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Wikipedia

Right-wing populism

January 01, 1970

"National Populism" redirects here. For the book by Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, see National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy.

Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right-wing nationalism,[1][2][3][a] is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking to or for the "common people". Recurring themes of right-wing populists include neo-nationalism, social conservatism, economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism.[5] Frequently, they aim to defend a national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders.[6] Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s.[7]

Clockwise from top left:
Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and former U.S. president Donald Trump in 2019; President of El Salvador Nayib Bukele speaking in 2022; Inauguration of Javier Milei and Victoria Villarruel as President and Vice President of Argentina in 2023; Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni speaking at the 2022 CPAC

Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti-environmentalism,[8] anti-globalization,[9][10] nativism,[9][11][12] and protectionism.[13] In Europe, the term is often used to describe groups, politicians, and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration,[9][14] especially from the Muslim world,[9][15] and for Euroscepticism.[16] Right-wing populists may support expanding the welfare state, but only for those they deem fit to receive it;[17] this concept has been referred to as "welfare chauvinism".[18][19][20][21][22]

From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the "radical right") are usually characterized as separate entities, some writers consider them to be a part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon.[23]

Since the Great Recession,[24][25][26] European right-wing populist movements such as Brothers of Italy, the League, the National Rally (formerly the National Front), the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands, All for Latvia, the Finns Party, the Sweden Democrats, Danish People's Party, Vox, the Freedom Party of Austria, Law and Justice, the UK Independence Party, the Alternative for Germany and the Brexit Party began to grow in popularity,[27][28] in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.[29] American businessman and media personality Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election after running on a platform that was founded on right-wing populist themes.[30]

Definition edit

Right-wing populism is an ideology that primarily espouses neo-nationalism, social conservatism, and economic nationalism.[31]

Cas Mudde argues that two definitions can be given of the "populist radical right": a maximum and a minimum one, with the "maximum" group being a subgroup of the "minimum" group. The minimum definition describes what Michael Freeden has called the "core concept"[b] of the right-wing populist ideology, the concept shared by all parties generally included in the family. Looking at the primary literature, Mudde concludes that the core concept of right-populism "is undoubtedly the "nation". "This concept", he explains, "also certainly functions as a "coat-hanger" for most other ideological features. Consequently, the minimum definition of the party family should be based on the key concept, the nation". He however rejects the use of "nationalism" as a "core ideology" of right-wing populism on the ground that there are also purely "civic" or "liberal" forms of nationalism, preferring instead the term "nativism": a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that "states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group ("the nation"), and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation-state".

Mudde further argues that "while nativism could include racist arguments, it can also be non-racist (including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion)", and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single-issue parties, such as the term "anti-immigrant" does. In the maximum definition, to nativism is added authoritarianism—an attitude, not necessary anti-democratic or automatic, to prefer "law and order" and the submission to authority[c]—and populism—a "thin-centered ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the "general will of the people", if needed before human rights or constitutional guarantees.[d][32] Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right-wing populism, there is a "marriage of convenience" of populism based on an "ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people", authoritarianism, and nativism. This results in right-wing populism having a "xenophobic nature".[33]

Roger Eatwell, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bath, writes that "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."[34] For populism to transition into fascism or proto-fascism, it requires a "nihilistic culture and an intractable crisis."[35]

[P]opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political. And also like fascism, populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical, conspiratorial, and antidemocratic. ... The opponents are turned into public enemies, but only rhetorically. If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution, we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression. This has happened in the past ... and without question it could happen in the future. This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility, but it is very uncommon, and when it does happen, and populism becomes fully antidemocratic, it is no longer populism.[36]

Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that "[m]ost researchers agree [...] that xenophobia, anti-immigration sentiments, nativism, ethno-nationalism are, in different ways, central elements in the ideologies, politics, and practices of right-wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties."[37] Similarly, historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right-wing populism as "a deadly mix of xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism."[38] Tamir Bar-On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places "nativism" or "ethnic nationalism" as the core concept of the ideology, which "implicitly posits a politically dominant group, while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation". It is "generally, but not necessarily racist";[39] in the case of the Dutch PVV for instance, "a religious [minority, i.e. Muslims] instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main 'enemy'".[40]

Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "radical right"[41] or other terms such as new nationalism.[42] Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as 'far' or 'extreme' right, 'New Right', 'anti-immigrant' or 'neofascist', 'antiestablishment', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', 'antigovernment', 'antiparty', 'ultranationalist', 'right-libertarian' and so on".[43]

In regard to the authoritarian aspect of right-wing populism, political psychologist Shawn W. Rosenberg asserts that its "intellectual roots and underlying logic" are best seen as "a contemporary expression of the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century".

Guided by its roots in ideological fascism ... and its affinity to the fascist governments of 1930s Germany and Italy, [right-wing populism] tends to delegate unusual power to its leadership, more specifically its key leader. This leader embodies the will of the people, renders it clear for everyone else and executes accordingly. Thus distinctions between the leadership, the people as a whole and individuals are blurred as their will is joined in a single purpose. (p.5) ... In this political cultural conception, individuals have a secondary and somewhat derivative status. They are rendered meaningful and valued insofar as they are part of the collective, the people and the nation. Individuals are thus constituted as a mass who share a single common significant categorical quality – they are nationals, members of the nation. ... In this conception, the individual and the nation are inextricably intertwined, the line between them blurred. As suggested by philosophers of fascism ... the state is realized in the people and the people are realized in the state. It is a symbiotic relation. Individuals are realized in their manifestation of the national characteristics and by their participation in the national mission. In so doing, individuals are at once defined and valued, recognized and glorified. (p.12)[44]

According to Rosenberg, right-wing populism accepts the primacy of "the people", but rejects liberal democracy's protection of the rights of minorities, and favors ethno-nationalism over the legal concept of the nation as a polity, with the people as its members; in general, it rejects the rule of law. All of these attributes, as well as its favoring of strong political leadership, suggest right-wing populism's fascist leanings.[45] However, historian Federico Finchelstein in From Fascism to Populism in History states that "Properly historicized, populism is not fascism."

