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Thiruvananthapuram

January 01, 2023

This article is about the city. For the district, see Thiruvananthapuram district. For the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram, see Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area.

Thiruvananthapuram (/ˌtɪruːvəˌnʌntəˈpʊərəm/; Malayalam: [t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm] (listen)), also known by its former name Trivandrum (/trɪˈvændrəm/),[8] is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011.[3] The encompassing urban agglomeration population is around 1.68 million.[5] Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major information technology hub in Kerala and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.[9][10] Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India",[11][1] the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.[12]

Thiruvananthapuram
Metropolis
Clockwise, from top: View of Kulathoor, Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Niyamasabha Mandiram, East Fort, Technopark, Kanakakkunnu Palace, Thiruvananthapuram Central and Kovalam Beach
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Evergreen City of India
God's Own Capital[1]
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala)
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram (India)
Coordinates: 08°29′15″N 76°57′9″E / 8.48750°N 76.95250°E / 8.48750; 76.95250
Country India
State Kerala
DistrictThiruvananthapuram
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyThiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
 • MayorArya Rajendran[2] (CPI(M))
 • Deputy MayorP. K. Raju (CPI)
 • Member of ParliamentShashi Tharoor (INC)
 • City Police CommissionerSanjay Kumar Gurudin IPS
Area
[3]
 • Metropolis214 km2 (83 sq mi)
 • Metro
[4]
311 km2 (120 sq mi)
 • Rank1st
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • Metropolis957,730
 • Density4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
[5]
1,687,406
Demonym(s)Trivandrumite,[6] Trivian
Languages
 • Official LanguageMalayalam, English[7]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Postal Index Number
695 XXX
Area code+91-(0)471
Vehicle registration
ClimateAm/Aw (Köppen)
Websitetrivandrum.nic.in

The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the Ays who were feudatories of the Chera dynasty.[13] In the 12th century, it was conquered by the Kingdom of Venad.[13] In the 18th century, the king Marthanda Varma expanded the territory, founded the princely state of Travancore, and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.[14] Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[15] Following India's independence in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin state and remained so until the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.[16]

Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and home to the University of Kerala, APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University, and many other schools and colleges. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centers such as the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Indian Space Research Organisation's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, National Centre for Earth Science Studies and a campus of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research.[17] The city is home to media institutions like Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd, and is also home to Chitranjali Film Studio, one of the first film studios in Malayalam Cinema, and Kinfra Film and Video Park at Kazhakoottom, which is India's first Infotainment industrial park.[18]

Being India's largest city in the deep south, it is strategically prominent and hosts the Southern Air Command headquarters of the Indian Air Force, the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station and the upcoming Vizhinjam International Seaport. Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist centre, known for the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the beaches of Kovalam and Varkala, the backwaters of Poovar and Anchuthengu and its Western Ghats tracts of Ponmudi and the Agastya Mala. In 2012, Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in, by a field survey conducted by The Times of India.[19] In 2013, the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India, in a survey conducted by India Today.[20] Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016, according to the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) conducted by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.[21] The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017.[22]

Etymology

The city takes its name from Malayalam word thiru-anantha-puram (തിരുവനന്തപുരം [t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm] ( listen)), meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",[23] referring to the deity of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature, and popular reference as Ananthapuri, derived from the Sanskrit word Syanandurapuram, meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore.[24] The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.[25]

History

Main article: History of Thiruvananthapuram
See also: Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State
 
Painting by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by Visakham Thirunal, with Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880
 
Padmanabhaswamy Temple is the richest temple in the world.

Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.[26][27] It is believed that the ships of King Solomon landed in a port called Ophir (now Poovar) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.[28][29] The city was the trading post of spices, sandalwood and ivory.[30] However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala.

The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.[31] However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai.[32]

The early rulers of the city were the Ays. Vizhinjam, which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.[33] Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as the second century BC.[34][35] During the Ay dynasty's rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the Chola and Pandyan dynasties attempted to capture the port town.[36][37]

After the death of king Vikramaditya Varaguna in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the Chera dynasty.[38][13] During the tenth century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.[13] The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.[39][40] A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, merged with the Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century.[13]

 
A map of Malabar Coast drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and Kanyakumari, as shown in the map (Present-day districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari only). The vast region of Malabar Coast between Kannur and Kollam was under the control of Zamorin of Calicut then. It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to Cochin and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.

Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and Kanyakumari district, were parts of the Ay dynasty during ancient and medieval ages, which was a Tamil kingdom based in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent.[41] Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandyas in various periods.[41] Later it became a part of Venad in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE.[41] The Tamil-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of Kerala.[41]

 
Thambiran Vanakkam was printed at Kollam, the capital of Venad in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language Lingua Malabar Tamul, which was spoken in Southern Kerala (Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram area) during the medieval period.

Modern-day Southern Kerala (The districts like Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, etc.) had been ruled by Tamil dynasties such as the Ay kingdom, the Pandya dynasty,[42][43] and the Chola dynasty,[44][45] for a long time until 16th–17th century CE. The official language of Venad, based at Kollam, was also identified as Tamil, by the natives of Venad in those times.[46] The place names, the dialects of Malayalam spoken, and the customs that exist in the southern parts of Kerala still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.[47] Malayalam became more prevalent with the expansion of Venad into Travancore by annexing the regions up to present-day Ernakulam district.

In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur, and Parappanad based in present-day Malappuram district.[48] Then, Marthanda Varma who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha. In 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Kanyakumari district.[49] Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma.[50]

 
A language map of India prepared in 1822.

As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including Koothu, Padhakam, Kathakali, Thullal, and Koodiyattam. Noted artists such as Ramapurathu Warrier and Kunchan Nambiar amongst others served as his court poets.[51] Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[15]

The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age was during the mid-19th century under the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the Observatory (1837), the General Hospital (1839), the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College (1873). The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period. Sanskrit College, Ayurveda College, Law College and a second-grade college for women were started by Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924).[52]

The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The Sree Moolam Popular Assembly, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.[53] Despite not being under the direct control of the British Empire at any time, the city featured prominently in India's freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram. A meeting of the Indian National Congress presided by Dr Pattabhi Sitaramaiah was held here in 1938.

 
Kowdiar Palace built-in 1915 was the official residence of the Travancore Royal Family.[54]

The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the Travancore region. The municipality was converted into a corporation on 30 October 1940, during the period of Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, who took over in 1931.[55] The city witnessed multi-faceted progress during his period. The promulgation of the "Temple Entry Proclamation" (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the University of Travancore in 1937, which later became Kerala University.[56]

With the end of British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popularly elected ministry, headed by Pattom Thanu Pillai, was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Thiru-Kochi, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour, the Kochi.[57] The king of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.[58]

With the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.[59]

A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of Technopark—India's first IT park—in 1995.[60] Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,[61] employing around 62,000 people in 450 companies.[62]

Geography and climate

Geography

Main article: Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
 
View of Pattom, the north eastern part of the city. The Western Ghats mountain range is seen in the background

Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills[63] by the seashore and is at 8°30′N 76°54′E / 8.5°N 76.9°E / 8.5; 76.9 on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.[64] The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. The average elevation of the city is 16 ft (4.9 m) above sea level.[65] The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the metropolis in the Seismic III Zone.[66] Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of Karamana and Killi rivers. Vellayani, Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lie in the city.[67] The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy laterite soil high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. In western coastal regions of the city, sandy loam soil is found, and on hilly eastern parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.[68]

The Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is spread over 214.86 km2 (82.96 sq mi).[3] The wider Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, three municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011.[69] Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force.[70]

Climate

The city has a climate that lies on the border between a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) and a tropical monsoon climate (Am). As a result, its only distinct seasons relate to rainfall rather than temperature. The mean maximum temperature is 34 °C (93 °F) and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C (70 °F). The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season.[71] Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around 1,835 millimetres (72.2 in) per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) on 21 February 2019.[72] At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) on 5 May 1998.[72]

Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram City (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.0
(96.8) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.7
(99.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		34.8
(94.6) 		35.5
(95.9) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		34.8
(94.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.1
(95.2) 		34.6
(94.3) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.9
(96.6)
Average high °C (°F) 32.4
(90.3) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.7
(89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.4
(81.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.6
(81.7)
Average low °C (°F) 22.3
(72.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.6
(74.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.7
(67.5)
Record low °C (°F) 17.8
(64.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.8
(64.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.9
(0.70) 		21.7
(0.85) 		30.6
(1.20) 		122.3
(4.81) 		213.8
(8.42) 		307.8
(12.12) 		185.2
(7.29) 		161.0
(6.34) 		196.7
(7.74) 		297.2
(11.70) 		212.8
(8.38) 		68.4
(2.69) 		1,835.3
(72.26)
Average rainy days 0.9 1.4 2.2 6.9 9.1 16.0 13.3 9.9 10.4 13.0 9.8 4.0 96.9
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 64 63 66 73 75 80 79 77 77 80 78 69 73
Average dew point °C (°F) 21
(70) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(74)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 260.4 248.6 254.2 201.0 192.2 129.0 136.4 164.3 180.0 173.6 165.0 217.0 2,321.7
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.4 8.8 8.2 6.7 6.2 4.3 4.4 5.3 6.0 5.6 5.5 7.0 6.4
Average ultraviolet index 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 10 12
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[73][72][74] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[75]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)[76] Weather Atlas[77]

Demographics

Others include Sikhism, Buddhism & Other religions (0.06%)
Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City (2011)[78]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 68.51%
Christianity
 
