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International airport

April 21, 2023

An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling passengers to travel between countries around the world. International airports are usually larger than domestic airports and they must feature longer runways and have facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft such as the Boeing 747 & Airbus A380 commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often also host domestic flights, which often help feed both passengers and cargo into international ones (and vice versa).

San Francisco International Airport at night, with departure gates radiating out from the terminal building, aerobridges, apron and parked planes

Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid-20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, there were over 1,200 international[citation needed] airports and almost two billion[citation needed] international passengers along with 50 million[citation needed] metric tonnes of cargo passing through them annually.

History

 
Qantas Empire Airways International flying boat services arriving at Rose Bay, Sydney (c. 1939)

In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England, was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920.[1][2] In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.[3]

The precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".[4] Since four-engined land planes were unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the Kangaroo Route), on-water landing areas were found in places such as Surabaya and in the open sea off Kupang. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the flying boat landing area.[4]

International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments. Canton Island Airport, for example, in the Phoenix Islands (Kiribati), after serving as a military airport during World War II, was used as a refuelling stop by commercial aircraft such as Qantas which stationed ground crew there in the late 1950s.[5] The advent in the early 1960s of jet aircraft such as the Boeing 707 with the range to fly non-stop between Australia or New Zealand and Hawaii, meant that a mid-Pacific stop was no longer needed and the airport was closed to regular commercial use. Other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate.[6][7]

Design and construction

 
Finnair Airbus A319 at the Helsinki Airport in Vantaa, Finland. Terminal expansion construction site in the background.

The construction and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.[8][9][10][11] Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.[12][13] Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example was the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.[14]

Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site.

Some international airports require construction of additional infrastructure outside of the airport, such as at the Hong Kong International Airport, which included the construction of a high-speed railway and automobile expressway to connect the airport to the urban areas of Hong Kong. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges (the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge) and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges. Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic.[15]

Operations and management

 
A flight information display system screen at Charles de Gaulle Airport's Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals

International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.[16]

Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.[17]

Standards

Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association (IATA), formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate. This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics. In January 1948, 19 representatives from various US commercial airports met for the first time in New York City to seek resolution to common problems they each faced, which initiated the formation of the Airport Operators Council, which later became Airports Council International – North America (ACI-NA). This group included representatives from Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York-Newark, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, San Francisco and Washington.[18]

Flight logistics

International airports have extensive operations in managing flight logistics, such as air traffic control. The latter service is provided by ground-based controllers who coordinate and direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace. Air traffic control also provides advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace.[19]

Customs and immigration

 
US and Canadian custom agents

Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities, which allow right of entry. These change over time but are generally designated by law.[20] However, as some countries have agreements that allow connecting flights without customs and immigrations, such facilities do not define an international airport.

Security and safety

 
At Shannon Airport, travelers to the United States can "pre-clear" U.S. immigration (2008)

The current trend of enhancing security at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.[21][22] This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.[16] International flights often require a higher level of physical security than do domestic airports, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both.

Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each gate. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of boarding.[23]

To ensure the viability of airport operations, new and innovative security systems are being developed. For instance, the old security checkpoints can be replaced by a "total security area" encompassing an entire airport, coupled with automatic surveillance of passengers from the moment they enter the airport until they embark on a plane.[16]

Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re-check their luggage at the domestic airline counter, requiring extra time in the process. In some cases in Europe, luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection.

In some cases, travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport. An example of this would be that some airports in Canada and Ireland, along with several other countries, have United States border preclearance facilities. This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities. Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U.S. through the airport of entry.

A crucial safety aspect of international airports is medical facilities and practices. In particular, controlling transmissible disease, such as SARS, is deemed important at international airports.[24] While these standards are regulated by ICAO Standards And Recommended Practices (SARPs) and WHO's International Health Regulations (IHR), local authorities have considerable say in how they are implemented.[25]

Transportation

Among the most important airport services are further transportation connections, including rail networks, taxi and shuttle services at curbside pick-up areas, and public buses.[26] Large areas for automobile parking, often in co-located multi-storey car parks, are also typical to find at airports. Some airports provide shuttle services to parking garages for passengers and airport employees.[26] Due to the very large scale of international airports, some have constructed shuttle services to transport passengers between terminals.[27] Such systems operate for example, in Singapore Changi Airport and Zurich Airport.