Motivations and methods edit

According to Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, "National populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites." They are part of a "growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values. This challenge is in general not anti-democratic. Rather, national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in the West. [...] [Their] 'direct' conception of democracy differs from the 'liberal' one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character." Furthermore, national populists question what they call the "erosion of the nation-state", "hyper ethnic change" and the "capacity to rapidly absorb [high] rates of immigration", the "highly unequal societies" of the West's current economic settlement. They are suspicious of "cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas".[3] Populist parties use crises in their domestic governments to enhance anti-globalist reactions; these include refrainment towards trade and anti-immigration policies. The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility. This makes them more likely to develop an anti-immigrant and anti-globalization mentality that aligns with the ideals of the populist party.[46]

Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg see "national populism" as an attempt to combine the socio-economical values of the left and political values of the right and the support for a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions as they aim for the unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", national populists claim to defend the "average citizen" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites".[47] As Front National ideologue François Duprat put in the 1970s, inspired by the Latin American right of that time, right-populism aims to constitute a "national, social, and popular" ideology. If both left and right parties share populism itself, their premises are indeed different in that right-wing populists perceive society as in a state of decadence, from which "only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites".[48]

Methodologically, by co-opting concepts from the left – such as multiculturalism and ethnopluralism, which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society – and then jettisoning their non-hierarchical essence, right-wing populists can, in the words of sociologist Jens Rydgren, "mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists."[49] Sociologist Hande Eslen-Ziya argues that right-wing populist movements rely on "troll science", namely "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse" that creates an alternative narrative.[50] In addition to rhetorical methods, right-wing populist movements have also flourished by using tools of digital media, including websites and newsletters, social media groups and pages, as well as Youtube channels and messaging chat groups.[51][52][53]

Cultural issues and immigration edit

While immigration is a common theme at the center of many national right-wing populist movements, the theme often crystallizes around cultural issues, such as religion, gender roles, and sexuality, as is the case with the transnational anti-gender theory movements.[53][54] A body of scholarship has also found populist movements to employ or be based around conspiracy theories, rumors, and falsehoods.[55][56][57] Some scholars argue that right-wing populism's association with conspiracy, rumor and falsehood may be more common in the digital era thanks to widely accessible means of content production and diffusion.[58] These media and communication developments in the context of specific historical shifts in immigration and cultural politics have led to the association of right-wing populism with post-truth politics.[53]

History edit

Germany and France (1870–1900) edit

German and French right-wing populism can be traced back to the period 1870–1900 in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, with the nascence of two different trends in Germany and France: the Völkisch movement and Boulangism.[59] Völkischen represented a romantic nationalist, racialist, and from the 1900s, antisemitic tendency in German society, as they idealized a bio-mystical "original nation" that still could be found in their views in the rural regions, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites".[60][59] In France, the anti-parliamentarian Ligue des Patriotes, led by Boulanger, Déroulède, and Barrès, called for a "plebiscitary republic", with the president elected by universal suffrage, and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives (the "corrupted elites"), but rather via "legislative plebiscites", another name for referendums.[59] It also evolved to antisemitism after the Dreyfus affair (1894).[61]

Denmark and Norway (1970s) edit

Modern national populism—what Pierro Ignazi called "post-industrial parties"[62]—emerged in the 1970s, in a dynamic sustained by voters' rejection of the welfare state and of the tax system, both deemed "confiscatory"; the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which, because originating from outside Europe, was considered to be of a new kind; and finally, the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the post–World War II era, symbolized by the oil crisis of 1973. Two precursor parties consequently appeared in the early 1970s: the Progress Party, the ancestor of the Danish People's Party, and Anders Lange's Party in Norway.[47]

Netherlands and France (2001) edit

A new wave of right-wing populism arose after the September 11 attacks. "Neo-populists" are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire "to be the champions of freedoms for minorities (gays, Jews, women) against the Arab-Muslim masses"; a trend first embodied by the Dutch Pim Fortuyn List and later followed by Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom and Jean Marie and his daughter Marine Le Pen's National Rally. According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, those parties are not a real syncretism of the left and right, as their ideology and voter base are interclassist.[e][63] Furthermore, neo-populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of multiculturalism, and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration.[64][65]

Movements by country edit

Piero Ignazi [it], an Italian political scientist, divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party, the National Democratic Party of Germany, the German People's Union, and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement. In contrast, he placed the French National Front, the German Republicans, the Dutch Centre Democrats, the former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party, the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category.[62][66]

Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia's One Nation.[67] The U.S. Republican Party and the Conservative Party of Canada include right-wing populist factions.

Americas edit

Argentina edit

Main article: Javier Milei
 
Incumbent President of Argentina Javier Milei

Javier Milei, the incumbent president of Argentina, is known for his flamboyant personality, distinctive personal style, and strong media presence. Milei's views distinguish him in the Argentine political landscape and have garnered significant public attention and polarizing reactions. He has been described politically as a right-wing libertarian and right-wing populist, and supports laissez-faire economics, aligning specifically with minarchist and anarcho-capitalist principles. Milei has proposed a comprehensive overhaul of the country's fiscal and structural policies. He supports freedom of choice on drug policy, firearms, prostitution, same-sex marriage, sexual preference, and gender identity, while opposing abortion and euthanasia. In foreign policy, he advocates closer relations with the United States, supporting Ukraine in response to the Russian invasion of the country, and distancing Argentina from geopolitical ties with China.[68] He has been variously described as far right,[69][70][71] far-right populist,[72][73][74] right-wing libertarian,[75][76][77] ultraconservative,[78][79][80] and ultra-liberal.[81][82][83] A philosophical anarcho-capitalist who is for practical purposes a minarchist, Milei advocates minimal government, focusing on justice and security,[84] with a philosophy rooted in life, liberty, and property, and free-market principles. He criticizes socialism and communism,[85] advocating economic liberalization and restructuring government ministries.[86] He opposes Argentina's Central Bank and current taxation policies.[87][88]

Economically, Milei is influenced by the Austrian School and admires former president Carlos Menem's policies.[89] He supports capitalism, viewing socialism as embodying envy and coercion.[85] Milei proposes reducing government ministries and addressing economic challenges through spending cuts and fiscal reforms, criticizing previous administrations for excessive spending.[90][91] He has praised the economic policies of former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and called her "a great leader".[92][93][94]

Brazil edit

 
Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro in 2019

In Brazil, right-wing populism began to rise roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election.[95] In the Brazilian general election of 2014, Levy Fidelix, from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party,[96] presented himself with a conservative speech and, according to him, the only right-wing candidate. He spoke for traditional family values and opposed abortion, legalization of marijuana, and same-sex marriage and proposed that homosexual individuals be treated far away from the good citizens' and workers' families.[97] In the first round of the general election, Fidelix received 446,878 votes, representing 0.43% of the popular vote.[98] Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates. In the second round, Fidelix supported candidate Aécio Neves.[99]

In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military, the police, and the religious right. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue fiscally and socially conservative ideas in opposition to the left-wing policies of the Workers' Party. At the same time, right-libertarians, such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement, emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within a single real generation, there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".[100]

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of President Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,[101] facing a corruption scandal after accusations of obstructing justice and racketeering against him.[102] He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the Brazilian Congress.[101][102] On the other hand, President of the Senate Renan Calheiros, acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and a member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, was removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.[103]

In March 2016, after entering the Social Christian Party, far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro decided to run for President of the Republic. In 2017, he tried to become the presidential nominee of Patriota, but, eventually, Bolsonaro entered the Social Liberal Party and, supported by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, he won the 2018 presidential election, followed by left-wing former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.[104][105][106] Lula was banned from running after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and imprisoned.[107][108] Bolsonaro has been accused of racist,[109] xenophobic,[110] misogynistic,[111] and homophobic rhetoric. His campaign was centered on opposition to crime, political corruption, and LGBT identity, and support for tax cuts, militarism, Catholicism, and Evangelicalism.[112][113]

Canada edit

Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada, partly due to the idea of Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan but fell into obscurity by the 1970s.