 16.79%
Islam
 
 13.77%
Not stated
 
 0.85%
Others
 
 0.09%

According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram, which occupies an area of 214 km2 (83 sq mi), had a population of 957,730.[3] The city's population density was 4,454/km2 (11,540/sq mi).[3] The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,687,406 in 2011.[5] The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average.[3] Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72%[79] exceeds the all-India average of 74%.[80]

Malayalees form the vast majority of Thiruvananthapuram's population. Thiruvananthapuram's smaller communities are the Tamils and North Indians. According to the 2011 census, 68.5% of the population is Hindu, 16.7% Christian and 13.7% Muslims.[81] The remainder of the community includes Jains, Jews, Sikhs, Buddhists and other religions which account for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a belief in the census.[81]

Malayalam, the official state language, is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram City: English is also used, mainly by the white-collar workforce. Tamil has the most speakers after Malayalam. The city also has a few Tulu, Kannada, Konkani, Dhivehi, Telugu and Hindi speakers. As per the 2001 census, the population below the poverty line in the city was 11,667.[82]

Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India, mainly Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh, and Eastern India, mainly West Bengal and Bihar, and from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Nepal and Bangladesh.[83]

Administration

Main article: Administration of Trivandrum district

The Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram or TMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 100 wards.[84] Each ward elects a councillor to the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. TMC has the power to act as the local government of the city.[85] TMC is headed by the Mayor, who is elected from among the councillors. The Mayor is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the TMC. The corporation discharges its services through standing committees.[85] The corporation secretary is an officer appointed by the government, who serves as the administrative head of the TMC and implements the council's decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the council. The functions of the Municipal Corporation are managed by seven departments—engineering, health, general administration, council, accounts and revenue.[86] For the decentralised role of TMC, eleven Zonal Offices are created. The zonal offices are in Fort, Kadakampally, Nemom, Ulloor, Attipra, Thiruvallom, Kazhakkuttom, Sreekaryam, Kudappanakunnu, Vattiyoorkavu and Vizhinjam.[87] The functions of the TMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid-waste management, and building regulation. The Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the greater Thiruvananthapuram region.[88]

As the seat of the Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies but also the Kerala Legislative Assembly and the state secretariat, which is housed in the Kerala Government Secretariat complex. Thiruvananthapuram has two parliamentary constituencies—Attingal and Thiruvananthapuram—and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.[89]

 
The Kerala Government Secretariat is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala

Law and order

The Thiruvananthapuram City Police is the main law-enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a commissioner of police.[90] The Thiruvananthapuram city police is a division of the Kerala Police, and the administrative control lies with the Kerala Home Ministry. Thiruvananthapuram city police are the largest police division in Kerala, and it consists of ten Circle offices and 21 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3,500 police personnel.[91] The Central Prison is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of Kerala prisons and correctional services.[92]

Military and diplomatic establishments

The Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force is headquartered in the city.[93][94] There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram.[95] The CRPF has a Group Headquarters (GHQ) located at Pallipuram.[96] In addition to this, three units of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Sector Headquarters (SHQ) of the Border Security Force (BSF) are also present. Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the Indian Army.[97]

In the city there is a Consulate of the United Arab Emirates,[98] a Consulate of the Maldives,[99] and Honorary Consulates of Sri Lanka, Russia and Germany.[100][101]

Utility services

The Kerala Water Authority supplies the city with water that is sourced from the Karamana River;[102] most of it is drawn from the Aruvikkara and Peppara reservoirs, and it is treated and purified at the Aruvikkara pumping stations.[103] The Wellington Water Works, commissioned in 1933, is one of the oldest city water supply schemes in India.[104] The sewage water is treated at Muttathara sewage-treatment plant, which handles 32 million litres per day.[105][106] The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system.[107] Electricity is supplied by the Kerala State Electricity Board.[108] Fire services are handled by the Kerala Fire And Rescue Services.[109]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Thiruvananthapuram
 
View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night.
 
A part of Infosys campus. Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India.

Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises Information Technology, education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and tourism.[110] Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.[9] With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala.[9] Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley.[111] State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.[9] Thiruvananthapuram is a major aerospace research centre in India. The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, the most significant and leading centre of ISRO,[112] and several space-related, state-owned ISRO centres such as Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, and ISRO Inertial Systems Unit are based in Thiruvananthapuram.[113] The BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India.[114] Other enterprises include Travancore Titanium Products, Kerala Automobiles Limited, MILMA, English Indian Clays, Keltron, Trivandrum Rubber Works and HLL Lifecare Limited.

Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT and ITES hub in India. The city contributes around 55% of Kerala's total software exports.[9][115] Thiruvananthapuram houses major multinational Technology companies like Oracle Corporation, Nissan, Allianz Technology, Envestnet, Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Toonz Animation India, UST Global, Ernst & Young, Flytxt, Navigant, Tata Elxsi, McKinsey & Company, RR Donnelly and Quest Global.[116] Technopark is the largest information-technology park in India in terms of built-up area.[117] It is the largest employment base campus in Kerala with 52,000 IT/ITES professionals and about 400 companies.[9][116] Other IT, media and industrial campuses include Kinfra Film and Video Park, Kinfra Apparel Park, B-HUB and Chithranjali Film Complex.[118][119] Several new IT, biotechnology and industrial campuses like Technocity and Bio 360 Life sciences park are under construction.[120][121]

Tourism is a significant economic sector.[122][123][124] The presence of natural attractions like beaches, backwaters, hills, and plantations and attractions like heritage, history, Ayurveda, medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists.[125] The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate, infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016–17.[126]

Port-related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports. Vizhinjam International Seaport is a transhipment port under construction.[127] Vizhinjam port's location is close to the international shipping routes and, it is just 10–12 nautical miles from the busy Persian Gulf-Malacca shipping lane.[128] The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge container ships.[129] The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24,000 TEU.[130]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
 
Harvesting lotus leaves from Vellayani Lake.

Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India.[123] Kovalam and Varkala are popular beach towns near the city. Other important beaches include Poovar, Shankumugham Beach, Azhimala Beach, Vizhinjam Beach and Veli Beach. The Padmanabhaswamy Temple located at the heart of the city is known as the richest place of worship in the world.[131] Other places of interest include Agasthyamala rain forests, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kallar, Braemore, Ponmudi hills, Poovar, Anchuthengu backwaters, Varkala Cliffs and Kappil-Edava lakes.

The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving Kerala Architecture with British and Dravidian influences.[132] Napier museum, Thiruvanathapuram Zoo, Padmanabha Swamy temple, Kuthira Malika palace, Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this.

The main museums include Kerala Science and Technology Museum (with its attached Priyadarsini Planetarium), Napier Museum, Kerala Soil Museum and Koyikkal Palace Museum. Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is listed in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[133]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram
 
Established in 1855, the Napier Museum contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts
 
Attukal Pongala festival marks the world's largest gathering of women

Thiruvananthapuram is known as the "Evergreen City of India" because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks.[1][134] Thiruvananthapuram has historically been a cultural hub in South India due to the development of arts, architecture and liberal customs by the rulers of erstwhile Thiruvananthapuram. As a testimony to this, renowned artists like Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Raja Ravi Varma hail from the city.[135][136] Prominent social reformers such as Sri Narayana Guru, Chattampi Swamikal, Ayyankali, Vakkom Moulavi and C. V. Raman Pillai also are from Thiruvananthapuram.[137]

Two of the three Malayalam triumvirate poets, Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer and Kumaran Asan are from Thiruvananthapuram.[138][139] Annual literature festivals like the Kovalam Literary Festival, are held in the city.[140] Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, one of the oldest public libraries in India, which was established in 1829,[141] and other major libraries including the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Central library, and the Kerala University Library.[142] Thiruvananthapuram has been a hub of classical music since the days of Maharaja of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal.[143][144] Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival, one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India,[143] Swathi Sangeethotsavam, Soorya Music fest, Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups.[143] The 111-day-long Soorya Festival is the biggest art and cultural event in Kerala.[145][146] The Soorya Festival features film festivals, theatre festivals, dance, music, painting and photography exhibitions.[145]

 
16th IFFK 2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex

The Malayalam film Industry was started in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam feature film, Vigathakumaran directed by J. C. Daniel was released in Thiruvananthapuram.[147] J. C. Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry. He also established the first film studio in Kerala, the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926.[148][149] The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK), which is held every year in December, is one of Asia's largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation.[150][151] In addition to various film festivals, the presence of the Central Board of Film Certification's regional office, many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio, Chitranjali Studio, Merryland Studio, Kinfra Film and Video Park and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema.[152][153]

Apart from the famous Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the city's architecture is championed by the Napier Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo, one of the oldest zoos in India.[154] Other architectural landmarks include Kuthira Malika Palace, Kowdiar Palace, Attukal temple, Beemapally Mosque, Connemara Market, and the Mateer Memorial Church. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of Laurie Baker's architecture.[155]

Along with the major festivals of Onam, Vishu, Deepavali, and Navaratri, Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakrid and Milad-e-sheriff, the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like Attukal Pongala,[156] Beemapally Uroos,[157] Vettukaad Church Festival,[158] Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu and Lakshadeepam festival.[159] During the Onam festival, the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city.[160] The Attukal Pongala festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad. It is the largest gathering of women in the world.[161][162] Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Française and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year.[163][164][165]

