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Renault

January 16, 2023

For other uses, see Renault (disambiguation).

Groupe Renault (UK: /ˈrɛnoʊ/ REN-oh, US: /rəˈnɔːlt, rəˈnoʊ/ rə-NAWLT, rə-NOH,[7][8] French: [ɡʁup ʁəno], also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899.[9] The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufactured trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches, aircraft and aircraft engines, and autorail vehicles.

Renault S.A.
Headquarters in Boulogne-Billancourt, France
TypePublic (Société Anonyme)
Euronext Paris: RNO
CAC 40 Component
ISINFR0000131906 
IndustryAutomotive
Founded25 February 1899; 123 years ago (1899-02-25)
Founders
Headquarters
Boulogne-Billancourt, Île-de-France
,
France
Area served
Worldwide; 128 countries[1]
Key people
ProductsAutomobiles, electric vehicles, commercial vehicles, luxury cars, financing
Production output
 2,524,234[4] (2021)
Revenue €46.21 billion[4] (2021)
€1.40 billion[4] (2021)
€0.97 billion[4] (2021)
Total assets €113.74 billion[4] (2021)
Total equity €27.89 billion[4] (2021)
Owners
Number of employees
170,158 (Q4 2020)[6]
Subsidiaries
List
Websiterenaultgroup.com
Renault
OwnerRenault S.A.
CountryFrance
IntroducedDecember 1898
WebsiteOfficial website
Share of the SA des Usines Renault, issued 1. January 1932 to Louis Renault

According to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, in 2016 Renault was the ninth biggest automaker in the world by production volume.[10] By 2017, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance had become the world's biggest seller of light vehicles.[11]

Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, the Renault group is made up of the namesake Renault marque and subsidiaries, Alpine, Renault Sport (Gordini), Automobile Dacia from Romania, and Renault Korea Motors from South Korea.[12][13] Renault has a 43.4% stake with several votes in Nissan of Japan,[14] and used to have a 1.55% stake in Daimler AG of Germany, it was sold off in early 2021 to help them overcome financial difficulties. (Since 2012 Renault has manufactured engines for Daimler's Mercedes A-Class and B-Class cars[15] and is also fully involved in manufacturing of the Mercedes-Benz Citan van). Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque (automotive financing), Renault Retail Group (automotive distribution) and Motrio (automotive parts). Renault has various joint ventures, including Oyak-Renault (Turkey) and Renault Pars (Iran). The French state owns a 15% share of Renault.[16]

Renault Trucks, previously known as Renault Véhicules Industriels, has been part of Volvo since 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008. Renault's shareholding in AvtoVAZ is being divested to the Government of Russia as an effect of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Together Renault and Nissan invested €4 billion (US$5.16 billion) in eight electric vehicles over three to four years beginning in 2011.[17] Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the group has sold more than 273,000 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019.[18]

Renault is known for its role in motor sport, particularly rallying, Formula 1 and Formula E. Its early work on mathematical curve modeling for car bodies is important in the history of computer graphics.[19]

History

Founding and early years (1898–1918)

 
Louis Renault (1877–1944) in 1903

The Renault corporation was founded on 25 February 1899 (1899-02-25) as Société Renault Frères by Louis Renault and his brothers Marcel and Fernand.[9][20] Louis was a bright, aspiring young engineer who had already designed and built several prototypes before teaming up with his brothers, who had honed their business skills working for their father's textile firm. While Louis handled design and production, Marcel and Fernand managed the business.[21]

The first Renault car, the Renault Voiturette 1CV, was sold to a friend of Louis' father after giving him a test ride on 24 December 1898.[22]

 
1901 Voiturette Renault Type D Série B
 
1911 Renault CC

In 1903, Renault began to manufacture its own engines; until then it had purchased them from De Dion-Bouton. The first major volume sale came in 1905 when Société des Automobiles de Place bought Renault AG1 cars to establish a fleet of taxis.[23] These vehicles were later used by the French military to transport troops during World War I which earned them the nickname "Taxi de la Marne."[24] By 1907, a significant percentage of London and Paris taxis had been built by Renault.[23] Renault was also the best-selling foreign brand in New York in 1907 and 1908.[25] In 1908 the company produced 3,575 units, becoming the country's largest car manufacturer.[23]

The brothers recognised the value of publicity that participation in motor racing could generate for their vehicles. Renault made itself known through succeeding in the first city-to-city races held in Switzerland, producing rapid sales growth. Both Louis and Marcel raced company vehicles, but Marcel was killed in an accident during the 1903 Paris-Madrid race.[26] Although Louis never raced again, his company remained very involved, including Ferenc Szisz winning the first Grand Prix motor racing event[27] in a Renault AK 90CV in 1906.

Louis took full control of the company as the only remaining brother in 1906 when Fernand retired for health reasons.[21] Fernand died in 1909 and Louis became the sole owner, renaming the company Société des Automobiles Renault (Renault Automobile Company).[9][23]

Renault fostered its reputation for innovation from very early on. At the time, cars were luxury items manufactured without assembly line advances. The price of the smallest Renaults at the time was 3000 francs (₣); an amount equal to ten years pay for the average worker. In 1905, the company introduced mass production techniques and Taylorism in 1913.[28] In 1911, Renault visited Henry Ford at the Highland Park factory and adopted some of the manufacturing principles from his trip.[29]

Renault manufactured buses and commercial cargo vehicles in the pre-war years. The first real commercial truck from the company was introduced in 1906.[30] During World War I, it branched out into ammunition, military aircraft engines[23] (the first Rolls-Royce aircraft engines were modeled and inspired by Renault air-cooled aircraft V8 units)[31][32] and vehicles such as the revolutionary Renault FT tank.[28] The company's military designs were so successful that Louis was awarded the Legion of Honour for his company's contributions.[33] The company exported engines to American automobile manufacturers for use in such automobiles as the GJG, which used a Renault 26 horsepower (19 kW) or 40 hp (30 kW) four-cylinder engine.[34]

Interwar years (1919–1938)

Louis Renault enlarged Renault's scope after 1918, producing agricultural and industrial machinery. The war from 1914 until 1918 led to many new products.[35] The first Renault tractor, the Type GP was produced between 1919 and 1930. It was based on the FT tank.[36] Renault struggled to compete with the increasingly popular small, affordable "people's cars," while problems with the United States stock market and the workforce slowed the company's growth. Renault also had to find a way to distribute its vehicles more efficiently. In 1920, Louis signed one of its first distribution contracts with Gustave Gueudet, an entrepreneur from Amiens, France which they still maintain a relationship.

The pre-First World War cars had a distinctive front shape caused by positioning the radiator behind the engine to give a so-called "coal scuttle" bonnet. This continued through the 1920s.[37] Only in 1930 did all models place the radiator at the front. The bonnet badge changed from circular to the familiar and continuing diamond shape in 1925. The practice of installing the radiator behind the engine against the firewall continued during the 1950s and 1960s on vehicles where the engine was installed longitudinally in the rear of the vehicle.

Renault introduced new models at the Paris Motor Show that was held in September or October of the year. This led to confusion about model years. For example, a "1927" model was mostly produced in 1928.

Renault cars during this time period had two model lines; the economy four-cylinder engine models that in the 1930s became the suffix "Quatre" and the luxury six-cylinder models that were initially sold with the suffix "-six" that later became the suffix "Stella". For example, in 1928, when Renault produced 45,809 cars, its seven models started with a 6CV, a 10CV, the Monasix, 15CV, the Vivasix, the 18/22CV and the 40CV. Renault offered eight body styles. The longer rolling chassis were available to coachbuilders. The smaller were the most popular while the least produced was the 18/24CV. The most expensive body style in each range was the closed car. Roadsters and tourers (torpedoes) were the cheapest.

 
Renault Reinastella

The London operation was important to Renault in 1928. The UK market was quite large and North America also received exports for the luxury car market. Lifted suspensions, enhanced cooling, and special bodies were common on vehicles sold abroad. Exports to the US by 1928 had declined to near-zero from their high point prior to WWI. A Type NM 40CV Tourer had a US list price of over US$4,600 ($72,593 in 2021 dollars[38]), about the same as a Cadillac V-12, Packard Eight, Fiat 520, or Delahaye. Closed 7-seat limousines like the Renault Suprastella started at US$6,000 ($94,686 in 2021 dollars[38]).

Cars were conservatively engineered and built. The Renault Vivasix, model PG1, was sold as the "executive sports" model beginning in 1927. Lighter weight factory steel bodies powered by a 3,180 cubic centimetre (cc) six-cylinder motor provided a formula that lasted until the Second World War.

"de Grand Luxe Renaults", those with a wheelbase over 12-foot (3.7 m), were produced in small numbers in two major types – six- and eight-cylinder. The 1927 six-cylinder Grand Renault models NM, PI and PZ introduced the new three spring rear suspension that considerably aided stability that was needed since some vehicles surpassed 90 mph (140 km/h).

The straight 8-cylinder Reinastella was introduced in 1929 and expanded to a range culminating in 1939 Suprastella. Coachbuilders included Kellner, Labourdette, J. Rothschild et Fils and Renault bodies. Closed car Renault bodies were often trimmed with interior woodwork by Rothschild.

 
Renault Viva Grand Sport and Hélène Boucher. During the 1930s, Renault settled several speed world records with Caudron planes, thanks to its 6-cylinders engines and aerodynamic designs.[39]

In 1928, Renault introduced an upgraded specification to its "Stella" line. The Vivastella's and Grand Renaults had upgraded interior fittings and a small star fitted above the front hood logo. This proved to be a winning differentiator and in the 1930s all cars changed to the Stella suffix from the previous two alpha character model identifiers.

The Grand Renaults were built using a considerable amount of aluminium. Engines, brakes, transmissions, floor and running boards and all external body panels were aluminium. Of the few that were built, many went to scrap to aid the war effort.

In 1931, Renault introduced diesel engines for its commercial vehicles.[30]

Renault was one of the few French vehicle manufacturers that pursued the production of aircraft engines after World War I. In the late 1920s, it attempted to produce a high-power military engine to compete with the American Pratt & Whitney units, which proved unsuccessful, although its civil engines achieved better results.[40] In the 1930s, the company took over the aircraft manufacturer Caudron, focusing its production in small airplanes,[40] acquired a stake in Air France and partnered to establish the airmail company Air Bleu.[41] Renault Caudron airplanes settled several speed world records during the 1930s. Renault continued developing tanks as part of France's rearming effort, including the D1 and the FT's replacement, the R 35.[42]

During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Renault was surpassed by Citroën as the largest car manufacturer in France. Citroën models at the time were more innovative and popular than Renault's.[43] However, by mid-1930s the French manufacturers were hit by the Great Depression. Renault could initially offset losses through its tractor, railroad and weaponry businesses, while Citroën filed for bankruptcy, and was later acquired by Michelin.[41] Renault became again the largest car manufacturer, a position it would keep until the 1980s.[41]

Renault was finally affected by the Great Depression economic crisis in 1936. The company spun off Caudron and its foundry and aircraft engine divisions into related but autonomous operations, keeping its core automotive business.[41] Between 1936 and 1938, a series of labour disputes, strikes, and worker unrest spread throughout the French automobile industry.[44] The disputes were eventually quashed by Renault in a particularly intransigent way, and over 2,000 people lost their jobs.[44][45]

World War II and aftermath (1939–1944)

After the French capitulation in 1940, Louis Renault refused to produce tanks for Nazi Germany, which took control of his factories. As Renault was manufacturing the Renault UE tank for the Allies, he produced trucks instead. On 3 March 1942, the British Royal Air Force (RAF) launched 235 low-level bombers at the Île Seguin, Billancourt, Paris plant, the largest number aimed at a single target during the war.[46] 460 metric tons (450 long tons; 510 short tons) of bombs were dropped on the plant and the surrounding area, causing extensive damage along with heavy civilian casualties.[47] Renault resolved to rebuild the factory as quickly as possible, but bombardments continued a year later, on 4 April, this time delivered by the Americans, and on 3 and 15 September 1943.[47]

A few weeks after the Liberation of Paris, at the start of September 1944, the factory gates at Renault's Billancourt plant reopened.[47] Operations restarted slowly, in an atmosphere poisoned by plotting and political conspiracy.[47] In 1936, the Billancourt factory had been the scene of violent political and industrial unrest that had surfaced under Léon Blum's Popular Front government. The political jostling and violence that followed liberation ostensibly reflected the rivalries between capitalist collaboration and communist resistance; many of the scores settled predated the invasion.[47]

Responding to the chaotic situation at Renault, a 27 September 1944 meeting of the Council of Ministers (fr) took place under de Gaulle's presidency. Postwar European politics had quickly become polarised between communists and anti-communists, and in France de Gaulle was keen to resist Communist Party attempts to monopolise the political dividends available to resistance heroes: politically Billancourt was a communist stronghold. The government decided to "requisition" the Renault factories.[47] A week later, on 4 October, Pierre Lefaucheux, a resistance leader with a background in engineering and top-level management, was appointed provisional administrator of the firm, assuming his responsibilities at once.[47]

Meanwhile, the provisional government accused Louis Renault of collaborating with the Germans. In the frenzied atmosphere of those early post-liberation days, with many wild accusations, Renault was advised by his lawyers to present himself to a judge. He appeared before Judge Marcel Martin, on 22 September 1944[47] and was arrested on 23 September 1944, as were several other French automobile-industry leaders.[47] Renault's harsh handling of the 1936–1938 strikes had left him without political allies and no one came to his aid.[45] He was incarcerated at Fresnes prison where he died on 24 October 1944 under unclear circumstances,[48] while awaiting trial.[49][50]

On 1 January 1945, by de Gaulle's decree, the company was posthumously expropriated from Louis Renault. On 16 January 1945, it was formally nationalised as Régie Nationale des Usines Renault.[47] Renault's were the only factories permanently expropriated by the French government.[51] In subsequent years, the Renault family tried to have the nationalisation rescinded by French courts and receive compensation. In 1945, and again in 1961, the Courts responded that they had no authority to review the government's actions.[45]

Postwar resurgence (1945–1971)

Under the leadership of Pierre Lefaucheux, Renault experienced both a commercial resurgence and labor unrest, that was to continue into the 1980s.

In the early 1950s, Renault assembled at least two models; "Standard Saloon" and "De Luxe Saloon" in England.[52]

In secrecy during the war, Louis Renault had developed the rear engine 4CV[53] which was subsequently launched under Lefacheux in 1946. Renault debuted its flagship model, the largely conventional 2-litre 4-cylinder Renault Frégate (1951–1960), shortly thereafter. The 4CV proved a capable rival for cars such as the Morris Minor and Volkswagen Beetle; its sales of more than half a million ensured its production until 1961.

After the success of the 4CV, Lefacheux continued to defy the postwar French Ministry of Industrial Production, which had wanted to convert Renault solely to truck manufacture,[54] by directing the development of its successor. He oversaw the prototyping of the Dauphine (until his death), enlisting the help of artist Paule Marrot in pioneering the company's textile and color division.

The Dauphine sold well as the company expanded production and sales further abroad, including Africa and North America.[55] The Dauphine sold well initially in the US, although it subsequently became outdated against increased competition, including from the country's nascent domestic compacts such as the Chevrolet Corvair. Renault also sold the Renault Caravelle roadster, which was called the Floride outside North America.

 
Launched in 1964, the Renault R8 Gordini was the first sportive compact car for a public consumption price.[56]

During the 1950s, Renault absorbed two small French heavy vehicle manufacturers (Somua and Latil) and in 1955 merged them with its own truck and bus division to form the Société Anonyme de Véhicules Industriels et d'Equipements Mécaniques (Saviem).[57]

 
1966 Renault 4

Renault then launched two successful cars – the Renault 4 (1961–1992), a practical competitor for the likes of the Citroën 2CV, and the Renault 8.[35] The larger rear-engined Renault 10 followed the success of the R8, and was the last rear-engined Renault. The company achieved success with the more modern and more upmarket Renault 16, a pioneering hatchback launched in 1966, followed by the smaller Renault 6.

 
1969 Renault 12

On 16 January 1970, the manufacturer celebrated the 25th anniversary of its 1945 rebirth as the nationalised Régie Nationale des Usines Renault. The 1960s had been a decade of aggressive growth: a few months earlier, in October 1969, the manufacturer had launched the Renault 12, combining the engineering philosophy of its hatchbacks with the more conservative "three-box" design. The four-door Renault 12 model fit between the Renault 6 and Renault 16. The model was a success. 1970 was also the first year during which Renault produced more than a million cars in a single year, building 1,055,803.[58]

Modern era (1972–1980)

 
Renault 5 Turbo
 
1972 Renault 17TS coupe
 
The Renault Fuego won 8 consecutive championships in the Argentinian TC 2000 touring car racing series between 1986 and 1993.

The company's compact and economical Renault 5 model, launched in January 1972,[59] was another success, anticipating the 1973 energy crisis.[35] Throughout the 1970s the R4, R5, R6, R12, R15, R16, and R17 maintained Renault's production with new models including the Renault 18 and Renault 20.

