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Ahmedabad

January 17, 2023

This article is about the city in Gujarat, India. For other places, see Ahmadabad (disambiguation).

Ahmedabad (/ˈɑːmədəbæd, -bɑːd/ AH-mə-də-ba(h)d; Gujarati: Amdavad [ˈəmdɑːʋɑːd] (listen)[14]) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per the 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India,[15] and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India. Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the Sabarmati River,[16] 25 km (16 mi)[17] from the capital of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, also known as its twin city.[18]

Ahmedabad
Aashaval, Karnavati, Amdavad
Metropolis
Amdavad
Clockwise from top:
High Rises on SG Highway, Atal Pedestrian Bridge, Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad BRTS Station, Ahmedabad Aerial View, Hutheesing Temple.
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Heritage City of India
Ahmedabad
Location of Ahmedabad in Gujarat
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad (India)
Coordinates: 23°02′N 72°35′E / 23.03°N 72.58°E / 23.03; 72.58Coordinates: 23°02′N 72°35′E / 23.03°N 72.58°E / 23.03; 72.58
Country India
StateGujarat
DistrictAhmedabad
Establishment11th Century CE as AshavalKing Asha Bhil
Founded byKing Asha Bhil
Named forAhmad Shah I
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyAmdavad Municipal Corporation
 • MayorKirit Parmar (BJP)
 • Deputy MayorGita Patel (BJP)[1]
 • Municipal commissionerShri Dr. Dhavalkumar Patel, IAS[2]
 • Police commissionerSanjay Shrivastav IPS[3]
Area
[4][5][6][7]
 • Metropolis505.00 km2 (194.98 sq mi)
 • Urban
[8]
1,866 km2 (720 sq mi)
 • Rank8th in India (1st in Gujarat State)
Elevation
[9]
53 m (174 ft)
Population
 (2011)https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ahmedabad-population
 • Metropolis9,090,000
 • Rank5th
 • Density18,000/km2 (47,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
[10]
6,357,693
Demonym(s)Amdavadi, Ahmedabadi
Language
 • OfficialGujarati
 • Additional officialEnglish
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Pincode(s)
380 0XX
Area code079
Vehicle registrationGJ-01 (west), GJ-27 (East), GJ-38 Bavla (Rural)[11]
Sex ratio1.11[12] ♂/♀
Literacy rate89.62[citation needed]
GDP Nominal$80  billion[13]
Percapita$7513 or ₹6.1 lakh[13]
Websiteahmedabadcity.gov.in

Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second-largest producer of cotton in India, due to which it was known as the 'Manchester of India' along with Kanpur. Ahmedabad's stock exchange (before it was shut down in 2018) was the country's second oldest. Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad; a newly built stadium, called Narendra Modi Stadium, at Motera can accommodate 132,000 spectators, making it the largest stadium in the world. The world-class Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave is currently under construction and once complete, it will be one of the biggest sports centers (Sports City) in India. The effects of the liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce, communication and construction.[19] Ahmedabad's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries, resulting in the development of skyscrapers.[20]

In 2010, Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes's list of fastest growing cities of the decade.[21] In 2012, The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in.[22] The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at $80 billion in 2020.[23][24] In 2020, Ahmedabad was ranked as the third-best city in India to live by the Ease of Living Index.[25] In July 2022, Time magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of world's 50 greatest places of 2022.[26]

Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[27] In July 2017, the Historic City of Ahmedabad, or Old Ahmedabad, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage City.[28] The city is home to the World's First Swaminarayan Mandir, located in Kalupur area of Old Ahmedabad.

History

Main article: History of Ahmedabad

The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval.[29] At that time, Karna, the Chaulukya (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval,[30] and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati.[31] Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I, thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty.[32][33][34] In 1411, this area came under the control of his grandson, Sultan Ahmed Shah, who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for a new capital city. He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself.[35][36] According to other versions, he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed.[37] Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411[38] (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of Dhu al-Qi'dah, Hijri year 813[39]) at Manek Burj. Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th-century Hindu saint, Maneknath, who intervened to help Ahmed Shah I build Bhadra Fort in 1411.[35][40][41][42] He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411.[43] Chandan and Rajesh Nath, 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath, perform puja and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad's foundation day and for the Vijayadashami festival every year.[35][41][44][45]

 
City Walls of Ahmedabad, 1866

In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.[46] In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah, fled to Diu.[47] Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686.[48] Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the Marathas.[49]

During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda.[50] In 1780, during the First Anglo-Maratha War, a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war. The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War.[37] A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858.[37] Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai (then Bombay) was established by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city.[37] Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname "Manchester of the East".[51]

 
Ahmedabad and its environs, ca 1914

The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams – the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now Sabarmati Ashram) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres of nationalist activities.[37][52] During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March. The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement. Following independence and the partition of India in 1947, the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947, Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan,[53] who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares.[54] It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960.[55] During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for higher education, science and technology.[56] Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan".[citation needed]

 
Sabarmati Ashram, established by Mahatma Gandhi

In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built city of Gandhinagar. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development. The 1974 Nav Nirman agitation – a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad – snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel, then chief minister of Gujarat.[57] In the 1980s, a reservation policy was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes.[58] The city was considerably impacted by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and causing much damage.[59] The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the 2002 Gujarat riots, spread to Ahmedabad; in eastern Chamanpura, 69 people were killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre on 28 February 2002.[60] Refugee camps were set up around the city, housing 50,000 Muslims, as well as some small Hindu camps.[61]

The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people.[62] Militant group Harkat-ul-Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks.[63]

Other than New Delhi, Ahmedabad is a rare city in India to have hosted premiers of major economies like the US, China and Canada. On 24 February 2020, President Trump became the first president of the US to visit the city as part of Namaste Trump. Earlier, President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the city.[64][65][66]

Demographics

Population

Population census
YearPop.±%
1872 119,762—    
1881 127,621+6.6%
1891 148,412+16.3%
1901 185,889+25.3%
1911 216,777+16.6%
1921 274,007+26.4%
1931 313,789+14.5%
1941 595,210+89.7%
YearPop.±%
1951 842,643+41.6%
1961 1,156,788+37.3%
1971 1,750,134+51.3%
1981 2,534,641+44.8%
1991 3,324,197+31.2%
2001 4,488,237+35.0%
2011 5,633,927+25.5%
Source: Census of India

At the 2011 Census of India Ahmedabad had a population of 5,633,927, making it the fifth most populous city in India.[citation needed] The urban agglomeration centred upon Ahmedabad, then having a population of 6,357,693, now estimated at 7,650,000, is the seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India.[16][17] The city had a literacy rate of 89.62%; 93.96% of the men and 84.81% of the women were literate.[citation needed] Ahmedabad's sex ratio in 2011 was 897 women per 1000 men.[citation needed] According to the census for the Ninth Plan, there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41% (1663 families) live below the poverty line.[67] Approximately 440,000 people live in slums within the city.[68] In 2008, there were 2273 registered non-resident Indians living in Ahmedabad.[69] In 2010, Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest-growing city in India, and listed it as third fastest-growing in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu and Chongqing.[70] In 2011, it was rated India's best megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB.[71] According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report of 2003, Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million.[72] In December 2011, market research firm IMRB declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in when compared to India's other megacities.[73] Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by "community organisations" (i.e. cooperatives), and according to Vrajlal Sapovadia, professor of the B.K. School of Business Management, "the spatial growth of the city is to [an] extent [a] contribution of these organisations".[74] Ahmedabad Cantonment provides residential zones for Indian Army officials.[75] Ahmedabad's 2020 population is now estimated at 8,059,441. In 1950, the population of Ahmedabad was 854,959. Ahmedabad has grown by 950,155 since 2015, which represents a 2.54% annual change.[76] According to the UN World Population Prospects, the population might increase to 8,854,444 by 2025. It is also predicted to have a massive rise to 11,062,112 as early as 2035.[77]