The general cuisine of the people is Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines, are popular.[166] Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering Arabic, Italian, Thai and Mexican cuisines.[167][168]

Transport

 
Kowdiar road; also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace
 
Another road in the city
Main article: Transport in Thiruvananthapuram

Public transport

 
A KSRTC Double-decker bus in the city

The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators. There are also private operators.[169] The city buses operated by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city. The main bus stations in the city are the Central Bus Station in Thampanoor, where most of the long-distance buses ply from, and the city bus station in East Fort, where most city buses ply from.[170][171] Three-wheeled, yellow and black auto-rickshaws and taxis, are other popular forms of public transport.[172][173] Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro is a fully elevated metro rail – rapid transit system planned to ease the congestion in the city.[174][175]

Road

Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed road transport infrastructure.[174] The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited (TRDCL) and Kerala PWD.[176] TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project (TRCIP), which is the first urban road project in India.[177][178] TRCIP is a Public-private partnership project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation.[177] TRCIP has won the International Road Federation's Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015.[179] TCRIP has also been selected by United Nations as a replicable Public Private Partnership model.[180] It was one of the 12 Public-private partnership project case studies from across the world which fulfil the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN Agenda 2030.[181][182]

Thiruvananthapuram is served by National Highway 66 of India's National Highways system.[183] The city is connected to the North-South Corridor of the National Highway system at Aralvaimozhi, which is 80 km south of the city.[184] The State Highway 1, which commonly known as the Main Central Road is an arterial highway in the city. Other major highways in the city are State Highway 2 and State Highway 45.[185] The Mahatma Gandhi Road is the main arterial road in the city.[186][187] Another important road is the Kowdiar Road, which is also known as the Royal Road, as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace.[188]

Rail

Thiruvananthapuram is a divisional headquarters in the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways.[189] Long-distance trains originate from Thiruvananthapuram Central and Kochuveli railway terminals. Kochuveli railway terminal is developed to ease congestion on the central station and it acts as a satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central.[190] Thiruvananthapuram Central is the busiest railway station in Kerala.[191] Other railway stations in the city are Thiruvananthapuram Pettah, Nemom railway station, Veli railway station and Kazhakoottam railway station. Being the southernmost municipal corporation in India, many long train services of Indian Railways originate from Thiruvananthapuram like Trivandrum Rajdhani Express, Thiruvananthapuram - Silchar Superfast Express and Kochuveli - Amritsar Weekly Express. There are plans to develop a railway terminal at Nemom railway station to reduce congestion at Thiruvananthapuram Central.[192]

Air

Thiruvananthapuram is served by the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, located at Chakai, only 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) from the city centre. The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in Kerala.[193] Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, the Maldives and Sri Lanka. As the city is headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force, Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations.[194] IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations. The airport also caters to the Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology which carries out pilot-training activities.[195]

Sea

Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour.[196] A cruise terminal is under construction at Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal.[197][198] Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check-post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises.[199]

Education

See also: Schools in Thiruvananthapuram and Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram
 
Model School Trivandrum, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest schools in Kerala.[200]
 
Clock Tower at the University of Kerala
 
Main gate of Medical college

Primary and secondary education

Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools.[201][202] The government schools are run directly by the Kerala State Education Board and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government.[203] The aided schools also follow the state syllabus. Malayalam and English are the primary languages of instruction; Tamil and Hindi are also used.[203] The schools are affiliated with The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in Kerala.[204][205]

The notable schools in the city include St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, which is considered one of the largest schools in Asia, with the total number of students exceeding 12,000,[206][207] Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum, SMV School, Trivandrum International School, Chinmaya Vidyalayas, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Loyola School, Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram, Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School, Arya Central School, Jyothi Nilayam School, St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, St. Thomas Residential School, The Oxford School and VSSC Central School.[208]

Higher education and research

Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of space science, information technology, physical science, biotechnology, engineering and medicine. There are three universities in Thiruvananthapuram: two state universities and one deemed university. The state universities are the University of Kerala and APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University. Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), is a government-aided institute and deemed university.[209] IIST is the first of its kind in the country, to offer graduate courses and research in space sciences, space technology and space applications.[210] The city also houses two Institutes of National Importance; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER).[211] Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).[212]

The Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram is the first and a premier medical school in Kerala, founded in 1951.[213] Other notable medical schools apart from SCTIMST (which provides super-specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience) and Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram (which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology, and super-specialty courses) includes SUT Academy of Medical Sciences, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College.[214]

The city houses several prominent legal education institutions. The Government Law College, formed in 1875, is one of the oldest legal education institutions in India.[215] The Kerala Law Academy is another major legal education institution.[216] The major Business schools include Asian School of Business, CET School of Management and Institute of Management in Kerala (IMK).[217][218][219] There are over 23 engineering education institutions in Thiruvananthapuram.[220] Apart from IIST and IISER, the other major engineering education institutions include College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET), which is the first engineering college in Kerala,[221] Government Engineering College BartonHill (GEC), Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering (SCT), ER & DCI Institute of Technology, University College of Engineering, Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology.[220] The University College Thiruvananthapuram established in 1866 and H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India.[222][223]

Other prominent undergraduate and postgraduate colleges include the Government Arts College, Mahatma Gandhi College, Mar Ivanios College, Government Sanskrit College, Loyola College of Social Sciences, St. Xavier's College and All Saints College.[224] Major fine arts colleges are Swathi Thirunal College of Music, which is the first music academy in Kerala[225] and College of Fine Arts Trivandrum.[226] The Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education is one of the two physical education academic institutes of the Sports Authority of India (SAI).[227]

The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include: Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala (IIITMK),[228] National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH),[229] Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology,[230] Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-Dit),[231] Centre for Development Studies (CDS),[232] Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute,[233] National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS),[234] Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)[235] and Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library.[236]

Kerala University is ranked as the best university in Kerala according to the MHRD's National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).[237] Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala.[238] In engineering, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) is ranked as the best in Kerala and College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET) is ranked third in Kerala.[239] College of Engineering, Trivandrum is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings.[240] The University College is listed as the best college in Kerala.[241][242]

Media

Main article: Media in Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Most of the media houses in Kerala are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam channel, Doordarshan Malayalam began broadcasting from the city in 1981.[243] Asianet, the first private channel in Malayalam, also started its telecasting from the city in 1993.[244] The other Malayalam channels based in the city include Asianet News, Amrita TV, Kappa TV, Kairali TV, Kairali We, Mathrubhumi News, Kaumudy TV, JaiHind TV, News18 Kerala and People TV.[245] All major Malayalam channels, including Asianet, Janam TV, Jeevan TV, MediaOne TV and Manorama News have production facilities or offices in the city.[245] TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services, or internet-based television.[246][247][248] Prominent Direct-to-Home (DTH) entertainment services in Thiruvananthapuram include Sun Direct DTH, DD Direct+, Videocon d2h, Dish TV, Reliance Digital TV, Airtel digital TV and Tata Play.

Major Malayalam newspapers available are Mathrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, Kerala Kaumudi, Deshabhimani, Madhyamam, Janmabhumi, Chandrika, Thejas, Siraj Daily, Deepika and Rashtra Deepika. The English language newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are The New Indian Express, The Hindu, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India.[245]

All India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs Medium wave and Shortwave radio stations in the city.[249][250] The Vividh Bharati of All India Radio also airs an FM radio station known as Ananthapuri FM.[251][252] Other FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are Big FM 92.7 MHz,[253] Club FM 94.3 MHz,[254] Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz,[255] Red FM 93.5 MHz[253] and Radio DC 90.4 MHz.[256]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Thiruvananthapuram
 
Sports Hub (Greenfield Stadium) during the India vs New Zealand T20
 
A football match in CSN Stadium
 
Badminton at TOSS Academy

The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are cricket and football. The city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the University Stadium in 1984.[257] The city also hosted the first Twenty20 International cricket match in Kerala.[258] The Kerala Cricket Association is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram.[259] Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include Sanju Samson, Raiphi Gomez, Ryan Ninan, Aneil Nambiar, K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan, Rohan Prem, Udiramala Subramaniam, P. M. K. Mohandas, Bhaskar Pillai and Padmanabhan Prasanth. The Sports Hub, University Stadium,[260] St Xavier's College Ground,[261] KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram,[262] Medical College ground[263] and Vellyani Agricultural College Ground[264] are the main cricket grounds in the city. The Sports Hub, Trivandrum, commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the largest cricket and football stadiums in India.[265] Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 2015 SAFF Championship at the Greenfield Stadium.[266] SBI Kerala, Titanium FC, KSEB, Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.[267][268] Football is usually played in the Greenfield International Stadium(The Sports Hub), Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and University Stadium.[269] Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include Jobby Justin, Vinu Jose, Thomas Sebastian, M Rajeev Kumar and Ganeshan.