In the late 1980s, the Reform Party of Canada, led by Preston Manning, became another right-wing populist movement formed due to the policies of the center-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, which alienated many Blue Tories and led to a feeling of neglect in the West of Canada. Initially motivated by a single-issue desire to give a voice to Western Canada, the Reform Party expanded its platform to include a blend of socially conservative and right-wing populist policies. It grew from a fringe party into a major political force in the 1990s and became the official opposition party before reforming itself as the Canadian Alliance. The Alliance ultimately merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada, after which the Alliance faction dropped some of its populist and socially conservative ideas.

In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch; businessman Kevin O'Leary; Quebec Premier François Legault; the former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford; and his brother, Ontario Premier Doug Ford.[114][115][116][117]

In August 2018, Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party, and the following month he founded the People's Party of Canada, which has self-described as "smart populism" and been described as a "right of centre, populist" movement.[118] Bernier lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian elections, and the People's Party scored just above 1% of the vote; however, in the 2021 election, it saw improved performance and climbed to nearly 5% of the popular vote.[119]

Pierre Poilievre, who has been described as populist by some journalists,[120][121] won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became the leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Donald Trump and Ted Cruz,[121] however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex-marriage positions.[122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129]

Costa Rica edit

In the 2018 political campaign, both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio Alvarado[130][131] and right-wing anti-establishment candidate Juan Diego Castro[132][133] were described as examples of right-wing populists.

United States edit

See also: Trumpism

In the United States, right-wing populism is frequently aligned with evangelical Christianity,[134] segregationism,[135] nationalism, nativism[135] anti-intellectualism[135] and anti-Semitism.[136][137] The Republican Party (United States), particularly supporters of Donald Trump, includes right-wing populist factions.[138]

Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.[139] Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E. Watson (D-GA), Strom Thurmond,[f] Joe McCarthy (R-WI), Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), George Wallace (D-AL), and Pat Buchanan (R-VA).[136]

Several of the prominent members of the Populist Party of the 1890s and 1900s, while economically liberal, supported social aspects of right-wing populism.[135] Watson, the Vice-Presidential nominee of the Populist Party in 1896 and presidential nominee in 1900, eventually embraced white supremacy and anti-Semitism.[140] William Jennings Bryan, the 1896 Populist presidential nominee, was socially and theologically conservative, supporting creationism, Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism. Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative Social Gospeler".[135][141] An article by National Public Radio's Ron Elving likens the populism of Bryan to the later right-wing populism of Trump.[135]

In 2010, Rasmussen and Schoen characterized the Tea Party movement as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement". They added: "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right – manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement".[142] In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent".[143] Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.[144][145][146] In the U.S. House of Representatives, the Freedom Caucus, associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist.[147][148]

Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, noted for its anti-establishment, anti-immigration, and protectionist rhetoric, was characterized as right-wing populist.[149][150] The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, has also been described as such.[151] Donald Trump's policies and rhetoric as have been frequently described as right-wing populist by academics and political commentators.[152][153]

Asia-Pacific countries edit

Australia edit

 
Pauline Hanson, leader of One Nation

Right-wing populism has also been represented by One Nation, led by Pauline Hanson, Senator for Queensland[154] with typically support for the opposition Coalition.,[155] and Katter's Australian Party, led by Queensland MP Bob Katter.[156][157]

Furthermore, the main center-right party the Coalition has certain members belonging to the right-wing populist faction known as National Right including the current opposition leader Peter Dutton.[158]

China edit

The wave of refugees caused by the Syrian crisis has caused a wave of anti-immigration sentiment on the Chinese Internet, and many narratives very similar to those of the populist right have since been observed, such as anti-"white leftism", Islamophobia, and anti-multiculturalism.[159]

Japan edit

Netto-uyoku, Zaitokukai, and the Japan First Party are evaluated as similar to Western far-right populism and the alt-right movement.[160]

New Zealand edit

Main article: Populism in New Zealand

Right-wing populism is thought to have emerged in New Zealand with Robert Muldoon, the New Zealand National Party prime minister from 1975 to 1984. A economic nationalist and social conservative, Muldoon has been cited as having appealed to the masses through his animosity towards the media and leftists and his own abrasive and colourful public persona.[161] He also often made rude or unusually frank comments about foreign leaders, including American president Jimmy Carter and Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser,[161] whom he ridiculed and even bullied.[162]

Pakistan edit

In Pakistan, Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf (PTI) has recently been described as centrist-populist while sharing some characteristics with right-wing populists.[163] Its leader Imran Khan has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions.[163] British journalist Ben Judah, in an interview, compared Imran Khan with Donald Trump on his populist rhetoric.[164]

South Korea edit

 
Hong Jun-pyo, former leader of LKP

Conservatism in South Korea has traditionally been more inclined toward elitism than populism. However, since the 2016 South Korean political scandal, Korean conservative forces have changed their political lines to populism as the distrust of the elite spread among the Korean public.[165]

Hong Joon-pyo and Lee Un-ju of the United Future Party are leading right-wing populists advocating anti-homosexuality, anti-immigration and social conservative views.[166][167] Yoon Seok-youl, a candidate for the PPP in the 2022 South Korean presidential election, is criticized as a "populist" for using hostile sentiment toward feminism and proposing unrealistic economic policies.[168]

South Korean right-wing circles insist that the impeachment of former president Park Geun-hye is wrong, stimulating conservative public nostalgia for the Park Chung-hee administration.[169] It also shows a radical anti-North Korea, anti-Chinese and anti-communist stance.[170]

Taiwan edit

Taiwan's right-wing populists tend to deny the independent identity of their country's 'Taiwan' and emphasize their identity as a 'Republic of China'. Taiwan's left-wing Taiwanese nationalists have strong pro-American tendencies, so Taiwan's major and minor conservatives are critical of this.[171] In particular, Taiwan's right-wing populists demand that economic growth and right-wing Chinese nationalist issues be more important than liberal democracy and that they become closer to the People's Republic of China. Some of Taiwan's leading right-wing populists include Terry Gou, Han Kuo-yu, and Chang Ya-chung.[172][173][174]

European countries edit

Main article: Radical right (Europe)

In 2016, Senior European Union diplomats cited growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had scrutinized possible links with Moscow.[175] Also in 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia was trying to "divide and conquer" the European Union by supporting right-wing populist politicians across the bloc.[176] However, as there in the United States of America, there seems to be an underlying problem that is not massively discussed in the media. That underlying problem is that of housing. A 2019 study shows an immense correlation between the price of housing and voting for populist parties.[177] In that study, it was revealed that the French citizens that saw the price of their houses stagnate or drop were much more likely to vote for Marine Le Pen in the 2017 French presidential election. Those who saw the price of their house rise were much more likely to vote for Emmanuel Macron. The same pattern emerged in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, in which those that saw the price of their house rise voted to Remain. Whereas those that saw it flatline or drop voted to Leave.