Poverty

In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth faced competition from automation and domestic specialty looms. Several mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), the governing and administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums.[78]

Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has declined from 28% in 1993–1994 to 10% in 2011–2012.[78] This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through projects and programs, the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums. However, some challenges remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, improved water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. Finally, the conception of pro-poor, inclusive development is being overshadowed by a national initiative promoting the creation of 'global cities' of capital investment and technological innovation. This has shifted priorities towards constructing new housing and attracting private development rather than servicing the urban poor.[78]

Informal housing and slums

As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing. The other 34% lives in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant, and this has led to a rise in density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements, and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents.[78]

Slum Networking Project

In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and electricity, but because of tenure issues, they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households.[78] This project, also known as Parivartan (Change), involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training).[79] In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of ₹4,350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed ₹600 million, NGOs provided ₹90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project.[79] Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their home.[78]

This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most work out of their homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance.[80] The SNP received the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment.[81] However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks.[78]

Religion and ethnicity

Religions in Ahmedabad City (2011)[82]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 81.56%
Islam
 
 13.51%
Jainism
 
 3.62%
Christianity
 
 0.85%
Sikhism
 
 0.24%
Other or not stated
 
 0.24%

According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81.56% of the population followed by Muslims (13.51%), Jains (3.62%), Christians (0.85%) and Sikhs (0.24%).[82] Buddhists, people following other religions and those who didn't state any religion make up the remainder.


Geography

Main article: Geography of Ahmedabad
 
19th-century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad lies at 23°02′N 72°35′E / 23.03°N 72.58°E / 23.03; 72.58 in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of 505 km2 (195 sq mi).[4][5][6][7] The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However, with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of Maninagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Qutb-ud-din, in 1451.[87]

According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).[88]

Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship.[89] A Pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion.[90][91] This is a list of Pols in the old walled city[90] of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. Heritage of these Pols[92] has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO's Tentative Lists, in selection criteria II, III and IV.[93] The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses.[94] The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center. The first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol.[95] Old city also houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the relatively modern Nehru Bridge. The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road, C. G. Road and Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway.[96]

 
There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions.

Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, its construction began in 2005

Climate

Ahmedabad has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is 43 °C (109 °F), and the average minimum is 24 °C (75 °F). From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C (86 °F), and the average minimum is 13 °C (55 °F). Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres (31 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016, with it reaching 48 °C (118 °F).[97]

Climate data for Ahmedabad (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.1
(97.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		43.9
(111.0) 		46.2
(115.2) 		48.0
(118.4) 		47.2
(117.0) 		42.2
(108.0) 		40.4
(104.7) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		48.0
(118.4)
Average high °C (°F) 28.1
(82.6) 		30.8
(87.4) 		35.8
(96.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		41.6
(106.9) 		38.8
(101.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.8
(92.8) 		35.7
(96.3) 		32.9
(91.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		34.3
(93.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.3
(93.7) 		33.1
(91.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		28.5
(83.3) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		21.4
(70.5) 		27.6
(81.7)
Average low °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.9
(75.0) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.5
(81.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		21.0
(69.8)
Record low °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		2.2
(36.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.2
(0.05) 		0.6
(0.02) 		1.1
(0.04) 		2.5
(0.10) 		5.5
(0.22) 		84.3
(3.32) 		310.1
(12.21) 		242.2
(9.54) 		120.2
(4.73) 		13.1
(0.52) 		1.9
(0.07) 		0.9
(0.04) 		783.6
(30.85)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 3.9 11.3 10.3 6.1 0.9 0.3 0.1 34.0
Average relative humidity (%) 49 43 37 41 47 62 77 81 71 53 48 50 55
Average dew point °C (°F) 9
(48) 		10
(50) 		10
(50) 		14
(57) 		19
(66) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		19
(66) 		14
(57) 		11
(52) 		17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 287.3 274.3 277.5 297.2 329.6 238.3 130.1 111.4 220.6 290.7 274.1 288.6 3,019.7
Average ultraviolet index 6 8 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 7 6 10
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2012)[98][99][100][101] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[102]
Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity 1971–1990),[103] IEM ASOS (May record high)[104] Weather Atlas[105]

Following a heat wave in May 2010 reaching 46.8 °C (116.2 °F) and claiming hundreds of lives,[106] the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan.[107] Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health.[108] It also focuses on community participation, building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat, training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat-related illnesses, and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit.[109]

Cityscape

Early in Ahmedabad's history, under Ahmed Shah, builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style.[110] Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion.[110] Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings.[90] A Pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad.

After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn, who designed the IIM-A; Le Corbusier, who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owners' Association Building, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome.[111][112] B. V. Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the School of Architecture (now CEPT). His local works include Sangath, Amdavad ni Gufa, Tagore Memorial Hall and the School of Architecture. Charles Correa, who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde, and the Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association complex.[113][114][115] Christopher Charles Benninger's first work, the Alliance Française, is located in the Ellis Bridge area.[116] Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn's IIM-A campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD.[117]

Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden, Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden, Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden.[118] Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, caracals, Asiatic wolves and chinkara.[119]

The Kankaria Lake, built in 1451 AD, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad.[120] In earlier days, it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj-e-Kutub.[121] Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).[122] Vastrapur lake is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Beautified by local authorities in 2002, it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens.[123] Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home to cormorants, painted storks and spoonbills.[124] During the evening time, many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll.[125] There is a recently developed lake in Naroda,[126] and there is also the world's largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm (Dastan Farm).[127] AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront.[128]

Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor air purifiers at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air.[129]

Civic administration

 
Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district, administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by the mayor of Ahmedabad. The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote, and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed on 14 June 2018.[130] The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are: water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure.[7] AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for "the best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3."[131] Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour.[132]

The city is divided into seven zones constituting 48 wards.[133][134] The city's urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).

Public services

  • Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital, the largest civil hospital in Asia.[137] Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised.[138]
  • Electricity in the city is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited, owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company, which was previously a state-run corporation.[139]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Ahmedabad
 
Navaratri celebrations in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad observes a range of festivals. Celebrations and observances include Uttarayan, an annual kite-flying day on 14 and 15 January. Nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The festival of lights, Deepavali, is celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house, decorating the floors with rangoli, and the lighting of firecrackers. The annual Rath Yatra procession on the Ashadh-sud-bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple, the festival of colours Holi, celebrated on the last full moon day in the end of the winter and based on the lunisolar Hindu calendar, and the procession of Tajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are important events.[140][141]

One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is a Gujarati thali, which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900.[142] It consists of roti (Chapati), dal, rice and shaak (cooked vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Sweet dishes include laddoo, mango, and vedhmi. Dhoklas, theplas and dhebras are also very popular dishes in Ahmedabad.[143] Beverages include buttermilk and tea. Drinking alcohol is forbidden in Ahmedabad.[144]

There are many restaurants, which serve Indian and international cuisines. Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as a strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities.[145] The first all-vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad.[146] KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen,[147][148] as does McDonald's.[149][150] Ahmedabad has a quite a few restaurants serving typical Mughlai non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, Kalupur and Jamalpur.[151]

Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is better known for its food stalls in the evening, which sell local street food. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath.[152] Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art. The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie-dyed bandhinis, while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi (also known as mojri) footwear. Idols of Ganesha and other religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area. In 2019, there was a swing in the trend and people are adopting a more eco-friendly version of the Ganesha statue.[153] The shops at the Law Garden sell mirrorwork handicrafts.[118]

Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar.[154][155]

The Sanskar Kendra, one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier, is a city museum depicting its history, art, culture and architecture. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs, documents and other articles relating to Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel. The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles.[156] The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Turkish.[citation needed] There is the Vechaar Utensils Museum which has stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc and German silver tools.[157][158]

Shreyas Foundation has four museums on the same campus. Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from the communities of Gujarat. Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum has a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries.[159][160][161]

L D Institute of Indology houses 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorative art, paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet.[162] N C Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.[163]

In 1949 Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was established by the scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai, and thus Ahmemedabad city became the centre of Indian classical dance.