The city has facilities to host most types of sports.[270] Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the 2015 National Games of India.[271] Athletic competitions are usually held at the University Stadium, Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and Central Stadium.[272] The Trivandrum Marathon is a marathon organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year.[273] There will be two main races; a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation.[274] Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city.[275]

Jimmy George Indoor Stadium is a major indoor stadium in the state. It is used for conducting basketball, volleyball, table tennis, gymnastics, aquatics and martial arts.[270] The stadium has the first altitude-simulated training facility in South India, known as Astra.[276] The major sports training and coaching institutions include the Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE), TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub.[277]

Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city.[278] Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range.[279] Surfing is also a popular sport on the beaches. Many surfing and standup paddleboarding tournaments are held in the city.[280] The surf competitions are usually held on Kovalam Beach and Varkala Beach.[281] Paragliding is another adventure sport usually seen on Varkala Beach.[282]

The SAI Trivandrum golf club, established in 1850, is one of the oldest golf courses in India.[283] It is leased to the Sports Authority of India.[283]

See also

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Further reading

  • The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. Archery-Banog, Volume 2. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. 2002. p. 7063. ISBN 9788177552577.
  • Heritage of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala, 2008. 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

External links

January 01, 2023
thiruvananthapuram, this, article, about, city, district, district, urban, agglomeration, area, metropolitan, area, ʊər, malayalam, iɾuʋɐnɐn, ɐpuɾɐm, listen, also, known, former, name, trivandrum, capital, indian, state, kerala, most, populous, city, kerala, w. This article is about the city For the district see Thiruvananthapuram district For the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram see Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area Thiruvananthapuram ˌ t ɪ r uː v e ˌ n ʌ n t e ˈ p ʊer e m Malayalam t iɾuʋɐnɐn d ɐpuɾɐm listen also known by its former name Trivandrum t r ɪ ˈ v ae n d r e m 8 is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957 730 as of 2011 3 The encompassing urban agglomeration population is around 1 68 million 5 Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland Thiruvananthapuram is a major information technology hub in Kerala and contributes 55 of the state s software exports as of 2016 9 10 Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the Evergreen city of India 11 1 the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills 12 ThiruvananthapuramMetropolisClockwise from top View of Kulathoor Padmanabhaswamy Temple Niyamasabha Mandiram East Fort Technopark Kanakakkunnu Palace Thiruvananthapuram Central and Kovalam BeachSealNickname s Evergreen City of IndiaGod s Own Capital 1 ThiruvananthapuramThiruvananthapuram Kerala Show map of KeralaThiruvananthapuramThiruvananthapuram India Show map of IndiaCoordinates 08 29 15 N 76 57 9 E 8 48750 N 76 95250 E 8 48750 76 95250Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictThiruvananthapuramGovernment TypeMunicipal Corporation BodyThiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation MayorArya Rajendran 2 CPI M Deputy MayorP K Raju CPI Member of ParliamentShashi Tharoor INC City Police CommissionerSanjay Kumar Gurudin IPSArea 3 Metropolis214 km2 83 sq mi Metro 4 311 km2 120 sq mi Rank1stElevation10 m 30 ft Population 2011 3 Metropolis957 730 Density4 500 km2 12 000 sq mi Metro 5 1 687 406Demonym s Trivandrumite 6 TrivianLanguages Official LanguageMalayalam English 7 Time zoneUTC 5 30 IST Postal Index Number695 XXXArea code 91 0 471Vehicle registrationKL 01 Thiruvananthapuram KL 15 KSRTC KL 16 Attingal KL 19 Parassala KL 20 Neyyattinkara KL 21 Nedumangad KL 22 Kazhakootam KL 74 Kattakkada KL 81 VarkalaClimateAm Aw Koppen Websitetrivandrum wbr nic wbr inThe present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the Ays who were feudatories of the Chera dynasty 13 In the 12th century it was conquered by the Kingdom of Venad 13 In the 18th century the king Marthanda Varma expanded the territory founded the princely state of Travancore and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital 14 Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755 15 Following India s independence in 1947 Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore Cochin state and remained so until the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956 16 Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and home to the University of Kerala APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University and many other schools and colleges Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centers such as the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Indian Space Research Organisation s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology National Centre for Earth Science Studies and a campus of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research 17 The city is home to media institutions like Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd and is also home to Chitranjali Film Studio one of the first film studios in Malayalam Cinema and Kinfra Film and Video Park at Kazhakoottom which is India s first Infotainment industrial park 18 Being India s largest city in the deep south it is strategically prominent and hosts the Southern Air Command headquarters of the Indian Air Force the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station and the upcoming Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist centre known for the Padmanabhaswamy Temple the beaches of Kovalam and Varkala the backwaters of Poovar and Anchuthengu and its Western Ghats tracts of Ponmudi and the Agastya Mala In 2012 Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in by a field survey conducted by The Times of India 19 In 2013 the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India in a survey conducted by India Today 20 Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years 2015 and 2016 according to the Annual Survey of India s City Systems ASICS conducted by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy 21 The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017 22 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography and climate 3 1 Geography 3 2 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Administration 5 1 Law and order 5 2 Military and diplomatic establishments 5 3 Utility services 6 Economy 7 Tourism 8 Culture 9 Transport 9 1 Public transport 9 2 Road 9 3 Rail 9 4 Air 9 5 Sea 10 Education 10 1 Primary and secondary education 10 2 Higher education and research 11 Media 12 Sports 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksEtymologyThe city takes its name from Malayalam word thiru anantha puram ത ര വനന തപ ര t iɾuʋɐnɐn d ɐpuɾɐm listen meaning The City of Lord Ananta 23 referring to the deity of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple located in the city Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature and popular reference as Ananthapuri derived from the Sanskrit word Syanandurapuram meaning The City of Bliss in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore 24 The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991 Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town when the government decided to reinstate the city s original name Thiruvananthapuram 25 HistoryMain article History of Thiruvananthapuram See also Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State Painting by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Richard Temple Grenville 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by Visakham Thirunal with Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on during Buckingham s visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880 Padmanabhaswamy Temple is the richest temple in the world Padmanabhapuram Palace Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE 26 27 It is believed that the ships of King Solomon landed in a port called Ophir now Poovar in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE 28 29 The city was the trading post of spices sandalwood and ivory 30 However the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north This included Palakkad Gap Coimbatore Salem and Kolli Hills The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu 31 However the southern region of present day Kerala state The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha was under Ay dynasty who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai 32 The early rulers of the city were the Ays Vizhinjam which is now a region in the present day Thiruvananthapuram was the capital of the Ay dynasty 33 Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as the second century BC 34 35 During the Ay dynasty s rule Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the Chola and Pandyan dynasties attempted to capture the port town 36 37 After the death of king Vikramaditya Varaguna in 925 AD the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the Chera dynasty 38 13 During the tenth century the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions 13 The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period 39 40 A branch of the Ay family which had controlled the Padmanabhaswamy Temple merged with the Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century 13 A map of Malabar Coast drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733 At that time Travancore was only a small territory wedged between Kollam and Kanyakumari as shown in the map Present day districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari only The vast region of Malabar Coast between Kannur and Kollam was under the control of Zamorin of Calicut then It was in the latter half of the 18th century that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to Cochin and became a powerful kingdom and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala Present day Thiruvananthapuram city district and Kanyakumari district were parts of the Ay dynasty during ancient and medieval ages which was a Tamil kingdom based in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent 41 Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandyas in various periods 41 Later it became a part of Venad in late Middle Ages which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE 41 The Tamil Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of Kerala 41 Thambiran Vanakkam was printed at Kollam the capital of Venad in 1578 during the Portuguese Era It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language It was written in the language Lingua Malabar Tamul which was spoken in Southern Kerala Kollam Thiruvananthapuram area during the medieval period Modern day Southern Kerala The districts like Thiruvananthapuram Kollam Pathanamthitta etc had been ruled by Tamil dynasties such as the Ay kingdom the Pandya dynasty 42 43 and the Chola dynasty 44 45 for a long time until 16th 17th century CE The official language of Venad based at Kollam was also identified as Tamil by the natives of Venad in those times 46 The place names the dialects of Malayalam spoken and the customs that exist in the southern parts of Kerala still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage 47 Malayalam became more prevalent with the expansion of Venad into Travancore by annexing the regions up to present day Ernakulam district In the early 18th century CE the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur and Parappanad based in present day Malappuram district 48 Then Marthanda Varma who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Attingal Kollam Kayamkulam Kottarakara Kottayam Changanassery Meenachil Poonjar and Ambalapuzha In 1729 Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Kanyakumari district 49 Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma 50 A language map of India prepared in 1822 As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram turning it into a cultural center Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including Koothu Padhakam Kathakali Thullal and Koodiyattam Noted artists such as Ramapurathu Warrier and Kunchan Nambiar amongst others