At some U.S. international airports, such as O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, some seating and waiting areas are located away from the terminal building, with passengers being shuttled to terminals.[26] These areas may be referred to as ground transportation centers or intermodal centers.[26] Amenities at ground transportation centers typically include restrooms and seating, and may also provide ticket counters, food and beverage sales and retail goods such as magazines.[26] Some ground transportation centers have heating and air conditioning and covered boarding areas[26] (to protect passengers from the elements).

Services and amenities

Standard amenities include public restrooms, passenger waiting areas and retail stores for dining and shopping,[27] including duty-free shops.[28] Dining establishments may be consolidated in food courts. Some international airports may offer retail sales of luxury goods at duty-free stores, such as at Terminal 3 at Indira Gandhi International Airport in India.[28] This terminal has been described as having become a significant retail destination in India.[28] Wi-Fi service and access, offices for bureau de change (currency exchange) and tourism advice are common, although the availability of service varies across airports. Some international airports provide secure areas for stranded passengers to rest and sleep. The more usual service is hotels that are available on the premises.

  •  

    Duty-free shops at Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv, Israel (2012)

  •  

    For passengers stranded overnight, secure area at O'Hare International Airport with dimmed lights, cots, pillows, blankets, and toiletries (2008)[29]

  •  

    The food court in the restricted area of Terminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport (2013)

Customer satisfaction awards

The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey. Singapore Changi Airport was the first-place winner in 2020.[30] Other winners include Incheon International Airport (South Korea) and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (The Netherlands).[31]

Airport names

 
The front view of the King Shaka International Airport's main terminal building (2017)
 
An aerial view of Hong Kong International Airport (2010)
 
Loading passenger luggage at Lisbon Humberto Delgado International Airport Portugal (2012)
 
Collecting offloaded passenger luggage from a baggage carousel at Suvarnabhumi International Airport Bangkok, Thailand (2007)

Toponymy is one of the most common sources for the naming of airports. A number of areas close to them have lent their names, including villages, estates, city districts, historical areas and regions, islands and even a waterfall. Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following:

A study found that 44 percent of the world's international airports are named by toponyms: named for politicians (thirty percent), aviators (seven percent), mythology and religion (three percent), public figures (two percent), people of science (two percent) and other (one percent).[32]

Airports also use an IATA-3 letter code to abbreviate the names of all the international airports. Some airports are nicknamed after these codes, such as JFK, BWI, DFW. LAX, YYZ, FCO, and CDG.

An "international airport" can be named as such by simply containing customs and border control facilities to enable international flights, regardless of whether international flights currently operate to or from the airport. For example, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility has been in place at Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport since July 1, 2012, but no scheduled international flights have been inaugurated to or from Bozeman since.

Notable airports

By historical event

  • 1919 (August) Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begins operating scheduled international commercial services from England to France.
  • 1933 Douglas International Airport in Arizona is honored by Eleanor Roosevelt as "the first international airport of the Americas", having reached this capacity in 1928.[3]

By passenger numbers

  • As of 2018, Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with 107 million passengers, more than Beijing Capital International with 100 million passengers.[33]
  • Los Angeles International Airport is considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel there as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight. Overall, LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world.[34]
  • Dubai International Airport is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic, with 83,105,798 international passengers. Dubai is the third busiest airport worldwide.