Education

Main article: Education in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad had a literacy rate of 79.89% in 2001 which rose to 89.62 percent in 2011. As of 2011, the literacy rate among males and females were 93.96 and 84.81 percent, respectively.

Among the several universities in Ahmedabad, Gujarat University is the largest and claims to be the oldest;[164] although the Gujarat Vidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi – it received no charter from the British Raj, becoming a deemed university only in 1963.[165] A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with Gujarat University. Gujarat Technological University, CEPT University, Nirma University, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM) and Ahmedabad University all date from this century. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University has over 100,000 students enrolled on its distance learning courses.[166][167]

Ahmedabad is home to the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, which was ranked first among management institutes in the country by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2018.[168]

Established in 1947 by the scientist Vikram Sarabhai, the oldest of the research institutes in Ahmedabad, the Physical Research Laboratory is active in space science, astronomy, high-energy physics and other areas of research.[169] The Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, established in 1949 by Mrinalini Sarabhai, was listed by UNESCO as an institution active in the "Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage".[170][171]

Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the municipal corporation, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education, Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, International Baccalaureate and National Institute of Open School.

Media

 
Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan

Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India, Indian Express, DNA, The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro.[172] Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Samachar, Sandesh, Rajasthan Patrika, Sambhaav, and Aankhodekhi.[172] The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House, which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.[173]

The state-owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on medium wave bands and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city.[174] It competes with five private local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), Radio One (95.0 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). Gyan Vani (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under the media co-operation model.[175] In March 2012, Gujarat University started a campus radio service on 90.8 MHz, which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India.[176]

The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels, while three multi system operators—InCablenet, Siti Cable and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via cable.[177] Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as Jio, BSNL Mobile, Airtel, and Vodafone Idea.[178]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Ahmedabad
 
Torrent Power thermal power station at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad

The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at US$80 billion in 2014.[179][180] The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.[181] In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited,[182] followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills, Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city.[183] The textile industry expanded further at a rapid rate during the First World War, and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement, which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.[184] Ahmedabad was known as the "Manchester of the East" for its textile industry.[52] The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India.[19] The automobile industry is also important to the city; after Tata's Nano project, Ford and Suzuki are planning to establish plants near Ahmedabad while the Groundbreaking ceremony for Peugeot has already been performed.[185][186][187]

The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stock exchange.[188] Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India — Zydus Cadila and Torrent Pharmaceuticals – are based in the city. The Nirma group of industries, which runs detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group, a multinational trading and infrastructure development company.[189] The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city.[190] The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city.[191] A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country.[192] The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.[193] Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as Cadila Healthcare, Rasna, Wagh Bakri, Nirma, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Biopharmaceuticals. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat.[194] Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad.[195][196][197][198][199] Textiles are one of the major industries of the city.[200] Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates.[201]

Transportation

 
Sabarmati Railway Station
 
Ahmedabad BRTS

Air

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, provides domestic and international flights for Ahmedabad and the capital Gandhinagar.[202] It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the seventh-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic.[203] The Ahmedabad airport was earlier managed by Airports Authority of India and was leased to the city-based Adani Group in November 2020 for operations and maintenance.[204] The Dholera International Airport is proposed to be built near Fedara. It will be the largest airport in India with a total area of 7,500 hectares.[205]

Seaplane

The first seaplane service in India started between Ahmedabad and the Statue of Unity, Kevadia, on 31 October 2020. The 19-seater plane makes four trips daily between the two destinations.[206]

Rail

Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the Western Railway zone.[207] Ahmedabad railway station, locally known as Kalupur station, is the main terminus to differentiate it from other suburban railway stations.[208] It is the centre point for railway stations in Gujarat and the Western Railway zone, so many lines begin from here, connecting the city to elsewhere in Gujarat and India. Other main stations are also present, which connect to different cities, such as Sabarmati Junction, Maninagar, Gandhigram, Asarva, Chandlodiya, etc.

Ahmedabad Metro

Ahmedabad Metro has been under construction since March 2015.[209][210] [211][212] The first phase of the Ahmedabad metro is 40 km long; 6.5 km is underground and the remaining stretch is elevated.[213] Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the first section between Vastral Gam and Apparel Park on 4 March 2019 and was opened to public on 6 March 2019.[214] The rest of the Phase-1 was inaugurated on 30 September 2022.[215] The construction of the Phase-2 was started in 2021 connecting Gandhinagar.[216]

Road

National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with New Delhi and Mumbai. The National Highway 147 also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1, a 94 km (58 mi)-long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project.[217]

In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most-polluted city in India out of 85 cities by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of ₹10,000 to convert the fuel of all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner-burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th most-polluted city in India.[218]

Bus

Ahmedabad BRTS

Ahmedabad BRTS is a bus rapid transit system in the city. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others.[219][220] Inaugurated in October 2009, the network expanded to 89 kilometres (55 mi) by December 2015 with daily ridership of 132,000 passengers.[221] The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS), maintained by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, runs the public bus service in the city.[222] More than 750 AMTS buses serve the city.[222] Ahmedabad BRTS also runs 50 electric buses apart from CNG and diesel busses.[223]

 
Ahmedabad 132 feet Ring Road Skyline

AMTS

Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service is a public bus service launched on 1 April 1947 and solely operated by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. It has a fleet of more than 900 buses as of 2018 covering almost every part of the city.[224]

Bike

A bicycle renting and sharing service was started in Ahmedabad in 2013 by MYBYK. The project started with 200 bicycles and aimed to provide bicycles for commuting from one BRTS station to another. As of 2021, it had 150 bicycle hubs with a fleet of 6,000 bicycles, making Ahmedabad India's largest public bicycle share (PBS) city.[225][226]

Sports

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the city.[227] Narendra Modi Stadium, also known as Motera Stadium, originally Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium built in 1982, hosts both one day internationals and test matches. It is the largest stadium in the world by capacity, with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.[228] It hosted the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups.[229] This is the home ground of first-class team Gujarat cricket team, which competes in domestic tournaments. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's Sports Club of Gujarat.[230]

Other popular sports include field hockey, badminton, tennis, squash and golf. Ahmedabad has nine golf courses.[231] Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports.[232] Ahmedabad has also hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis.[233] Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One design concepts.[234][235]

 
Participants in the Sabarmati Marathon

Sabarmati Marathon has been organized every year December–January since 2011; it has categories like a full and half-marathon, a 7 km dream run, a 5 km run for the visually disabled, and a 5 km wheelchair run.[236] In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games.[237] The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia (a renovated Kankaria football ground). Geet Sethi, a five-time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, was raised in Ahmedabad.[238]

The Adani Ahmedabad Marathon has been organized by the Adani Group every year since 2017; it attracted 8,000 participants in its first edition and also hosted its first virtual marathon in 2020 in compliance with COVID-19 guidelines.[239]