During the mid-seventies, the already broad-based company diversified into more industries and continued to expand globally, including South East Asia. The energy crisis led Renault to again attempt to attack the North American market. Despite the Dauphine's success in the United States in the late 1950s and an unsuccessful assembly project in Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec (1964–72), Renault began to disappear from North America at the end of the decade.

Renault acquired a controlling stake in Automobiles Alpine in 1973, and over the decades, Renault developed a collaborative partnership with Nash Motors Rambler and its successor American Motors Corporation (AMC). From 1962 until 1967, Renault assembled complete knock down (CKD) kits of the Rambler Classic sedans in its factory in Belgium.[60] Renault did not have large or luxury cars in its product line and the "Rambler Renault" was positioned as an alternative to the Mercedes-Benz "Fintail" cars. Later, Renault continued to make and sell a hybrid of AMC's Rambler American and Rambler Classic called the Renault Torino in Argentina (sold through IKA-Renault). Renault partnered with AMC on other projects, such as a rotary concept engine in the late 1960s.

In the late 1960s and 1970s, the company established subsidiaries in Eastern Europe, most notably Dacia in Romania, and South America (many of which remain active) and forged technological cooperation agreements with Volvo and Peugeot,[61] (for instance, for the development of the PRV V6 engine, which was used in Renault 30, Peugeot 604, and Volvo 260 in the late 1970s).

 
Renault 25 V6 Turbo Baccara

In the mid-1960s, Renault Australia was set up in Melbourne. The company produced and assembled models including the R8, R10, R12, R16, sporty R15, R17 coupes, R18, and R20. The unit closed in 1981 and the factory closed with LNC Industries taking over import and distribution of Renaults in Australia.[62]

When Peugeot acquired Citroën and formed PSA, the group's collaboration with Renault was reduced, although established joint production projects were maintained. Prior its merging with Peugeot, Citroën sold to Renault the truck and bus manufacturer Berliet[61] in December 1974,[63] merging it with its subsidiary Saviem in 1978 to create Renault Véhicules Industriels, which became the only French manufacturer of heavy commercial vehicles.[30][57] In 1976, Renault reorganised the company into four business areas: automobiles (for car and light commercial vehicles or LCVs), finance and services, commercial vehicles (coaches and trucks over 2.5 tons GVW), and minor operations under an industrial enterprises division (farm machinery, plastics, foundry, etc.). In 1980, Renault produced 2,053,677 cars and LCVs. The cars at the time were the Renault 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 30; the LCVs were the 4, 5, and 12 Société and the Estafette. The company added 54,086 buses/coaches and trucks.[61]

In North America, Renault partnered with American Motors Corporation (AMC), lending AMC operating capital and buying a minority 22.5% stake in the company in late 1979. The first Renault model sold through AMC's dealerships was the R5, renamed Renault Le Car. Jeep was keeping AMC afloat until new products, particularly the XJ Cherokee, could be launched. When the bottom fell out of the four-wheel drive (4×4) truck market in early 1980, AMC was in danger of bankruptcy. To protect its investment, Renault bailed AMC out with cash – at the price of a controlling 47.5% interest.[64] Renault replaced some AMC executives, and Jose J. Dedeurwaerder of Renault became President of AMC.[35]

The partnership resulted in the marketing of Jeep vehicles in Europe.[35] The Jeep XJ Cherokee may have been a joint AMC/Renault project since some early sketches of the XJ series were made in collaboration by Renault and AMC engineers (AMC insisted that the XJ Cherokee was designed by AMC personnel; even though a former Renault engineer designed the Quadra-Link front suspension for the XJ series).[65] The Jeep also used wheels and seats from Renault. Part of AMC's overall strategy was to save manufacturing costs by using Renault's parts and engineering expertise when practical. This led to the improvement of the venerable AMC inline six – a Renault/Bendix-based port electronic fuel injection system (usually called Renix) transformed it into a modern, competitive powerplant with a jump from 110 to 177 hp (82 to 132 kW) with less displacement (from 4.2 to 4.0 litres). The XJC Cherokee concept, which was conceived in 1983 as a successor to the XJ series, was also a joint collaboration with AMC and Renault engineers until the design was inherited by the Chrysler Corporation in late 1987 after Renault divested AMC – which debuted in 1989 as the Jeep Concept 1 (evolving into the Jeep Grand Cherokee in April 1992).

The Renault-AMC marketing effort in passenger cars was unsuccessful compared to the popularity of Jeep vehicles. This was because, by the time the Renault range was ready, the second energy crisis was over, taking with it much of the desire for economical, compact cars. One exception was the Renault Alliance (an Americanised version of the Renault 9), which debuted for the 1983 model year. Assembled at AMC's Kenosha, Wisconsin plant,[64] the Alliance received Motor Trend's domestic Car of The Year award in 1983.[66] The Alliance's 72% US content allowed it to qualify as a domestic vehicle, making it the first car with a foreign nameplate to win the award. (In 2000, Motor Trend did away with separate awards for domestic and imported vehicles.) A surprising side effect of the AMC linkup was that Renault felt the effects of the Arab League boycott of companies doing business with Israel, as AMC built Jeeps there under license. Plans to sell the Renault 9 in the Middle East were mothballed as a result.[67]

Introductions in the US during the 1980s included the Renault Alliance GTA and GTA convertible – an automatic-top convertible with a 2.0 L engine – big for a car of its class and the Renault Fuego coupé. The Alliance was followed by the Encore (US version of the Renault 11), an Alliance-based hatchback.[64] In 1982, Renault become the second European automaker to build cars in the US, after Volkswagen. However, bland styling and poor product quality proved insurmountable.[68]

Eventually, Renault sold AMC to Chrysler in 1987 after the assassination of Renault's chairman, Georges Besse by Action directe.[35] The Renault Medallion (Renault 21 in Europe) sedan and wagon was sold from 1987 until 1989 through Jeep-Eagle dealerships. Jeep-Eagle was the division Chrysler created out of the former AMC. Renault imports ended after 1989. A completely new full-sized 4-door sedan, the Eagle Premier, was developed during the partnership between AMC and Renault. The Premier design, as well as its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Bramalea, Ontario, Canada, were the starting point for the sleek LH sedans such as the Eagle Vision and Chrysler 300M.

In early 1979, as part of its attempts to expand into the US market, Renault bought a 20% stake in truck manufacturer Mack.[69][70] The aim of this operation was to make use of the company's extensive dealership network to distribute light trucks.[71] In 1983, Renault increased its stake in Mack to 44.6%.[70][71] In 1987, it transferred the ownership of a 42% stake to Renault Véhicules Industriels.[72]

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Renault increased its involvement in motorsport, with novel inventions such as turbochargers in its Formula One cars. Renault's Head of Engines, Georges Douin, orchestrated the installation of turbocharged engines across much of the Renault range beginning in 1980. 10% of all turbocharged European cars in 1984 were Renaults.[73] The company's road car designs were revolutionary in other ways also – the Renault Espace was one of the first minivans and was to remain the most well-known minivan in Europe for the next two decades. The second-generation Renault 5, the European Car of the Year-winning Renault 9, and the most luxurious Renault yet, the aerodynamic 25, were all released in the early 1980s. At the same time, poor product quality damaged the brand. The ill-fated Renault 14 may have been the culmination of these problems in the early 1980s.

 
1985 Renault Espace, the first European multi-purpose vehicle
 
Renault Twingo popularized the city car in Europe from 1992. Six years later, most of its rivals began to enter the city car market.
 
Renault Safrane Biturbo

Restructuring (1981–1995)

Renaults were somewhat successful on both road and track, including the 1984 Espace launch, which was Europe's first multi-purpose vehicle, a dozen years before any competitor. However, Renault was losing a billion francs a month totaling ₣12.5 billion in 1984. The government intervened and Georges Besse was installed as chairman; he set about cutting costs dramatically, selling many of Renault's non-core assets (Volvo stake, Gitane, Eurocar, and Renix), withdrawing almost entirely from motorsports, and laying off many employees.[74] This halved the deficit by 1986, but Besse was murdered by the communist terrorist group Action Directe in November 1986. He was replaced by Raymond Lévy, who continued Besse's initiatives, slimming the company enough that by the end of 1987, Renault was more or less financially stable. However, while Besse was convinced that Renault needed a presence in the North American market and wanted to push forward with restructuring AMC, Lévy, facing domestic losses from Renault at home, and losses from AMC in the US, along with the political climate that led to Besse's assassination, decided to sell AMC to Chrysler that same year.

The Renault 9, a small four-door family saloon, was voted European Car of the Year on its 1981 launch. It sold well in France, but was eventually eclipsed by its sister vehicle, the Renault 11 hatchback, as the hatchback body style became more popular in this size of the car. The Renault 5 entered its second generation in 1984 and continued to sell well. The long-running Renault 18 was replaced by the Renault 21 early in 1986, adding a seven-seater estate badged as the Nevada or Savanna depending on where it was sold. Renault's top-of-the-range model in the 1980s was the Renault 25, launched at the end of 1983.

In 1990, Renault strengthened its collaboration with Volvo by signing an agreement that allowed both companies to reduce vehicle conception costs and purchasing expenses. Renault had access to Volvo's expertise in upper market segments and in return, Volvo exploited Renault's designs for low and medium segments. In 1993, the two companies announced their intention to merge operations by 1 January 1994 and increased their cross-shareholding. The French accepted the merger, while Volvo shareholders rejected it.[74]

A revitalised Renault launched successful new cars in the early 1990s, accompanied by an improved marketing effort on European markets,[74] including the 5 replacement, the Clio in May 1990.[35] The Clio was the first new model of a generation that replaced numeric identifiers with traditional nameplates. The Clio was voted European Car of the Year soon after its launch, and was one of Europe's best-selling cars in the 1990s, proving even more popular than its predecessor. Other important launches included the third-generation Espace in 1996 and the innovative Twingo in 1992, the first car to be marketed as a city car MPV (multi-purpose vehicle). The Twingo was roomier than any prior cars of its size range. Twingo sales reached 2.4 million in Europe, even though the original was only built for (Continental) left-hand drive markets.[75]

 
Renault Scénic, awarded Car of the year in Europe in 1997 and the first[76] car to be marketed as a compact MPV, is the most popular MPV in Europe for 20 years.[76]
 
Renault Clio IV, 5 doors or estate, named European Car of the Year in 2006
 
The Renault Captur is the best seller SUV in Europe[77] since its first commercialization month in 2013.[78]
 
2015 Renault Espace V, a crossover mixing elements of SUVs and MPVs

Privatisation and the alliance era (1996–2020)

It was eventually decided that the company's state-owned status was a detriment. By 1994, plans to sell shares to public investors were officially announced.[74] The company was privatised in 1996.[35] This new freedom allowed the company to venture once again into markets in Eastern Europe and South America, including a new factory in Brazil and upgrades for its infrastructure in Argentina and Turkey. In December 1996, General Motors Europe and Renault begun to collaborate in the development of LCVs, starting with the second generation Trafic (codenamed X83).[79]

Renault's financial problems were not all fixed by the privatisation, and Renault's president, Louis Schweitzer gave to his then deputy, Carlos Ghosn, the task of confronting them. Ghosn elaborated a plan to cut costs for the period 1998–2000, reducing the workforce, revising production processes, standardising vehicle parts and pushing the launch of new models. The company also undertook organisational changes, introducing a lean production system with delegate responsibilities inspired by Japanese systems (the "Renault Production Way"), reforming work methods, and centralising research and development at its Technocentre to reduce vehicle conception costs while accelerating such conception.[74]

After Volvo's exit, Renault searched for a new partner to cope with an industry that was consolidating. Talks with BMW, Mitsubishi, Nissan, PSA and others were held and yielded a relationship with Nissan, whose negotiations with Daimler had stalled.[80] Starting on 27 March 1999, the Renault–Nissan Alliance is the first of its kind involving a Japanese and a French company, including cross-ownership. Renault initially acquired a 36.8% stake at a cost of £2.7 billion in Nissan, while Nissan, in turn, took a 15% non-voting stake in Renault.[81] Renault continued to operate as a stand-alone company, but with the intent to collaborate with its alliance partner to reduce costs. The same year, Renault bought a 51% majority stake of the Romanian company Dacia for £408.5 million,[82] thus returning after 30 years, in which time the Romanians had built over 2 million cars that primarily consisted of local versions of the Renault 8, 12 and 20. In 2000, Renault acquired a controlling stake of the newly formed South Korean Samsung Group's automotive division for £59.5 million.[83]

In Japan, Renault was formerly licensed by Yanase Co, Japan's premier seller of imported cars. However, as a result of Renault's purchase of an interest in Nissan in 1999, Yanase cancelled its licensing contract with Renault in the spring of 2000, and Nissan took over as the sole licensee, hence sales of Renault vehicles in Japan were transferred from Yanase Store locations to Nissan Red Stage Store locations.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Renault sold various assets to finance its inversions and acquisitions,[84] refocusing itself as a car and van manufacturer. In 1999, the company sold its industrial automation subsidiary, Renault Automation, to Comau and its engine parts division to TWR Engine Components.[84] In 2001, Renault sold its 50% stake in bus/coach manufacturer Irisbus to co-owner Iveco and its logistics subsidiary, CAT France, to Global Automotive Logistics.[84] Following the sale of Renault Véhicules Industriels to Volvo in 2001, the company retained a minority (but controlling) stake (20%) in the Volvo Group. In 2010 Renault reduced its shareholding to 6.5% and in December 2012 sold its remaining shares.[85] In 2004, Renault sold a 51% majority stake in its agricultural machinery division, Renault Agriculture, to CLAAS. In 2006, CLAAS increased its ownership to 80% and in 2008 took full control.[86]

In the twenty-first century, Renault developed a reputation for distinctive, outlandish design. The second generation of the Laguna and Mégane featured ambitious, angular designs that turned out to be successful, The 2000 Laguna was the second European car to feature "keyless" entry and ignition.[87] Less successful were the company's more upmarket models. The Avantime, a unique coupé multi-purpose vehicle, sold poorly and was quickly discontinued while the luxury Vel Satis model also disappointed. However, the design inspired the lines of the second-generation Mégane, the maker's most successful car. As well as its distinctive styling, Renault was to become known for its car safety by the independent company Euro NCAP[88] Thus, in 2001, the Laguna achieved a five-star rating,[88] followed in 2004 by the Modus,[89] and acquired control of AvtoVAZ in 2008.[90]

In April 2010, Renault–Nissan announced an alliance with Daimler. Renault supplied Mercedes-Benz with its brand new 1.6-litre turbo-diesel engine and Mercedes-Benz provided a 2.0 litre four-cylinder petrol engine to Renault–Nissan.[91] The resulting new alliance was to develop a replacement for the Smart based on the Twingo.[92]

In February 2010, Renault opened a new production factory near Tangier, Morocco, with an annual output capacity of 170,000 vehicles.[93] Initially, it manufactured the Dacia Lodgy and Dacia Dokker models followed in October 2013[94] by the second generation Dacia Sandero. The output capacity increased to 340,000 vehicles per year with the inauguration of a second production line.[95] The site is located in a dedicated free trade area, neighboring Tanger Automotive City.[96] According to Renault, the new factory emits zero carbon and industrial liquid discharges.[97] Over 100,000 vehicles were produced there in 2013. Renault expects to eventually increase production at the Tangier plant to 400,000 vehicles per year.[98]

In the 2010s, Renault increased its efforts to gain market share in the Chinese market. In 2013, it formed a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Group named as Dongfeng Renault, based on a failed previous venture with the Chinese company Sanjiang.[99] In December 2017, it signed an agreement with Brilliance Auto to create a new joint venture (Renault Brilliance Jinbei) aimed at producing light commercial vehicles and minivans under the Renault, Jinbei and Huasong marques.[100] In December 2018, Renault announced it would acquire a "significant" stake in JMCG's electric vehicle subsidiary JMEV.[101] In July 2019, Renault took a 50% majority stake from JMEV through capital increase.[102] In April 2020, Renault announced it planned to withdraw from the Dongfeng Renault venture, transferring its stake to Dongfeng.[103]

In December 2012, the Algeria's National Investment Fund (FNI), the Société Nationale de Véhicules Industriels (SNVI), and Renault signed an agreement to establish a factory near the city of Oran, Algeria, with the aim of manufacturing Symbol units from 2014 onwards. The production output was estimated at 25,000 vehicles. The Algerian State has a 51% stake in the facility.[104][105]

In September 2013, Renault launched its brand in Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, with the aim of becoming one of the top European brands there until 2016. The model range at the time of the launch consisted of the Duster (locally assembled), the Koleos and the Mégane RS.[106] Later, the Clio and the Captur were also added.[107]

In April 2015, the French government upped their stake in Renault from 15% to 19.73% with the aim of blocking a resolution at the next annual general meeting that could reduce its control over the company.[108] In 2017, the government sold back shares and returned to a 15% stake as agreed with Renault.[109]