served as his court poets 51 Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755 15 The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period The city s golden age was during the mid 19th century under the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal This era saw the establishment of the first English school 1834 the Observatory 1837 the General Hospital 1839 the Oriental Research Institute amp Manuscripts Library and the University College 1873 The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period Sanskrit College Ayurveda College Law College and a second grade college for women were started by Moolam Thirunal 1885 1924 52 The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city The Sree Moolam Popular Assembly established in 1904 was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state 53 Despite not being under the direct control of the British Empire at any time the city featured prominently in India s freedom struggle The Indian National Congress had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram A meeting of the Indian National Congress presided by Dr Pattabhi Sitaramaiah was held here in 1938 Kowdiar Palace built in 1915 was the official residence of the Travancore Royal Family 54 The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the Travancore region The municipality was converted into a corporation on 30 October 1940 during the period of Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma who took over in 1931 55 The city witnessed multi faceted progress during his period The promulgation of the Temple Entry Proclamation 1936 was an act that underlined social emancipation This era also saw the establishment of the University of Travancore in 1937 which later became Kerala University 56 With the end of British rule in 1947 Travancore chose to join the Indian union The first popularly elected ministry headed by Pattom Thanu Pillai was installed in office on 24 March 1948 In 1949 Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Thiru Kochi the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour the Kochi 57 The king of Travancore Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956 When the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956 Thiruvananthapuram became its capital 58 With the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station TERLS in 1962 Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India s ambitious space programme The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre VSSC in the outskirts of the city in 1963 Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO were later established in Thiruvananthapuram 59 A significant milestone in the city s recent history was the establishment of Technopark India s first IT park in 1995 60 Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area 61 employing around 62 000 people in 450 companies 62 Geography and climateGeography Main article Geography of Thiruvananthapuram View of Pattom the north eastern part of the city The Western Ghats mountain range is seen in the background Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills 63 by the seashore and is at 8 30 N 76 54 E 8 5 N 76 9 E 8 5 76 9 on the west coast near the southern tip of mainland India 64 The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east The average elevation of the city is 16 ft 4 9 m above sea level 65 The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake prone urban centre and categorised the metropolis in the Seismic III Zone 66 Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of Karamana and Killi rivers Vellayani Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lie in the city 67 The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy laterite soil high in phosphates Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions In western coastal regions of the city sandy loam soil is found and on hilly eastern parts of the district rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found 68 The Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is spread over 214 86 km2 82 96 sq mi 3 The wider Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation three municipalities and 27 panchayats as of 2011 69 Being the largest city in India s southern tip region it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command SAC of the Indian Air Force 70 Climate The city has a climate that lies on the border between a tropical savanna climate Koppen Aw and a tropical monsoon climate Am As a result its only distinct seasons relate to rainfall rather than temperature The mean maximum temperature is 34 C 93 F and the mean minimum temperature is 21 C 70 F The humidity is high and rises to about 90 during the monsoon season 71 Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June The city receives heavy rainfall of around 1 835 millimetres 72 2 in per year The city also gets rain from the receding north east monsoons which hit the city by October The dry season sets in by December The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was 17 8 C 64 0 F on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was 38 2 C 100 8 F on 21 February 2019 72 At the airport the lowest temperature recorded was 16 4 C 61 5 F on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was 36 3 C 97 3 F on 5 May 1998 72 Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram City 1991 2020 extremes 1901 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 36 0 96 8 38 2 100 8 37 7 99 9 38 0 100 4 36 7 98 1 35 8 96 4 34 0 93 2 34 6 94 3 35 4 95 7 35 2 95 4 34 8 94 6 35 5 95 9 38 2 100 8 Mean maximum C F 34 4 93 9 34 8 94 6 35 4 95 7 35 1 95 2 34 6 94 3 32 8 91 0 32 1 89 8 32 3 90 1 33 0 91 4 32 8 91 0 33 1 91 6 34 1 93 4 35 9 96 6 Average high C F 32 4 90 3 32 8 91 0 33 5 92 3 33 3 91 9 32 6 90 7 30 4 86 7 30 1 86 2 30 3 86 5 30 9 87 6 30 9 87 6 31 0 87 8 32 0 89 6 31 7 89 1 Daily mean C F 27 4 81 3 27 8 82 0 28 9 84 0 29 2 84 6 28 9 84 0 27 1 80 8 26 7 80 1 26 9 80 4 27 2 81 0 27 2 81 0 27 1 80 8 27 3 81 1 27 6 81 7 Average low C F 22 3 72 1 22 9 73 2 24 3 75 7 25 1 77 2 25 1 77 2 23 8 74 8 23 3 73 9 23 4 74 1 23 5 74 3 23 5 74 3 23 2 73 8 22 6 72 7 23 6 74 5 Mean minimum C F 20 2 68 4 20 9 69 6 22 1 71 8 23 0 73 4 22 6 72 7 22 0 71 6 21 7 71 1 21 8 71 2 22 1 71 8 22 1 71 8 21 6 70 9 20 3 68 5 19 7 67 5 Record low C F 17 8 64 0 18 1 64 6 20 2 68 4 20 0 68 0 20 1 68 2 20 0 68 0 20 2 68 4 18 2 64 8 20 8 69 4 20 1 68 2 18 9 66 0 18 2 64 8 17 8 64 0 Average rainfall mm inches 17 9 0 70 21 7 0 85 30 6 1 20 122 3 4 81 213 8 8 42 307 8 12 12 185 2 7 29 161 0 6 34 196 7 7 74 297 2 11 70 212 8 8 38 68 4 2 69 1 835 3 72 26 Average rainy days 0 9 1 4 2 2 6 9 9 1 16 0 13 3 9 9 10 4 13 0 9 8 4 0 96 9Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 64 63 66 73 75 80 79 77 77 80 78 69 73Average dew point C F 21 70 22 72 23 73 24 75 24 75 24 75 24 75 24 75 24 75 24 75 24 75 23 73 23 74 Mean monthly sunshine hours 260 4 248 6 254 2 201 0 192 2 129 0 136 4 164 3 180 0 173 6 165 0 217 0 2 321 7Mean daily sunshine hours 8 4 8 8 8 2 6 7 6 2 4 3 4 4 5 3 6 0 5 6 5 5 7 0 6 4Average ultraviolet index 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 10 12Source 1 India Meteorological Department sun 1971 2000 73 72 74 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 75 Source 2 Tokyo Climate Center mean temperatures 1981 2010 76 Weather Atlas 77 DemographicsOthers include Sikhism Buddhism amp Other religions 0 06 Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City 2011 78 Religion PercentHinduism 68 51 Christianity 16 79 Islam 13 77 Not stated 0 85 Others 0 09 According to provisional results of the 2011 national census the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram which occupies an area of 214 km2 83 sq mi had a population of 957 730 3 The city s population density was 4 454 km2 11 540 sq mi 3 The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1 687 406 in 2011 5 The sex ratio is 1 040 females for every 1 000 males which is higher than the national average 3 Thiruvananthapuram s literacy rate of 93 72 79 exceeds the all India average of 74 80 Malayalees form the vast majority of Thiruvananthapuram s population Thiruvananthapuram s smaller communities are the Tamils and North Indians According to the 2011 census 68 5 of the population is Hindu 16 7 Christian and 13 7 Muslims 81 The remainder of the community includes Jains Jews Sikhs Buddhists and other religions which account for 0 06 of the population 0 85 did not state a belief in the census 81 Malayalam the official state language is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram City English is also used mainly by the white collar workforce Tamil has the most speakers after Malayalam The city also has a few Tulu Kannada Konkani Dhivehi Telugu and Hindi speakers As per the 2001 census the population below the poverty line in the city was 11 667 82 Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India mainly Punjab Haryana and Madhya Pradesh and Eastern India mainly West Bengal and Bihar and from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka the Maldives Nepal and Bangladesh 83 AdministrationMain article Administration of Trivandrum district Kerala Legislative Assembly Building The Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram or TMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city s 100 wards 84 Each ward elects a councillor to the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram TMC has the power to act as the local government of the city 85 TMC is headed by the Mayor who is elected from among the councillors The Mayor is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the TMC The corporation discharges its services through standing committees 85 The corporation secretary is an officer appointed by the government who serves as the administrative head of the TMC and implements the council s decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the council The functions of the Municipal Corporation are managed by seven departments engineering health general administration council accounts and revenue 86 For the decentralised role of TMC eleven Zonal Offices are created The zonal offices are in Fort Kadakampally Nemom Ulloor Attipra Thiruvallom Kazhakkuttom Sreekaryam Kudappanakunnu Vattiyoorkavu and Vizhinjam 87 The functions of the TMC include water supply drainage and sewerage sanitation solid waste management and building regulation The Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the greater Thiruvananthapuram region 88 As the seat of the Government of Kerala Thiruvananthapuram is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies but also the Kerala Legislative Assembly and the state secretariat which is housed in the Kerala Government Secretariat complex Thiruvananthapuram has two parliamentary constituencies Attingal and Thiruvananthapuram and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly MLAs to the state legislature 89 The Kerala Government Secretariat is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala Law and order The Thiruvananthapuram City Police is the main law enforcement agency in the city It is headed by a commissioner of police 90 The Thiruvananthapuram city police is a division of the Kerala Police and the administrative control lies with the Kerala Home Ministry Thiruvananthapuram city police are the largest police division in Kerala and it consists of ten Circle offices and 21 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3 500 police personnel 91 The Central Prison is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of Kerala prisons and correctional services 92 Military and diplomatic establishments The Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force is headquartered in the city 93 94 There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the Central Reserve Police Force CRPF based in Thiruvananthapuram 95 The CRPF has a Group Headquarters GHQ located at Pallipuram 96 In addition to this three units of the Central Industrial Security Force CISF and Sector Headquarters SHQ of the Border Security Force BSF are also present Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the Indian Army 97 In the city there is a Consulate of the United Arab Emirates 98 a Consulate of the Maldives 99 and Honorary Consulates of Sri Lanka Russia and Germany 100 101 Utility services The Kerala Water Authority supplies the city with water that is sourced from the Karamana River 102 most of it is drawn from the Aruvikkara and Peppara reservoirs and it is treated and purified at the Aruvikkara pumping stations 103 The Wellington Water Works commissioned in 1933 is one of the oldest city water supply schemes in India 104 The sewage water is treated at Muttathara sewage treatment plant which handles 