Austria edit

The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ), established in 1955, claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager) beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People's Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of German nationalism, although it did not advocate Nazism and placed itself in the political center. Though it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised a considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g., the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 (see Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair).

 
Heinz-Christian Strache, former leader of the Freedom Party of Austria and Vice-Chancellor of Austria

From 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more moderate stance. Upon the 1983 federal election, it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice-Chancellor. The liberal interlude, however, ended when Jörg Haider was elected chairman in 1986. Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters through his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude. Nevertheless, he also obtained votes from large sections of the population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing the corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995.

Upon the 1999 federal election, the Freedom Party (FPÖ), with 26.9% of the votes cast, became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÖ ministers and the impossibility of agitation against members of his cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FPÖ's loss of reputation with the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) relaunch to carry on his government. The remaining FPÖ members elected Heinz-Christian Strache chairman, but since the 2006 federal election, both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZÖ lost a measurable amount of support.

The FPÖ regained much of its support in subsequent elections. Its candidate Norbert Hofer made it into the runoff in the 2016 presidential election, though he narrowly lost the election. After the 2017 legislative elections, the FPÖ formed a government coalition with the Austrian People's Party but lost seats in 2019.

Belgium edit

 
Flag used by the now-defunct Vlaams Blok

Vlaams Blok, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with a particular focus on Islamic immigration), and secession of the Flanders region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.[178] However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under the country's anti-racism law for, among other things, advocating segregated schools for citizens and immigrants.[179]

In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name Vlaams Belang, initially with a near-identical ideology before moderating parts of its statute. It advocates the adoption of the Flemish culture and language by immigrants who wish to stay in the country. It also calls for a zero-tolerance stance on illegal immigration and the reinstatement of border controls.[180] Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.[181] In Antwerp, sections of the city's significant Jewish population have begun to support the party.[182] With 23 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang leads the opposition in the Flemish Parliament[183] and holds 11 out of the 150 seats in the Belgian House of Representatives.[184]

The Flemish nationalist and conservative liberal N-VA party has been described as populist or containing right-wing populist elements by foreign media such as the German Die Zeit magazine. However, the party has rebutted the term and does not label itself as such.[185]

In the French-speaking Walloon region, Mischaël Modrikamen, an associate of Steve Bannon, was chairman of the Parti Populaire (PP), which contested elections in Wallonia. Political analysts have generally observed that right-wing populist parties tend to perform better with the Flemish electorate over French-speaking Belgian voters, on the whole, owing to the Flemish vote moving to the right in recent decades and Flemish parties intertwining Flemish nationalism with other issues.[104]

As of the 2019 federal, regional, and European elections, Vlaams Belang (VB) has surged from 248,843 votes in 2014 to 783,977 on 26 May 2019.[186]

Bulgaria edit

There are several right-wing populist parties in Bulgaria, including IMRO-BNM, National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, and Attack. For the 2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election, they formed the United Patriots electoral alliance, which won 27 seats in Parliament. United Patriots entered a coalition with GERB to form the Third Borisov Government. Volya, another right-wing populist party with 12 seats in Parliament, also supported the government.

Following the 2021 Bulgarian general election, another right-wing populist party, Revival, entered Parliament, while IMRO-BNM, NFSB, Attack, and Volya failed to win any seats.

Cyprus edit

The ELAM was formed in 2008.[187] Its platform includes advocating for Unification with Greece, opposition to further European integration, immigration, and the status quo that remains due to Turkey's invasion of a third of the island (and the international community's lack of intention to solve the issue).[citation needed]

Denmark edit

 
Pia Kjærsgaard, former leader of the Danish People's Party from 1995 to 2012. 2015-2019 she held the prestigious post as Speaker of the Folketing

In the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the Progress Party.[188] In the 1973 election, it received almost 16% of the vote.[189] In the following years, its support dwindled, but the Danish People's Party replaced it in the 1990s, becoming an important support party for the governing coalition in the 2000s.[190] At the height of its popularity, it won 21% of the vote (corresponding to 37 seats) in the 2015 Danish general election,[191] becoming the second-largest party in the Folketing and serving once again as support party for two minority governments 2015-2019 before being reduced to 16 seats in the 2019 Danish general election and 5 seats (2.6% of the vote) in 2022.[192] In 2015 the Nye Borgerlige party was founded,[193] which gained six seats (3.7% of the vote) at the 2022 election.[192] In 2022 the Denmark Democrats were founded as the most recent right-wing populist party in the Folketing, gaining 8% of the vote and 14 seats at the 2022 general election.[194]

Finland edit

In Finland, the main right-wing party is the Finns Party. It formed the government coalition with National Coalition and Centre-Party after the 2015 parliamentary election. In 2017 the governmental branch broke off to form the Blue Reform, which took the coalition position from the Finns Party. Blue Reform is currently in the government coalition, and the Finns Party is in opposition and is the fastest-growing party in Finland.[195] In 2018 a Finnish member of the parliament, Paavo Väyrynen, formed the Seven Star Movement. The party is anti-immigration but is in the center in economic politics.

France edit

See also: Gaullism
 
Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Front and 2017 and 2022 presidential candidate

Gaullism is considered part of (right-wing) populism because it is based on charisma, popular mobilization, French nationalism, and exceptionalism. Gaullism is deeply embedded in modern right-wing politics in France.[196][197]

France's National Front (NF) – renamed in 2018 as the "National Rally" – has been cited as the "prototypical populist radical right-wing party".[33] The party was founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen as the unification of several French nationalist movements of the time; he developed it into a well-organized party.[33] After struggling for a decade, the party reached its first peak in 1984. By 2002, Le Pen received more votes than the Socialist candidate in the first round of voting for the French presidency, becoming the first NF candidate to qualify for a presidential runoff election. After Le Pen's daughter, Marine Le Pen, took over as the head of the party in 2011, the National Front established itself as one of the main political parties in France. Marine Le Pen's policy of "de-demonizing" or normalizing the party resulted in her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, being first suspended and then ejected from the party in 2015. Marine Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron, which was held on 7 May 2017. However, polls published in 2018 showed that a majority of the French population considers the party to be a threat to democracy.[198]

Right-wing populism in France has also congealed around cultural issues such as the anti-gay marriage and anti-gender theory movements exemplified by La Manif Pour Tous.[53]

Germany edit

 
Alternative for Germany is a political party, founded in 2013 and now led by Alice Weidel and Tino Chrupalla, which is now Germany's leading right-wing populist party

Since 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany, which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the Bundestag, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only. Left-wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party.