During 2016, Renault changed position on the viability of small (B-segment) diesel cars in Europe, as they become significantly more expensive when re-engineered to comply with new emissions regulations as a result of the Volkswagen emissions scandal. Renault believes that all small and some mid-size (C-segment) will no longer be diesels by 2020.[110] However, on Friday, 13 January 2017, Renault shares fell as the Paris prosecutor started an investigation into possible exhaust emissions cheating.[111][112] The company later recalled 15,000 cars for emission testing and fixing.[113][114][115] Renault, along with several other automobile companies, has been accused of manipulating the measurement equipment for NOx pollution from diesel cars. Independent tests carried out by the German car club ADAC proved that, under normal driving conditions, diesel vehicles, including the Renault Espace, exceeded legal European emission limits for nitrogen oxide (NOx) by more than 10 times.[116][117][118] Renault denied any foul play, stating compliance with French and European standards.[119]

In November 2018, Renault's CEO Ghosn was arrested by Japanese officials for allegedly underreporting his Nissan's salary, following an internal review conducted by the Japanese company. Renault traded shares fell more than 15% after the arrest was known.[120] After Ghosn's arrest, the chief operating officer and company deputy chief Thierry Bolloré became the acting CEO and the board director Philippe Lagayette the acting chairman.[121] In January 2019, following Ghosn's resignation, Renault announced it had appointed Jean-Dominique Senard as chairman and the acting CEO Bolloré as CEO.[122] In October 2019, Bolloré was fired and replaced by Renault's CFO Clotilde Delbos as acting CEO. Bolloré said his dismissal was a "coup" by Senard.[123] In January 2020, Renault announced it had named Italian Luca de Meo as its new CEO, with him taking his post on 1 July. Delbos was named as his deputy.[124]

In May 2020, Renault announced a cost-cutting plan aimed at eliminating 15,000 jobs worldwide, about 10% of the company's workforce, due to falling sales and the COVID-19 pandemic.[125]

Post-COVID (2021)

In January 2021, as part of a company revamp, Renault said it would divide its automotive division into four business units: Renault, Dacia and Lada, Alpine, and Mobilize (the latter for new "new mobility services").[126][127]

On 15 February 2021, Renault launched SUV Kiger in India.[128]

In April 2021, Renault said that its revenue fell by 1.1% from the beginning of 2021 until March and it will reduce car production and focus on models with higher margins.[129]

In November 2022, Renault said it planned to spin off the electric car development into a subsidiary company called Ampere.[130] It also planned to spin off its powertrain production and development operations (including internal combustion engines and hybrid systems) into a joint venture company with Geely as co-owner.[130][131]

Innovations

  • 1899 Louis Renault "Driving, speed-changing mechanism and reversing gear"[132] Louis Renault invented a revolutionary direct drive gear[133] with no drive belt, with much better uphill performances.
  • 1963 – Renault 8 was the first serial car with four-wheel disc brake system
  • 1980 – First patents for "Braking distribution device for total adherence"[134][135]
  • 1988 CARMINAT, a real-time system for location and weather information. This program received European support from 1988, under the code Eureka EU-55 CARMINAT.[136] These innovations for the real-time location and human-machine interfaces are included in the Renault R-link system and Carminat TomTom devices.

Controversies

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began on 24 February, many international, particularly Western companies pulled out of Russia. Unlike most of its Western competitors, Renault has been slow to announce any divestments or scaling back of its operations in Russia, drawing criticism.[137][138] On 21 March, after a brief halt, Renault resumed production at the Renault Russia car plant near Moscow.[139][140] On 23 March, while addressing the French National Assembly, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy called for French companies, including Renault, to leave Russia.[141] Later that day, Renault said it had "suspended" Renault Russia operations and was "assessing the available options" regarding its AvtoVAZ ownership.[142] In May 2022, Renault signed agreements to sell 100% of its shares in Renault Russia to Moscow City entity and its 67.69% interest in AvtoVAZ to NAMI (the Central Research and Development Automobile and Engine Institute). The agreement provides an option for Renault to buy back its interest in AvtoVAZ, exercisable at certain times during the next 6 years.[143]

Motorsport

Main articles: Renault Sport and Formula Renault
 
1907 Renault-built Replica of their French Grand Prix winner, one of 4 known to exist

Renault took part in motorsport at the beginning of the 20th century, promoted by Marcel Renault's racing interests and over the years acquired companies with a sporting connection such as Gordini and Alpine.

In the seventies, Renault set up a dedicated motorsport division called Renault Sport, and, in 1978, won the 24 Hours of Le Mans with the Renault Alpine A442. Renault has also achieved success in both rallying and in Formula One over the past few decades.

 
Renault has twelve F1 Championships wins as engine manufacturer in Formula One.[144] Nigel Mansell, Damon Hill, Michael Schumacher, Alain Prost, Fernando Alonso, Sebastian Vettel and Jacques Villeneuve won eleven F1 driver's titles with cars powered by Renault engines.

The company has also backed various one-make single-seater series such as Formula Renault and the Formula Renault 3.5. These two racing series were a step in the career of thousands of drivers, including Formula One champions Fernando Alonso, Sebastian Vettel, Kimi Räikkönen[145] and Lewis Hamilton,[146] as well as IndyCar champion Will Power.[147]

Renault Sport develops and manufactures the Renault Sport-badged cars,[148] as the Renault Clio RS (for Renault Sport) and the Renault Mégane RS, which own the world records in their categories, such as the Nürburgring,[149] and the Suzuka circuit and awards from What Car?,[150] Evo, and other magazines.

 
Fernando Alonso driving for Renault F1 at Indianapolis in 2005, the year in which the Renault team won the first of their two Formula One championships
 
Renault Alpine A110, first Champion of the World Rally Championship
 
Renault Megane RS, IAA 2017

Formula One

Main article: Renault in Formula One

Renault introduced the turbo engine to Formula One when they debuted their first car, the Renault RS01 at Silverstone in 1977. The Renault team continued until 1986. From 1989 Renault supplied engines for the successful Williams-Renault car.

Renault took over the Benetton Formula team in 2000[151] for the 2001 season and renamed it Renault F1 in 2002. In 2005 and 2006 the team won the Constructors' and Drivers' titles (with Fernando Alonso).[152] At the 2005 French Grand Prix Carlos Ghosn set out his policy regarding the company's involvement in motorsport:

"We are not in Formula One out of habit or tradition. We're here to show our talent and that we can do it properly ... Formula One is a cost if you don't get the results. Formula One is an investment if you do have them and know how to exploit them."

Renault powered the winning 2010 Red Bull Racing team, and took a similar role with its old team in December 2010, when it sold its final stake to the investment group Genii Capital, the main stakeholder[153] since December 2009,[154] ending Renault's direct role in running a F1 team for the second time.[155]

Renault bought the Enstone-based team for the 2016 season, rebranding it Renault.[156][157] In 2021, the team was renamed Alpine F1 Team and became part of the new Alpine business unit, with Renault retained as the engine nameplate.

Rallying

Renault has been involved in rallying from an early era. Marcel Renault won the 1902 Rallye Paris-Vienna, but lost his life while competing in the 1903 Paris-Madrid rally.[158]

During the 1950s and 1960s, Renault manufactured several small cars with rear wheel drive in some cases, as the 4CV, the R8 or the Dauphine. These cars were well-adapted to the rally of the time, and the tuner Amedee Gordini collaborated with its performance.[158] In the 1950s the Renault Dauphine won several international rallies, including the 1956 Mille Miglia and the 1958 Monte Carlo Rally.[159]

In 1973, Renault took control of Automobiles Alpine, a related company for several years, which was responsible for building successful rally cars such as the A110.[160] A highly evolved A110 won the first World Rally Championship, representing Alpine-Renault.[158]

In 1976, the Alpine's competition department and the Gordini factory at Viry-Chatillon were merged into Renault Sport.[160] The focus shifted to Formula One, although Renault achieved several victories including the 1981 Monte Carlo Rally with the Renault 5 Turbo[159] before retirement from the world rally in late 1994.[158]

Renault cars also participate of cross-country races, most prominently the Dakar Rally. The Marreau brothers won the 1982 edition driving a Renault 20 Turbo 4x4 prototype.[161]

Later, Renault provided a Renault Megane platform[citation needed] and sponsored the Schlesser-Renault Elf buggies that won the 1999[162] and 2000 editions.[163] The 1999 car was the first two-wheel drive Dakar's winner.[164]

Renaults won the European Rally Championship four times, in 1970, 1999, 2004 and 2005.[165]

Financial data

Financial data in € billions[166]
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Revenue 40.932 41.055 45.327 51.243 58.770 57.419 55.537
Net income 0.695 1.998 2.960 3.543 5.210 3.302 -141
Assets 74.992 81.551 90.605 102.103 109.943 114.996 122.171
Employees 121,807 117,395 120,136 124,849 181,344 183,002 179,565

Corporate governance

Renault's head office is in Boulogne-Billancourt.[167] The head office is located near the old Renault factories; Renault has maintained a historical presence in Boulogne-Billancourt[168] since the company's opening in 1898.[167]

Renault is administered through a board of directors, an executive committee and a management committee.[169] As of January 2019, members of the 19-seat board include Jean-Dominique Senard (as chairman), Cherie Blair, Catherine Barba and Pascale Sourisse.[170] Clotilde Delbos is the acting CEO.

Products and technologies

Main article: List of Renault vehicles
Best-selling Groupe Renault models in 2019[171]
including Dacia and Renault Samsung marque
Rank Model Sales
1 Clio 433,201
2 Sandero 409,731
3 Duster 296,848
4 Captur/Kaptur 263,476
5 Mégane + Scénic 253,830
6 Logan/Symbol 207,912
7 Kwid 186,647
8 Kangoo 125,911
9 Kadjar 125,300
10 Master 108,760

Current models

Current model line up, with calendar year of introduction:[172]

  • Clio (1990–present; hatchback)
  • Twingo (1992–present; hatchback)
  • Mégane (1995–present; hatchback, estate)
  • Kangoo (1997–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mercedes-Benz Citan and the Nissan Townstar)
  • Twizy (2012–present)
  • Zoe (2012–present; hatchback)
  • Captur (2013–present)
  • Duster Oroch (Latin America only) (2015–present; pick-up)
  • Kwid (China, India, and Latin America only) (2015–present; hatchback)
  • Alaskan (Latin America only) (2016–present; pick-up)
  • Triber (India only) (2019–present; mini MPV)
  • Kiger (India only) (2021–present)
  • Taliant (Africa, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Middle East only) (2021–present; restyled Dacia Logan)
  • Austral (2022–present)

Dacia vehicles, sold in some markets under the Renault marque:

Renault Samsung vehicles, sold in some markets under the Renault marque:

  • Koleos (2008–present; Renault Samsung QM5/Renault Samsung QM6)
  • Arkana (2020–present; Renault Samsung XM3)

Renault light commercial vehicles:

Dacia light commercial vehicles, sold in some markets under the Renault marque:

Concept cars

Main article: List of Renault vehicles: Concept cars
 
Renault Eolab, a 1l/100km hybrid concept car

Renault concept cars show future design and technology directions. Since 2008, Renault has displayed various all-electric car concepts under the name "Z.E.", for zero emission, starting with a concept based on the Renault Kangoo Be Bop. Further concepts and announcements followed, with the production of the Fluence Z.E. saloon beginning in 2011 and the Renault Zoe in 2012.

Renault revealed the Ondelios hybrid concept in 2008.[175][176] but this was overtaken by the Z.E. programme. However, Renault presented a new hybrid car in September 2014, the Eolab, which incorporates various innovations that the company said will be added to production models by 2020.[177]

In 2014 at the New Delhi Auto Show, Renault announced a new model, the Kwid Concept, which comes with helicopter drone.[178]

Electric vehicles

See also: Renault–Nissan Alliance zero-emission vehicles
 
Renault Zoe, a pure electric car with a 210 km to 230 km range

In 2013, Renault became the leader of electric vehicles sales in Europe, thanks to its large range of vehicles (Twizy, Zoe, Fluence, Kangoo).[179][non-primary source needed] The Renault Zoe was Europe's best selling all-electric car in 2015 and 2016.[180][181] Global Zoe sales reached the 50,000 unit mark in June 2016,[182] and achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in June 2019.[183] Groupe Renault global electric vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in September 2016.[184][185] Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the Group has sold more than 273,550 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019. Since inception, a total of 181,893 Zoe city cars, 48,821 Kangoo Z.E. electric vans, 29,118 Twitzy heavy quadricycles, and 10,600 Fluence Z.E. cars have been sold globally through December 2019.[18]

Beginning in 2008, Renault made agreements for its planned zero-emissions products, including with Israel, Portugal, Denmark and the US states of Tennessee and Oregon,[186] Yokohama in Japan and the Principality of Monaco.[187] Serge Yoccoz is the electric vehicle project director.[188]

In 2008, Renault–Nissan signed a deal to produce electric cars for an initiative in Israel with Better Place, a US company developing new non-petroleum–based transport infrastructure. Renault aimed to sell 10–20,000 cars a year in Israel.[189] Renault also agreed to develop exchangeable batteries for the project.[190] Renault collaborated with Better Place to produce a network of all-electric vehicles and thousands of charging stations in Denmark, planned to be operational by 2011.[191] The Renault Fluence Z.E.,[192] was selected for the Israel project. It became the first zero-emission vehicle with a switchable battery,[193] with trials in 2010 undertaken with the Renault Laguna. Renault ended the partnership in 2013, following Better Place's bankruptcy, with only 1,000 vehicle sales in Israel and 240 in Denmark.[194]

Renault–Nissan and the largest French electric utility, Électricité de France (EDF), signed an agreement to promote electric vehicles in France. The partnership planned to pilot projects on battery management and charging infrastructure.[195] Renault–Nissan also signed deals with Ireland's Electricity Supply Board (ESB),[196] and in Milton Keynes as part of the UK's Plugged in Places national project.[197]

We have decided to introduce zero-emission vehicles as quickly as possible in order to ensure individual mobility against the background of high oil prices and better environmental protection

— Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault and Nissan[186]

According to Ghosn, the Renault–Nissan alliance was a fundamental step in electric car development, and that they needed each other for other issues such as battery manufacturing, charging infrastructure and business strategy.[198]

I don't think either Renault or Nissan would have been able to launch an EV alone successfully. You can have an electric car alone. But what you cannot have is an EV business system, from batteries to recycling to cars to infrastructure to negotiation, by being alone.

— Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault and Nissan[198]

The Renault–Nissan group is a member of the PHEV Research Center. In September 2013, Renault and Bolloré announced an agreement to collaborate on a new electric vehicle and in car-sharing project.[199]

In 2021, Renault launched a new EV and mobility brand called Mobilize[200] and showed a prototype for a small Twizy-style[201] EV called the EZ-1.[202][203][204] Renault Group also invested into a start-up company Verkor, that should develop EV batteries and about in 2026 build a gigafactory in France.[205]

By 2025 the yearly output of 400,000 electric vehicles is planned.

Eco²

In 2007 Renault introduced a new line of eco-friendly derivatives marked eco² that were based on production platforms. A minimum of 5% recycled plastic was used and the vehicle's materials were 95% reusable. Eco²'s CO2 emissions were not to exceed 140g/km, or would be biofuel compatible.[206] At the 2008 Fleet World Honours, Renault received the Environment Award. The chairman of Judges, George Emmerson, commented, "This was the most hotly contested category in the history of the Fleet World Honours, such is the clamour for organizations' green credentials to be recognised. There were some very impressive entries, but the panel felt that Renault's impressive range of low-emission vehicles was the most tangible, and the most quantifiable.[207]

R-Link

The R-Link infotainment system, developed by Renault and the CCETT labs during the 1980s,[136] produced with TomTom and fitted in Renault's vehicles, was ranked first in a user accessibility study performed by an independent consulting British company SBD. R-Link received 85% of the users' satisfaction, whereas the second "big five" automotive maker got a 10% lower satisfaction from the users.[208][209][unreliable source?][relevant?]

Autonomous vehicles

Renault plans to introduce autonomous vehicle technology by 2020. The company unveiled a prototype, the Next Two (based on the Zoe), in February 2014.[210]

Vehicle design

Design

"Pre-design" era

During its early years, Renault only manufactured the cars' chassis, while the bodywork was completed by coachbuilders. The first car with Renault's bodywork was the "Taxi de la Marne" introduced in 1905.[211] Most Renault-made bodyworks were simple and utilitarian until the Reinastella unveiling in 1928. In the 1930s, Renault developed streamlined cars such as the Viva Grand Sport. In the 1950s, the company worked with Ghia designers.[212]

Renault Styling

In 1961, with the assistance of the independent designer Philippe Charbonneaux (responsible for the R8), the company created Renault Styling as a design department, led by Gaston Juchet since 1963.[212][213] In 1975, Robert Opron was named chief designer[213] and Renault Styling was divided into Interior, Exterior and Advanced Design groups.[211]

In the 1960s, an in-house computer-aided design (CAD) computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system called UNISURF was introduced, led by Pierre Bézier (who popularised Bézier curves and worked at Renault from 1933 until 1975).