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ Bluffield, Robert (2009). Imperial Airways: the birth of the British airline industry 1914–1940. Hersham [England]: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-906537-07-4.
  2. ^ Learmonth, Bob; Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna (1977), A history of Croydon Airport, Sutton Libraries and Arts Services
  3. ^ a b Blaskey, Larry (6 June 2008). . Douglas Dispatch. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  4. ^ a b Stackhouse, John (1995). --from the dawn of aviation : The Qantas Story, 1920-1995. Double Bay, NSW: Focus Pub. pp. 57, 66–71. ISBN 1-875359-23-0.
  5. ^ Walker, Howell. "Air Age Brings Life to Canton Island". The National Geographic Magazine: January 1955, pp. 117-132.
  6. ^ Hafer, JR. . 20th Century Aviation Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  7. ^ Farewell speech for Kai Tak (6 July 1998)
  8. ^ Feldman, Elliot J. and Jerome Milch (1982). Technology versus democracy: the comparative politics of international airports. Boston, Massachusetts: Auburn House Pub. Co. ISBN 0-86569-063-4.
  9. ^ Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports. Montreal, Canada: International Civil Aviation Organization. 2001.
  10. ^ Salter, Mark B. (2008). Politics at the airport ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5014-9.
  11. ^ Williams, Alan, 1934-, Developing strategies for the modern international airport : East Asia and beyond / by Alan Williams, Ashgate Pub. Co{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations". United States Federal Aviation Administration. 1980. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  13. ^ "Quality control of construction for airport grant projects". U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  14. ^ Luhnow, David (2 September 2014). "Mexico Plans New $9.2 Billion Airport". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  15. ^ Telford, Thomas (1 November 1998). "transport links". Hong Kong International Airport (Technical report). Vol. Supplement of Volume 126 (Special Issue 2 ed.). Journals Leon Heward-Mills for Institution of Civil Engineers.
  16. ^ a b c Janić, Milan (February 2010). Airport Analysis, Planning and Design: Demand, Capacity, and Congestion. New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 51–52, 248. ISBN 978-1-61761-560-3. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  17. ^ Graham, Anne (2003). Managing airports – an international perspective (2 ed.). Oxford, UK and Burlington, US: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-5917-3.
  18. ^ . Airports Council International – North America. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  19. ^ Reddy, Arun (3 March 2010). "The Science and Technology of Air Traffic Control". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  20. ^ Bennett, David L. (1996). "Designated US International airports". U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  21. ^ St. John, Peter (1991). Air piracy, airport security, and international terrorism: winning the war against hijackers. New York: Quorum Books. ISBN 0-89930-413-3.
  22. ^ Moore, Kenneth C. (1991). Airport, aircraft, and airline security (2nd ed.). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-9019-4.
  23. ^ Rodney Wallis (2003). How Safe are Our Skies?: Assessing the Airlines' Response to Terrorism. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-275-97847-1.
  24. ^ . multimedia.who.int (Video). WHO. Archived from the original (WEBM) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  25. ^ "FAQ: What are the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices ... at international airports?". ICAO. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Access to Large Airports. Transportation Research Board. 2002. pp. 81–84. ISBN 0-309-06764-2.
  27. ^ a b Johnson, Josie J. International Air Flights. Clinton Gilkie.
  28. ^ a b c Atwal, Glyn; Jain, Soumya (2012). The Luxury Market in India. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-137-24317-1.
  29. ^ . Chicago Department of Aviation. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  30. ^ Karla Cripps. "The world's best airports for 2020, according to Skytrax". CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  31. ^ . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  32. ^ Peskov, Denis. "Naming of International Airports". Retrieved 2 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ "Preliminary World Airport Rankings". Airports Council International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  34. ^ . Flight Stats. FlightStats, Inc. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  35. ^ Sweeney, Chris (17 February 2010). "The World's 18 Strangest Airports": Svalbard, Norway". Popular Mechanics.
  36. ^ Sweeney, Chris (17 February 2010). "The World's 18 Strangest Airports: Dammam, Saudi Arabia". Popular Mechanics.
  37. ^ Pallini, Thomas. "Inside the new world's longest flight: What it's like to fly on Singapore Airlines' new route between Singapore and New York". Business Insider. from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Great Circle Map Distance SIN-JFK". www.gcmap.com. from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.