Tourist attractions

Heritage

Mosques and tombs

Museums

Stepwells

Temples

Others

  •  

    Sidi Saiyyed Mosque

  •  

    The marble screen from the exterior of Sidi Saiyyed Mosque

  •  

    Hutheesing Jain Derasar main entrance

Notable people

International relations

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in India
Sister cities

See also

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Further reading

  • Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. History of Interior Design in India Vol 1: Ahmedabad (2007) ISBN 81-904096-0-3
  • Kenneth L. Gillion (1968). Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History. University of California Press. from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. A History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (From the Earliest Times Down to the Moslem Conquest). ASIN B0008B2NGA.
  • Crook, Nigel (1993). India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563172-2.
  • Rajan, K. V. Soundra (1989). Ahmadabad. Archaeological Survey of India.
  • Forrest, George William. Cities of India. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0-543-93823-9.
  • Gandhi, R (1990). Patel: A Life. Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad. ASIN B0006EYQ0A.
  • Michell, George (2003). Ahmadabad. Art Media Resources. ISBN 81-85026-03-3.
  • Spodek, Howard (2011). Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth-Century India. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35587-4.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ahmedabad.
  • Ahmedabad Collectorate 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • Ahmedabad at Curlie
  • Ahmadabad Encyclopædia Britannica entry