Industrial Design Department

In 1987, Renault named Patrick le Quément as chief designer[214] and created the Industrial Design Department to replace Renault Styling. The new division incorporated a new management system, with more technology and personnel. Renault gave it the same importance as Engineering and Product Planning, participating in product development.[211][213]

Le Quément was responsible for bold designs such as the Mégane II and the Vel Satis,[215] giving Renault a more coherent and stylish image.[216] In 1995, Design and Quality were merged under le Quément's direction.[211][214] Later, the new department moved to Guyancourt's Technocentre, which also became the base for Engineering and Product Planning. The group was organised in three sections: Automobile Design; Truck, LCV and Bus Design; and Concept Cars and Advanced Design. During the next years, satellite centres opened in Spain (1999), Paris (2000), South Korea (2003), Romania (2007), India (2007),[211][213] Brazil (2008)[217] and China (2019).[218]

At the end of 2009, le Quément was replaced by Laurens van den Acker,[214] who introduced the "cycle of life" concept to Renault's design.[219]

Engineering and Product Planning

 
Renault twin-turbo engine

Most of Renault engineering was decentralised until 1998, when the Technocentre became the main Renault's engineering facility.[74][220] Satellite centres exist, including Renault Technologies Americas (with branches in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico), Renault Technologies Romania (branches in Morocco, Russia, Slovenia and Turkey) and Renault Technologies Spain (branch in Portugal).[221] As of 2013, Renault's engineering section had over 6,500 employees worldwide, of which 34% were engineers and 63% technicians.[222] Engine development is in charge of a specific division, Renault Powertrains, with nearly 65 engineers.[223] Overseas engineering is increasing and research and design teams are in charge of adjusting existing vehicles to local needs and budgets.[224]

As of 2014, Engineering, and Product Planning, are directed by Gaspar Gascon Abellan[225] and Philippe Klein[226] respectively.

Technocentre

 
View of the Technocentre from the Jardin des Gogottes

The Renault Technocentre (French pronunciation: ​[ʁəno tɛknɔˈsɑ̃tʁ]) is the main research and development facility. It is located in Guyancourt. It covers 150 hectares (370 acres)[227] and integrates all departments involved in developing products and industrial processes (design, engineering and product planning) as well as supplier representatives. The Technocentre gathers more than 8,000 employees[228] and comprises three main sections: The Advance Precinct, The Hive and the prototype build centre. The Advance Precinct, a stepped structure surrounded by a lake, has design studios and other departments related to early design stages. The Hive is the tallest structure and includes research and engineering facilities dedicated to the development process of new vehicles. The prototype build centre is an extension of The Hive. The three main structures are accompanied by smaller technical buildings.[220]

The Technocentre was one of the first enterprises to have real-time life-size 3D modelling systems.[229]

Renault Tech

Renault Tech is a division of Renault Sport Technologies, headquartered in Les Ulis. It was established in 2008 and is in charge of modifying cars and vans for special purposes (mobility cars, driver's school cars, and business fleets).[230][231]

Subsidiaries and alliances

Top 10 Groupe Renault vehicle sales
by country, 2019[171]
Rank Location Vehicle
sales 		Market
share
1   France 698,723 25.9%
2   Russia[A] 508,647 29.0%
3   Germany 247,155 6.3%
4   Brazil 239,174 9.0%
5   Italy 220,403 10.5%
6   Spain 183,264 12.4%
7   China[B] 179,494 0.7%
8   United Kingdom 109,952 4.1%
9   India 88,869 2.5%
10   South Korea 86,859 5.0%


A Including AvtoVAZ sales
B Including Jinbei and Huasong sales
 
Renault España offices in Madrid

Subsidiaries

Dacia

Main article: Automobile Dacia

In 1999, Renault acquired a 51% controlling stake from the Romanian-based manufacturer Automobile Dacia, which was later increased to 99.43%.[232] As part of the Renault group, Dacia is a regional marque of entry-levels cars focused on Europe and Northern Africa which shares various models with the Renault marque.[14]

Renault Korea Motors

Main article: Renault Korea Motors

Renault acquired the car division of Samsung on 1 September 2000 in a $560 million deal for 70% of the company,[233] eventually increasing its stake to 80.1%.[234] The majority of the company's production at its Busan plant is exported under the Renault badge.[235]

RCI Banque

Main article: RCI Banque

RCI Banque is a wholly owned subsidiary that provides financial services for Renault marques worldwide and Nissan marques in Europe, Russia and South America.[236][237]

Renault Retail Group

Renault Retail Group is Renault's wholly owned automobile distributor for Europe.[238] In 1997, the French branches were merged to establish the subsidiary Renault France Automobiles (RFA). In 2001, it served as the basis for Renault Europe Automobiles (REA), which managed sales in Europe.[239] In 2008, the company adopted its current name.[240] Renault Retail Group operates in France, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.[238]

Manufacturing subsidiaries

French factories
Manufacturing subsidiaries outside France

Alliances

Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi

Main article: Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance

Renault has a 43.4% stake in Nissan, and Nissan holds a 15% stake (with no voting rights) in Renault, thereby giving it effective control. Renault has a 50% stake in the joint venture Renault-Nissan b.v., which was established to manage the Renault-Nissan alliance. The company is responsible for the management of two joint companies, RNPO (Renault Nissan Purchasing Organization) and RNIS (Renault-Nissan Information Services).[253] Combined vehicle sales in 2008 reached 6.9 million (including AvtoVAZ), making the Renault-Nissan Alliance the world's third-largest automotive group.[254]

As well as sharing engines and joint-development of zero-emissions technology, Nissan increased its presence in Europe by badging various Renault van models such as the Renault Kangoo/Nissan Kubistar, Renault Master/Nissan Interstar and the Renault Trafic/Nissan Primastar. Some passenger cars have also been badge-engineered, such as the Renault Clio-based Nissan Platina in Brazil. The "Renault Production System" standard used by all Renault factories borrowed extensively from the "Nissan Production Way" and resulted in Renault productivity improving by 15%. The alliance led to the loss of 21,000 jobs, and the closure of three assemby and two powertrain plants.[255]

In March 2010 the Renault-Nissan alliance opened its first joint facility in Chennai, India, investing 45 billion rupees (US$991.1 million).[256] The facility builds the Nissan Micra. The Renault Fluence and Renault Koleos are intended to be assembled there from completely knocked-down units. As a result of opening its own factory, Renault ended its five-year Mahindra Renault joint venture with Mahindra & Mahindra company to make and sell the Renault Logan in India.[257]

Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi and Daimler alliance

On 7 April 2010 Ghosn and Daimler AG CEO Dieter Zetsche announced a partnership between the three companies.[258] Daimler acquired a 3.10 per cent stake in Renault-Nissan and Renault and Nissan each took a 1.55 per cent stake in Daimler.[259]

American Motors

In 1979, Renault entered into an agreement with American Motors Corporation (AMC) to sell cars in the US.[260] A year later, Renault acquired a 22.5% interest in AMC.[261] This was not the first time the two companies had worked together. In the early 1960s, Renault assembled CKD kits and marketed Ramblers in France.[262] In 1982, Renault increased its stake in AMC to 46.4%.[263] The Renault Alliance/Encore (a modified version of the Renault 9 and 11) entered production in the US, but following AMC's continued decline, Renault withdrew from the US in 1987 and sold its share to Chrysler.[264]

Proposed alliances

On 30 June 2006, the media reported that General Motors convened an emergency board meeting to discuss a proposal by shareholder Kirk Kerkorian to form an alliance with Renault-Nissan. However, GM CEO Richard Wagoner felt that an alliance would disproportionately benefit Renault's shareholders and that GM should receive compensation accordingly. Talks between GM and Renault ended on 4 October 2006.[265]

In 2007, Renault-Nissan entered talks with Indian manufacturer Bajaj Auto to develop a new ultra-low-cost car along the lines of the Tata Nano.[266] Renault's existing partner in India, Mahindra, was not interested in the project. The proposed joint venture did not come to fruition and in late 2009 the companies announced that Bajaj would develop and manufacturer the vehicle and supply Renault-Nissan with completed cars.[267]

On 7 October 2008 a Renault executive said the company was interested in acquiring or partnering with Chrysler.[268] On 11 October 2008, the New York Times reported that General Motors, Nissan and Renault had all been in discussions over the past month with Chrysler's owner Cerberus Capital Management about acquiring Chrysler.[269]

In May 2019, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles proposed merging its business with Renault.[270] The proposal was later withdrawn.[271]

Awards

Renault models have won the European Car of the Year award six times in the last forty years:

Renault cars have won numerous national-level awards in Spain, Australia, Ireland, the United States,[66][278] Denmark, and elsewhere. Renault and its Dacia subsidiary have won three "Autobest" car of the year awards for the Duster, Logan, and Symbol models.[279]

Under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Culture, in the 2016 edition of the Corporate Art Awards Renault received by pptArt the award for its Art Collection that inspired the creativity of its car designers.[280]

Marketing and branding

Renault markets its products under five marques: Renault, Lada, Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors, and Alpine.[281]

Renault badge

Renault's first badge was introduced in 1900 and consisted of the Renault brothers' intertwined initials. When the company started mass production in 1906, it adopted a gear-shaped logo with a car inside it. After World War I the company used a logo depicting an FT tank. In 1923 it introduced a new circle-shaped badge, which was replaced by the "diamond" or lozenge in 1925.[282] The lozenge of Renault means a diamond that expresses the brand's firm desire to project a strong and consistent corporate image.[283]

The Renault diamond logo has been through many iterations.[282] To modernise its image, Renault asked Victor Vasarely to design its new logo in 1972. The transformed logo maintained the diamond shape. The design was later revised to reflect the more rounded lines of the brand's new styling cues.[284] The current badge has been in use since 1992.

The logo for web and print use was updated three times thereafter. In 2002 a more realistic representation inside a yellow rectangle was made which is still used as the Renault Trucks logo albeit in red. In 2004 the logo received the Renault Identité typeface. In 2007, Saguez & Partners produced a version with the wordmark and logo inside a square.[282][285]

In April 2015, Renault introduced new designs to differentiate the company from the product brand, as part of the 'Passion for life' campaign. The new brand logo replaced the yellow background with a yellow stripe. A new typeface was also introduced. A corporate logo was unveiled at the 2015 Annual General Meeting, incorporating Renault, Dacia and Renault Samsung Motors.[286][287]

January 2021 saw the introduction of a new flat diamond logo alongside the Renault 5 Prototype electric concept car. The logo received so much positive feedback that Renault officially introduced the new symbol as their logo in March 2021, according to Renault's design director Gilles Vidal, who joined the group in 2020. They plan to introduce the new diamond on many online platforms in June 2021 and the first model with the new logo featured will be revealed in 2022.[288]

The yellow associated with the company appeared initially in the diamond badge of 1946, when Renault was nationalised.[282][283]

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1923 to 1925

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1925 to 1946

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1946 to 1959

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1959 to 1971

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1971 to 1972 (This logo was not used because it is considered as a copy of the logo of the company Kent)[289][290]

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1972 to 1981 (Vasarely Logo)

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1981 to 1992

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 1992 to 2002

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 2004 to 2007

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 2007 to 2015

  •  

    Logo of Renault from 2015 to 2021 (still used as a badge)

  •  

    Logo of Renault since 2021

  •  

    Groupe Renault logo up to 2021 (as distinct from the Renault diamond used for the brand)

  •  

    Renault Group logo from 2021 onwards

Typeface

Renault MN

Both the Renault logo and its documentation (technical as well as commercial) historically used Renault MN, a custom typeface developed by British firm Wolff Olins. This type of family is said to have been designed mainly to save costs at a time where the use of typefaces was costly.

A retail version of the font family was sold by URW++ as Renault.[291]

Renault Identité

In 2004, French typeface designer Jean-François Porchez was commissioned to design a replacement. This was shown in October of that year and was called Renault Identité.[292] The OpenType font family was developed from the Renault logotype created by Éric de Berranger.[293][294]

Helvetica

Since 2007, as part of the Saguez & Partners revamp, all graphic advertising makes use of Helvetica Neue Condensed.[295]

 
L'Atelier Renault in Paris, a cultural place, gastronomy restaurant and car showroom[296]

Renault Life

The Renault Life font family was built by Fontsmith Limited, based on the foundry's FS Hackney font family.[297]

The family consists of six fonts in three weights (Life, Regular, and Bold) and one width, with complimentary italic.


L'Atelier Renault Paris

Renault's flagship showroom, L'Atelier Renault (French pronunciation: ​[latəlje ʁəno]), is located on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, with other manufacturers such as Peugeot, Citroën and Toyota. It opened in November 2000, located on the site of Pub Renault, which operated from 1963 until 1999. The first Renault venue at the location was the Magasin Renault in 1910, a pioneering car showroom.[298][299]

L'Atelier features a Renault Boutique as well as regular exhibitions featuring Renault and Dacia cars. An upmarket restaurant is located on the second floor, looking out onto the Champs-Élysées. The ground floor can hold up to five exhibitions at any one time. As of March 2009, 20 million visitors had visited L'Atelier Renault.[300][301][302]

Renault Classic

Main article: Renault Classic

Renault Classic is a department within Renault that seeks to collect, preserve and exhibit notable vehicles from the company's history. Originally named Histoire & Collection, the collection was assembled in 2002 and its workshops formally opened on 24 April 2003.[303]

Music

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Renault's European advertising made extensive use of Robert Palmer's song "Johnny and Mary".[304] Television advertisements initially used Palmer's original version, while a range of special recordings in different styles were produced during the 1990s, most famously the acoustic interpretation by Martin Taylor that he released on his album Spirit of Django.

Sponsorship

Renault has sponsored films as an advertising technique since 1899. A Renault Voiturette Type A, driven by Louis Renault, appeared in one of the Lumières' early films.[305][306] Between 1914 and 1940, the company commissioned a series of documentary films to promote its industrial activities.[307] Renault also backed some films set in Africa during the 1920s to promote the reliability of its products on tough conditions.[306] Since 1983, the company sponsors the Cannes Film Festival[308] and it has also sponsored other festivals as the Venice Film Festival, the Marrakech Film Festival[309] and the BFI London Film Festival.[310]

Through its foundations and institutes, Renault funds projects around the world that focus on: education through scholarships,[311] road safety[312] and diversity.