Right-wing populist movements like Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage (Bürger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, The Republicans (Die Republikaner), led by Franz Schönhuber, entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg twice in 1992 and 1996. However, after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favor of the far-right German People's Union and the Neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which in the 2009 federal election held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional Landtag parliamentary elections).

In 2005, a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens' Movement (pro Deutschland) was founded in Cologne. The Pro Germany movement appears as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations, and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against extremism[199] and immigrants. Its representatives claim a zero-tolerance policy and combat corruption. Their politics extend to far-right positions with the denial of a multiethnic society (Überfremdung) and Islamization. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party, founded in 2010, the former East German German Social Union (DSU), and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive ("Schill party").

Greece edit

 
Panos Kammenos, leader of Independent Greeks and Greek Minister for National Defence

The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks (ANEL).[200][201] Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the January 2015 legislative elections, ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.[202]

The Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. The party's ideology includes annexing territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and İzmir.[203] Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in Athens, which only supplied Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.[204]

The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports anti-globalization, lower taxes for small businesses, and opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia's use of the name Macedonia and immigration only for Europeans.[205] Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece's 2012 elections.[206]

The Greek Solution is right wing to far-right and has been described as ideologically ultranationalist and right-wing populist. The party garnered 3.7% of the vote in the 2019 Greek legislative election, winning 10 out of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament and 4.18% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament election in Greece, winning one seat in the European Parliament.

Hungary edit

 
Viktor Orbán (Fidesz-KDNP), the incumbent Prime Minister of Hungary

The 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election result was a victory for the Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority, with Viktor Orbán remaining prime minister. Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.[citation needed]

Italy edit

See also: Berlusconism
 
Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the liberal-conservative Forza Italia and former Prime Minister of Italy.

In Italy, the most prominent right-wing populist party in the last twenty years was Lega, formerly Lega Nord (Northern League),[207] whose leaders reject the right-wing label,[208][209][210] though not the "populist" one.[211] The League is a federalist, regionalist, and sometimes secessionist party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism, and greater regional autonomy, especially for the Northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the North, which it calls Padania. The party generally takes an anti-Southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities, stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society, and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the North–south divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education, or criminality.[212][213][214][215] Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur "terrone", a common pejorative term for Southern Italians evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes.[212][213][216] As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the North, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-Southern stance.

 
Giorgia Meloni, leader of the national-conservative Brothers of Italy and current Prime Minister of Italy

With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which also opposes illegal immigration, is critical of Islam and proposes Italy's exit from the Eurozone and is considered a Eurosceptic movement and, as such, is a part of the Identity and Democracy(ID) group in the European Parliament. LN was or is part of the national government in 1994, 2001–2006, 2008–2011, and 2018–2019. Most recently, the party, including among its members the Presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, won 17.4% of the vote in the 2018 general election, becoming the third-largest party in Italy (largest within the centre-right coalition). In the 2014 European election, under the leadership of Matteo Salvini, it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has, to some extent, embraced Italian nationalism and emphasized Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration, and other "populist" policies while allying with right-wing populist parties in Europe.[217][218][219]

Silvio Berlusconi, leader of Forza Italia and Prime Minister of Italy from 1994 to 1995, 2001–2006, and 2008–2011, has sometimes been described as a right-wing populist, although his party is not typically described as such.[220][221]

Between the late 2010s and the early 2020s, another right-wing populist movement emerged within the centre-right coalition. The nationalist and national-conservative Brothers of Italy (FdI), led by Giorgia Meloni, gained 4.4% of votes in the 2018 election and, four years later, it became the most voted party in the 2022 general election, gaining 26% of votes. Meloni was appointed prime minister on 22 October, at the head of what it was considered as the most rightist Italian government since 1945.[222][223]

Some national conservative, nationalist, and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong, especially in Lazio, the region around Rome, and Southern Italy. Most of them originated due to the Italian Social Movement (a national-conservative party whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the 1972 general election) and its successor National Alliance (which reached 15.7% of the vote in the 1996 general election). In addition to Brothers of Italy, they include New Force (0.3%), CasaPound (0.1%), Tricolour Flame (0.1%), Social Idea Movement (0.01%) and Progetto Nazionale (0.01%).

Additionally, in the German-speaking South Tyrol, the local second-largest party, Die Freiheitlichen, is often described as a right-wing populist party.

Netherlands edit

 
Geert Wilders, leader of the Party for Freedom.
 
Eva Vlaardingerbroek, activist and legal philosopher.

In the Netherlands, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat House of Representatives in 1982 when the Centre Party won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the Centre Democrats, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Fortuyn, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election. Ideologically, the LPF differed somewhat from other European right-wing populist movements by holding more liberal stances on certain social issues such as abortion, gay rights, and euthanasia (Fortuyn himself was openly gay) while maintaining an uncompromising stance on immigration, law and order, and the European Union. Fortuyn was also credited with shifting the Dutch political landscape by bringing the topics of multiculturalism, immigration, and the integration of immigrants into the political mainstream.[224] However, the coalition had broken up by 2003, and the LPF went into steep decline until it was dissolved.

Since 2006, the Party for Freedom (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives and described as inheriting the mantle of the Pim Fortuyn List. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main program revolves around strong criticism of Islam, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder and abandoning the euro.[225]

The PVV withdrew its support for the First Rutte cabinet in 2012 after refusing to support austerity measures. This triggered the 2012 general election in which the PVV was reduced to 15 seats and excluded from the new government.

In the 2017 Dutch general election, Wilders' PVV gained an extra five seats to become the second largest party in the Dutch House of Representatives, bringing their total to 20 seats.[226]

From 2017 onwards, the Forum for Democracy (FvD) emerged as another right-wing populist force in the Netherlands. The FvD also advocates a stricter immigration policy and a referendum on Dutch membership of the EU.[227][228]

The Farmer–Citizen Movement, described as a right-wing populist party,[229] won the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, winning the popular vote and receiving the most seats in all twelve provinces.[230][231] The party has been supported by local pundits such as Eva Vlaardingerbroek.[232][233]


Poland edit

 
Poland's Law and Justice (PiS) leader Jarosław Kaczyński with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán[234]

The largest right-wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice, which currently holds the presidency. It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy.[235]

Polish Congress of the New Right, headed by Michał Marusik, aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by the abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education, and Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.[236][237] The party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists.[238][239]

Romania edit

The Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), a right-wing populist party,[240] became the fourth-largest political force in Romania after the 2020 Romanian legislative election.[241]

Spain edit

 
Santiago Abascal, leader of VOX, during the party conference in October 2018.
 
