Marwari (मारवाड़ी, IAST: Mārwāṛī; also rendered as Marwadi or Marvadi) is a Rajasthani language spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan and Cholistan and Sindh regions of Pakistan.[3]Marwari is also found in the neighbouring states of Gujarat and Haryana in India and some adjacent areas in Punjab, Pakistan, a small number of migrants also live in Nepal.[4] With some 7.8 million or so speakers (ce. 2011), it is one of the largest varieties of Rajasthani. Most speakers live in Rajasthan, with a quarter-million in Sindh and a tenth of that number in Nepal.[5][6] There are two dozen dialects of Marwari.
Dark green indicates primary Marwari-speaking region, light green indicates additional dialect areas who count themselves as Marwari
Rajasthani language and geographical distribution of its dialects
Marwari is popularly written in Devanagari script, as are many languages of India and Nepal, including Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, and Sanskrit; although it was historically written in Mahajani, it is still written in the Perso-Arabic script by the Marwari minority in Eastern parts of Pakistan (the standard/western Naskh script variant is used in Sindh Province, and the eastern Nastalik variant is used in Punjab Province), where it has educational status but where it is rapidly shifting to Urdu.[7]
Marwari has no official status in India and is not used as a language of education. Marwari is still spoken widely in Jodhpur, Pali, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Nagaur, Bikaner.
Marwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in the neighbouring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan. Speakers are also found in Bhopal. With around 7.9 million speakers in India according to the 2001 census.[9]
Indian Marwari [rwr] in Rajasthan shares a 50%–65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Marwari. For example, /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari).
Pakistani Marwari [mve] shares 87% lexical similarity between its Southern subdialects in Sindh (Utradi, Jaxorati, and Larecha) and Northern subdialects in Punjab (Uganyo, Bhattipo, and Khadali), 79%–83% with Dhakti [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr] is decreasing due to the rapid shift of active speakers in Pakistan to Urdu, their use of the Arabic script and different sources of support medias, and their separation from Indian Marwaris, even if there are some educational efforts to keep it active (but absence of official recognition by Pakistani or provincial government level). Many words have been borrowed from other Pakistani languages.[7]
Merwari [wry] shares 82%–97% intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve], with 60%–73% lexical similarity between Merwari varieties in Ajmer and Nagaur districts, but only 58%–80% with Shekhawati [swv], 49%–74% with Indian Marwari [rwr], 44%–70% with Godwari [gdx], 54%–72% with Mewari [mtr], 62%–70% with Dhundari [dhd], 57%–67% with Haroti [hoj]. Unlike Pakistani Marwari [mve], the use of Merwari remains vigorous, even if its most educated speakers also proficiently speak Hindi [hin].[11]
Implosives are mostly only found word initially and it formed due to the influence of neighbouring languages.[12]
/w/ is [ʋ] before front vowels and [w] elsewhere e.g. [ʋɪwwa] 'marriage'.[13]
Morphology
Marwari languages have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani (Hindi or Urdu).[citation needed] Their primary word order is subject–object–verb[14][15][16][17][18] Most of the pronouns and interrogatives used in Marwari are distinct from those used in Hindi; at least Marwari proper and Harauti have a clusivity distinction in their plural pronouns.[citation needed]
Marwari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially Rajasthani and Gujarati, however, elements of grammar and basic terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility.
Writing system
Marwari is generally written in the Devanagari script, although the Mahajani script is traditionally associated with the language. In Pakistan it is written in the Perso-Arabic script with modifications. Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters.[19]
^"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
^"Marwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
^Frawley, William J. (1 May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-977178-3. Marwari : also called Rajasthani, Merwari, Marvari. 12,963,000 speakers in India and Nepal. In India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, throughout India. Dialects are Standard Marwari, Jaipuri, Shekawati, Dhundhari, Bikaneri.
^Upreti, Bhuwan Chandra (1999). Indians in Nepal: A Study of Indian Migration to Kathmandu. Kalinga Publications. ISBN978-81-85163-10-9.
^"Marwari Mahotsav 2018". ECS NEPAL. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
^ ab"Pakistani Marwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^Ajay Mitra Shastri; R. K. Sharma; Devendra Handa (2005). Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology. Aryan Books International. p. 227. ISBN978-81-7305-287-3. It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha..
^"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in.
^"Indian Marwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^"Dhundari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^"Shekhawati". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^"Mewari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^"Haroti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^Pandey, Anshuman (23 May 2011). "Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari" (PDF). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
^"Marwari". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
Further reading
Lakhan Gusain (2004). Marwari. Munich: Lincom Europa (LW/M 427)
Mukherjee, Kakali (2011). "Marwari" (PDF).