January 17, 2023
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This article is about the city in Gujarat India For other places see Ahmadabad disambiguation Ahmedabad ˈ ɑː m e d e b ae d b ɑː d AH me de ba h d Gujarati Amdavad ˈemdɑːʋɑːd listen 14 is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court Ahmedabad s population of 5 570 585 per the 2011 population census makes it the fifth most populous city in India 15 and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6 357 693 is the seventh most populous in India Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the Sabarmati River 16 25 km 16 mi 17 from the capital of Gujarat Gandhinagar also known as its twin city 18 Ahmedabad Aashaval Karnavati AmdavadMetropolisAmdavadClockwise from top High Rises on SG Highway Atal Pedestrian Bridge Sabarmati Riverfront Ahmedabad BRTS Station Ahmedabad Aerial View Hutheesing Temple Coat of armsNickname Heritage City of IndiaAhmedabadLocation of Ahmedabad in GujaratShow map of AhmedabadAhmedabadAhmedabad Gujarat Show map of GujaratAhmedabadAhmedabad India Show map of IndiaCoordinates 23 02 N 72 35 E 23 03 N 72 58 E 23 03 72 58 Coordinates 23 02 N 72 35 E 23 03 N 72 58 E 23 03 72 58Country IndiaStateGujaratDistrictAhmedabadEstablishment11th Century CE as AshavalKing Asha BhilFounded byKing Asha BhilNamed forAhmad Shah IGovernment TypeMayor Council BodyAmdavad Municipal Corporation MayorKirit Parmar BJP Deputy MayorGita Patel BJP 1 Municipal commissionerShri Dr Dhavalkumar Patel IAS 2 Police commissionerSanjay Shrivastav IPS 3 Area 4 5 6 7 Metropolis505 00 km2 194 98 sq mi Urban 8 1 866 km2 720 sq mi Rank8th in India 1st in Gujarat State Elevation 9 53 m 174 ft Population 2011 https worldpopulationreview com world cities ahmedabad population Metropolis9 090 000 Rank5th Density18 000 km2 47 000 sq mi Urban 10 6 357 693Demonym s Amdavadi AhmedabadiLanguage OfficialGujarati Additional officialEnglishTime zoneUTC 5 30 IST Pincode s 380 0XXArea code079Vehicle registrationGJ 01 west GJ 27 East GJ 38 Bavla Rural 11 Sex ratio1 11 12 Literacy rate89 62 citation needed GDP Nominal 80 billion 13 Percapita 7513 or 6 1 lakh 13 Websiteahmedabadcity wbr gov wbr inAhmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India It is the second largest producer of cotton in India due to which it was known as the Manchester of India along with Kanpur Ahmedabad s stock exchange before it was shut down in 2018 was the country s second oldest Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad a newly built stadium called Narendra Modi Stadium at Motera can accommodate 132 000 spectators making it the largest stadium in the world The world class Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave is currently under construction and once complete it will be one of the biggest sports centers Sports City in India The effects of the liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city s economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce communication and construction 19 Ahmedabad s increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries resulting in the development of skyscrapers 20 In 2010 Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes s list of fastest growing cities of the decade 21 In 2012 The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India s best city to live in 22 The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at 80 billion in 2020 23 24 In 2020 Ahmedabad was ranked as the third best city in India to live by the Ease of Living Index 25 In July 2022 Time magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of world s 50 greatest places of 2022 26 Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Government of India s flagship Smart Cities Mission 27 In July 2017 the Historic City of Ahmedabad or Old Ahmedabad was declared a UNESCO World Heritage City 28 The city is home to the World s First Swaminarayan Mandir located in Kalupur area of Old Ahmedabad Contents 1 History 2 Demographics 2 1 Population 2 2 Poverty 2 2 1 Informal housing and slums 2 2 2 Slum Networking Project 2 3 Religion and ethnicity 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Cityscape 4 Civic administration 4 1 Public services 5 Culture 6 Education 7 Media 8 Economy 9 Transportation 9 1 Air 9 1 1 Seaplane 9 2 Rail 9 2 1 Ahmedabad Metro 9 3 Road 9 4 Bus 9 4 1 Ahmedabad BRTS 9 4 2 AMTS 9 5 Bike 10 Sports 11 Tourist attractions 11 1 Heritage 11 2 Mosques and tombs 11 3 Museums 11 4 Stepwells 11 5 Temples 11 6 Others 12 Notable people 13 International relations 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Ahmedabad The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century when it was known as Ashaval 29 At that time Karna the Chaulukya Solanki ruler of Anhilwara modern Patan waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval 30 and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati 31 Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century However by the earlier 15th century the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty 32 33 34 In 1411 this area came under the control of his grandson Sultan Ahmed Shah who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for a new capital city He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself 35 36 According to other versions he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed 37 Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411 38 at 1 20 pm Thursday the second day of Dhu al Qi dah Hijri year 813 39 at Manek Burj Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th century Hindu saint Maneknath who intervened to help Ahmed Shah I build Bhadra Fort in 1411 35 40 41 42 He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411 43 Chandan and Rajesh Nath 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath perform puja and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad s foundation day and for the Vijayadashami festival every year 35 41 44 45 City Walls of Ahmedabad 1866 In 1487 Mahmud Begada the grandson of Ahmed Shah fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km 6 2 mi in circumference and consisting of twelve gates 189 bastions and over 6 000 battlements 46 In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat Bahadur Shah fled to Diu 47 Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar During the Mughal reign Ahmedabad became one of the Empire s thriving centres of trade mainly in textiles which were exported as far as Europe The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug The Deccan Famine of 1630 32 affected the city as did famines in 1650 and 1686 48 Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758 when they surrendered the city to the Marathas 49 During the period of Maratha Empire governance the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda 50 In 1780 during the First Anglo Maratha War a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo Maratha War 37 A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858 37 Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region In 1864 a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai then Bombay was established by the Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway BB amp CI enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city 37 Over time the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry which earned it the nickname Manchester of the East 51 Ahmedabad and its environs ca 1914 The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram now Sabarmati Ashram on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 which would become centres of nationalist activities 37 52 During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919 textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War In the 1920s textile workers and teachers went on strike demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions In 1930 Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March The city s administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement Following independence and the partition of India in 1947 the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947 Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan 53 who expanded the city s population and transformed its demographics and economy By 1960 Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people with classical and colonial European style buildings lining the city s thoroughfares 54 It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960 55 During this period a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city making it a centre for higher education science and technology 56 Ahmedabad s economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period Many countries sought to emulate India s economic planning strategy and one of them South Korea copied the city s second Five Year Plan citation needed Sabarmati Ashram established by Mahatma Gandhi In the late 1970s the capital shifted to the newly built city of Gandhinagar This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city marked by a lack of development The 1974 Nav Nirman agitation a protest against a 20 hike in the hostel food fees at the L D College of Engineering in Ahmedabad snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel then chief minister of Gujarat 57 In the 1980s a reservation policy was introduced in the country which led to anti reservation protests in 1981 and 1985 The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes 58 The city was considerably impacted by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake up to 50 multi storey buildings collapsed killing 752 people and causing much damage 59 The following year a three day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat known as the 2002 Gujarat riots spread to Ahmedabad in eastern Chamanpura 69 people were killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre on 28 February 2002 60 Refugee camps were set up around the city housing 50 000 Muslims as well as some small Hindu camps 61 The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings a series of seventeen bomb blasts killed and injured several people 62 Militant group Harkat ul Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks 63 Other than New Delhi Ahmedabad is a rare city in India to have hosted premiers of major economies like the US China and Canada On 24 February 2020 President Trump became the first president of the US to visit the city as part of Namaste Trump Earlier President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the city 64 65 66 Demographics EditPopulation Edit Population censusYearPop 1872119 762 1881127 621 6 6 1891148 412 16 3 1901185 889 25 3 1911216 777 16 6 1921274 007 26 4 1931313 789 14 5 1941595 210 89 7 YearPop 1951842 643 41 6 19611 156 788 37 3 19711 750 134 51 3 19812 534 641 44 8 19913 324 197 31 2 20014 488 237 35 0 20115 633 927 25 5 Source Census of IndiaAt the 2011 Census of India update Ahmedabad had a population of 5 633 927 making it the fifth most populous city in India citation needed The urban agglomeration centred upon Ahmedabad then having a population of 6 357 693 now estimated at 7 650 000 is the seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India 16 17 The city had a literacy rate of 89 62 93 96 of the men and 84 81 of the women were literate citation needed Ahmedabad s sex ratio in 2011 was 897 women per 1000 men citation needed According to the census for the Ninth Plan there are 30 737 rural families living in Ahmedabad Of those 5 41 1663 families live below the poverty line 67 Approximately 440 000 people live in slums within the city 68 In 2008 there were 2273 registered non resident Indians living in Ahmedabad 69 In 2010 Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest growing city in India and listed it as third fastest growing in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu and Chongqing 70 In 2011 it was rated India s best megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB 71 According to the National Crime Records Bureau NCRB report of 2003 Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million 72 In December 2011 market research firm IMRB declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in when compared to India s other megacities 73 Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by community organisations i e cooperatives and according to Vrajlal Sapovadia professor of the B K School of Business Management the spatial growth of the city is to an extent a contribution of these organisations 74 Ahmedabad Cantonment provides residential zones for Indian Army officials 75 Ahmedabad s 2020 population is now estimated