Isabel Díaz Ayuso, president of Madrid, at an event in 2019.

In Spain, the appearance of right-wing populism began to gain strength after the December 2018 election for the Parliament of Andalusia, in which the right-wing populist party VOX managed to obtain 12 seats[242] and agreed to support a coalition government of the parties of the right People's Party and Citizens, even though the Socialist Party won the elections.[243] VOX, which has been frequently described as far-right, both by the left parties and by Spanish or international press,[244][245] promotes characteristic policies of the populist right,[246] such as the expulsion of all illegal immigrants from the country -even of legal immigrants who commit crimes-, a generalized criminal tightening, combined with traditional claims of right-wing conservatives, such as the centralization of the State and the suppression of the Autonomous Communities, and has harshly criticized the laws against gender violence, approved by the socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, but later maintained by the PP executive of Mariano Rajoy, accusing the people and institutions that defend them of applying "gender totalitarianism".[247]

Party official Javier Ortega Smith is being investigated for alleged hate speech after Spanish prosecutors admitted a complaint by an Islamic association in connection with a rally that talked about "the Islamist invasion".[248] The party election manifesto that was finally published merged classic far-right-inspired policies with right-libertarianism in tax and social security matters.

After months of political uncertainty and protests against the party in Andalusia[249] and other regions,[250] in the 2019 Spanish general election, VOX managed to obtain 24 deputies in the Congress of Deputies, with 10.26% of the vote, falling short of expectations[251] after an intense electoral campaign in which VOX gathered big crowds of people at their events. Although the People's Party and Citizens leaders, Pablo Casado and Albert Rivera, had admitted repeatedly during the campaign that they would again agree with VOX in order to reach the government,[252] the sum of all their seats finally left them far from any possibility, giving the government to the social democrat Pedro Sánchez.[253]

Madrilenian president Isabel Díaz Ayuso, despite being a member of the centre-right People's Party, has been sustained in government by VOX and adopted many policies championed by the party.[254] She has embraced populist rhetoric,[255] defended Spanish imperialism,[256] dismissed climate change,[257] and opposed Covid-19 lockdowns.[258] She has been to compared to Donald Trump by several of her critics.[259][260]

Sweden edit

In Sweden, the first openly populist movement to be represented in the Riksdag (Swedish parliament), New Democracy was founded in 1994 by businessman Bert Karlsson and aristocrat Ian Wachtmeister. Although New Democracy promoted economic issues as its foremost concern, it also advocated restrictions on immigration and welfare chauvinism. The party saw a sharp rise in support in 1994 before declining soon after.[261][262]

In 2010, the Sweden Democrats entered parliament for the first time. The Sweden Democrats originally had connections to white nationalism during its early days but later began expelling hardline members and moderated its platform to transform itself into a more mainstream movement. The party calls for more robust immigration and asylum policies, compulsory measures to assimilate immigrants into Swedish society, and stricter law and order policies. The Sweden Democrats are currently the second largest party in Sweden, with 20.5% of the popular vote in the 2022 Swedish general election, and the second most seats in the Swedish parliament with 72 seats.[188][263]

Switzerland edit

See also: Far-right politics in Switzerland

In Switzerland, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) reached an all-time high in the 2015 elections. The party is mainly considered national conservative,[264][265] but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right"[266] and "radical right-wing populist",[267] reflecting a spectrum of ideologies among its members. Its far-right wing includes members such as Ulrich Schlüer and Pascal Junod, who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism.[268][269]

In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979, and grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from the fourth largest party to the largest and gained a second seat in the Swiss Federal Council in 2003 with the prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.[270][271][272][273]

Turkey edit

The Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have been in power since 2002.

The Victory Party is a patriotic and Kemalist political party in Turkey founded on August 26, 2021, under the leadership of Ümit Özdağ. It is represented in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey by two deputies. The party is the continuation of the Ayyıldız Movement initiated by Ümit Özdağ, the founding petition of the party was submitted to the Ministry of the Interior on 26 August 2021, and then the party was officially established. The party leader Özdağ and his deputies aim to re-institute Kemalist and Turkish nationalist ideologies in the government and aim to send back refugees to their homelands.

United Kingdom edit

 
Nigel Farage of UKIP

The Scholarly authors Breeze, Bale, Ashkenas and Aisch, and Clarke et al. characterised the UK Independence Party (UKIP), then led by Nigel Farage, as a right-wing populist party.[274][275][276][277] UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendum[278] and a points-based immigration system similar to that used in Australia.[279][280][281] In the 2019 general election, UKIP entered candidates in 44 of the 650 available seats, winning none of them, and achieving 0.1% of the popular vote.[282] In 2013, the Conservative Party, which along with the Liberal Democrats governed from 2010 to 2015 as a coalition government, saw local party campaigners pledging support for UKIP over issues related to the European Union and gay marriage.[283]

The role of UKIP in the UK underwent a rapid transformation post-Brexit, with Nigel Farage leading the initiative to establish the Brexit Party, which was subsequently rebranded as Reform UK. These entities have consistently been identified as extensions of UKIP,[284] sharing common populist ideological elements.[285]

In the Conservative Party, Thatcherism had right-wing populist elements, including nationalism and social conservatism[286] Although Margaret Thatcher has been characterised by some scholars as a right-wing populist politician in the UK,[287][288][289] this has been disputed by other scholars due to its applicability in the context of the 1980s.[290] Others contend that Thatcher's role was pivotal in steering the party's ideology towards a more populist direction.[291] The phenomenon is commonly referred to as "Thatcherite populism".[292][287][293][294] Other prominent right-wing populists in the party include past prime minister Boris Johnson[295][296][297] and Jacob Rees-Mogg, the former Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.[298][299][300][301]

Ingle and Swanson, et al. consider the Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) to be a right-wing populist party.[302][303]