External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for At the airport.
  • Airport World – published by Airports Council International
  • World Airport in the map - provided by chaoo13

April 21, 2023
international, airport, international, airport, airport, with, customs, border, control, facilities, enabling, passengers, travel, between, countries, around, world, usually, larger, than, domestic, airports, they, must, feature, longer, runways, have, facilit. An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling passengers to travel between countries around the world International airports are usually larger than domestic airports and they must feature longer runways and have facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft such as the Boeing 747 amp Airbus A380 commonly used for international and intercontinental travel International airports often also host domestic flights which often help feed both passengers and cargo into international ones and vice versa San Francisco International Airport at night with departure gates radiating out from the terminal building aerobridges apron and parked planes Buildings operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world By the second decade of the 21st century there were over 1 200 international citation needed airports and almost two billion citation needed international passengers along with 50 million citation needed metric tonnes of cargo passing through them annually Contents 1 History 2 Design and construction 3 Operations and management 3 1 Standards 3 2 Flight logistics 3 3 Customs and immigration 3 4 Security and safety 3 5 Transportation 3 6 Services and amenities 3 6 1 Customer satisfaction awards 4 Airport names 5 Notable airports 5 1 By historical event 5 2 By passenger numbers 5 3 Other 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory Edit Qantas Empire Airways International flying boat services arriving at Rose Bay Sydney c 1939 In August 1919 Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in London England was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services It was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920 1 2 In the United States Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928 3 The precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes In the early days of international flights there was limited infrastructure although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land 4 Since four engined land planes were unavailable for over water operations to international destinations flying boats became part of the solution At the far end of the longest international route which became the Kangaroo Route on water landing areas were found in places such as Surabaya and in the open sea off Kupang In Sydney Rose Bay New South Wales was chosen as the flying boat landing area 4 International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments Canton Island Airport for example in the Phoenix Islands Kiribati after serving as a military airport during World War II was used as a refuelling stop by commercial aircraft such as Qantas which stationed ground crew there in the late 1950s 5 The advent in the early 1960s of jet aircraft such as the Boeing 707 with the range to fly non stop between Australia or New Zealand and Hawaii meant that a mid Pacific stop was no longer needed and the airport was closed to regular commercial use Other international airports such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate 6 7 Design and construction Edit Finnair Airbus A319 at the Helsinki Airport in Vantaa Finland Terminal expansion construction site in the background The construction and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology politics economics and geography as well as both local and international law 8 9 10 11 Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as non hub has from the beginning required extensive co ordination between users and interested parties architects engineers managers and staff all need to be involved 12 13 Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious An example was the planned New Mexico City international airport intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity 14 Airports can be towered or non towered depending on air traffic density and available funds Because of high capacity and busy airspace many international airports have air traffic control located on site Some international airports require construction of additional infrastructure outside of the airport such as at the Hong Kong International Airport which included the construction of a high speed railway and automobile expressway to connect the airport to the urban areas of Hong Kong Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic 15 Operations and management Edit A flight information display system screen at Charles de Gaulle Airport s Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world Many also serve as hubs or places where non direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes while others serve primarily direct point to point flights This affects airport design factors including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport An airport specializing in point to point transit can have international and domestic terminals each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities In a hub airport however spaces and services are shared 16 Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors among which are the performance of airlines the technical requirements of aircraft airport airline relationships services for travelling customers security and environmental impacts 17 Standards Edit Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements The International Air Transport Association IATA formed in 1945 is the association of the airline companies The International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903 These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics In January 1948 19 representatives from various US commercial