See also

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January 16, 2023
renault, other, uses, disambiguation, groupe, ɔː, nawlt, french, ɡʁup, ʁəno, also, known, group, english, legally, french, multinational, automobile, manufacturer, established, 1899, company, produces, range, cars, vans, past, manufactured, trucks, tractors, t. For other uses see Renault disambiguation Groupe Renault UK ˈ r ɛ n oʊ REN oh US r e ˈ n ɔː l t r e ˈ n oʊ re NAWLT re NOH 7 8 French ɡʁup ʁeno also known as the Renault Group in English legally Renault S A is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899 9 The company produces a range of cars and vans and in the past has manufactured trucks tractors tanks buses coaches aircraft and aircraft engines and autorail vehicles Renault S A Headquarters in Boulogne Billancourt FranceTypePublic Societe Anonyme Traded asEuronext Paris RNO CAC 40 ComponentISINFR0000131906 IndustryAutomotiveFounded25 February 1899 123 years ago 1899 02 25 FoundersLouis Renault Marcel Renault Fernand RenaultHeadquartersBoulogne Billancourt Ile de France FranceArea servedWorldwide 128 countries 1 Key peopleJean Dominique Senard Chairman 2 Luca de Meo CEO 3 ProductsAutomobiles electric vehicles commercial vehicles luxury cars financingProduction output2 524 234 4 2021 Revenue 46 21 billion 4 2021 Operating income 1 40 billion 4 2021 Net income 0 97 billion 4 2021 Total assets 113 74 billion 4 2021 Total equity 27 89 billion 4 2021 OwnersFrench state 15 01 Nissan 15 0 cross ownership Public float 62 74 5 Number of employees170 158 Q4 2020 6 SubsidiariesList Transportation Renault SASAlpineDacia 99 43 Renault Samsung Motors 80 1 JMEV 50 FinancingRCI BanqueRetail Renault Retail GroupOtherMotrioInternationalOyak RenaultRenault ParsRenault ArgentinaRenault EspanaRenault do BrasilRenault India Private Limited Renault Mexico Renault Maroc RevozSofasaSomacaWebsiterenaultgroup comRenaultOwnerRenault S A CountryFranceIntroducedDecember 1898WebsiteOfficial websiteShare of the SA des Usines Renault issued 1 January 1932 to Louis Renault According to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d Automobiles in 2016 Renault was the ninth biggest automaker in the world by production volume 10 By 2017 the Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Alliance had become the world s biggest seller of light vehicles 11 Headquartered in Boulogne Billancourt near Paris the Renault group is made up of the namesake Renault marque and subsidiaries Alpine Renault Sport Gordini Automobile Dacia from Romania and Renault Korea Motors from South Korea 12 13 Renault has a 43 4 stake with several votes in Nissan of Japan 14 and used to have a 1 55 stake in Daimler AG of Germany it was sold off in early 2021 to help them overcome financial difficulties Since 2012 Renault has manufactured engines for Daimler s Mercedes A Class and B Class cars 15 and is also fully involved in manufacturing of the Mercedes Benz Citan van Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque automotive financing Renault Retail Group automotive distribution and Motrio automotive parts Renault has various joint ventures including Oyak Renault Turkey and Renault Pars Iran The French state owns a 15 share of Renault 16 Renault Trucks previously known as Renault Vehicules Industriels has been part of Volvo since 2001 Renault Agriculture became 100 owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008 Renault s shareholding in AvtoVAZ is being divested to the Government of Russia as an effect of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine Together Renault and Nissan invested 4 billion US 5 16 billion in eight electric vehicles over three to four years beginning in 2011 17 Since the launch of the Renault electric program the group has sold more than 273 000 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019 18 Renault is known for its role in motor sport particularly rallying Formula 1 and Formula E Its early work on mathematical curve modeling for car bodies is important in the history of computer graphics 19 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding and early years 1898 1918 1 2 Interwar years 1919 1938 1 3 World War II and aftermath 1939 1944 1 4 Postwar resurgence 1945 1971 1 5 Modern era 1972 1980 1 6 Restructuring 1981 1995 1 7 Privatisation and the alliance era 1996 2020 1 8 Post COVID 2021 1 9 Innovations 2 Controversies 3 Motorsport 3 1 Formula One 3 2 Rallying 4 Financial data 5 Corporate governance 6 Products and technologies 6 1 Current models 6 2 Concept cars 6 3 Electric vehicles 6 4 Eco 6 5 R Link 6 6 Autonomous vehicles 7 Vehicle design 7 1 Design 7 1 1 Pre design era 7 1 2 Renault Styling 7 1 3 Industrial Design Department 7 2 Engineering and Product Planning 7 3 Technocentre 7 4 Renault Tech 8 Subsidiaries and alliances 8 1 Subsidiaries 8 1 1 Dacia 8 1 2 Renault Korea Motors 8 1 3 RCI Banque 8 1 4 Renault Retail Group 8 1 5 Manufacturing subsidiaries 8 1 5 1 French factories 8 1 5 2 Manufacturing subsidiaries outside France 8 2 Alliances 8 2 1 Renault Nissan Mitsubishi 8 2 1 1 Renault Nissan Mitsubishi and Daimler alliance 8 2 2 American Motors 8 2 3 Proposed alliances 9 Awards 10 Marketing and branding 10 1 Renault badge 10 2 Typeface 10 2 1 Renault MN 10 2 2 Renault Identite 10 2 3 Helvetica 10 2 4 Renault Life 10 3 L Atelier Renault Paris 10 4 Renault Classic 10 5 Music 10 6 Sponsorship 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory EditFounding and early years 1898 1918 Edit Louis Renault 1877 1944 in 1903 The Renault corporation was founded on 25 February 1899 1899 02 25 as Societe Renault Freres by Louis Renault and his brothers Marcel and Fernand 9 20 Louis was a bright aspiring young engineer who had already designed and built several prototypes before teaming up with his brothers who had honed their business skills working for their father s textile firm While Louis handled design and production Marcel and Fernand managed the business 21 The first Renault car the Renault Voiturette 1CV was sold to a friend of Louis father after giving him a test ride on 24 December 1898 22 1901 Voiturette Renault Type D Serie B 1911 Renault CC In 1903 Renault began to manufacture its own engines until then it had purchased them from De Dion Bouton The first major volume sale came in 1905 when Societe des Automobiles de Place bought Renault AG1 cars to establish a fleet of taxis 23 These vehicles were later used by the French military to transport troops during World War I which earned them the nickname Taxi de la Marne 24 By 1907 a significant percentage of London and Paris taxis had been built by Renault 23 Renault was also the best selling foreign brand in New York in 1907 and 1908 25 In 1908 the company produced 3 575 units becoming the country s largest car manufacturer 23 The brothers recognised the value of publicity that participation in motor racing could generate for their vehicles Renault made itself known through succeeding in the first city to city races held in Switzerland producing rapid sales growth Both Louis and Marcel raced company vehicles but Marcel was killed in an accident during the 1903 Paris Madrid race 26 Although Louis never raced again his company remained very involved including Ferenc Szisz winning the first Grand Prix motor racing event 27 in a Renault AK 90CV in 1906 Louis took full control of the company as the only remaining brother in 1906 when Fernand retired for health reasons 21 Fernand died in 1909 and Louis became the sole owner renaming the company Societe des Automobiles Renault Renault Automobile Company 9 23 Renault fostered its reputation for innovation from very early on At the time cars were luxury items manufactured without assembly line advances The price of the smallest Renaults at the time was 3000 francs an amount equal to ten years pay for the average worker In 1905 the company introduced mass production techniques and Taylorism in 1913 28 In 1911 Renault visited Henry Ford at the Highland Park factory and adopted some of the manufacturing principles from his trip 29 Renault manufactured buses and commercial cargo vehicles in the pre war years The first real commercial truck from the company was introduced in 1906 30 During World War I it branched out into ammunition military aircraft engines 23 the first Rolls Royce aircraft engines were modeled and inspired by Renault air cooled aircraft V8 units 31 32 and vehicles such as the revolutionary Renault FT tank 28 The company s military designs were so successful that Louis was awarded the Legion of Honour for his company s contributions 33 The company exported engines to American automobile manufacturers for use in such automobiles as the GJG which used a Renault 26 horsepower 19 kW or 40 hp 30 kW four cylinder engine 34 Interwar years 1919 1938 Edit Renault Celtaquatre 1935 Louis Renault enlarged Renault s scope after 1918 producing agricultural and industrial machinery The war from 1914 until 1918 led to many new products 35 The first Renault tractor the Type GP was produced between 1919 and 1930 It was based on the FT tank 36 Renault struggled to compete with the increasingly popular small affordable people s cars while problems with the United States stock market and the workforce slowed the company s growth Renault also had to find a way to distribute its vehicles more efficiently In 1920 Louis signed one of its first distribution contracts with Gustave Gueudet an entrepreneur from Amiens France which they still maintain a relationship The pre First World War cars had a distinctive front shape caused by positioning the radiator behind the engine to give a so called coal scuttle bonnet This continued through the 1920s 37 Only in 1930 did all models place the radiator at the front The bonnet badge changed from circular to the familiar and continuing diamond shape in 1925 The practice of installing the radiator behind the engine against the firewall continued during the 1950s and 1960s on vehicles where the engine was installed longitudinally in the rear of the vehicle Renault introduced new models at the Paris Motor Show that was held in September or October of the year This led to confusion about model years For example a 1927 model was mostly produced in 1928 Renault cars during this time period had two model lines the economy four cylinder engine models that in the 1930s became the suffix Quatre and the luxury six cylinder models that were initially sold with the suffix six that later became the suffix Stella For example in 1928 when Renault produced 45 809 cars its seven models started with a 6CV a 10CV the Monasix 15CV the Vivasix the 18 22CV and the 40CV Renault offered eight body styles The longer rolling chassis were available to coachbuilders The smaller were the most popular while the least produced was the 18 24CV The most expensive body style in each range was the closed car Roadsters and tourers torpedoes were the cheapest Renault Reinastella The London operation was important to Renault in 1928 The UK market was quite large and North America also received exports for the luxury car market Lifted suspensions enhanced cooling and special bodies were common on vehicles sold abroad Exports to the US by 1928 had declined to near zero from their high point prior to WWI A Type NM 40CV Tourer had a US list price of over US 4 600 72 593 in 2021 dollars 38 about the same as a Cadillac V 12 Packard Eight Fiat 520 or Delahaye Closed 7 seat limousines like the Renault Suprastella started at US 6 000 94 686 in 2021 dollars 38 Cars were conservatively engineered and built The Renault Vivasix model PG1 was sold as the executive sports model beginning in 1927 Lighter weight factory steel bodies powered by a 3 180 cubic centimetre cc six cylinder motor provided a formula that lasted until the Second World War de Grand Luxe Renaults those with a wheelbase over 12 foot 3 7 m were produced in small numbers in two major types six and eight cylinder The 1927 six cylinder Grand Renault models NM PI and PZ introduced the new three spring rear suspension that considerably aided stability that was needed since some vehicles surpassed 90 mph 140 km h The straight 8 cylinder Reinastella was introduced in 1929 and expanded to a range culminating in 1939 Suprastella Coachbuilders included Kellner Labourdette J Rothschild et Fils and Renault bodies Closed car Renault bodies were often trimmed with interior woodwork by Rothschild Renault Viva Grand Sport and Helene Boucher During the 1930s Renault settled several speed world records with Caudron planes thanks to its 6 cylinders engines and aerodynamic designs 39 In 1928 Renault introduced an upgraded specification to its Stella line The Vivastella s and Grand Renaults had upgraded interior fittings and a small star fitted above the front hood logo This proved to be a winning differentiator and in the 1930s all cars changed to the Stella suffix from the previous two alpha character model identifiers The Grand Renaults were built using a considerable amount of aluminium Engines brakes transmissions floor and running boards and all external body panels were aluminium Of the few that were built many went to scrap to aid the war effort In 1931 Renault introduced diesel engines for its commercial vehicles 30 Renault was one of the few French vehicle manufacturers that pursued the production of aircraft engines after World War I In the late 1920s it attempted to produce a high power military engine to compete with the American Pratt amp Whitney units which proved unsuccessful although its civil engines achieved better results 40 In the 1930s the company took over the aircraft manufacturer Caudron focusing its production in small airplanes 40 acquired a stake in Air France and partnered to establish the airmail company Air Bleu 41 Renault Caudron airplanes settled several speed world records during the 1930s Renault continued developing tanks as part of France s rearming effort including the D1 and the FT s replacement the R 35 42 During the late 1920s and early 1930s Renault was surpassed by Citroen as the largest car manufacturer in France Citroen models at the time were more innovative and popular than Renault s 43 However by mid 1930s the French manufacturers were hit by the Great Depression Renault could initially offset losses through its tractor railroad and weaponry businesses while Citroen filed for bankruptcy and was later acquired by Michelin 41 Renault became again the largest car manufacturer a position it would keep until the 1980s 41 Renault was finally affected by the Great Depression economic crisis in 1936 The company spun off Caudron and its foundry and aircraft engine divisions into related but autonomous operations keeping its core automotive business 41 Between 1936 and 1938 a series of labour disputes strikes and worker unrest spread throughout the French automobile industry 44 The disputes were eventually quashed by Renault in a particularly intransigent way and over 2 000 people lost their jobs 44 45 World War II and aftermath 1939 1944 Edit After the French capitulation in 1940 Louis Renault refused to produce tanks for Nazi Germany which took control of his factories As Renault was manufacturing the Renault UE tank for the Allies he produced trucks instead On 3 March 1942 the British Royal Air Force RAF launched 235 low level bombers at the Ile Seguin Billancourt Paris plant the largest number aimed at a single target during the war 46 460 metric tons 450 long tons 510 short tons of bombs were dropped on the plant and the surrounding area causing extensive damage along with heavy civilian casualties 47 Renault resolved to rebuild the factory as quickly as possible but bombardments continued a year later on 4 April this time delivered by the Americans and on 3 and 15 September 1943 47 A few weeks after the Liberation of Paris at the start of September 1944 the factory gates at Renault s Billancourt plant reopened 47 Operations restarted slowly in an atmosphere poisoned by plotting and political conspiracy 47 In 1936 the Billancourt factory had been the scene of violent political and industrial unrest that had surfaced under Leon Blum s Popular Front government The political jostling and violence that followed liberation ostensibly reflected the rivalries between capitalist collaboration and communist resistance many of the scores settled predated the invasion 47 Responding to the chaotic situation at Renault a 27 September 1944 meeting of the Council of Ministers fr took place under de Gaulle s presidency Postwar European politics had quickly become polarised between communists and anti communists and in France de Gaulle was keen to resist Communist Party attempts to monopolise the political dividends available to resistance heroes politically Billancourt was a communist stronghold The government decided to requisition the Renault factories 47 A week later on 4 October Pierre Lefaucheux a resistance leader with a background in engineering and top level management was appointed provisional administrator of the firm assuming his responsibilities at once 47 Meanwhile the provisional government accused Louis Renault of collaborating with the Germans In the frenzied atmosphere of those early post liberation days with many wild accusations Renault was advised by his lawyers to present himself to a judge He appeared before Judge Marcel Martin on 22 September 1944 47 and was arrested on 23 September 1944 as were several other French automobile industry leaders 47 Renault s harsh handling of the 1936 1938 strikes had left him without political allies and no one came to his aid 45 He was incarcerated at Fresnes prison where he died on 24 October 1944 under unclear circumstances 48 while awaiting trial 49 50 On 1 January 1945 by de Gaulle s decree the company was posthumously expropriated from Louis Renault On 16 January 1945 it was formally nationalised as Regie Nationale des Usines Renault 47 Renault s were the only factories permanently expropriated by the French government 51 In subsequent years the Renault family tried to have the nationalisation rescinded by French courts and receive compensation In 1945 and again in 1961 the Courts responded that they had no authority to review the government s actions 45 Postwar resurgence 1945 1971 Edit Renault 4CV Under the leadership of Pierre Lefaucheux Renault experienced both a commercial resurgence and labor unrest that was to continue into the 1980s In the early 1950s Renault assembled at least two models Standard Saloon and De Luxe Saloon in England 52 Renault Fregate 1951 In secrecy during the war Louis Renault had developed the rear engine 4CV 53 which was subsequently launched under Lefacheux in 1946 Renault debuted its flagship model the largely conventional 2 litre 4 cylinder Renault Fregate 1951 1960 shortly thereafter The 4CV proved a capable rival for cars such as the Morris Minor and Volkswagen Beetle its sales of more than half a million ensured its production until 1961 Renault Dauphine After the success of the 4CV Lefacheux continued to defy the postwar French Ministry of Industrial Production which had wanted to convert Renault solely to truck manufacture 54 by directing the development of its successor He oversaw the prototyping of the Dauphine until his death enlisting the help of artist Paule Marrot in pioneering the company s textile and color division The Dauphine sold well as the company expanded production and sales further abroad including Africa and North America 55 The Dauphine sold well initially in the US although it subsequently became outdated against increased competition including from the country s nascent domestic compacts such as the Chevrolet Corvair Renault also sold the Renault Caravelle roadster which was called the Floride outside North America Renault Floride 1958 Launched in 1964 the Renault R8 Gordini was the first sportive compact car for a public consumption price 56 During the 1950s Renault absorbed two small French heavy vehicle manufacturers Somua and Latil and in 1955 merged them with its own truck and bus division to form the Societe Anonyme de Vehicules Industriels et d Equipements Mecaniques Saviem 57 1966 Renault 4 Renault then launched two successful cars the Renault 4 1961 1992 a practical competitor for the likes of the Citroen 2CV and the Renault 8 35 The larger rear engined Renault 10 followed the success of the R8 and was the last rear engined Renault The company achieved success with the more modern and more upmarket Renault 16 a pioneering hatchback launched in 1966 followed by the smaller Renault 6 1969 Renault 12 On 16 January 1970 the manufacturer celebrated the 25th anniversary of its 1945 rebirth as the nationalised Regie Nationale des Usines Renault