External links
Marwari language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
February 07, 2023
marwari, language, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Marwari language news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Marwari म रव ड IAST Marwaṛi also rendered as Marwadi or Marvadi is a Rajasthani language spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan and Cholistan and Sindh regions of Pakistan 3 Marwari is also found in the neighbouring states of Gujarat and Haryana in India and some adjacent areas in Punjab Pakistan a small number of migrants also live in Nepal 4 With some 7 8 million or so speakers ce 2011 it is one of the largest varieties of Rajasthani Most speakers live in Rajasthan with a quarter million in Sindh and a tenth of that number in Nepal 5 6 There are two dozen dialects of Marwari MarwariPronunciation mɑɾvɑɽi Native toIndia PakistanRegionMarwar Cholistan and SindhEthnicityMarwariNative speakers7 8 million partial count 2011 census 1 additional speakers counted under Hindi Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanWestern 2 Rajasthani MarwariMarwariWriting systemDevanagariPerso ArabicMahajani historical Language codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks mwr span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code mwr class extiw title iso639 3 mwr mwr a inclusive codeIndividual codes a href https iso639 3 sil org code dhd class extiw title iso639 3 dhd dhd a Dhundari a href https iso639 3 sil org code rwr class extiw title iso639 3 rwr rwr a Marwari India a href https iso639 3 sil org code mve class extiw title iso639 3 mve mve a Marwari Pakistan a href https iso639 3 sil org code wry class extiw title iso639 3 wry wry a Merwari a href https iso639 3 sil org code mtr class extiw title iso639 3 mtr mtr a Mewari a href https iso639 3 sil org code swv class extiw title iso639 3 swv swv a ShekhawatiGlottologNoneraja1256 scattered in RajasthaniDark green indicates primary Marwari speaking region light green indicates additional dialect areas who count themselves as MarwariRajasthani language and geographical distribution of its dialects Marwari is popularly written in Devanagari script as are many languages of India and Nepal including Hindi Marathi Nepali and Sanskrit although it was historically written in Mahajani it is still written in the Perso Arabic script by the Marwari minority in Eastern parts of Pakistan the standard western Naskh script variant is used in Sindh Province and the eastern Nastalik variant is used in Punjab Province where it has educational status but where it is rapidly shifting to Urdu 7 Marwari has no official status in India and is not used as a language of education Marwari is still spoken widely in Jodhpur Pali Jaisalmer Barmer Nagaur Bikaner Contents 1 History 2 Geographical distribution 3 Lexis 4 Phonology 5 Morphology 6 Vocabulary 7 Writing system 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory EditIt is believed that Marwari and Gujarati evolved from Gujjar Bhakha or Maru Gurjar 8 Formal grammar of Gurjar Apabhraṃsa was written by Jain monk and Gujarati scholar Hemachandra Suri citation needed Geographical distribution EditMarwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in the neighbouring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan Speakers are also found in Bhopal With around 7 9 million speakers in India according to the 2001 census 9 There are several dialects Thaḷi spoken in eastern Jaisalmer district and northwestern Jodhpur district Bhitrauti Sirohi Godwari 10 Lexis EditIndian Marwari rwr in Rajasthan shares a 50 65 lexical similarity with Hindi this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison It has many cognate words with Hindi Notable phonetic correspondences include s in Hindi with h in Marwari For example sona gold Hindi and hono gold Marwari Pakistani Marwari mve shares 87 lexical similarity between its Southern subdialects in Sindh Utradi Jaxorati and Larecha and Northern subdialects in Punjab Uganyo Bhattipo and Khadali 79 83 with Dhakti mki and 78 with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari mve with Indian Marwari rwr is decreasing due to the rapid shift of active speakers in Pakistan to Urdu their use of the Arabic script and different sources of support medias and their separation from Indian Marwaris even if there are some educational efforts to keep it active but absence of official recognition by Pakistani or provincial government level Many words have been borrowed from other Pakistani languages 7 Merwari wry shares 82 97 intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari mve with 60 73 lexical similarity between Merwari varieties in Ajmer and Nagaur districts but only 58 80 with Shekhawati swv 49 74 with Indian Marwari rwr 44 70 with Godwari gdx 54 72 with Mewari mtr 62 