignore it Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting Broadcasting focuses on getting a message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it Peters also states that broadcasting is used to address an open ended destination 22 212 There are many forms of broadcasting but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience Broadcasters typically arrange audiences into entire assemblies 22 213 In terms of media broadcasting a radio show can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific disc jockey The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and just talks into the microphone 22 He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time Broadcast engineering EditMain article Broadcast engineering Broadcast engineering is the field of electrical engineering and now to some extent computer engineering and information technology which deals with radio and television broadcasting Audio engineering and RF engineering are also essential parts of broadcast engineering being their own subsets of electrical engineering 23 Broadcast engineering involves both the studio and transmitter aspects the entire airchain as well as remote broadcasts Every station has a broadcast engineer though one may now serve an entire station group in a city In small media markets the engineer may work on a contract basis for one or more stations as needed 23 24 25 See also EditAnalog television Bandplan Broadcast engineering Broadcast quality Broadcast television systems contains the standards of the topic Broadcasting in the United States Cablecast Frank Conrad Dead air Digital television Electronic media European Broadcasting Union EBU List of broadcast satellites List of broadcasting terms List of radio awards List of television awards Narrowcasting NaSTA Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network NBMA North American broadcast television frequencies Outside broadcast Radio Act of 1927 United States Reality television Society of Broadcast Engineers SBE Television broadcasting in Australia Television transmitter Transposer WilkinsburgNotes and references Edit Peters John Durham 1999 Speaking into the Air Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 66276 3 OCLC 40452957 Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 Retrieved 22 August 2022 a b Douglas Susan J 1987 Inventing American Broadcasting 1899 1922 Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 3832 3 OCLC 15485739 The Hand book of Wyoming and Guide to the Black Hills and Big Horn Regions Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine 1877 p 74 in the case of the estimates sent broadcast by the Department of Agriculture in its latest annual report the extent has been sadly underestimated Medical Advertising Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal December 1886 p 334 operations formerly described in the city press alone are now sent broadcast through the country by multiple telegraph Wireless Telegraphy Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Electrician London 14 October 1898 p 815 there are rare cases where as Dr Lodge once expressed it it might be advantageous to shout the message spreading it broadcast to receivers in all directions Electronic Code of Federal Regulation 28 September 2017 Retrieved 2 October 2017 Maccise Diana Larrea Montaser Marai 2018 Mobile Journalism PDF AlJazeera Media Training and Development Centre Archived PDF from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 24 June 2021 Vujovic Ljubo 1998 Tesla Biography Tesla Memorial Society of New York Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 TR Center Talking Across the Ocean www theodorerooseveltcenter org Retrieved 12 March 2021 Thompson R J Jr 2011 Crystal Clear The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II Hoboken NJ Wiley ISBN 9781118104644 Theberge P Devine K Everrett T 2015 Living Stereo Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound New York Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 9781623566654 The Pioneers MZTV Museum of Television 2006 Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 Postman Neil 29 March 1999 Philo Farnsworth Time Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 Analogue Signal an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved 8 August 2022 Digital Signal Processing Journal ScienceDirect com by Elsevier www sciencedirect com Retrieved 8 August 2022 The World s Technological Capacity to Store Communicate and Compute Information Archived 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Martin Hilbert and Priscila Lopez 2011 Science 332 6025 60 65 free access to the article through here martinhilbert net WorldInfoCapacity html video animation on The World s Technological Capacity to Store Communicate and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010 Ideas economist com Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 Retrieved 26 December 2011 Haykin Simon 2001 Communication Systems 4th ed John Wiley amp Sons pp 1 3 ISBN 978 0 471 17869 9 How Radio Works Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine HowStuffWorks com 2006 Informacionno razvlekatelnyj portal DIWAXX RU mobilnaya svyaz bezopasnost PK i setej kompyutery i programmy obshenie zhelezo sekrety Windows web dizajn raskrutka i optimizaciya sajta partnerskie programmy Diwaxx ru Archived from the original on 3 November 2017 Retrieved 11 November 2017 Broadcast Terminology Qsl net Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 Retrieved 11 November 2017 a b c d Peters John Durham 2006 Communication as Dissemination Communication as Perspectives on Theory Thousand Oaks California SAGE Publications Inc pp 211 222 doi 10 4135 9781483329055 n23 ISBN 978 1 4129 0658 6 archived from the original on 22 August 2022 retrieved 22 August 2022 a b Pizzi Skip 2014 A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non Engineers Graham Jones 4th ed Hoboken Taylor and Francis ISBN 978 1 317 90683 4 OCLC 879025861 about com Broadcast Technician or Sound Engineering Technician Career Information Careerplanning about com 8 November 2010 Archived from the original on 18 September 2005 Retrieved 3 August 2013 Transmission Engineer TV skillset 25 July 2012 Archived from the original on 8 May 2007 Retrieved 3 August 2013 Bibliography EditCarey James 1989 Communication as Culture New York and London Routledge pp 201 30 Kahn Frank J ed Documents of American Broadcasting fourth edition Prentice Hall Inc 1984 Lichty Lawrence W and Topping Malachi C eds American Broadcasting A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television Hastings House 1975 Meyrowitz Joshua Mediating Communication What Happens in Downing J Mohammadi A and Sreberny Mohammadi A eds Questioning The Media Thousand Oaks CA Sage 1995 pp 39 53 Peters John Durham 2006 Communication as Dissemination Communication as Perspectives on Theory 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States SAGE Publications Inc pp 211 222 doi 10 4135 9781483329055 n23 ISBN 978 1 4129 0658 6 archived from the original on 22 August 2022 retrieved 22 August 2022 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location link Thompson J The Media and Modernity in Mackay H and O Sullivan T eds The Media Reader Continuity and Transformation London Sage 1999 pp 12 27 International bibliography History of wireless and radio broadcastingFurther reading EditBarnouw Erik The Golden Web Oxford University Press 1968 The Sponsor 1978 A Tower in Babel 1966 Covert Cathy and Stevens John L Mass Media Between the Wars Syracuse University Press 1984 Tim Crook International Radio Journalism History Theory and Practice Routledge 1998 John Dunning On the Air The Encyclopedia of Old Time Radio Oxford University Press 1998 Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P Broadcasting Radio and Television Harper amp Brothers 1952 Maclaurin W Rupert Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry The Macmillan Company 1949 Robert W McChesney Telecommunications Mass Media and Democracy The Battle for the Control of U S Broadcasting 1928 1935 Oxford University Press 1994 Gwenyth L Jackaway Media at War Radio s Challenge to the Newspapers 1924 1939 Praeger Publishers 1995 Lazarsfeld Paul F The People Look at Radio University of North Carolina Press 1946 Schramm Wilbur ed Mass Communications University of Illinois Press 1960 Schwoch James The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities 1900 1939 University of Illinois Press 1990 Slater Robert This is CBS A Chronicle of 60 Years Prentice Hall 1988 Sterling Christopher H Electronic Media A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920 1983 Praeger 1984 Sterling Christopher and Kittross John M Stay Tuned A Concise History of American Broadcasting Wadsworth 1978 Wells Alan World Broadcasting A Comparative View Greenwood Publishing Group 1996 ISBN 1 56750 245 8External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broadcasting Look up broadcasting in Wiktionary the free dictionary Radio Locator for American radio station with format power and coverage information Jim Hawkins Radio and Broadcast Technology Page History of broadcast transmitter Indie Digital Cinema Services Broadcast Industry Glossary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Broadcasting amp oldid 1144992765, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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