at 8 059 441 In 1950 the population of Ahmedabad was 854 959 Ahmedabad has grown by 950 155 since 2015 which represents a 2 54 annual change 76 According to the UN World Population Prospects the population might increase to 8 854 444 by 2025 It is also predicted to have a massive rise to 11 062 112 as early as 2035 77 Poverty Edit In the mid 1970s and early 1980s the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad s wealth faced competition from automation and domestic specialty looms Several mills closed down leaving between 40 000 and 50 000 people without a source of income and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC the governing and administrative body of the city simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services In the 1990s newly emerging pharmaceutical chemical and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums 78 Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents The urban poverty rate has declined from 28 in 1993 1994 to 10 in 2011 2012 78 This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations CSOs representing poor residents Through projects and programs the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums However some challenges remain and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation improved water and electricity Riots often rooted in religious tensions threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines Finally the conception of pro poor inclusive development is being overshadowed by a national initiative promoting the creation of global cities of capital investment and technological innovation This has shifted priorities towards constructing new housing and attracting private development rather than servicing the urban poor 78 Informal housing and slums Edit As of 2011 about 66 of the population lives in formal housing The other 34 lives in slums or chawls which are tenements for industrial workers There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad and 11 of the total housing stock is public housing The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant and this has led to a rise in density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25 6 of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4 5 in 2011 but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents 78 Slum Networking Project Edit In the 1990s the AMC faced increased slum populations They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water sewage and electricity but because of tenure issues they were paying higher prices for low quality informal connections To address this beginning in 1995 the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project SNP to improve basic services in 60 slums benefitting approximately 13 000 households 78 This project also known as Parivartan Change involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC private institutions microfinance lenders and local NGOs The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure including water supply sewers individual toilets paved roads storm drainage and tree planting and community development i e the formation of resident associations women s groups community health interventions and vocational training 79 In addition participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years The project cost a total of 4 350 million Community members and the private sector each contributed 600 million NGOs provided 90 million and the AMC paid for the rest of the project 79 Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12 of the cost of upgrading their home 78 This project has generally been regarded as a success Having access to basic services increased the residents working hours since most work out of their homes It also reduced the incidence of illness particularly water borne illness and increased children s rates of school attendance 80 The SNP received the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment 81 However concerns remain about the community s responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure Additionally trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks 78 Religion and ethnicity Edit Religions in Ahmedabad City 2011 82 Religion PercentHinduism 81 56 Islam 13 51 Jainism 3 62 Christianity 0 85 Sikhism 0 24 Other or not stated 0 24 According to the 2011 census Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81 56 of the population followed by Muslims 13 51 Jains 3 62 Christians 0 85 and Sikhs 0 24 82 Buddhists people following other religions and those who didn t state any religion make up the remainder Its Marian cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad Latin Rite established 1949 a suffragan of the Metropolitan of Gandhinagar 83 Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native Gujaratis The city is home to some 2000 Parsis Zoroastrians and some 125 members of the Bene Israel Jewish community 84 There is also one synagogue in the city Atheism is also on the rise in Ahmedabad 85 86 Geography EditMain article Geography of Ahmedabad 19th century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad Ahmedabad lies at 23 02 N 72 35 E 23 03 N 72 58 E 23 03 72 58 in western India at 53 metres 174 ft above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river in north central Gujarat It covers an area of 505 km2 195 sq mi 4 5 6 7 The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer leaving only a small stream of water and the city is in a sandy and dry area However with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year thereby eliminating Ahmedabad s water problems The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state however the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem Except for the small hills of Thaltej Jodhpur Tekra the city is almost flat Three lakes lie within the city s limits Kankaria Vastrapur and Chandola Kankaria in the neighbourhood of Maninagar is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat Qutb ud din in 1451 87 According to the Bureau of Indian Standards the town falls under seismic zone 3 in a scale of 2 to 5 in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes 88 Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions The eastern bank of the river houses the old city which includes the central town of Bhadra This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars the pol system of closely clustered buildings and numerous places of worship 89 A Pol pronounced as pole is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group linked by caste profession or religion 90 91 This is a list of Pols in the old walled city 90 of Ahmedabad in Gujarat India Heritage of these Pols 92 has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO s Tentative Lists in selection criteria II III and IV 93 The secretary general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses 94 The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center The first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol 95 Old city also houses the main railway station the main post office and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the relatively modern Nehru Bridge The western part of the city houses educational institutions modern buildings residential areas shopping malls multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road C G Road and Sarkhej Gandhinagar Highway 96 There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad India Proposed in the 1960s its construction began in 2005 Climate Edit Ahmedabad has a hot semi arid climate Koppen climate classification BSh with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate There are three main seasons summer monsoon and winter Aside from the monsoon season the climate is extremely dry The weather is hot from March to June the average summer maximum is 43 C 109 F and the average minimum is 24 C 75 F From November to February the average maximum temperature is 30 C 86 F and the average minimum is 13 C 55 F Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid June to mid September The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres 31 in but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016 with it reaching 48 C 118 F 97 Climate data for Ahmedabad 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 36 1 97 0 40 6 105 1 43 9 111 0 46 2 115 2 48 0 118 4 47 2 117 0 42 2 108 0 40 4 104 7 41 7 107 1 42 8 109 0 38 9 102 0 35 6 96 1 48 0 118 4 Average high C F 28 1 82 6 30 8 87 4 35 8 96 4 39 6 103 3 41 6 106 9 38 8 101 8 33 6 92 5 32 0 89 6 33 8 92 8 35 7 96 3 32 9 91 2 29 5 85 1 34 3 93 8 Daily mean C F 20 2 68 4 22 5 72 5 27 6 81 7 31 7 89 1 34 3 93 7 33 1 91 6 29 7 85 5 28 5 83 3 29 2 84 6 28 5 83 3 24 8 76 6 21 4 70 5 27 6 81 7 Average low C F 12 4 54 3 14 3 57 7 19 5 67 1 23 9 75 0 27 0 80 6 27 5 81 5 25 9 78 6 25 0 77 0 24 7 76 5 21 4 70 5 16 7 62 1 13 4 56 1 21 0 69 8 Record low C F 3 3 37 9 2 2 36 0 9 4 48 9 12 8 55 0 19 1 66 4 19 4 66 9 20 4 68 7 21 2 70 2 17 2 63 0 12 6 54 7 8 3 46 9 3 6 38 5 2 2 36 0 Average rainfall mm inches 1 2 0 05 0 6 0 02 1 1 0 04 2 5 0 10 5 5 0 22 84 3 3 32 310 1 12 21 242 2 9 54 120 2 4 73 13 1 0 52 1 9 0 07 0 9 0 04 783 6 30 85 Average rainy days 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 3 3 9 11 3 10 3 6 1 0 9 0 3 0 1 34 0Average relative humidity 49 43 37 41 47 62 77 81 71 53 48 50 55Average dew point C F 9 48 10 50 10 50 14 57 19 66 23 73 25 77 25 77 24 75 19 66 14 57 11 52 17 62 Mean monthly sunshine hours 287 3 274 3 277 5 297 2 329 6 238 3 130 1 111 4 220 6 290 7 274 1 288 6 3 019 7Average ultraviolet index 6 8 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 7 6 10Source 1 India Meteorological Department record high and low up to 2012 98 99 100 101 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 102 Source 2 NOAA sun and humidity 1971 1990 103 IEM ASOS May record high 104 Weather Atlas 105 Following a heat wave in May 2010 reaching 46 8 C 116 2 F and claiming hundreds of lives 106 the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate amp Development Knowledge Network developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 107 Aimed at increasing awareness sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health 108 It also focuses on community participation building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat related illnesses and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit 109 Cityscape Edit Early in Ahmedabad s history under Ahmed Shah builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture giving rise to the Indo Saracenic style 110 Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion 110 Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings 90 A Pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad After independence modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn who designed the IIM A Le Corbusier who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owners Association Building and Frank Lloyd Wright who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome 111 112 B V Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier s works and later set up the School of Architecture now CEPT His local works include Sangath Amdavad ni Gufa Tagore Memorial Hall and the School of Architecture Charles Correa who became a partner of Doshi s designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde and the Ahmedabad Textile Industry s Research Association complex 113 114 115 Christopher Charles Benninger s first work the Alliance Francaise is located in the Ellis Bridge area 116 Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn s IIM A campus namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD 117 Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria Bal Vatika is a children s park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden Usmanpura Garden Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden 118 Ahmedabad s Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes caracals Asiatic wolves and chinkara 119 The Kankaria Lake built in 1451 AD is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad 120 In earlier days it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj e Kutub 121 Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136 000 square metres In 2010 another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority AUDA 122 Vastrapur lake is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad Beautified by local authorities in 2002 it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens 123 Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares It is home to cormorants painted storks and spoonbills 124 During the evening time