airports met for the first time in New York City to seek resolution to common problems they each faced which initiated the formation of the Airport Operators Council which later became Airports Council International North America ACI NA This group included representatives from Baltimore Boston Chicago Cleveland Dallas Denver Detroit Jacksonville Kansas City Los Angeles Memphis Miami Minneapolis St Paul New York Newark Philadelphia Pittsburgh St Louis San Francisco and Washington 18 Flight logistics Edit International airports have extensive operations in managing flight logistics such as air traffic control The latter service is provided by ground based controllers who coordinate and direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace Air traffic control also provides advisory services to aircraft in non controlled airspace 19 Customs and immigration Edit Irish Passport inspection at Dublin Airport 2007 US and Canadian custom agents Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities which allow right of entry These change over time but are generally designated by law 20 However as some countries have agreements that allow connecting flights without customs and immigrations such facilities do not define an international airport Security and safety Edit At Shannon Airport travelers to the United States can pre clear U S immigration 2008 The current trend of enhancing security at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future 21 22 This places financial burden on airports risks the flow of servicing processes and has implications for the privacy of passengers 16 International flights often require a higher level of physical security than do domestic airports although in recent years many countries have adopted the same level of security for both Most international airports feature a sterile lounge an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks This area can have services such as duty free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks In addition to employees only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e g individual checkpoints at each gate This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of boarding 23 To ensure the viability of airport operations new and innovative security systems are being developed For instance the old security checkpoints can be replaced by a total security area encompassing an entire airport coupled with automatic surveillance of passengers from the moment they enter the airport until they embark on a plane 16 Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re check their luggage at the domestic airline counter requiring extra time in the process In some cases in Europe luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection In some cases travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport An example of this would be that some airports in Canada and Ireland along with several other countries have United States border preclearance facilities This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U S through the airport of entry A crucial safety aspect of international airports is medical facilities and practices In particular controlling transmissible disease such as SARS is deemed important at international airports 24 While these standards are regulated by ICAO Standards And Recommended Practices SARPs and WHO s International Health Regulations IHR local authorities have considerable say in how they are implemented 25 Transportation Edit Among the most important airport services are further transportation connections including rail networks taxi and shuttle services at curbside pick up areas and public buses 26 Large areas for automobile parking often in co located multi storey car parks are also typical to find at airports Some airports provide shuttle services to parking garages for passengers and airport employees 26 Due to the very large scale of international airports some have constructed shuttle services to transport passengers between terminals 27 Such systems operate for example in Singapore Changi Airport and Zurich Airport At some U S international airports such as O Hare International Airport in Chicago some seating and waiting areas are located away from the terminal building with passengers being shuttled to terminals 26 These areas may be referred to as ground transportation centers or intermodal centers 26 Amenities at ground transportation centers typically include restrooms and seating and may also provide ticket counters food and beverage sales and retail goods such as magazines 26 Some ground transportation centers have heating and air conditioning and covered boarding areas 26 to protect passengers from the elements An internal motorized moving footway to transport passengers within Adolfo Suarez Madrid Barajas Airport Spain Curbside passenger pick up area at Terminal 3 Cairo International Airport Egypt Rail service at Terminal 2 of Charles de Gaulle Airport in FranceServices and amenities Edit Standard amenities include public restrooms passenger waiting areas and retail stores for dining and shopping 27 including duty free shops 28 Dining establishments may be consolidated in food courts Some international airports may offer retail sales of luxury goods at duty free stores such as at Terminal 3 at Indira Gandhi International Airport in India 28 This terminal has been described as having become a significant retail destination in India 28 Wi Fi service and access offices for bureau de change currency exchange and tourism advice are common although the availability of service varies across airports Some international airports provide secure areas for stranded passengers to rest and sleep The more usual service is hotels that are available on the premises Duty free shops at Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv Israel 2012 For passengers stranded overnight secure area at O Hare International Airport with dimmed lights cots pillows blankets and toiletries 2008 29 The food court in the restricted area of Terminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport 2013 Customer satisfaction awards Edit The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey Singapore Changi Airport was the first place winner in 2020 30 Other winners include Incheon International Airport South Korea and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol The Netherlands 31 Airport names Edit The front view of the King Shaka International Airport s main terminal building 2017 An aerial view of Hong Kong International Airport 2010 Loading passenger luggage at Lisbon Humberto Delgado International Airport Portugal 2012 Collecting offloaded passenger luggage from a baggage carousel at Suvarnabhumi International Airport Bangkok Thailand 2007 Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport Toponymy is one of the most common sources for the naming of airports A number of areas close to them have lent their names including villages estates city districts historical areas and regions islands and even a waterfall Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following Athletes such as George Best Belfast City Airport in Belfast Northern Ireland Aviators such as pilots civil and military and others who played a role in the development of aviation like Jorge Chavez International Airport in Lima Peru named after Peruvian French pilot Jorge Chavez or Sabiha Gokcen International Airport named from Turkish Female Pilot Sabiha Gokcen Cultural leaders poets artists writers musicians like the John Lennon Airport in the English city of Liverpool where John Lennon and The Beatles came from and Rafael Hernandez Airport in Aguadilla Puerto Rico named for Puerto Rican singer and actor Rafael Hernandez Ethnic groups such as Minangkabau International Airport in Padang Indonesia named after the local Minangkabau people Ideals in combination with toponyms such as Newark Liberty International Airport Mythology and religion such as heroes of epics and myths church hierarchs and saints and similar names A notable example of this is Robin Hood Airport Politicians and statesmen such as the O R Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg South Africa which was named after O R Tambo who was a South African anti apartheid politician and Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila Philippines to honour the former Senator of the Philippines Benigno Aquino Jr who was assassinated at the exact airport in 1983 Some airports have been named after dictators during their dictatorship such is the case of the Robert Mugabe International Airport in Harare Zimbabwe named after Robert Mugabe and in the past Saddam International Airport in Baghdad Iraq so named after Saddam Hussein Some airports was International formerly like Ataturk International Airport named from founding father of the Republic of Turkiye s Mustafa Kemal Ataturk More notable examples are two of the three New York City airports LaGuardia Airport named after Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia and John F Kennedy International Airport named after the 35th President of the United States In addition the world s busiest airport Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport was named after two former mayors William B Hartsfield and Maynard Jackson Public figures advocates engineers doctors teachers journalists or sportspeople such as John Wayne Airport named after an actor Royalty kings queens such as King Shaka International Airport in Durban South Africa which was named after King Shaka who was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom Scientists such as Copernicus Airport Wroclaw which was named after Nicolaus Copernicus A study found that 44 percent of the world s international airports are named by toponyms named for politicians thirty percent aviators seven percent mythology and religion three percent public figures two percent people of science two percent and other one percent 32 Airports also use an IATA 3 letter code to abbreviate the names of all the international airports Some airports are nicknamed after these codes such as JFK BWI DFW LAX YYZ FCO and CDG An international airport can be named as such by simply containing customs and border control facilities to enable international flights regardless of whether international flights currently operate to or from the airport For example a U S Customs and Border Protection facility has been in place at Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport since July 1 2012 but no scheduled international flights have been inaugurated to or from Bozeman since Notable airports EditBy historical event Edit 1919 August Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begins operating scheduled international commercial services from England to France 1933 Douglas International Airport in Arizona is honored by Eleanor Roosevelt as the first international airport of the Americas having reached this capacity in 1928 3 By passenger numbers Edit As of 2018 update Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with 107 million passengers more than Beijing Capital International with 100 million passengers 33 Los Angeles International Airport is considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel there as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight Overall LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world 34 Dubai International Airport is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic with 83 105 798 international passengers Dubai is the third busiest airport worldwide Other Edit Svalbard Airport in Svalbard Norway is the northernmost airport to which tourists can book tickets It is primarily used for transporting miners to and from a cluster of islands with a heavy mining industry 35 King Fahd International Airport Dammam Saudi Arabia is the largest airport in the world encompassing over 300 square miles 780 km2 36 The world s longest active scheduled passenger flight by great circle distance operates between Changi Airport in Singapore and John F Kennedy International