70 with Dhundari dhd 57 67 with Haroti hoj Unlike Pakistani Marwari mve the use of Merwari remains vigorous even if its most educated speakers also proficiently speak Hindi hin 11 Phonology EditVowels 12 Front Central BackClose i uɪ ʊMid e e oɛ ɔOpen aNasalization of vowels is phonemic all of the vowels can be nasalized 12 Diphthongs are ai ia ae ei ei oi ui ua uo 12 Consonants 12 Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɳ ŋPlosive Affricate voiceless p t ʈ t ɕ kaspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t ɕʰ kʰvoiced b d ɖ d ʑ ɡbreathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ d ʑʱ ɡʱimplosive ɓ ɗFricative s hSonorant rhotic r ɽlateral w l ɭ jImplosives are mostly only found word initially and it formed due to the influence of neighbouring languages 12 w is ʋ before front vowels and w elsewhere e g ʋɪwwa marriage 13 Morphology EditMarwari languages have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani Hindi or Urdu citation needed Their primary word order is subject object verb 14 15 16 17 18 Most of the pronouns and interrogatives used in Marwari are distinct from those used in Hindi at least Marwari proper and Harauti have a clusivity distinction in their plural pronouns citation needed Vocabulary EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Marwari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo Aryan languages especially Rajasthani and Gujarati however elements of grammar and basic terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility Writing system EditMarwari is generally written in the Devanagari script although the Mahajani script is traditionally associated with the language In Pakistan it is written in the Perso Arabic script with modifications Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters 19 Marwari in Devanagari and Perso Arabic script 20 better source needed Devanagari Perso Arabic Latin IPAअ a eआ ﺍ a ɑइ ـ i ɪई ﺍی i iउ ـ u ʊऊ ﺍۇ u uए اے e eओ ﺍو o oअ a e आ a ɑ इ ĩ ɪ ई i ĩउ ũ ʊ ऊ u ũए ẽ ẽओ o oक ک k kख کھ kh kʰग گ g gघ گھ gh gʱच چ c t ʃछ چھ ch t ʃʰज ج j d ʒझ جھ jh d ʒʰट ٹ ṭ ʈठ ٹه ṭh ʈʰड ڈ ḍ ɖढ ڈه ḍh ɖʰॾ ڏ d ᶑॾ ڏه d h ᶑʰण ݨ ṇ ɳण ݨه ṇh ɳʰत ت t t थ تھ th t ʰद د d d ध ده dh d ʰन ن n nऩ نھ nh nʰप پ p pफ پھ ph pʰब ب b bभ بھ bh bʰॿ ٻ b ɓॿ ٻه b h ɓʰम م m mम مھ mh mʰय ے y jर ر r ɾड ر r ɽढ ر ه r h ɽʰज ز z zॼ زه zh zʰल ل l lल لھ lh lʰळ ݪ ḷ ɭSee also EditLambadi List of Indian languages by total speakers Marwari Muslims Marwari people ShekhawatiReferences Edit Statement 1 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 www censusindia gov in Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Retrieved 7 July 2018 Ernst Kausen 2006 Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen Microsoft Word 133 KB Marwari Ethnologue Retrieved 30 December 2022 Frawley William J 1 May 2003 International Encyclopedia of Linguistics Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 977178 3 Marwari also called Rajasthani Merwari Marvari 12 963 000 speakers in India and Nepal In India Gujarat Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Punjab Delhi Haryana Uttar Pradesh throughout India Dialects are Standard Marwari Jaipuri Shekawati Dhundhari Bikaneri Upreti Bhuwan Chandra 1999 Indians in Nepal A Study of Indian Migration to Kathmandu Kalinga Publications ISBN 978 81 85163 10 9 Marwari Mahotsav 2018 ECS NEPAL Retrieved 16 June 2022 a b Pakistani Marwari Ethnologue Retrieved 4 September 2019 Ajay Mitra Shastri R K Sharma Devendra Handa 2005 Revealing India s past recent trends in art and archaeology Aryan Books International p 227 ISBN 978 81 7305 287 3 It is an established fact that during 10th 11th century Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha Census of India Website Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India censusindia gov in Masica Colin P 1991 The Indo Aryan languages Cambridge language surveys Cambridge University Press pp 12 444 ISBN 978 0 521 23420 7 Merwari Ethnologue Retrieved 4 September 2019 a b c d e Mukherjee Kakali 2013 Marwari Thesis Linguistic Survey of India LSI Rajasthan Gusain Lakhan Marwari PDF Indian Marwari Ethnologue Retrieved 4 September 2019 Dhundari Ethnologue Retrieved 4 September 2019 Shekhawati Ethnologue Retrieved 4 September 2019 Mewari Ethnologue Retrieved 4 September 2019 Haroti Ethnologue Retrieved 4 September 2019 Pandey Anshuman 23 May 2011 Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari PDF Retrieved 6 January 2021 Marwari Omniglot com Retrieved 6 January 2021 Further reading EditLakhan Gusain 2004 Marwari Munich Lincom Europa LW M 427 Mukherjee Kakali 2011 Marwari PDF External links Edit Marwari language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Hanvant s Rajasthani Dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marwari language amp oldid 1130477403, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