many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll 125 There is a recently developed lake in Naroda 126 and there is also the world s largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm Dastan Farm 127 AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront 128 Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor air purifiers at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air 129 Sidi Saiyyed Mosque Jama Masjid Ahmedabad Pol area of Old Ahmedabad Sabarmati Riverfront Kankaria Lake AhmedabadCivic administration Edit Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949 The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service IAS officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers whereas the corporation is headed by the mayor of Ahmedabad The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city The mayor Bijal Patel was appointed on 14 June 2018 130 The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are water and sewerage services primary education health services fire services public transport and the city s infrastructure 7 AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for the best governance amp administrative practices in India in 2014 It scored 3 4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3 3 131 Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour 132 The city is divided into seven zones constituting 48 wards 133 134 The city s urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority AUDA The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament and 21 members of the Legislative Assembly at the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha The Gujarat High Court is located in Ahmedabad making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat 135 Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police headed by the Police Commissioner an Indian Police Service IPS officer 136 Public services Edit Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital the largest civil hospital in Asia 137 Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised 138 Electricity in the city is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company which was previously a state run corporation 139 Culture EditMain article Culture of Ahmedabad Navaratri celebrations in Ahmedabad Ahmedabad observes a range of festivals Celebrations and observances include Uttarayan an annual kite flying day on 14 and 15 January Nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba the most popular folk dance of Gujarat at venues across the city The festival of lights Deepavali is celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house decorating the floors with rangoli and the lighting of firecrackers The annual Rath Yatra procession on the Ashadh sud bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple the festival of colours Holi celebrated on the last full moon day in the end of the winter and based on the lunisolar Hindu calendar and the procession of Tajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are important events 140 141 One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is a Gujarati thali which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900 142 It consists of roti Chapati dal rice and shaak cooked vegetables sometimes with curry with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads Sweet dishes include laddoo mango and vedhmi Dhoklas theplas and dhebras are also very popular dishes in Ahmedabad 143 Beverages include buttermilk and tea Drinking alcohol is forbidden in Ahmedabad 144 There are many restaurants which serve Indian and international cuisines Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food as a strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city s Jain and Hindu communities 145 The first all vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad 146 KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen 147 148 as does McDonald s 149 150 Ahmedabad has a quite a few restaurants serving typical Mughlai non vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali Kalupur and Jamalpur 151 Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon However it is better known for its food stalls in the evening which sell local street food It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath 152 Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie dyed bandhinis while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi also known as mojri footwear Idols of Ganesha and other religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area In 2019 there was a swing in the trend and people are adopting a more eco friendly version of the Ganesha statue 153 The shops at the Law Garden sell mirrorwork handicrafts 118 Swaminarayan Temple Ahmedabad Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature Gujarat Vidhya Sabha Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar 154 155 The Sanskar Kendra one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier is a city museum depicting its history art culture and architecture The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs documents and other articles relating to Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics garments and textiles 156 The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic Persian Urdu Sindhi and Turkish citation needed There is the Vechaar Utensils Museum which has stainless steel glass brass copper bronze zinc and German silver tools 157 158 Shreyas Foundation has four museums on the same campus Shreyas Folk Museum Lokayatan Museum has art forms and artefacts from the communities of Gujarat Kalpana Mangaldas Children s Museum has a collection of toys puppets dance and drama costumes coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries 159 160 161 L D Institute of Indology houses 76 000 hand written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45 000 printed books making it the largest collection of Jain scripts Indian sculptures terracottas miniature paintings cloth paintings painted scrolls bronzes woodwork Indian coins textiles and decorative art paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet 162 N C Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India 163 In 1949 Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was established by the scientist Dr Vikram Sarabhai and Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai and thus Ahmemedabad city became the centre of Indian classical dance Education Edit Gujarat university Ahmedabad Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Main article Education in AhmedabadAhmedabad had a literacy rate of 79 89 in 2001 which rose to 89 62 percent in 2011 As of 2011 the literacy rate among males and females were 93 96 and 84 81 percent respectively Among the several universities in Ahmedabad Gujarat University is the largest and claims to be the oldest 164 although the Gujarat Vidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi it received no charter from the British Raj becoming a deemed university only in 1963 165 A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with Gujarat University Gujarat Technological University CEPT University Nirma University Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management IITRAM and Ahmedabad University all date from this century Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University has over 100 000 students enrolled on its distance learning courses 166 167 Ahmedabad is home to the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad which was ranked first among management institutes in the country by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2018 168 Established in 1947 by the scientist Vikram Sarabhai the oldest of the research institutes in Ahmedabad the Physical Research Laboratory is active in space science astronomy high energy physics and other areas of research 169 The Darpana Academy of Performing Arts established in 1949 by Mrinalini Sarabhai was listed by UNESCO as an institution active in the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 170 171 Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the municipal corporation or privately by entities trusts and corporations The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations International Baccalaureate and National Institute of Open School Media Edit Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India Indian Express DNA The Economic Times The Financial Express Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro 172 Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar Gujarat Samachar Sandesh Rajasthan Patrika Sambhaav and Aankhodekhi 172 The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi 173 The state owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on medium wave bands and FM bands 96 7 MHz in the city 174 It competes with five private local FM stations Radio City 91 1 MHz Red FM 93 5 MHz My FM 94 3 MHz Radio One 95 0 MHz Radio Mirchi 98 3 MHz and Mirchi Love 104 MHz Gyan Vani 104 5 MHz is an educational FM radio station run under the media co operation model 175 In March 2012 Gujarat University started a campus radio service on 90 8 MHz which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India 176 The state owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels while three multi system operators InCablenet Siti Cable and GTPL provide a mix of Gujarati Hindi English and other regional channels via cable 177 Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as Jio BSNL Mobile Airtel and Vodafone Idea 178 Economy EditMain article Economy of Ahmedabad Torrent Power thermal power station at Sabarmati Ahmedabad The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at US 80 billion in 2014 179 180 The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012 181 In the 19th century the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited 182 followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city 183 The textile industry expanded further at a rapid rate during the First World War and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi s Swadeshi movement which promoted the purchase of Indian made goods 184 Ahmedabad was known as the Manchester of the East for its textile industry 52 The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India 19 The automobile industry is also important to the city after Tata s Nano project Ford and Suzuki are planning to establish plants near Ahmedabad while the Groundbreaking ceremony for Peugeot has already been performed 185 186 187 The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange located in the Ambavadi area of the city is India s second oldest stock exchange 188 Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India Zydus Cadila and Torrent Pharmaceuticals are based in the city The Nirma group of industries which runs detergent and chemical industrial units has its corporate headquarters in the city The city houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group a multinational trading and infrastructure development company 189 The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city 190 The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city 191 A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the Super Nine Indian Destinations for IT enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country 192 The city s educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India 193 Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as Cadila Healthcare Rasna Wagh Bakri Nirma Cadila Pharmaceuticals and Intas Biopharmaceuticals Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat 194 Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad 195 196 197 198 199 Textiles are one of the major industries of the city 200 Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates 201 Transportation Edit Sabarmati Railway Station Ahmedabad BRTS Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad Air Edit Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport 15 km 9 3 mi from the city centre provides domestic and international flights for Ahmedabad and the capital Gandhinagar 202 It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the seventh busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic 203 The Ahmedabad airport was earlier managed by Airports Authority of India and was leased to the city based Adani Group in November 2020 for operations and maintenance 204 The Dholera International Airport is proposed to be built near Fedara It will be the largest airport in India with a total area of 7 500 hectares 205 Seaplane Edit The first seaplane service in India started between Ahmedabad and the Statue of