The 1960s had been a decade of aggressive growth a few months earlier in October 1969 the manufacturer had launched the Renault 12 combining the engineering philosophy of its hatchbacks with the more conservative three box design The four door Renault 12 model fit between the Renault 6 and Renault 16 The model was a success 1970 was also the first year during which Renault produced more than a million cars in a single year building 1 055 803 58 Modern era 1972 1980 Edit Renault 5 Turbo 1972 Renault 17TS coupe The Renault Fuego won 8 consecutive championships in the Argentinian TC 2000 touring car racing series between 1986 and 1993 The company s compact and economical Renault 5 model launched in January 1972 59 was another success anticipating the 1973 energy crisis 35 Throughout the 1970s the R4 R5 R6 R12 R15 R16 and R17 maintained Renault s production with new models including the Renault 18 and Renault 20 During the mid seventies the already broad based company diversified into more industries and continued to expand globally including South East Asia The energy crisis led Renault to again attempt to attack the North American market Despite the Dauphine s success in the United States in the late 1950s and an unsuccessful assembly project in Saint Bruno de Montarville Quebec 1964 72 Renault began to disappear from North America at the end of the decade Renault acquired a controlling stake in Automobiles Alpine in 1973 and over the decades Renault developed a collaborative partnership with Nash Motors Rambler and its successor American Motors Corporation AMC From 1962 until 1967 Renault assembled complete knock down CKD kits of the Rambler Classic sedans in its factory in Belgium 60 Renault did not have large or luxury cars in its product line and the Rambler Renault was positioned as an alternative to the Mercedes Benz Fintail cars Later Renault continued to make and sell a hybrid of AMC s Rambler American and Rambler Classic called the Renault Torino in Argentina sold through IKA Renault Renault partnered with AMC on other projects such as a rotary concept engine in the late 1960s In the late 1960s and 1970s the company established subsidiaries in Eastern Europe most notably Dacia in Romania and South America many of which remain active and forged technological cooperation agreements with Volvo and Peugeot 61 for instance for the development of the PRV V6 engine which was used in Renault 30 Peugeot 604 and Volvo 260 in the late 1970s Renault 25 V6 Turbo Baccara In the mid 1960s Renault Australia was set up in Melbourne The company produced and assembled models including the R8 R10 R12 R16 sporty R15 R17 coupes R18 and R20 The unit closed in 1981 and the factory closed with LNC Industries taking over import and distribution of Renaults in Australia 62 When Peugeot acquired Citroen and formed PSA the group s collaboration with Renault was reduced although established joint production projects were maintained Prior its merging with Peugeot Citroen sold to Renault the truck and bus manufacturer Berliet 61 in December 1974 63 merging it with its subsidiary Saviem in 1978 to create Renault Vehicules Industriels which became the only French manufacturer of heavy commercial vehicles 30 57 In 1976 Renault reorganised the company into four business areas automobiles for car and light commercial vehicles or LCVs finance and services commercial vehicles coaches and trucks over 2 5 tons GVW and minor operations under an industrial enterprises division farm machinery plastics foundry etc In 1980 Renault produced 2 053 677 cars and LCVs The cars at the time were the Renault 4 5 6 7 12 14 16 18 20 and 30 the LCVs were the 4 5 and 12 Societe and the Estafette The company added 54 086 buses coaches and trucks 61 In North America Renault partnered with American Motors Corporation AMC lending AMC operating capital and buying a minority 22 5 stake in the company in late 1979 The first Renault model sold through AMC s dealerships was the R5 renamed Renault Le Car Jeep was keeping AMC afloat until new products particularly the XJ Cherokee could be launched When the bottom fell out of the four wheel drive 4 4 truck market in early 1980 AMC was in danger of bankruptcy To protect its investment Renault bailed AMC out with cash at the price of a controlling 47 5 interest 64 Renault replaced some AMC executives and Jose J Dedeurwaerder of Renault became President of AMC 35 The partnership resulted in the marketing of Jeep vehicles in Europe 35 The Jeep XJ Cherokee may have been a joint AMC Renault project since some early sketches of the XJ series were made in collaboration by Renault and AMC engineers AMC insisted that the XJ Cherokee was designed by AMC personnel even though a former Renault engineer designed the Quadra Link front suspension for the XJ series 65 The Jeep also used wheels and seats from Renault Part of AMC s overall strategy was to save manufacturing costs by using Renault s parts and engineering expertise when practical This led to the improvement of the venerable AMC inline six a Renault Bendix based port electronic fuel injection system usually called Renix transformed it into a modern competitive powerplant with a jump from 110 to 177 hp 82 to 132 kW with less displacement from 4 2 to 4 0 litres The XJC Cherokee concept which was conceived in 1983 as a successor to the XJ series was also a joint collaboration with AMC and Renault engineers until the design was inherited by the Chrysler Corporation in late 1987 after Renault divested AMC which debuted in 1989 as the Jeep Concept 1 evolving into the Jeep Grand Cherokee in April 1992 The Renault AMC marketing effort in passenger cars was unsuccessful compared to the popularity of Jeep vehicles This was because by the time the Renault range was ready the second energy crisis was over taking with it much of the desire for economical compact cars One exception was the Renault Alliance an Americanised version of the Renault 9 which debuted for the 1983 model year Assembled at AMC s Kenosha Wisconsin plant 64 the Alliance received Motor Trend s domestic Car of The Year award in 1983 66 The Alliance s 72 US content allowed it to qualify as a domestic vehicle making it the first car with a foreign nameplate to win the award In 2000 Motor Trend did away with separate awards for domestic and imported vehicles A surprising side effect of the AMC linkup was that Renault felt the effects of the Arab League boycott of companies doing business with Israel as AMC built Jeeps there under license Plans to sell the Renault 9 in the Middle East were mothballed as a result 67 Introductions in the US during the 1980s included the Renault Alliance GTA and GTA convertible an automatic top convertible with a 2 0 L engine big for a car of its class and the Renault Fuego coupe The Alliance was followed by the Encore US version of the Renault 11 an Alliance based hatchback 64 In 1982 Renault become the second European automaker to build cars in the US after Volkswagen However bland styling and poor product quality proved insurmountable 68 Eventually Renault sold AMC to Chrysler in 1987 after the assassination of Renault s chairman Georges Besse by Action directe 35 The Renault Medallion Renault 21 in Europe sedan and wagon was sold from 1987 until 1989 through Jeep Eagle dealerships Jeep Eagle was the division Chrysler created out of the former AMC Renault imports ended after 1989 A completely new full sized 4 door sedan the Eagle Premier was developed during the partnership between AMC and Renault The Premier design as well as its state of the art manufacturing facility in Bramalea Ontario Canada were the starting point for the sleek LH sedans such as the Eagle Vision and Chrysler 300M In early 1979 as part of its attempts to expand into the US market Renault bought a 20 stake in truck manufacturer Mack 69 70 The aim of this operation was to make use of the company s extensive dealership network to distribute light trucks 71 In 1983 Renault increased its stake in Mack to 44 6 70 71 In 1987 it transferred the ownership of a 42 stake to Renault Vehicules Industriels 72 In the late 1970s and early 1980s Renault increased its involvement in motorsport with novel inventions such as turbochargers in its Formula One cars Renault s Head of Engines Georges Douin orchestrated the installation of turbocharged engines across much of the Renault range beginning in 1980 10 of all turbocharged European cars in 1984 were Renaults 73 The company s road car designs were revolutionary in other ways also the Renault Espace was one of the first minivans and was to remain the most well known minivan in Europe for the next two decades The second generation Renault 5 the European Car of the Year winning Renault 9 and the most luxurious Renault yet the aerodynamic 25 were all released in the early 1980s At the same time poor product quality damaged the brand The ill fated Renault 14 may have been the culmination of these problems in the early 1980s 1985 Renault Espace the first European multi purpose vehicle Renault Twingo popularized the city car in Europe from 1992 Six years later most of its rivals began to enter the city car market Renault Safrane Biturbo Restructuring 1981 1995 Edit Renaults were somewhat successful on both road and track including the 1984 Espace launch which was Europe s first multi purpose vehicle a dozen years before any competitor However Renault was losing a billion francs a month totaling 12 5 billion in 1984 The government intervened and Georges Besse was installed as chairman he set about cutting costs dramatically selling many of Renault s non core assets Volvo stake Gitane Eurocar and Renix withdrawing almost entirely from motorsports and laying off many employees 74 This halved the deficit by 1986 but Besse was murdered by the communist terrorist group Action Directe in November 1986 He was replaced by Raymond Levy who continued Besse s initiatives slimming the company enough that by the end of 1987 Renault was more or less financially stable However while Besse was convinced that Renault needed a presence in the North American market and wanted to push forward with restructuring AMC Levy facing domestic losses from Renault at home and losses from AMC in the US along with the political climate that led to Besse s assassination decided to sell AMC to Chrysler that same year The Renault 9 a small four door family saloon was voted European Car of the Year on its 1981 launch It sold well in France but was eventually eclipsed by its sister vehicle the Renault 11 hatchback as the hatchback body style became more popular in this size of the car The Renault 5 entered its second generation in 1984 and continued to sell well The long running Renault 18 was replaced by the Renault 21 early in 1986 adding a seven seater estate badged as the Nevada or Savanna depending on where it was sold Renault s top of the range model in the 1980s was the Renault 25 launched at the end of 1983 In 1990 Renault strengthened its collaboration with Volvo by signing an agreement that allowed both companies to reduce vehicle conception costs and purchasing expenses Renault had access to Volvo s expertise in upper market segments and in return Volvo exploited Renault s designs for low and medium segments In 1993 the two companies announced their intention to merge operations by 1 January 1994 and increased their cross shareholding The French accepted the merger while Volvo shareholders rejected it 74 A revitalised Renault launched successful new cars in the early 1990s accompanied by an improved marketing effort on European markets 74 including the 5 replacement the Clio in May 1990 35 The Clio was the first new model of a generation that replaced numeric identifiers with traditional nameplates The Clio was voted European Car of the Year soon after its launch and was one of Europe s best selling cars in the 1990s proving even more popular than its predecessor Other important launches included the third generation Espace in 1996 and the innovative Twingo in 1992 the first car to be marketed as a city car MPV multi purpose vehicle The Twingo was roomier than any prior cars of its size range Twingo sales reached 2 4 million in Europe even though the original was only built for Continental left hand drive markets 75 Renault Scenic awarded Car of the year in Europe in 1997 and the first 76 car to be marketed as a compact MPV is the most popular MPV in Europe for 20 years 76 Renault Clio IV 5 doors or estate named European Car of the Year in 2006 The Renault Captur is the best seller SUV in Europe 77 since its first commercialization month in 2013 78 2015 Renault Espace V a crossover mixing elements of SUVs and MPVs 2015 Renault Talisman Privatisation and the alliance era 1996 2020 Edit It was eventually decided that the company s state owned status was a detriment By 1994 plans to sell shares to public investors were officially announced 74 The company was privatised in 1996 35 This new freedom allowed the company to venture once again into markets in Eastern Europe and South America including a new factory in Brazil and upgrades for its infrastructure in Argentina and Turkey In December 1996 General Motors Europe and Renault begun to collaborate in the development of LCVs starting with the second generation Trafic codenamed X83 79 Renault s financial problems were not all fixed by the privatisation and Renault s president Louis Schweitzer gave to his then deputy Carlos Ghosn the task of confronting them Ghosn elaborated a plan to cut costs for the period 1998 2000 reducing the workforce revising production processes standardising vehicle parts and pushing the launch of new models The company also undertook organisational changes introducing a lean production system with delegate responsibilities inspired by Japanese systems the Renault Production Way reforming work methods and centralising research and development at its Technocentre to reduce vehicle conception costs while accelerating such conception 74 After Volvo s exit Renault searched for a new partner to cope with an industry that was consolidating Talks with BMW Mitsubishi Nissan PSA and others were held and yielded a relationship with Nissan whose negotiations with Daimler had stalled 80 Starting on 27 March 1999 the Renault Nissan Alliance is the first of its kind involving a Japanese and a French company including cross ownership Renault initially acquired a 36 8 stake at a cost of 2 7 billion in Nissan while Nissan in turn took a 15 non voting stake in Renault 81 Renault continued to operate as a stand alone company but with the intent to collaborate with its alliance partner to reduce costs The same year Renault bought a 51 majority stake of the Romanian company Dacia for 408 5 million 82 thus returning after 30 years in which time the Romanians had built over 2 million cars that primarily consisted of local versions of the Renault 8 12 and 20 In 2000 Renault acquired a controlling stake of the newly formed South Korean Samsung Group s automotive division for 59 5 million 83 In Japan Renault was formerly licensed by Yanase Co Japan s premier seller of imported cars However as a result of Renault s purchase of an interest in Nissan in 1999 Yanase cancelled its licensing contract with Renault in the spring of 2000 and Nissan took over as the sole licensee hence sales of Renault vehicles in Japan were transferred from Yanase Store locations to Nissan Red Stage Store locations In the late 1990s and early 2000s Renault sold various assets to finance its inversions and acquisitions 84 refocusing itself as a car and van manufacturer In 1999 the company sold its industrial automation subsidiary Renault Automation to Comau and its engine parts division to TWR Engine Components 84 In 2001 Renault sold its 50 stake in bus coach manufacturer Irisbus to co owner Iveco and its logistics subsidiary CAT France to Global Automotive Logistics 84 Following the sale of Renault Vehicules Industriels to Volvo in 2001 the company retained a minority but controlling stake 20 in the Volvo Group In 2010 Renault reduced its shareholding to 6 5 and in December 2012 sold its remaining shares 85 In 2004 Renault sold a 51 majority stake in its agricultural machinery division Renault Agriculture to CLAAS In 2006 CLAAS increased its ownership to 80 and in 2008 took full control 86 In the twenty first century Renault developed a reputation for distinctive outlandish design The second generation of the Laguna and Megane featured ambitious angular designs that turned out to be successful The 2000 Laguna was the second European car to feature keyless entry and ignition 87 Less successful were the company s more upmarket models The Avantime a unique coupe multi purpose vehicle sold poorly and was quickly discontinued while the luxury Vel Satis model also disappointed However the design inspired the lines of the second generation Megane the maker s most successful car As well as its distinctive styling Renault was to become known for its car safety by the independent company Euro NCAP 88 Thus in 2001 the Laguna achieved a five star rating 88 followed in 2004 by the Modus 89 and acquired control of AvtoVAZ in 2008 90 In April 2010 Renault Nissan announced an alliance with Daimler Renault supplied Mercedes Benz with its brand new 1 6 litre turbo diesel engine and Mercedes Benz provided a 2 0 litre four cylinder petrol engine to Renault Nissan 91 The resulting new alliance was to develop a replacement for the Smart based on the Twingo 92 In February 2010 Renault opened a new production factory near Tangier Morocco with an annual output capacity of 170 000 vehicles 93 Initially it manufactured the Dacia Lodgy and Dacia Dokker models followed in October 2013 94 by the second generation Dacia Sandero The output capacity increased to 340 000 vehicles per year with the inauguration of a second production line 95 The site is located in a dedicated free trade area neighboring Tanger Automotive City 96 According to Renault the new factory emits zero carbon and industrial liquid discharges 97 Over 100 000 vehicles were produced there in 2013 Renault expects to eventually increase production at the Tangier plant to 400 000 vehicles per year 98 In the 2010s Renault increased its efforts to gain market share in the Chinese market In 2013 it formed a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Group named as Dongfeng Renault based on a failed previous venture with the Chinese company Sanjiang 99 In December 2017 it signed an agreement with Brilliance Auto to create a new joint venture Renault Brilliance Jinbei aimed at producing light commercial vehicles and minivans under the Renault Jinbei and Huasong marques 100 In December 2018 Renault announced it would acquire a significant stake in JMCG s electric vehicle subsidiary JMEV 101 In July 2019 Renault took a 50 majority stake from JMEV through capital increase 102 In April 2020 Renault announced it planned to withdraw from the Dongfeng Renault venture transferring its stake to Dongfeng 103 In December 2012 the Algeria s National Investment Fund FNI the Societe Nationale de Vehicules Industriels SNVI and Renault signed an agreement to establish a factory near the city of Oran Algeria with the aim of manufacturing Symbol units from 2014 onwards The production output was estimated at 25 000 vehicles The Algerian State has a 51 stake in the facility 104 105 In September 2013 Renault launched its brand in Indonesia the world s fourth most populous country with the aim of becoming one of the top European brands there until 2016 The model range at the time of the launch consisted of the Duster locally assembled the Koleos and the Megane RS 106 Later the Clio and the Captur were also added 107 In April 2015 the French government upped their stake in Renault from 15 to 19 73 with the aim of blocking a resolution at the next annual general meeting that could reduce its control over the company 108 In 2017 the government sold back shares and returned to a 15 stake as agreed with Renault 109 During 2016 Renault changed position on the viability of small B segment diesel cars in Europe as they become significantly more expensive when re engineered to comply with new emissions regulations as a result of the Volkswagen emissions scandal Renault believes that all small and some mid size C segment will no longer be diesels by 2020 110 However on Friday 13 January 2017 Renault shares fell as the Paris prosecutor started an investigation into possible exhaust emissions cheating 111 112 The company later recalled 15 000 cars for emission testing and fixing 113 114 115 Renault along with several other automobile companies has been accused of manipulating the measurement equipment for NOx pollution