32 million litres per day 105 106 The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system 107 Electricity is supplied by the Kerala State Electricity Board 108 Fire services are handled by the Kerala Fire And Rescue Services 109 EconomyMain article Economy of Thiruvananthapuram View of Technovalley in the northwestern part of the city at night A part of Infosys campus Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India Thiruvananthapuram s economy comprises Information Technology education plantations aerospace commerce and tourism 110 Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10 31 of the state s GDP 9 With an economic growth rate of 13 83 Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest growing district in Kerala 9 Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley 111 State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city s workforce 9 Thiruvananthapuram is a major aerospace research centre in India The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre the most significant and leading centre of ISRO 112 and several space related state owned ISRO centres such as Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre and ISRO Inertial Systems Unit are based in Thiruvananthapuram 113 The BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India 114 Other enterprises include Travancore Titanium Products Kerala Automobiles Limited MILMA English Indian Clays Keltron Trivandrum Rubber Works and HLL Lifecare Limited Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT and ITES hub in India The city contributes around 55 of Kerala s total software exports 9 115 Thiruvananthapuram houses major multinational Technology companies like Oracle Corporation Nissan Allianz Technology Envestnet Tata Consultancy Services Infosys Toonz Animation India UST Global Ernst amp Young Flytxt Navigant Tata Elxsi McKinsey amp Company RR Donnelly and Quest Global 116 Technopark is the largest information technology park in India in terms of built up area 117 It is the largest employment base campus in Kerala with 52 000 IT ITES professionals and about 400 companies 9 116 Other IT media and industrial campuses include Kinfra Film and Video Park Kinfra Apparel Park B HUB and Chithranjali Film Complex 118 119 Several new IT biotechnology and industrial campuses like Technocity and Bio 360 Life sciences park are under construction 120 121 Tourism is a significant economic sector 122 123 124 The presence of natural attractions like beaches backwaters hills and plantations and attractions like heritage history Ayurveda medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists 125 The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016 17 126 Port related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports Vizhinjam International Seaport is a transhipment port under construction 127 Vizhinjam port s location is close to the international shipping routes and it is just 10 12 nautical miles from the busy Persian Gulf Malacca shipping lane 128 The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge container ships 129 The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24 000 TEU 130 TourismMain article Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram Harvesting lotus leaves from Vellayani Lake Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India 123 Kovalam and Varkala are popular beach towns near the city Other important beaches include Poovar Shankumugham Beach Azhimala Beach Vizhinjam Beach and Veli Beach The Padmanabhaswamy Temple located at the heart of the city is known as the richest place of worship in the world 131 Other places of interest include Agasthyamala rain forests Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Kallar Braemore Ponmudi hills Poovar Anchuthengu backwaters Varkala Cliffs and Kappil Edava lakes The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving Kerala Architecture with British and Dravidian influences 132 Napier museum Thiruvanathapuram Zoo Padmanabha Swamy temple Kuthira Malika palace Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this The main museums include Kerala Science and Technology Museum with its attached Priyadarsini Planetarium Napier Museum Kerala Soil Museum and Koyikkal Palace Museum Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is listed in UNESCO s World Network of Biosphere Reserves 133 CultureMain article Culture of Thiruvananthapuram Established in 1855 the Napier Museum contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts Attukal Pongala festival marks the world s largest gathering of women Thiruvananthapuram is known as the Evergreen City of India because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks 1 134 Thiruvananthapuram has historically been a cultural hub in South India due to the development of arts architecture and liberal customs by the rulers of erstwhile Thiruvananthapuram As a testimony to this renowned artists like Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Raja Ravi Varma hail from the city 135 136 Prominent social reformers such as Sri Narayana Guru Chattampi Swamikal Ayyankali Vakkom Moulavi and C V Raman Pillai also are from Thiruvananthapuram 137 Two of the three Malayalam triumvirate poets Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer and Kumaran Asan are from Thiruvananthapuram 138 139 Annual literature festivals like the Kovalam Literary Festival are held in the city 140 Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library one of the oldest public libraries in India which was established in 1829 141 and other major libraries including the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Central library and the Kerala University Library 142 Thiruvananthapuram has been a hub of classical music since the days of Maharaja of Travancore Swathi Thirunal 143 144 Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India 143 Swathi Sangeethotsavam Soorya Music fest Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups 143 The 111 day long Soorya Festival is the biggest art and cultural event in Kerala 145 146 The Soorya Festival features film festivals theatre festivals dance music painting and photography exhibitions 145 16th IFFK 2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex The Malayalam film Industry was started in Thiruvananthapuram The first Malayalam feature film Vigathakumaran directed by J C Daniel was released in Thiruvananthapuram 147 J C Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry He also established the first film studio in Kerala the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926 148 149 The International Film Festival of Kerala IFFK which is held every year in December is one of Asia s largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation 150 151 In addition to various film festivals the presence of the Central Board of Film Certification s regional office many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio Chitranjali Studio Merryland Studio Kinfra Film and Video Park and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema 152 153 Apart from the famous Padmanabhaswamy Temple the city s architecture is championed by the Napier Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo one of the oldest zoos in India 154 Other architectural landmarks include Kuthira Malika Palace Kowdiar Palace Attukal temple Beemapally Mosque Connemara Market and the Mateer Memorial Church Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of Laurie Baker s architecture 155 Along with the major festivals of Onam Vishu Deepavali and Navaratri Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas Eid ul Fitr Bakrid and Milad e sheriff the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like Attukal Pongala 156 Beemapally Uroos 157 Vettukaad Church Festival 158 Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu and Lakshadeepam festival 159 During the Onam festival the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city 160 The Attukal Pongala festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad It is the largest gathering of women in the world 161 162 Germany s Goethe Zentrum France s Alliance Francaise and Russia s Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year 163 164 165 The general cuisine of the people is Keralite cuisine which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices Other South Indian cuisines as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines are popular 166 Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering Arabic Italian Thai and Mexican cuisines 167 168 Transport Kowdiar road also known as the royal road or Raja Veedhi as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace Another road in the city Main article Transport in Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram International Airport Public transport A KSRTC Double decker bus in the city The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators There are also private operators 169 The city buses operated by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation KSRTC are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city The main bus stations in the city are the Central Bus Station in Thampanoor where most of the long distance buses ply from and the city bus station in East Fort where most city buses ply from 170 171 Three wheeled yellow and black auto rickshaws and taxis are other popular forms of public transport 172 173 Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro is a fully elevated metro rail rapid transit system planned to ease the congestion in the city 174 175 Road Thiruvananthapuram has a well developed road transport infrastructure 174 The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited TRDCL and Kerala PWD 176 TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project TRCIP which is the first urban road project in India 177 178 TRCIP is a Public private partnership project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation 177 TRCIP has won the International Road Federation s Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015 179 TCRIP has also been selected by United Nations as a replicable Public Private Partnership model 180 It was one of the 12 Public private partnership project case studies from across the world which fulfil the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN Agenda 2030 181 182 Thiruvananthapuram is served by National Highway 66 of India s National Highways system 183 The city is connected to the North South Corridor of the National Highway system at Aralvaimozhi which is 80 km south of the city 184 The State Highway 1 which commonly known as the Main Central Road is an arterial highway in the city Other major highways in the city are State Highway 2 and State Highway 45 185 The Mahatma Gandhi Road is the main arterial road in the city 186 187 Another important road is the Kowdiar Road which is also known as the Royal Road as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace 188 Rail Thiruvananthapuram is a divisional headquarters in the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways 189 Long distance trains originate from Thiruvananthapuram Central and Kochuveli railway terminals Kochuveli railway terminal is developed to ease congestion on the central station and it acts as a satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central 190 Thiruvananthapuram Central is the busiest railway station in Kerala 191 Other railway stations in the city are Thiruvananthapuram Pettah Nemom railway station Veli railway station and Kazhakoottam railway station Being the southernmost municipal corporation in India many long train services of Indian Railways originate from Thiruvananthapuram like Trivandrum Rajdhani Express Thiruvananthapuram Silchar Superfast Express and Kochuveli Amritsar Weekly Express There are plans to develop a railway terminal at Nemom railway station to reduce congestion at Thiruvananthapuram Central 192 Air Thiruvananthapuram is served by the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport located at Chakai only 6 7 kilometres 4 2 mi from the city centre The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in Kerala 193 Being one of the gateways to the state it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East Malaysia Singapore the Maldives and Sri Lanka As the city is headquarters of the Southern Air Command SAC of the Indian Air Force Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force IAF and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations 194 IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations The airport also caters to the Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology which carries out pilot training activities 195 Sea Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour 196 A cruise terminal is under construction at Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal 197 198 Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises 199 EducationSee also Schools in Thiruvananthapuram and Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram Model School Trivandrum founded in 1885 is one of the oldest schools in Kerala 200 Clock Tower at the University of Kerala Main gate of Medical college Observatory in Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Primary and secondary education Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided unaided and Government schools 201 202 The government schools are run directly by the Kerala State Education Board and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government 203 The aided schools also follow the state syllabus Malayalam and English are the primary languages of instruction Tamil and Hindi are also used 203 The schools are affiliated with The State Council of Educational Research and Training SCERT Central Board of Secondary Education CBSE Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ICSE International General Certificate of Secondary Education IGCSE and National Institute of Open Schooling NIOS In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the National Council of Educational Research and Training NCERT Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in Kerala 204 205 The notable schools in the city include St Mary s Higher Secondary School which is considered one of the largest schools in Asia with the total number of students exceeding 12 000 206 207 Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School Government Higher Secondary School for Girls Holy Angel s Convent Trivandrum SMV School Trivandrum International School Chinmaya Vidyalayas Kendriya Vidyalaya Loyola School Christ Nagar School Thiruvananthapuram Sarvodaya Vidyalaya Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School Arya Central School Jyothi Nilayam School St Joseph s Higher Secondary School St Thomas Residential School The Oxford School and VSSC Central School 208 Higher education and research Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of space science information technology physical science biotechnology engineering and medicine There are three universities in Thiruvananthapuram two state universities and one deemed university The state universities are the University of Kerala and APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology IIST is a government aided institute and deemed university 209 IIST is the first of its kind in the country to offer graduate courses and research in space sciences space technology and space applications 210 The city also houses two Institutes of National Importance Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology SCTIMST and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research IISER 211 Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University IGNOU 212 The Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram is the first and a premier medical school in Kerala founded in 1951 213 Other notable medical schools apart from SCTIMST which provides super specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience and Regional Cancer Centre Thiruvananthapuram which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology and super specialty courses includes SUT Academy of Medical Sciences Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College 214 The city houses several prominent legal education institutions The Government Law College formed in 1875 is one of the oldest legal education institutions in India 215 The Kerala Law Academy is another major legal education institution 216 The major Business schools include Asian School of Business CET School of Management and Institute of Management in Kerala IMK 217 218 219 There are over 23 engineering education institutions in Thiruvananthapuram 220 Apart from IIST and IISER the other major engineering education institutions include College of Engineering Trivandrum CET which is the first engineering college in Kerala 221 Government Engineering College BartonHill GEC Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering SCT ER amp DCI Institute of Technology University College of Engineering Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology 220 The University College Thiruvananthapuram established in 1866 and H H The Maharaja s College for Women established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India 222 223 Other prominent undergraduate and postgraduate colleges include the Government Arts College Mahatma Gandhi College Mar Ivanios College Government Sanskrit College Loyola College of Social Sciences St Xavier s College and All Saints College 224 Major fine arts colleges are Swathi Thirunal College of Music which is the first music academy in Kerala 225 and College of Fine Arts Trivandrum 226 The Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education is one of the two physical education academic institutes of the Sports Authority of India SAI 227 The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management Kerala IIITMK 228 National Institute of Speech and Hearing NISH 229 Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology 230 Centre for Development of Imaging Technology C Dit 231 Centre for Development Studies CDS 232 Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute 233 National Centre for Earth Science Studies NCESS 234 Centre for Development of Advanced Computing C DAC 235 and Oriental Research Institute amp Manuscripts Library 236 Kerala University is ranked as the best university in Kerala according to the MHRD s National Institutional Ranking Framework NIRF 237 Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala 238 In engineering Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology IIST is ranked as the best in Kerala and College of Engineering Trivandrum CET is ranked third in Kerala 239 College of Engineering Trivandrum is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings 240 The University College is listed as the best college in Kerala 241 242 MediaMain article Media in Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications television and radio stations Most of the media houses in Kerala are based in Thiruvananthapuram The first Malayalam channel Doordarshan Malayalam began broadcasting from the city in 1981 243 Asianet the first private channel in Malayalam also started its telecasting from the city in 1993 244 The other Malayalam channels based in the city include Asianet News Amrita TV Kappa TV Kairali TV Kairali We Mathrubhumi News Kaumudy TV JaiHind TV News18 Kerala and People TV 245 All major Malayalam channels including Asianet Janam TV Jeevan TV MediaOne TV and Manorama News have production facilities or offices in the city 245 TV channels are accessible via cable subscription direct broadcast satellite services or internet based television 246 247 248 Prominent Direct to Home DTH entertainment services in Thiruvananthapuram include Sun Direct DTH DD Direct Videocon d2h Dish TV Reliance Digital TV Airtel digital TV and Tata Play Major Malayalam newspapers available are Mathrubhumi Malayala Manorama Kerala Kaumudi Deshabhimani Madhyamam Janmabhumi Chandrika Thejas Siraj Daily Deepika and Rashtra Deepika The English language newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are The New Indian Express The Hindu The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India 245 All India Radio the national state owned radio broadcaster airs Medium wave and Shortwave radio stations in the city 249 250 The Vividh Bharati of All India Radio also airs an FM radio station known as Ananthapuri FM 251 252 Other FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are Big FM 92 7 MHz 253 Club FM 94 3 MHz 254 Radio Mirchi 98 3 MHz 255 Red FM 93 5 MHz 253 and Radio DC 90 4 MHz 256 SportsMain article Sports in Thiruvananthapuram Sports Hub Greenfield Stadium during the India vs New Zealand T20 A football match in CSN Stadium Badminton at TOSS Academy The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are cricket and football The city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the University Stadium in 1984 257 The city also hosted the first Twenty20 International cricket match in Kerala 258 The Kerala Cricket Association is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram 259 Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include Sanju Samson Raiphi Gomez Ryan Ninan Aneil Nambiar K N Ananthapadmanabhan Rohan Prem Udiramala Subramaniam P M K Mohandas Bhaskar Pillai and Padmanabhan Prasanth The Sports Hub University Stadium 260 St Xavier s College Ground 261 KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram 262 Medical College ground 263 and Vellyani Agricultural College Ground 264 are the main cricket grounds in the city The Sports Hub Trivandrum commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the largest cricket and football stadiums in India 265 Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 2015 SAFF Championship at the Greenfield Stadium 266 SBI Kerala Titanium FC KSEB Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram 267 268 Football is usually played in the Greenfield International Stadium The Sports Hub Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and University Stadium 269 Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include Jobby Justin Vinu Jose Thomas Sebastian M Rajeev Kumar and Ganeshan The city has facilities to host most types of sports 270 Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the 2015 National Games of India 271 Athletic competitions are usually held at the University Stadium Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium and Central Stadium 272 The Trivandrum Marathon is a marathon organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year 273 There will be two main races a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42 19 km A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation 274 Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city 275 Jimmy George Indoor Stadium is a major indoor stadium in the state It is used for conducting basketball volleyball table tennis gymnastics aquatics and martial arts 270 The stadium has the first altitude simulated training facility in South India known as Astra 276 The major sports training and coaching institutions include the Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education LNCPE TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub 277 Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city 278 Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range 279 Surfing is also a popular sport on the beaches Many surfing and standup paddleboarding tournaments are held in the city 280 The surf competitions are usually held on Kovalam Beach and Varkala Beach 281 Paragliding is another adventure sport usually seen on Varkala Beach 282 The SAI Trivandrum golf club established in 1850 is one of the oldest golf courses in India 283 It is leased to the Sports Authority of India 283 See also India portalList of people from ThiruvananthapuramReferences a b c History Official Website of District Court of India District Courts Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 18 May 2017 India 21 year old student Arya Rajendran set to become mayor in Kerala gulfnews com Retrieved 25 December 2020 a b c d e f g Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Demographia World Urban Areas PDF demographia com Archived PDF from the original on 5 August 2011 a b c Urban Agglomerations Cities having population 1 million and above PDF Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India Retrieved 9 July 2018 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conservation The New Indian Express 26 November 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2018 UR Arya 7 November 2017 Authentic Kerala cuisine and ayurvedic massage bowl over Ind and NZ teams The Times of India Retrieved 22 January 2018 Stott David 10 April 2014 Kerala Footprint Focus Guide illustrated ed Footprint Travel Guides pp 41 43 ISBN 9781909268791 Sahadevan Sajini 8 June 2017 Meals on wheels The Hindu Retrieved 22 January 2018 Private bus strike shows signs of failure Kerala Kaumudi No 19 February 2018 Retrieved 3 March 2018 S Anasooya 7 November 2017 Thampanoor station is now a role model The Times of India Retrieved 3 March 2018 Radhakrishnan S Anil 23 September 2016 New bus shelter for East Fort The Hindu Retrieved 3 March 2018 Pre paid auto drivers oppose fee for parking The Hindu 17 July 2017 Retrieved 3 March 2018 App based taxi service at rly station from tomorrow The Times of India 10 December 2017 Retrieved 