Unity Kevadia on 31 October 2020 The 19 seater plane makes four trips daily between the two destinations 206 Rail Edit Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the Western Railway zone 207 Ahmedabad railway station locally known as Kalupur station is the main terminus to differentiate it from other suburban railway stations 208 It is the centre point for railway stations in Gujarat and the Western Railway zone so many lines begin from here connecting the city to elsewhere in Gujarat and India Other main stations are also present which connect to different cities such as Sabarmati Junction Maninagar Gandhigram Asarva Chandlodiya etc Ahmedabad Metro Edit Ahmedabad Metro has been under construction since March 2015 209 210 211 212 The first phase of the Ahmedabad metro is 40 km long 6 5 km is underground and the remaining stretch is elevated 213 Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the first section between Vastral Gam and Apparel Park on 4 March 2019 and was opened to public on 6 March 2019 214 The rest of the Phase 1 was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 215 The construction of the Phase 2 was started in 2021 connecting Gandhinagar 216 Road Edit National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with New Delhi and Mumbai The National Highway 147 also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1 a 94 km 58 mi long expressway with two exits This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project 217 In 2001 Ahmedabad was ranked as the most polluted city in India out of 85 cities by the Central Pollution Control Board The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of 10 000 to convert the fuel of all 37 733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution As a result in 2008 Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th most polluted city in India 218 Bus Edit Ahmedabad BRTS Edit Ahmedabad BRTS is a bus rapid transit system in the city It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others 219 220 Inaugurated in October 2009 the network expanded to 89 kilometres 55 mi by December 2015 with daily ridership of 132 000 passengers 221 The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service AMTS maintained by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation runs the public bus service in the city 222 More than 750 AMTS buses serve the city 222 Ahmedabad BRTS also runs 50 electric buses apart from CNG and diesel busses 223 Ahmedabad 132 feet Ring Road Skyline AMTS Edit Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service is a public bus service launched on 1 April 1947 and solely operated by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation It has a fleet of more than 900 buses as of 2018 covering almost every part of the city 224 Bike Edit A bicycle renting and sharing service was started in Ahmedabad in 2013 by MYBYK The project started with 200 bicycles and aimed to provide bicycles for commuting from one BRTS station to another As of 2021 it had 150 bicycle hubs with a fleet of 6 000 bicycles making Ahmedabad India s largest public bicycle share PBS city 225 226 Sports EditCricket is one of the most popular sports in the city 227 Narendra Modi Stadium also known as Motera Stadium originally Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium built in 1982 hosts both one day internationals and test matches It is the largest stadium in the world by capacity with a seating capacity of 132 000 spectators 228 It hosted the 1987 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups 229 This is the home ground of first class team Gujarat cricket team which competes in domestic tournaments Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation s Sports Club of Gujarat 230 Other popular sports include field hockey badminton tennis squash and golf Ahmedabad has nine golf courses 231 Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports 232 Ahmedabad has also hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis 233 Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One design concepts 234 235 Participants in the Sabarmati Marathon Sabarmati Marathon has been organized every year December January since 2011 it has categories like a full and half marathon a 7 km dream run a 5 km run for the visually disabled and a 5 km wheelchair run 236 In 2007 Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games 237 The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia a renovated Kankaria football ground Geet Sethi a five time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India s highest sporting award the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna was raised in Ahmedabad 238 The Adani Ahmedabad Marathon has been organized by the Adani Group every year since 2017 it attracted 8 000 participants in its first edition and also hosted its first virtual marathon in 2020 in compliance with COVID 19 guidelines 239 Tourist attractions EditHeritage Edit Gates of Ahmedabad Pols in Ahmedabad Bhadra Fort Teen Darwaza Manek BurjMosques and tombs Edit Sidi Bashir Mosque Shaking Minarets Sidi Saiyyed Mosque Sarkhej Roza Ahmed Shah s Mosque Haibat Khan s Mosque Jama Mosque Ahmad Shah s Tomb Rani no Hajiro Qutbuddin Mosque Saiyad Usman Mosque Dastur Khan s Mosque Miya Khan Chishti s Mosque Achut Bibi s Mosque Dariya Khan s Tomb Azam and Muazzam Khan s Tomb Qutub e Alam s Mosque Shah e Alam s Roza Muhafiz Khan Mosque Rani Rupamati s Mosque Rani Sipri s Mosque Malik Isan s Mosque Mohammed Ghous Mosque Baba Lului s Mosque Wajihuddin s Tomb Sardar Khan s RozaMuseums Edit Calico Museum of Textiles Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum Gujarat Science City Auto World Vintage Car MuseumStepwells Edit Mata Bhavani s Stepwell Dada Harir Stepwell Adalaj Stepwell Amritavarshini VavTemples Edit BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Shahibaug Road Someshwar Mahadev Temple Ashram Road Hutheesing Jain Temple Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur KalupurOthers Edit Shahibaug Sabarmati Ashram Sabarmati Riverfront Kankaria Lake Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park Mercado Ravivar Gujari Sidi Saiyyed Mosque The marble screen from the exterior of Sidi Saiyyed Mosque Hutheesing Jain Derasar main entranceNotable people EditGautam Adani born 1962 chairman and founder of the Adani Group Ali Sher Bengali died 1570s Islamic scholar and author Jasprit Bumrah born 1993 cricketer Narhari Parikh born 1891 died 1957 writer activist and social reformer Mallika Sarabhai born 1953 dancer actor and activist Vikram Sarabhai born 1919 died 1971 physicist and astronomerInternational relations EditMain article List of twin towns and sister cities in India Sister cities Astrakhan Astrakhan Oblast Russia 240 Columbus Ohio United States 2008 241 Guangzhou Guangdong China September 2014 242 Jersey City New Jersey United States 1994 243 Kobe Hyōgo Prefecture Japan 2019 244 245 Valladolid Castile and Leon Spain 2019 246 See also EditList of people from Ahmedabad List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad Timeline of AhmedabadReferences Edit Bijal Patel is mayor Makwana her deputy The Times of India 15 June 2018 Gujarat government transport 23 IAS officers AMC GMC get new commissioners DeshGujarat 12 October 2022 Retrieved 12 October 2022 City police chief visits stadium ashram The Times of India 14 February 2020 Archived from the original on 14 February 2020 Retrieved 19 February 2020 a b Expansion of Municipal Corporations The Times of India Archived from the original on 18 August 2020 Retrieved 19 November 2020 a b Municipalities have extension in Gujarat Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Retrieved 19 November 2020 a b AMC Expansion 8 September 2020 Archived from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 19 November 2020 a b c Amdavad city Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 Retrieved 20 June 2012 About Us AUDA www auda org in Archived from the original on 20 February 2020 Retrieved 20 February 2020 About The Corporation Ahmedabad Today Ahmdabad Municipal Corporation Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 Retrieved 24 April 2018 Gujarat India State Major Agglomerations amp Cities Population Statistics in Maps and Charts Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 Kaushik Himanshu Parikh Niyati 3 January 2019 GJ 01 series registers 12 drop in one year The Times of India Archived from the original on 8 August 2020 Retrieved 8 August 2020 Distribution of Population Decadal Growth Rate Sex Ratio and Population Density 2011 census of India Government of India Archived from the original on 13 November 2011 Retrieved 21 March 2012 a b District Domestic Product Per Capita Retrieved 7 January 2023 Dave Jitendra 28 March 2012 Is it Ahmadabad or Amdavad No one knows for sure DNA India Archived from the original on 2 May 2021 Retrieved 23 October 2018 India s most populated citys https worldpopulationreview com countries cities india a b India States and Major Agglomerations Population Statistics Maps Charts Weather and Web Information citypopulation de 29 September 2016 Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 a b Major Agglomerations of the World Population Statistics and Maps citypopulation de 1 January 2017 Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 Ahmadabad amp Gandhinagar a tale of twin cities One India One People 1 December 2015 dead link a b Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 2006 Profile of the City Ahmadabad PDF Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority and CEPT University Ahmadabad Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation Archived from the original PDF on 19 August 2008 Retrieved 22 July 2008 Ahmadabad joins ITES hot spots The Times of India 16 August 2002 Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 Retrieved 30 July 2006 Kotkin Joel In pictures The Next Decade s fastest growing cities Forbes Archived from the original on 14 October 2010 Retrieved 10 July 2010 Ahmedabad best city to live in Pune close second The Times of India Archived from the original on 12 December 2011 Retrieved 11 December 2011 Chakravorty Abhimanyu 13 April 2016 From Gurgaon to Gurugram 20 cities that changed their names The Indian Express Archived from the original on 30 April 2018 Retrieved 29 April 2018 Richest Cities Of India IndiaTimes com 22 October 2021 Retrieved 22 October 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Ahmedabad rated as third best city to live in moves up by 20 spots in a year www timesnownews com Retrieved 20 June 2021 Ahmedabad India World s Greatest Places 2022 Time Retrieved 13 July 2022 Government releases list of 20 smart cities The Times of India Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 Retrieved 6 February 2016 600 year old smart city gets World Heritage tag The Times of India 9 July 2017 Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 Retrieved 9 July 2017 Turner Jane 1996 The Dictionary of Art Vol 1 Grove p 471 ISBN 978 1 884446 00 9 Michell George Snehal Shah John Burton Page Mehta Dinesh 28 July 2006 Ahmadabad Marg Publications pp 17 19 ISBN 81 85026 03 3 Gopal Madan 1990 K S Gautam ed India Through the Ages Publication Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India p 173 Wink Andre 1990 Indo Islamic Society 14th 15th Centuries Brill p 143 ISBN 978 90 04 13561 1 Zafar Khan Muzaffar the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert of a low subdivision called Tank citation needed originally from Southern Punjab Kapadia Aparna 2018 In Praise of Kings Rajputs Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth century Gujarat Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 120 ISBN 978 1 107 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and Demography Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 563172 2 Rajan K V Soundra 1989 Ahmadabad Archaeological Survey of India Forrest George William Cities of India Adamant Media Corporation ISBN 0 543 93823 9 Gandhi R 1990 Patel A Life Navajivan Press Ahmedabad ASIN B0006EYQ0A Michell George 2003 Ahmadabad Art Media Resources ISBN 81 85026 03 3 Spodek Howard 2011 Ahmedabad Shock City of Twentieth Century India Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 35587 4 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Collectorate Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ahmedabad at Curlie Ahmadabad Encyclopaedia Britannica entry Portal IndiaAhmedabad at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guides from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ahmedabad amp oldid 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