Right-wing populist political parties edit

Main article: List of populists

Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions edit

Represented in national legislatures edit

Not represented in national legislatures edit

Former or disbanded right-wing populist parties edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ On the whole, the "right-wing populism" in Europe and the United States are almost identical to "right-wing nationalism", but in Asia and other non-Western regions, "right-wing populism" and "right-wing nationalism" do not necessarily coincide. Japan's former prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is described by experts as a right-wing 'nationalist', but at the same time as not a (right-wing) 'populist'.[4] Myanmar's right-wing nationalist military regime is cracking down on the activities of the largest populist political party supporting democratization. Some right-wing populist movements in Islamic world are based on Islamic fundamentalism, some of which reject Western ideologies, including nationalism.
  2. ^ Freeden has developed in 1996 the idea that every ideology has "core" and "peripheral" concepts. Building on his work, Terance Ball (1999) has given the following definition: "A core concept is one that is both central to, and constitutive of, a particular ideology and therefore of the ideological community to which it gives inspiration and identity. For example, the concept of 'class' (and of course 'class struggle') is a key or core concept in Marxism, as 'gender' is in feminism, and 'liberty' (or 'individual liberty') is in liberalism, and so on through the list of leading ideologies."
  3. ^ Mudde: authoritarianism "is the belief in a strictly ordered society, in which infringements of authority are to be punished severely. In this interpretation, [it] includes law and order and "punitive conventional moralism". It does not necessarily mean an anti-democratic attitude, but neither does it preclude one. In addition, the authoritarian's submission to authority, established or not, is "not absolute, automatic, nor blind". In other words, while authoritarians will be more inclined to accept (established) authority than non-authoritarians, they can and will rebel under certain circumstances."
  4. ^ "Maximal" right-wing populists here give a preference for the état légal—which gives primacy to the law as expressed by the general will via election or referendum; against the Rechtsstaat—which limits the power of the democratic state (the majority) to protect the rights of minorities.
  5. ^ Neo-populists, contrary to the Marxist worldview, do not oppose the "working class" to the "bourgeoisie" and capitalists, but rather the "people" to the "elites" and immigrants.
  6. ^ Thurmond was a segregationist from South Carolina and began as member of the Democratic Party, but in 1964 switched to becoming a member of the Republican Party for the rest of his life until his death in 2003.