from diesel cars Independent tests carried out by the German car club ADAC proved that under normal driving conditions diesel vehicles including the Renault Espace exceeded legal European emission limits for nitrogen oxide NOx by more than 10 times 116 117 118 Renault denied any foul play stating compliance with French and European standards 119 In November 2018 Renault s CEO Ghosn was arrested by Japanese officials for allegedly underreporting his Nissan s salary following an internal review conducted by the Japanese company Renault traded shares fell more than 15 after the arrest was known 120 After Ghosn s arrest the chief operating officer and company deputy chief Thierry Bollore became the acting CEO and the board director Philippe Lagayette the acting chairman 121 In January 2019 following Ghosn s resignation Renault announced it had appointed Jean Dominique Senard as chairman and the acting CEO Bollore as CEO 122 In October 2019 Bollore was fired and replaced by Renault s CFO Clotilde Delbos as acting CEO Bollore said his dismissal was a coup by Senard 123 In January 2020 Renault announced it had named Italian Luca de Meo as its new CEO with him taking his post on 1 July Delbos was named as his deputy 124 In May 2020 Renault announced a cost cutting plan aimed at eliminating 15 000 jobs worldwide about 10 of the company s workforce due to falling sales and the COVID 19 pandemic 125 Post COVID 2021 Edit In January 2021 as part of a company revamp Renault said it would divide its automotive division into four business units Renault Dacia and Lada Alpine and Mobilize the latter for new new mobility services 126 127 On 15 February 2021 Renault launched SUV Kiger in India 128 In April 2021 Renault said that its revenue fell by 1 1 from the beginning of 2021 until March and it will reduce car production and focus on models with higher margins 129 In November 2022 Renault said it planned to spin off the electric car development into a subsidiary company called Ampere 130 It also planned to spin off its powertrain production and development operations including internal combustion engines and hybrid systems into a joint venture company with Geely as co owner 130 131 Innovations Edit 1899 Louis Renault Driving speed changing mechanism and reversing gear 132 Louis Renault invented a revolutionary direct drive gear 133 with no drive belt with much better uphill performances 1963 Renault 8 was the first serial car with four wheel disc brake system 1980 First patents for Braking distribution device for total adherence 134 135 1988 CARMINAT a real time system for location and weather information This program received European support from 1988 under the code Eureka EU 55 CARMINAT 136 These innovations for the real time location and human machine interfaces are included in the Renault R link system and Carminat TomTom devices Controversies EditFollowing the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began on 24 February many international particularly Western companies pulled out of Russia Unlike most of its Western competitors Renault has been slow to announce any divestments or scaling back of its operations in Russia drawing criticism 137 138 On 21 March after a brief halt Renault resumed production at the Renault Russia car plant near Moscow 139 140 On 23 March while addressing the French National Assembly Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy called for French companies including Renault to leave Russia 141 Later that day Renault said it had suspended Renault Russia operations and was assessing the available options regarding its AvtoVAZ ownership 142 In May 2022 Renault signed agreements to sell 100 of its shares in Renault Russia to Moscow City entity and its 67 69 interest in AvtoVAZ to NAMI the Central Research and Development Automobile and Engine Institute The agreement provides an option for Renault to buy back its interest in AvtoVAZ exercisable at certain times during the next 6 years 143 Motorsport EditMain articles Renault Sport and Formula Renault 1907 Renault built Replica of their French Grand Prix winner one of 4 known to exist Renault took part in motorsport at the beginning of the 20th century promoted by Marcel Renault s racing interests and over the years acquired companies with a sporting connection such as Gordini and Alpine In the seventies Renault set up a dedicated motorsport division called Renault Sport and in 1978 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans with the Renault Alpine A442 Renault has also achieved success in both rallying and in Formula One over the past few decades Renault has twelve F1 Championships wins as engine manufacturer in Formula One 144 Nigel Mansell Damon Hill Michael Schumacher Alain Prost Fernando Alonso Sebastian Vettel and Jacques Villeneuve won eleven F1 driver s titles with cars powered by Renault engines The company has also backed various one make single seater series such as Formula Renault and the Formula Renault 3 5 These two racing series were a step in the career of thousands of drivers including Formula One champions Fernando Alonso Sebastian Vettel Kimi Raikkonen 145 and Lewis Hamilton 146 as well as IndyCar champion Will Power 147 Renault Sport develops and manufactures the Renault Sport badged cars 148 as the Renault Clio RS for Renault Sport and the Renault Megane RS which own the world records in their categories such as the Nurburgring 149 and the Suzuka circuit and awards from What Car 150 Evo and other magazines Fernando Alonso driving for Renault F1 at Indianapolis in 2005 the year in which the Renault team won the first of their two Formula One championships The Renault Alpine A442 1978 Le Mans 24 Hours winner at the 2014 Goodwood Festival of Speed Renault Sport R S 01 Renault Alpine A110 first Champion of the World Rally Championship Renault Megane RS IAA 2017 Formula One Edit Main article Renault in Formula One Renault introduced the turbo engine to Formula One when they debuted their first car the Renault RS01 at Silverstone in 1977 The Renault team continued until 1986 From 1989 Renault supplied engines for the successful Williams Renault car Renault took over the Benetton Formula team in 2000 151 for the 2001 season and renamed it Renault F1 in 2002 In 2005 and 2006 the team won the Constructors and Drivers titles with Fernando Alonso 152 At the 2005 French Grand Prix Carlos Ghosn set out his policy regarding the company s involvement in motorsport We are not in Formula One out of habit or tradition We re here to show our talent and that we can do it properly Formula One is a cost if you don t get the results Formula One is an investment if you do have them and know how to exploit them Renault powered the winning 2010 Red Bull Racing team and took a similar role with its old team in December 2010 when it sold its final stake to the investment group Genii Capital the main stakeholder 153 since December 2009 154 ending Renault s direct role in running a F1 team for the second time 155 Renault bought the Enstone based team for the 2016 season rebranding it Renault 156 157 In 2021 the team was renamed Alpine F1 Team and became part of the new Alpine business unit with Renault retained as the engine nameplate Rallying Edit Renault has been involved in rallying from an early era Marcel Renault won the 1902 Rallye Paris Vienna but lost his life while competing in the 1903 Paris Madrid rally 158 During the 1950s and 1960s Renault manufactured several small cars with rear wheel drive in some cases as the 4CV the R8 or the Dauphine These cars were well adapted to the rally of the time and the tuner Amedee Gordini collaborated with its performance 158 In the 1950s the Renault Dauphine won several international rallies including the 1956 Mille Miglia and the 1958 Monte Carlo Rally 159 In 1973 Renault took control of Automobiles Alpine a related company for several years which was responsible for building successful rally cars such as the A110 160 A highly evolved A110 won the first World Rally Championship representing Alpine Renault 158 In 1976 the Alpine s competition department and the Gordini factory at Viry Chatillon were merged into Renault Sport 160 The focus shifted to Formula One although Renault achieved several victories including the 1981 Monte Carlo Rally with the Renault 5 Turbo 159 before retirement from the world rally in late 1994 158 Renault cars also participate of cross country races most prominently the Dakar Rally The Marreau brothers won the 1982 edition driving a Renault 20 Turbo 4x4 prototype 161 Later Renault provided a Renault Megane platform citation needed and sponsored the Schlesser Renault Elf buggies that won the 1999 162 and 2000 editions 163 The 1999 car was the first two wheel drive Dakar s winner 164 Renaults won the European Rally Championship four times in 1970 1999 2004 and 2005 165 Financial data EditFinancial data in billions 166 Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Revenue 40 932 41 055 45 327 51 243 58 770 57 419 55 537Net income 0 695 1 998 2 960 3 543 5 210 3 302 141Assets 74 992 81 551 90 605 102 103 109 943 114 996 122 171Employees 121 807 117 395 120 136 124 849 181 344 183 002 179 565Corporate governance EditRenault s head office is in Boulogne Billancourt 167 The head office is located near the old Renault factories Renault has maintained a historical presence in Boulogne Billancourt 168 since the company s opening in 1898 167 Renault is administered through a board of directors an executive committee and a management committee 169 As of January 2019 update members of the 19 seat board include Jean Dominique Senard as chairman Cherie Blair Catherine Barba and Pascale Sourisse 170 Clotilde Delbos is the acting CEO Products and technologies EditMain article List of Renault vehicles Best selling Groupe Renault models in 2019 171 including Dacia and Renault Samsung marqueRank Model Sales1 Clio 433 2012 Sandero 409 7313 Duster 296 8484 Captur Kaptur 263 4765 Megane Scenic 253 8306 Logan Symbol 207 9127 Kwid 186 6478 Kangoo 125 9119 Kadjar 125 30010 Master 108 760Current models Edit Current model line up with calendar year of introduction 172 Clio 1990 present hatchback Twingo 1992 present hatchback Megane 1995 present hatchback estate Megane E Tech Electric 2021 present crossover SUV Kangoo 1997 present developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mercedes Benz Citan and the Nissan Townstar Twizy 2012 present Zoe 2012 present hatchback Captur 2013 present Duster Oroch Latin America only 2015 present pick up Kwid China India and Latin America only 2015 present hatchback Alaskan Latin America only 2016 present pick up Triber India only 2019 present mini MPV Kiger India only 2021 present Taliant Africa Central Europe Eastern Europe Latin America and Middle East only 2021 present restyled Dacia Logan Austral 2022 present Dacia vehicles sold in some markets under the Renault marque Logan 2004 present Sandero 2008 present Duster 2009 present Renault Samsung vehicles sold in some markets under the Renault marque Koleos 2008 present Renault Samsung QM5 Renault Samsung QM6 Arkana 2020 present Renault Samsung XM3 Renault light commercial vehicles Master 1980 present developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Nissan Interstar Trafic 1980 present developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mitsubishi Express and the Nissan Primastar Kangoo 1997 present developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mercedes Benz Citan and the Nissan Townstar Express 2021 present developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mercedes Benz Citan and the Nissan Townstar Dacia light commercial vehicles sold in some markets under the Renault marque Dokker 2012 present Duster Commercial 2017 present 173 174 Concept cars Edit Main article List of Renault vehicles Concept cars Renault Kangoo Z E Concept Renault Eolab a 1l 100km hybrid concept car Renault concept cars show future design and technology directions Since 2008 Renault has displayed various all electric car concepts under the name Z E for zero emission starting with a concept based on the Renault Kangoo Be Bop Further concepts and announcements followed with the production of the Fluence Z E saloon beginning in 2011 and the Renault Zoe in 2012 Renault revealed the Ondelios hybrid concept in 2008 175 176 but this was overtaken by the Z E programme However Renault presented a new hybrid car in September 2014 the Eolab which incorporates various innovations that the company said will be added to production models by 2020 177 In 2014 at the New Delhi Auto Show Renault announced a new model the Kwid Concept which comes with helicopter drone 178 Electric vehicles Edit See also Renault Nissan Alliance zero emission vehicles Renault Zoe a pure electric car with a 210 km to 230 km range Renault Twizy all electric heavy quadricycle In 2013 Renault became the leader of electric vehicles sales in Europe thanks to its large range of vehicles Twizy Zoe Fluence Kangoo 179 non primary source needed The Renault Zoe was Europe s best selling all electric car in 2015 and 2016 180 181 Global Zoe sales reached the 50 000 unit mark in June 2016 182 and achieved the 150 000 unit milestone in June 2019 183 Groupe Renault global electric vehicle sales passed the 100 000 unit milestone in September 2016 184 185 Since the launch of the Renault electric program the Group has sold more than 273 550 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019 Since inception a total of 181 893 Zoe city cars 48 821 Kangoo Z E electric vans 29 118 Twitzy heavy quadricycles and 10 600 Fluence Z E cars have been sold globally through December 2019 18 Beginning in 2008 Renault made agreements for its planned zero emissions products including with Israel Portugal Denmark and the US states of Tennessee and Oregon 186 Yokohama in Japan and the Principality of Monaco 187 Serge Yoccoz is the electric vehicle project director 188 In 2008 Renault Nissan signed a deal to produce electric cars for an initiative in Israel with Better Place a US company developing new non petroleum based transport infrastructure Renault aimed to sell 10 20 000 cars a year in Israel 189 Renault also agreed to develop exchangeable batteries for the project 190 Renault collaborated with Better Place to produce a network of all electric vehicles and thousands of charging stations in Denmark planned to be operational by 2011 191 The Renault Fluence Z E 192 was selected for the Israel project It became the first zero emission vehicle with a switchable battery 193 with trials in 2010 undertaken with the Renault Laguna Renault ended the partnership in 2013 following Better Place s bankruptcy with only 1 000 vehicle sales in Israel and 240 in Denmark 194 Renault Nissan and the largest French electric utility Electricite de France EDF signed an agreement to promote electric vehicles in France The partnership planned to pilot projects on battery management and charging infrastructure 195 Renault Nissan also signed deals with Ireland s Electricity Supply Board ESB 196 and in Milton Keynes as part of the UK s Plugged in Places national project 197 We have decided to introduce zero emission vehicles as quickly as possible in order to ensure individual mobility against the background of high oil prices and better environmental protection Carlos Ghosn CEO of Renault and Nissan 186 According to Ghosn the Renault Nissan alliance was a fundamental step in electric car development and that they needed each other for other issues such as battery manufacturing charging infrastructure and business strategy 198 I don t think either Renault or Nissan would have been able to launch an EV alone successfully You can have an electric car alone But what you cannot have is an EV business system from batteries to recycling to cars to infrastructure to negotiation by being alone Carlos Ghosn CEO of Renault and Nissan 198 The Renault Nissan group is a member of the PHEV Research Center In September 2013 Renault and Bollore announced an agreement to collaborate on a new electric vehicle and in car sharing project 199 In 2021 Renault launched a new EV and mobility brand called Mobilize 200 and showed a prototype for a small Twizy style 201 EV called the EZ 1 202 203 204 Renault Group also invested into a start up company Verkor that should develop EV batteries and about in 2026 build a gigafactory in France 205 By 2025 the yearly output of 400 000 electric vehicles is planned Eco Edit In 2007 Renault introduced a new line of eco friendly derivatives marked eco that were based on production platforms A minimum of 5 recycled plastic was used and the vehicle s materials were 95 reusable Eco s CO2 emissions were not to exceed 140g km or would be biofuel compatible 206 At the 2008 Fleet World Honours Renault received the Environment Award The chairman of Judges George Emmerson commented This was the most hotly contested category in the history of the Fleet World Honours such is the clamour for organizations green credentials to be recognised There were some very impressive entries but the panel felt that Renault s impressive range of low emission vehicles was the most tangible and the most quantifiable 207 R Link Edit This section about the infotainment system R Link of Renault relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section about the infotainment system R Link of Renault by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Renault news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section with source from EC may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable independent third party sources March 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message The R Link infotainment system developed by Renault and the CCETT labs during the 1980s 136 produced with TomTom and fitted in Renault s vehicles was ranked first in a user accessibility study performed by an independent consulting British company SBD R Link received 85 of the users satisfaction whereas the second big five automotive maker got a 10 lower satisfaction from the users 208 209 unreliable source relevant Autonomous vehicles Edit Renault plans to introduce autonomous vehicle technology by 2020 The company unveiled a prototype the Next Two based on the Zoe in February 2014 210 Vehicle design EditDesign Edit Pre design era Edit During its early years Renault only manufactured the cars chassis while the bodywork was completed by coachbuilders The first car with Renault s bodywork was the Taxi de la Marne introduced in 1905 211 Most Renault made bodyworks were simple and utilitarian until the Reinastella unveiling in 1928 In the 1930s Renault developed streamlined cars such as the Viva Grand Sport In the 1950s the company worked with Ghia designers 212 Renault Styling Edit In 1961 with the assistance of the independent designer Philippe Charbonneaux responsible for the R8 the company created Renault Styling as a design department led by Gaston Juchet since 1963 212 213 In 1975 Robert Opron was named chief designer 213 and Renault Styling was divided into Interior Exterior and Advanced Design groups 211 In the 1960s an in house computer aided design CAD computer aided manufacturing CAM system called UNISURF was introduced led by Pierre Bezier who popularised Bezier curves and worked at Renault from 1933 until 1975 Industrial Design Department Edit In 1987 Renault named Patrick le Quement as chief designer 214 and created the Industrial Design Department to replace Renault Styling The new division incorporated a new management system with more technology and personnel Renault gave it the same importance as Engineering and Product Planning participating in product development 211 213 Le Quement was responsible for bold designs such as the Megane II and the Vel Satis 215 giving Renault a more coherent and stylish image 216 In 1995 Design and Quality were merged under le Quement s direction 211 214 Later the new department moved to Guyancourt s Technocentre which also became the base for Engineering and Product Planning The group was organised in three sections Automobile Design Truck LCV and Bus Design and Concept Cars and Advanced Design During the next years satellite centres opened in Spain 1999 Paris 2000 South Korea 2003 Romania 2007 India 2007 211 213 Brazil 2008 217 and China 2019 218 At the end of 2009 le Quement was replaced by Laurens van den Acker 214 who introduced the cycle of life concept to Renault s design 219 Engineering and Product Planning Edit Renault twin turbo engine Most of Renault engineering was decentralised until 1998 when the Technocentre became the main Renault s engineering facility 74 220 Satellite centres exist including Renault Technologies Americas with