Airport in New York City United States the great circle distance between the two airports is 15 349 kilometres 9 537 mi 8 288 nmi 37 38 See also Edit Aviation portal Transport portalList of busiest airports by aircraft movements List of busiest airports by cargo traffic List of busiest airports by passenger traffic List of the busiest airports List of the busiest airports in Europe List of the busiest airports in the Nordic countries List of international airports by countryReferences Edit Bluffield Robert 2009 Imperial Airways the birth of the British airline industry 1914 1940 Hersham England Ian Allan ISBN 978 1 906537 07 4 Learmonth Bob Cluett Douglas Nash Joanna 1977 A history of Croydon Airport Sutton Libraries and Arts Services a b Blaskey Larry 6 June 2008 Eleanor Roosevelt s trip to Douglas remembered Douglas Dispatch Archived from the original on 14 October 2019 Retrieved 6 October 2014 a b Stackhouse John 1995 from the dawn of aviation The Qantas Story 1920 1995 Double Bay NSW Focus Pub pp 57 66 71 ISBN 1 875359 23 0 Walker Howell Air Age Brings Life to Canton Island The National Geographic Magazine January 1955 pp 117 132 Hafer JR Kai Tak Airport Hong Kong 20th Century Aviation Magazine Archived from the original on 23 July 2014 Retrieved 20 October 2014 Farewell speech for Kai Tak 6 July 1998 Feldman Elliot J and Jerome Milch 1982 Technology versus democracy the comparative politics of international airports Boston Massachusetts Auburn House Pub Co ISBN 0 86569 063 4 Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports Montreal Canada International Civil Aviation Organization 2001 Salter Mark B 2008 Politics at the airport Online Ausg ed Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 5014 9 Williams Alan 1934 Developing strategies for the modern international airport East Asia and beyond by Alan Williams Ashgate Pub Co a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations United States Federal Aviation Administration 1980 Retrieved 30 September 2014 Quality control of construction for airport grant projects U S Dept of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration 2007 Retrieved 1 October 2014 Luhnow David 2 September 2014 Mexico Plans New 9 2 Billion Airport The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 6 December 2014 Telford Thomas 1 November 1998 transport links Hong Kong International Airport Technical report Vol Supplement of Volume 126 Special Issue 2 ed Journals Leon Heward Mills for Institution of Civil Engineers a b c Janic Milan February 2010 Airport Analysis Planning and Design Demand Capacity and Congestion New York Nova Science Publishers pp 51 52 248 ISBN 978 1 61761 560 3 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Graham Anne 2003 Managing airports an international perspective 2 ed Oxford UK and Burlington US Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 0 7506 5917 3 History of Airports Council International North America Airports Council International North America Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 Retrieved 2 October 2014 Reddy Arun 3 March 2010 The Science and Technology of Air Traffic Control Ars Technica Conde Nast Retrieved 3 October 2014 Bennett David L 1996 Designated US International airports U S Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Retrieved 1 October 2014 St John Peter 1991 Air piracy airport security and international terrorism winning the war against hijackers New York Quorum Books ISBN 0 89930 413 3 Moore Kenneth C 1991 Airport aircraft and airline security 2nd ed Boston Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 0 7506 9019 4 Rodney Wallis 2003 How Safe are Our Skies Assessing the Airlines Response to Terrorism Greenwood Publishing Group pp 90 91 ISBN 978 0 275 97847 1 IHR implementation at ports airports and groundcrossings video multimedia who int Video WHO Archived from the original WEBM on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 1 October 2014 FAQ What are the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices at international airports ICAO Retrieved 1 October 2014 a b c d e f Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Access to Large Airports Transportation Research Board 2002 pp 81 84 ISBN 0 309 06764 2 a b Johnson Josie J International Air Flights Clinton Gilkie a b c Atwal Glyn Jain Soumya 2012 The Luxury Market in India Palgrave Macmillan p 102 ISBN 978 1 137 24317 1 Traveler Services Chicago Department of Aviation Archived from the original on 3 June 2014 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Karla Cripps The world s best airports for 2020 according to Skytrax CNN Retrieved 1 January 2021 World Airport Awards Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Peskov Denis Naming of International Airports Retrieved 2 October 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Preliminary World Airport Rankings Airports Council International 13 March 2019 Retrieved 23 May 2019 LAX Los Angeles International Airport Overview Flight Stats FlightStats Inc Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 Retrieved 2 October 2014 Sweeney Chris 17 February 2010 The World s 18 Strangest Airports Svalbard Norway Popular Mechanics Sweeney Chris 17 February 2010 The World s 18 Strangest Airports Dammam Saudi Arabia Popular Mechanics Pallini Thomas Inside the new world s longest flight What it s like to fly on Singapore Airlines new route between Singapore and New York Business Insider Archived from the original on 25 November 2021 Retrieved 1 January 2021 Great Circle Map Distance SIN JFK www gcmap com Archived from the original on 8 October 2021 Retrieved 1 January 2021 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for At the airport Airport World published by Airports Council International World Airport in the map provided by chaoo13International airport at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International airport amp oldid 1148928706, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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