3 March 2018 a b K Krishnachand 22 August 2017 New metro policy to affect Kazhakoootam Kesavadasapuram stretch The New Indian Express Retrieved 3 March 2018 Trivandrum Metro Features Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited Government of Kerala Retrieved 3 March 2018 Mr Minister prove charges or retract statement TRDCL 4 October 2017 Retrieved 3 March 2018 a b Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project to tackle congestion World Highways Retrieved 3 March 2018 Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement IL amp FS Retrieved 3 March 2018 2015 Global Road Achievement Awards Book of Winning Projects PDF IL amp FS Retrieved 4 March 2018 United Nations finds Kerala s road is a model The Deccan Chronicle 16 May 2016 Retrieved 3 March 2018 Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project The UN Recognition for achieving sustainable development goals PDF ITNL International TCRIP Retrieved 3 March 2018 Case 25 India Road Sector Thiruvananthapuram City Improvement PDF UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Retrieved 3 March 2018 Radhakrishnan S Anil 26 July 2017 Soil testing for Kazhakuttam flyover begins The Hindu Retrieved 3 March 2018 OpenStreetMap contributors 3 March 2018 Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi distance Map Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi Retrieved 3 March 2018 a href Template Cite map html title Template Cite map cite map a author has generic name help State Highways in Kerala PDF Kerala Public Works Department Government of Kerala Retrieved 19 July 2018 Paid parking on M G Road from today The Hindu 6 November 2015 Retrieved 3 March 2018 Sathyendran Nita 20 July 2017 Ahead of the times The Hindu Retrieved 3 March 2018 UR Arya 5 May 2017 Green spaces that are the breathing lungs of Trivandrum The Times of India Retrieved 3 March 2018 Thiruvananthapuram Division PDF Southern Railway Retrieved 4 March 2018 Kochuveli railway terminal opened The Hindu Business line 30 March 2005 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Thiruvananthapuram Central to be made a world class station The Hindu 28 September 2016 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Railway to give priority to Nemom terminal Ashwani Lohani The Times of India 27 October 2017 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Kerala celebrates 75th anniversary of civil aviation The Hindu 29 October 2010 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Southern Air Command Indian Air Force Retrieved 5 March 2018 Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology gets its wings back The Times of India 15 March 2017 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Cruise ship arrives at Vizhinjam port The Hindu 27 September 2016 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Master plan for Vizhinjam Seaport released 31 May 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Venugopal P 5 July 2016 Cruise terminal being planned at Vizhinjam The Hindu Retrieved 4 March 2018 Immigration check post facility for Vizhinjam The Hindu Press Trust of India 19 November 2017 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Anilkumar B S 4 October 2017 A model for generations The Times of India Retrieved 8 March 2018 No PSC postings in aided schools 2 March 2017 Retrieved 5 March 2018 List of Schools General Education Department Government of Kerala Retrieved 5 March 2018 a b Selected Educational Statistics PDF General Education Department Government of Kerala Retrieved 5 March 2018 National Achievement Survey National Council of Educational Research and Training Government of India Retrieved 5 March 2018 NCERT survey Gaping holes visible in Kerala education system The Times of India 1 March 2018 Retrieved 5 March 2018 Pradeep Kumar Kaavya 1 November 2014 Twin fete at school to mark Kerala Piravi The Hindu Retrieved 5 March 2018 A song for a better earth by 12 000 children The Hindu 23 May 2016 Retrieved 5 March 2018 List of High schools in Thiruvananthapuram District PDF General Education Department Government of Kerala About Institute Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology IIST Department of Space Govt of India Retrieved 6 March 2018 About IIST Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 Retrieved 6 March 2018 Institutions of National Importance Department of Higher Education Ministry of Human Resource Development MHRD Government of India Retrieved 5 March 2018 Welcome to Trivandrum Regional Centre Indira Gandhi National Open University Website Indira Gandhi National Open University Retrieved 6 March 2018 History of Medical College Trivandrum Medical College Government of Kerala Retrieved 6 March 2018 Professional College list Office of the commissioner for entrance examinations Government of Kerala Retrieved 19 July 2018 About Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram GLCT Retrieved 6 March 2018 About Kerala Law Academy Kerala Law Academy Website Kerala Law Academy Retrieved 6 March 2018 CET School of Management CET Management school Department of Business Administration Kerala Retrieved 6 March 2018 About Asian School of Business ASB Retrieved 6 March 2018 IMK Institute of Management in Kerala Kerala University Retrieved 6 March 2018 a b Kerala Technological University List of Affiliated Courses 2015 16 PDF APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Government of Kerala Retrieved 6 March 2018 About CET College of Engineering Trivandrum CET Retrieved 6 March 2018 Home University College Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala Retrieved 6 March 2018 Govt College for Women Our History Government college for Women Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala Retrieved 6 March 2018 List of colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala PDF Kerala University Government of Kerala Retrieved 6 March 2018 About Swathi Thirunal College of Music C DIT Retrieved 6 March 2018 Zachariah Preeti 8 February 2018 Carving space through art The Hindu Retrieved 6 March 2018 Regional Centres Sports Authority of India Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Government of India Retrieved 6 March 2018 Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management Kerala IIITM K Technopark Government of Kerala Retrieved 8 March 2018 About us National Institute of Speech and Hearing Retrieved 8 March 2018 RGCB Profile Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology RGCB Retrieved 8 March 2018 About Us Centre for Development of Imaging Technology C DIT Government of Kerala Retrieved 19 July 2018 An Overview Centre for Development Studies CDS Retrieved 8 March 2018 Experts brainstorm over ways to tackle viruses The Hindu 31 January 2018 Retrieved 6 March 2018 Contact Directory National Centre for Earth Science Studies Earth System Science OrganizationMinistry of Earth Sciences Government of India Retrieved 8 March 2018 Corporate Profile Centre for Development of Advanced Computing C DAC Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology Government of India Retrieved 8 March 2018 Science festival at Kerala varsity The Hindu 14 February 2018 Retrieved 6 March 2018 University Rankings National Institutional Ranking Framework Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India Retrieved 25 May 2018 Overall Ranking National Institutional Ranking Framework Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India Retrieved 25 May 2018 Engineering Rankings National Institutional Ranking Framework Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India Retrieved 25 May 2018 Architecture Rankings National Institutional Ranking Framework Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India Retrieved 25 May 2018 College Rankings National Institutional Ranking Framework Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India Retrieved 25 May 2018 University College joins the big league The Hindu 8 May 2018 Retrieved 25 May 2018 Doordarshan Kendra Thiruvananthapuram Doordarshan Kendra Trivandrum Prasar Bharathi Government of India Retrieved 9 March 2018 Mohandas Vandana 14 November 2017 The world s his oyster The Deccan Chronicles Retrieved 9 March 2018 a b c Media in Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Official Kerala Government website Government of Kerala Retrieved 9 March 2018 Competition Commission orders probe against Star India The Hindu 30 December 2017 Retrieved 9 March 2018 Philip Anil 5 March 2018 DDK Trivandrum ends analogue terrestrial TV transmission Kerala IT News Retrieved 9 March 2018 BSNL launches IPTV in State The Hindu 12 March 2010 Retrieved 9 March 2018 South Zone Region Services PDF All India Radio Prasar Bharati Government of India Retrieved 9 March 2018 About All India Radio Trivandrum PDF All India Radio Trivandrum Retrieved 9 March 2018 Vividh Bharati FM Service PDF All India Radio Prasar Bharati Government of India Retrieved 9 March 2018 Ananthapuri FM looking for anchors The Hindu 23 March 2017 Retrieved 9 March 2018 a b Sathyendran Nita 16 January 2015 Jest for laughs The Hindu Retrieved 9 March 2018 Club FM Club FM Retrieved 6 March 2011 Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram Entertainment Network India Limited Retrieved 6 March 2011 Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram Radio DC Retrieved 9 March 2018 K Krishnachand 6 November 2017 Thiruvananthapuram all set for T20 international cricket match The Times of India Retrieved 10 March 2018 TVPM to host India NZ T20 on November 7 Malayala Manorama 3 August 2017 Retrieved 10 March 2018 Contact us Kerala Cricket Association KCA Retrieved 10 March 2018 University Stadium ESPN cricinfo Retrieved 28 March 2018 St Xavier s College Ground Thumba ESPN cricinfo Retrieved 28 March 2018 KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram KCA Website Kerala Cricket Association Retrieved 28 March 2018 Medical College Ground Profile Cricketarchive Retrieved 28 March 2018 Vellyani Agricultural College Ground ESPN cricinfo Retrieved 28 March 2018 Greenfield Stadium Touching New Heights The New Indian Express 12 June 2015 Retrieved 10 March 2018 Mohanarangan Vinayakk 3 January 2016 SAFF Cup final as it happened Chhetri the match winner as India reclaim title from Afghans Firstpost Retrieved 10 March 2018 Chandran M R Praveen 29 March 2016 Titanium football club to turn professional plans to establish fan club The Hindu Retrieved 10 March 2018 Chandran M R Praveen 11 February 2018 Back in the game Kerala Blasters and the second football revolution in Kerala The Hindu Retrieved 10 March 2018 Chirag United holds Salgaocar The Hindu 3 December 2011 Retrieved 28 March 2018 a b M Athira 29 April 2016 Come and play The Hindu Retrieved 28 March 2018 Venues 2015 National Games of India Retrieved 27 March 2018 University Stadium National Games Kerala 2015 35th National Games Kerala 2015 Retrieved 27 March 2018 V N Aswin 8 December 2017 First ever midnight marathon in Kerala The Hindu Retrieved 27 March 2018 Trivandrum Marathon on December 9 midnight The Times of India 6 December 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2018 Run to raise funds for cancer treatment The Times of India 8 January 2018 Retrieved 27 March 2018 Astra Sports Kerala Retrieved 28 March 2018 Junior badminton league on July 30 at Greenfield The New Indian Express 25 July 2017 Retrieved 28 March 2018 Kazhakootam Sainik School wins basketball tournament The Times of India 30 October 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2018 Information of NSF The National Rifle Association of India Retrieved 27 March 2018 National surfing contest begins at Kovalam The Hindu Businessline 3 May 2013 Retrieved 27 March 2018 Kovalam Surf Club No school no surfing Kovalam Surf Club Retrieved 27 March 2018 5 Exquisite Places for your Next Solo Trip to South India News 18 2 March 2018 Retrieved 28 March 2018 a b History SAI Trivandrum Golf Club Sports Authority of India Retrieved 27 March 2018 Further readingThe Indian encyclopaedia biographical historical religious administrative ethnological commercial and scientific Archery Banog Volume 2 Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd 2002 p 7063 ISBN 9788177552577 Heritage of Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Information amp Public Relations Department Government of Kerala 2008 2008 Retrieved 28 March 2018 External linksThiruvananthapuram at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official District website Archived 15 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District List of Railway Stations in Trivandrum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thiruvananthapuram amp oldid 1123675812, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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