branches in Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia and Mexico Renault Technologies Romania branches in Morocco Russia Slovenia and Turkey and Renault Technologies Spain branch in Portugal 221 As of 2013 update Renault s engineering section had over 6 500 employees worldwide of which 34 were engineers and 63 technicians 222 Engine development is in charge of a specific division Renault Powertrains with nearly 65 engineers 223 Overseas engineering is increasing and research and design teams are in charge of adjusting existing vehicles to local needs and budgets 224 As of 2014 update Engineering and Product Planning are directed by Gaspar Gascon Abellan 225 and Philippe Klein 226 respectively Technocentre Edit View of the Technocentre from the Jardin des Gogottes The Renault Technocentre French pronunciation ʁeno tɛknɔˈsɑ tʁ is the main research and development facility It is located in Guyancourt It covers 150 hectares 370 acres 227 and integrates all departments involved in developing products and industrial processes design engineering and product planning as well as supplier representatives The Technocentre gathers more than 8 000 employees 228 and comprises three main sections The Advance Precinct The Hive and the prototype build centre The Advance Precinct a stepped structure surrounded by a lake has design studios and other departments related to early design stages The Hive is the tallest structure and includes research and engineering facilities dedicated to the development process of new vehicles The prototype build centre is an extension of The Hive The three main structures are accompanied by smaller technical buildings 220 The Technocentre was one of the first enterprises to have real time life size 3D modelling systems 229 Renault Tech Edit Renault Tech is a division of Renault Sport Technologies headquartered in Les Ulis It was established in 2008 and is in charge of modifying cars and vans for special purposes mobility cars driver s school cars and business fleets 230 231 Subsidiaries and alliances EditTop 10 Groupe Renault vehicle salesby country 2019 171 Rank Location Vehiclesales Marketshare1 France 698 723 25 9 2 Russia A 508 647 29 0 3 Germany 247 155 6 3 4 Brazil 239 174 9 0 5 Italy 220 403 10 5 6 Spain 183 264 12 4 7 China B 179 494 0 7 8 United Kingdom 109 952 4 1 9 India 88 869 2 5 10 South Korea 86 859 5 0 A Including AvtoVAZ salesB Including Jinbei and Huasong sales Renault Espana offices in Madrid Subsidiaries Edit Dacia Edit Main article Automobile Dacia In 1999 Renault acquired a 51 controlling stake from the Romanian based manufacturer Automobile Dacia which was later increased to 99 43 232 As part of the Renault group Dacia is a regional marque of entry levels cars focused on Europe and Northern Africa which shares various models with the Renault marque 14 Renault Korea Motors Edit Main article Renault Korea Motors Renault acquired the car division of Samsung on 1 September 2000 in a 560 million deal for 70 of the company 233 eventually increasing its stake to 80 1 234 The majority of the company s production at its Busan plant is exported under the Renault badge 235 RCI Banque Edit Main article RCI Banque RCI Banque is a wholly owned subsidiary that provides financial services for Renault marques worldwide and Nissan marques in Europe Russia and South America 236 237 Renault Retail Group Edit Renault Retail Group is Renault s wholly owned automobile distributor for Europe 238 In 1997 the French branches were merged to establish the subsidiary Renault France Automobiles RFA In 2001 it served as the basis for Renault Europe Automobiles REA which managed sales in Europe 239 In 2008 the company adopted its current name 240 Renault Retail Group operates in France Austria Belgium the Czech Republic Germany Italy Luxembourg Poland Portugal Spain Switzerland and the United Kingdom 238 Manufacturing subsidiaries Edit French factories Edit Batilly subsidiary Societe de Vehicules Automobiles de Batilly SoVAB 241 Choisy Cleon Dieppe Societe des Automobiles Alpine 242 Douai Douvrin subsidiary Francaise de Mecanique FM equally owned by Renault and PSA Peugeot Citroen 243 Flins Grand Couronne Le Mans subsidiary Auto Chassis International ACI 244 Maubeuge subsidiary Maubeuge Construction Automobile MCA 245 Ruitz subsidiary Societe des Transmissions Automatiques STA owned by Renault 80 and PSA Peugeot Citroen 20 246 Sandouville 247 Manufacturing subsidiaries outside France Edit Cacia Portugal Cormecanica S A Chile JMEV China a joint venture majority owned by Renault and with JMCG as the second largest shareholder 102 Oyak Renault Turkey a joint venture between Renault and Oyak Turkey s Armed Forces Pension Fund established in 1969 248 Renault Algerie Algeria a joint venture between SNVI 51 and Renault 49 established in 2012 Renault Argentina Argentina Renault Brilliance Jinbei China a joint venture between Renault and Brilliance Auto established in 2017 100 Renault do Brasil Brazil Renault Espana Spain Renault India India Renault Industrie Belgique S A Renault Industrie Belgie N V Belgium Renault Med Morocco a subsidiary operating the Renault Nissan Alliance factory in Tangier 249 Renault Mexico Mexico cars manufactured in Nissan s Aguascalientes plant since 2013 250 Renault Pars Iran a joint venture established in 2004 and owned by Renault 51 and Iran s Industrial Development Renovation Organisation IDRO 49 251 Renault Russia Russia Renault South Africa South Africa cars manufactured in the Nissan s Rosslyn plant 252 Revoz Slovenia Sofasa Colombia Somaca Morocco Alliances Edit Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Edit Main article Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Alliance Renault has a 43 4 stake in Nissan and Nissan holds a 15 stake with no voting rights in Renault thereby giving it effective control Renault has a 50 stake in the joint venture Renault Nissan b v which was established to manage the Renault Nissan alliance The company is responsible for the management of two joint companies RNPO Renault Nissan Purchasing Organization and RNIS Renault Nissan Information Services 253 Combined vehicle sales in 2008 reached 6 9 million including AvtoVAZ making the Renault Nissan Alliance the world s third largest automotive group 254 As well as sharing engines and joint development of zero emissions technology Nissan increased its presence in Europe by badging various Renault van models such as the Renault Kangoo Nissan Kubistar Renault Master Nissan Interstar and the Renault Trafic Nissan Primastar Some passenger cars have also been badge engineered such as the Renault Clio based Nissan Platina in Brazil The Renault Production System standard used by all Renault factories borrowed extensively from the Nissan Production Way and resulted in Renault productivity improving by 15 The alliance led to the loss of 21 000 jobs and the closure of three assemby and two powertrain plants 255 In March 2010 the Renault Nissan alliance opened its first joint facility in Chennai India investing 45 billion rupees US 991 1 million 256 The facility builds the Nissan Micra The Renault Fluence and Renault Koleos are intended to be assembled there from completely knocked down units As a result of opening its own factory Renault ended its five year Mahindra Renault joint venture with Mahindra amp Mahindra company to make and sell the Renault Logan in India 257 Renault Nissan Mitsubishi and Daimler alliance Edit On 7 April 2010 Ghosn and Daimler AG CEO Dieter Zetsche announced a partnership between the three companies 258 Daimler acquired a 3 10 per cent stake in Renault Nissan and Renault and Nissan each took a 1 55 per cent stake in Daimler 259 American Motors Edit In 1979 Renault entered into an agreement with American Motors Corporation AMC to sell cars in the US 260 A year later Renault acquired a 22 5 interest in AMC 261 This was not the first time the two companies had worked together In the early 1960s Renault assembled CKD kits and marketed Ramblers in France 262 In 1982 Renault increased its stake in AMC to 46 4 263 The Renault Alliance Encore a modified version of the Renault 9 and 11 entered production in the US but following AMC s continued decline Renault withdrew from the US in 1987 and sold its share to Chrysler 264 Proposed alliances Edit On 30 June 2006 the media reported that General Motors convened an emergency board meeting to discuss a proposal by shareholder Kirk Kerkorian to form an alliance with Renault Nissan However GM CEO Richard Wagoner felt that an alliance would disproportionately benefit Renault s shareholders and that GM should receive compensation accordingly Talks between GM and Renault ended on 4 October 2006 265 In 2007 Renault Nissan entered talks with Indian manufacturer Bajaj Auto to develop a new ultra low cost car along the lines of the Tata Nano 266 Renault s existing partner in India Mahindra was not interested in the project The proposed joint venture did not come to fruition and in late 2009 the companies announced that Bajaj would develop and manufacturer the vehicle and supply Renault Nissan with completed cars 267 On 7 October 2008 a Renault executive said the company was interested in acquiring or partnering with Chrysler 268 On 11 October 2008 the New York Times reported that General Motors Nissan and Renault had all been in discussions over the past month with Chrysler s owner Cerberus Capital Management about acquiring Chrysler 269 In May 2019 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles proposed merging its business with Renault 270 The proposal was later withdrawn 271 Awards EditRenault models have won the European Car of the Year award six times in the last forty years 1966 Renault 16 272 1982 Renault 9 273 1991 Renault Clio 274 1997 Renault Scenic 275 2003 Renault Megane II 276 2006 Renault Clio III 277 Renault cars have won numerous national level awards in Spain Australia Ireland the United States 66 278 Denmark and elsewhere Renault and its Dacia subsidiary have won three Autobest car of the year awards for the Duster Logan and Symbol models 279 Under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Culture in the 2016 edition of the Corporate Art Awards Renault received by pptArt the award for its Art Collection that inspired the creativity of its car designers 280 Marketing and branding EditRenault markets its products under five marques Renault Lada Dacia Renault Samsung Motors and Alpine 281 Renault badge Edit Renault s first badge was introduced in 1900 and consisted of the Renault brothers intertwined initials When the company started mass production in 1906 it adopted a gear shaped logo with a car inside it After World War I the company used a logo depicting an FT tank In 1923 it introduced a new circle shaped badge which was replaced by the diamond or lozenge in 1925 282 The lozenge of Renault means a diamond that expresses the brand s firm desire to project a strong and consistent corporate image 283 The Renault diamond logo has been through many iterations 282 To modernise its image Renault asked Victor Vasarely to design its new logo in 1972 The transformed logo maintained the diamond shape The design was later revised to reflect the more rounded lines of the brand s new styling cues 284 The current badge has been in use since 1992 The logo for web and print use was updated three times thereafter In 2002 a more realistic representation inside a yellow rectangle was made which is still used as the Renault Trucks logo albeit in red In 2004 the logo received the Renault Identite typeface In 2007 Saguez amp Partners produced a version with the wordmark and logo inside a square 282 285 In April 2015 Renault introduced new designs to differentiate the company from the product brand as part of the Passion for life campaign The new brand logo replaced the yellow background with a yellow stripe A new typeface was also introduced A corporate logo was unveiled at the 2015 Annual General Meeting incorporating Renault Dacia and Renault Samsung Motors 286 287 January 2021 saw the introduction of a new flat diamond logo alongside the Renault 5 Prototype electric concept car The logo received so much positive feedback that Renault officially introduced the new symbol as their logo in March 2021 according to Renault s design director Gilles Vidal who joined the group in 2020 They plan to introduce the new diamond on many online platforms in June 2021 and the first model with the new logo featured will be revealed in 2022 288 The yellow associated with the company appeared initially in the diamond badge of 1946 when Renault was nationalised 282 283 Logo of Renault from 1923 to 1925 Logo of Renault from 1925 to 1946 Logo of Renault from 1946 to 1959 Logo of Renault from 1959 to 1971 Logo of Renault from 1971 to 1972 This logo was not used because it is considered as a copy of the logo of the company Kent 289 290 Logo of Renault from 1972 to 1981 Vasarely Logo Logo of Renault from 1981 to 1992 Logo of Renault from 1992 to 2002 Logo of Renault from 2004 to 2007 Logo of Renault from 2007 to 2015 Logo of Renault from 2015 to 2021 still used as a badge Logo of Renault since 2021 Groupe Renault logo up to 2021 as distinct from the Renault diamond used for the brand Renault Group logo from 2021 onwardsTypeface Edit Renault MN Edit Both the Renault logo and its documentation technical as well as commercial historically used Renault MN a custom typeface developed by British firm Wolff Olins This type of family is said to have been designed mainly to save costs at a time where the use of typefaces was costly A retail version of the font family was sold by URW as Renault 291 Renault Identite Edit In 2004 French typeface designer Jean Francois Porchez was commissioned to design a replacement This was shown in October of that year and was called Renault Identite 292 The OpenType font family was developed from the Renault logotype created by Eric de Berranger 293 294 Helvetica Edit Since 2007 as part of the Saguez amp Partners revamp all graphic advertising makes use of Helvetica Neue Condensed 295 L Atelier Renault in Paris a cultural place gastronomy restaurant and car showroom 296 Renault Life Edit The Renault Life font family was built by Fontsmith Limited based on the foundry s FS Hackney font family 297 The family consists of six fonts in three weights Life Regular and Bold and one width with complimentary italic L Atelier Renault Paris Edit Renault s flagship showroom L Atelier Renault French pronunciation latelje ʁeno is located on the Champs Elysees in Paris with other manufacturers such as Peugeot Citroen and Toyota It opened in November 2000 located on the site of Pub Renault which operated from 1963 until 1999 The first Renault venue at the location was the Magasin Renault in 1910 a pioneering car showroom 298 299 L Atelier features a Renault Boutique as well as regular exhibitions featuring Renault and Dacia cars An upmarket restaurant is located on the second floor looking out onto the Champs Elysees The ground floor can hold up to five exhibitions at any one time As of March 2009 20 million visitors had visited L Atelier Renault 300 301 302 Renault Classic Edit Main article Renault Classic Renault Classic is a department within Renault that seeks to collect preserve and exhibit notable vehicles from the company s history Originally named Histoire amp Collection the collection was assembled in 2002 and its workshops formally opened on 24 April 2003 303 Music Edit Throughout the 1980s and 1990s Renault s European advertising made extensive use of Robert Palmer s song Johnny and Mary 304 Television advertisements initially used Palmer s original version while a range of special recordings in different styles were produced during the 1990s most famously the acoustic interpretation by Martin Taylor that he released on his album Spirit of Django Sponsorship Edit Renault has sponsored films as an advertising technique since 1899 A Renault Voiturette Type A driven by Louis Renault appeared in one of the Lumieres early films 305 306 Between 1914 and 1940 the company commissioned a series of documentary films to promote its industrial activities 307 Renault also backed some films set in Africa during the 1920s to promote the reliability of its products on tough conditions 306 Since 1983 the company sponsors the Cannes Film Festival 308 and it has also sponsored other festivals as the Venice Film Festival the Marrakech Film Festival 309 and the BFI London Film Festival 310 Through its foundations and institutes Renault funds projects around the world that focus on education through scholarships 311 road safety 312 and diversity See also EditTanks in FranceReferences Edit Our plants labs design and engineering center Renault Group renaultgroup com Renault chairman Could seek 4 5 billion euros worth of bank loans Reuters 10 April 2020 French carmaker Renault names Luca de Meo as new CEO Reuters 28 January 2020 a b c d e f Earnings report 2021 PDF Renault Group Retrieved 17 March 2022 Stockholder Structure Groupe Renault Retrieved 27 July 2019 Facts and figures 2020 PDF Renault pp 6 7 Retrieved 15 May 2021 Wells John C 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 Jones Daniel 2011 Roach Peter Setter Jane Esling John eds Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 18th ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 15255 6 a b c Boutillier Sophie Uzunidis Dimitri 2006 L aventure des entrepreneurs The entrepreneurs adventure Studyrama perspectives in French Vol 625 Studyrama pp 28 29 ISBN 2 84472 790 5 World motor vehicle production OICA correspondents survey World ranking of manufacturers year 2016 PDF OICA Retrieved 14 October 2017 Renault Nissan beats Volkswagen AG to become the world s top selling automaker for 2017 Business Insider France Retrieved 7 September 2018 Pearson David 8 July 2010 Renault s First Half Global Sales Rise 22 The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 24 February 2014 2016 2017 Annual Report PDF Renault p 19 Retrieved 15 June 2017 a b Ciferri Luca 10 January 2014 Why Ghosn favors separate CEOs for Renault and Nissan europe autonews com Automotive News Europe Archived from the original on 24 February 2014 Retrieved 24 February 2014 Our strategic partnerships Renault Archived from the original on 12 February 2015 Retrieved 22 February 2015 Key figures Renault Group Renault presents stunning electric range at Frankfurt 2009 Gizmodo 15 September 2009 Retrieved 15 April 2015 These four vehicles will cover a range of uses and customers who will nonetheless all have one thing in common they will be entering a new era of zero emission mobility The first will be the electric version of Fluence which will initially be available in Israel and Europe The second will be an electric version of Renault Kangoo Express intended primarily for fleet and business use The range of electric vehicles will then expand to cover other segments with two vehicles that will be designed from scratch as electric vehicles Derived from the Twizy Z E Concept the third vehicle will target urban mobility The fourth vehicle which takes it inspiration from Zoe Z E Concept will go on sale at the beginning of 2012 and will be a multi purpose daily driver for built up areas a b Groupe Renault 19 March 2020 2019 Universal Registration Document PDF Renault Retrieved 22 May 2020 Since the launch of the Renault electric program the Group has sold more than 252 000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 273 550 electric vehicles worldwide See pp 24 and 39 Since inception a total of 181 893 Zoe cars 48 821 Kangoo Z E electric vans 29 118 Twitzy heavy quadricycles and 10 600 Fluence Z E cars have been sold globally through December 2019 Renault SA SWOT Analysis Renault SA SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis Boulogne sur Mer France MarketLine 1 8 6 July 2018 EBSCOhost AN 131413771 Retrieved 24 October 2018 via EBSCO Information Services Porazik Juraj Oravec Jan 1985 Old time classic cars 1885 1940 Arco Pub p 58 ISBN 0 668 06307 6 a b A brief history of the House of Renault Automotive Industries New York Automotive Industries 20 14 569 570 8 April 1909 ISSN 1099 4130 Heidi Klum amp Seal The truth about the divorce epubli a b c d e Smith Michael Stephen 2006 The Automobile and its Allies The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France 1800 1930 Harvard Studies in Business Vol 49 Harvard University Press pp 402 405 ISBN 0 674 01939 3 Une page d histoire le taxi de la Marne A page of the history The Taxi de la Marne francebleu fr France Bleu 11 March 2013 Retrieved 15 April 2013 Renault leads the foreigners Automotive Industries New York 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