References edit

Citations edit

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  2. ^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0.
  3. ^ a b Eatwell, Roger; Goodwin, Matthew (25 October 2018). National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy. Penguin UK. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-241-31201-8.
  4. ^ Japan's rising right-wing nationalism Vox (26 May 2017).
  5. ^ Zembylas, Michalinos. Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism.
  6. ^ Akkerman, Agnes (2003) "Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?" Acta Politica n.38, pp.147-159
  7. ^ Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse". Societies. 12 (6): 154. doi:10.3390/soc12060154. ISSN 2075-4698.
  8. ^ Bierbach, Mara (26 February 2019). "Climate protection: Where do the EU's right-wing populists stand?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d Kallis, Aristotle (2018). "Part I: Ideology and Discourse – The Radical Right and Islamophobia". In Rydgren, Jens (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–60. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.3. ISBN 978-0-19-027455-9. LCCN 2017025436.
  10. ^ North, Bonnie. "The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe". Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  11. ^ . The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  12. ^ "The political lexicon of a billionaire populist". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  13. ^ "The End of Reaganism". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  14. ^ Sharpe, Matthew. "The metapolitical long game of the European New Right". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  15. ^ Traub, James. "The Geert Wilders Effect and the national election in the Netherlands". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  16. ^ Buruma, Ian (10 March 2017). "How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  17. ^ Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2 March 2021). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF). West European Politics. 45: 77–101. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497. hdl:20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 233843313.
  18. ^ Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2022). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF). West European Politics. 45 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497. hdl:20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f. S2CID 233843313.
  19. ^ Enggist, Matthias; Pinggera, Michael (2022). "Radical right parties and their welfare state stances – not so blurry after all?". West European Politics. 45 (1): 102–128. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1902115. PMC 8489900. PMID 34621097.
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January 01, 1970
right, wing, populism, national, populism, redirects, here, book, roger, eatwell, matthew, goodwin, national, populism, revolt, against, liberal, democracy, also, called, national, populism, right, wing, nationalism, political, ideology, that, combines, right,. National Populism redirects here For the book by Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin see National Populism The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy Right wing populism also called national populism and right wing nationalism 1 2 3 a is a political ideology that combines right wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes Its rhetoric employs anti elitist sentiments opposition to the Establishment and speaking to or for the common people Recurring themes of right wing populists include neo nationalism social conservatism economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism 5 Frequently they aim to defend a national culture identity and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders 6 Right wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s 7 Clockwise from top left Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and former U S president Donald Trump in 2019 President of El Salvador Nayib Bukele speaking in 2022 Inauguration of Javier Milei and Victoria Villarruel as President and Vice President of Argentina in 2023 Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni speaking at the 2022 CPAC Right wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti environmentalism 8 anti globalization 9 10 nativism 9 11 12 and protectionism 13 In Europe the term is often used to describe groups politicians and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration 9 14 especially from the Muslim world 9 15 and for Euroscepticism 16 Right wing populists may support expanding the welfare state but only for those they deem fit to receive it 17 this concept has been referred to as welfare chauvinism 18 19 20 21 22 From the 1990s right wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies Although extreme right wing movements in the United States where they are normally referred to as the radical right are usually characterized as separate entities some writers consider them to be a part of a broader right wing populist phenomenon 23 Since the Great Recession 24 25 26 European right wing populist movements such as Brothers of Italy the League the National Rally formerly the National Front the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands All for Latvia the Finns Party the Sweden Democrats Danish People s Party Vox the Freedom Party of Austria Law and Justice the UK Independence Party the Alternative for Germany and the Brexit Party began to grow in popularity 27 28 in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union 29 American businessman and media personality Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election after running on a platform that was founded on right wing populist themes 30 Contents 1 Definition 2 Motivations and methods 2 1 Cultural issues and immigration 3 History 3 1 Germany and France 1870 1900 3 2 Denmark and Norway 1970s 3 3 Netherlands and France 2001 4 Movements by country 4 1 Americas 4 1 1 Argentina 4 1 2 Brazil 4 1 3 Canada 4 1 4 Costa Rica 4 1 5 United States 4 2 Asia Pacific countries 4 2 1 Australia 4 2 2 China 4 2 3 Japan 4 2 4 New Zealand 4 2 5 Pakistan 4 2 6 South Korea 4 2 7 Taiwan 4 3 European countries 4 3 1 Austria 4 3 2 Belgium 4 3 3 Bulgaria 4 3 4 Cyprus 4 3 5 Denmark 4 3 6 Finland 4 3 7 France 4 3 8 Germany 4 3 9 Greece 4 3 10 Hungary 4 3 11 Italy 4 3 12 Netherlands 4 3 13 Poland 4 3 14 Romania 4 3 15 Spain 4 3 16 Sweden 4 3 17 Switzerland 4 3 18 Turkey 4 3 19 United Kingdom 5 Right wing populist political parties 5 1 Current right wing populist parties or parties with right wing populist factions 5 1 1 Represented in national legislatures 5 1 2 Not represented in national legislatures 5 2 Former or disbanded right wing populist parties 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External linksDefinition editRight wing populism is an ideology that primarily espouses neo nationalism social conservatism and economic nationalism 31 Cas Mudde argues that two definitions can be given of the populist radical right a maximum and a minimum one with the maximum group being a subgroup of the minimum group The minimum definition describes what Michael Freeden has called the core concept b of the right wing populist ideology the concept shared by all parties generally included in the family Looking at the primary literature Mudde concludes that the core concept of right populism is undoubtedly the nation This concept he explains also certainly functions as a coat hanger for most other ideological features Consequently the minimum definition of the party family should be based on the key concept the nation He however rejects the use of nationalism as a core ideology of right wing populism on the ground that there are also purely civic or liberal forms of nationalism preferring instead the term nativism a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group the nation and that non native elements persons and ideas are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation state Mudde further argues that while nativism could include racist arguments it can also be non racist including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single issue parties such as the term anti immigrant does In the maximum definition to nativism is added authoritarianism an attitude not necessary anti democratic or automatic to prefer law and order and the submission to authority c and populism a thin centered ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups the pure people versus the corrupt elite and which argues that politics should be an expression of the general will of the people if needed before human rights or constitutional guarantees d 32 Cas Mudde and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right wing populism there is a marriage of convenience of populism based on an ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people authoritarianism and nativism This results in right wing populism having a xenophobic nature 33 Roger Eatwell Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bath writes that whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style and populism can degenerate into leader oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics 34 For populism to transition into fascism or proto fascism it requires a nihilistic culture and an intractable crisis 35 P opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political And also like fascism populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical conspiratorial and antidemocratic The opponents are turned into public enemies but only rhetorically If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression This has happened in the past and without question it could happen in the future This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility but it is very uncommon and when it does happen and populism becomes fully antidemocratic it is no longer populism 36 Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that m ost researchers agree that xenophobia anti immigration sentiments nativism ethno nationalism are in different ways central elements in the ideologies politics and practices of right wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties 37 Similarly historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right wing populism as a deadly mix of xenophobia racism and authoritarianism 38 Tamir Bar On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places nativism or ethnic nationalism as the core concept of the ideology which implicitly posits a politically dominant group while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation It is generally but not necessarily racist 39 in the case of the Dutch PVV for instance a religious minority i e Muslims instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main enemy 40 Scholars use terminology inconsistently sometimes referring to right wing populism as radical right 41 or other terms such as new nationalism 42 Pippa Norris noted that standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as far or extreme right New Right anti immigrant or neofascist antiestablishment national populist protest ethnic authoritarian antigovernment antiparty ultranationalist right libertarian and so on 43 In regard to the authoritarian aspect of right wing populism political psychologist Shawn W Rosenberg asserts that its intellectual roots and underlying logic are best seen as a contemporary expression of the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century Guided by its roots in ideological fascism and its affinity to the fascist governments of 1930s Germany and Italy right wing populism tends to delegate unusual power to its leadership more specifically its key leader This leader embodies the will of the people renders it clear for everyone else and executes accordingly Thus distinctions between the leadership the people as a whole and individuals are blurred as their will is joined in a single purpose p 5 In this political cultural conception individuals have a secondary and somewhat derivative status They are rendered meaningful and valued insofar as they are part of the collective the people and the nation Individuals are thus constituted as a mass who share a single common significant categorical quality they are nationals members of the nation In this conception the individual and the nation are inextricably intertwined the line between them blurred As suggested by philosophers of fascism the state is realized in the people and the people are realized in the state It is a symbiotic relation Individuals are realized in their manifestation of the national characteristics and by their participation in the national mission In so doing individuals are at once defined and valued recognized and glorified p 12 44 According to Rosenberg right wing populism accepts the primacy of the people but rejects liberal democracy s protection of the rights of minorities and favors ethno nationalism over the legal concept of the nation as a polity with the people as its members in general it rejects the rule of law All of these attributes as well as its favoring of strong political leadership suggest right wing populism s fascist leanings 45 However historian Federico Finchelstein in From Fascism to Populism in History states that Properly historicized populism is not fascism Motivations and methods editAccording to Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin National populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected even held in contempt by distant and often corrupt elites They are part of a growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values This challenge is in general not anti democratic Rather national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in the West Their direct conception of democracy differs from the liberal one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character Furthermore national populists question what they call the erosion of the nation state hyper ethnic change and the capacity to rapidly absorb high rates of immigration the highly unequal societies of the West s current economic settlement They are suspicious of cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas 3 Populist parties use crises in their domestic governments to enhance anti globalist reactions these include refrainment towards trade and anti immigration policies The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility This makes them more likely to develop an anti immigrant and anti globalization mentality that aligns with the ideals of the populist party 46 Jean Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg see national populism as an attempt to combine the socio economical values of the left and political values of the right and the support for a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions as they aim for the unity of the political the demos ethnic the ethnos and social the working class interpretations of the people national populists claim to defend the average citizen and common sense against the betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites 47 As Front National ideologue Francois Duprat put in the 1970s inspired by the Latin American right of that time right populism aims to constitute a national social and popular ideology If both left and right parties share populism itself their premises are indeed different in that right wing populists perceive society as in a state of decadence from which only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites 48 Methodologically by co opting concepts from the left such as multiculturalism and ethnopluralism which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society and then jettisoning their non hierarchical essence right wing populists can in the words of sociologist Jens Rydgren mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists 49 Sociologist Hande Eslen Ziya argues that right wing populist movements rely on troll science namely distorted scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse that creates an alternative narrative 50 In addition to rhetorical methods right wing populist movements have also flourished by using tools of digital media including websites and newsletters social media groups and pages as well as Youtube channels and messaging chat groups 51 52 53 Cultural issues and immigration edit While immigration is a common theme at the center of many national right wing populist movements the theme often crystallizes around cultural issues such as religion gender roles and sexuality as is the case with the transnational anti gender theory movements 53 54 A body of scholarship has also found populist movements to employ or be based around conspiracy theories rumors and falsehoods 55 56 57 Some scholars argue that right wing populism s association with conspiracy rumor and falsehood may be more common in the digital era thanks to widely accessible means of content production and diffusion 58 These media and communication developments in the context of specific historical shifts in immigration and cultural politics have led to the association of right wing populism with post truth politics 53 History editGermany and France 1870 1900 edit German and French right wing populism can be traced back to the period 1870 1900 in the aftermath of the Franco Prussian War with the nascence of two different trends in Germany and France the Volkisch movement and Boulangism 59 Volkischen represented a romantic nationalist racialist and from the 1900s antisemitic tendency in German society as they idealized a bio mystical original nation that still could be found in their views in the rural regions a form of primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites 60 59 In France the anti parliamentarian Ligue des Patriotes led by Boulanger Deroulede and Barres called for a plebiscitary republic with the president elected by universal suffrage and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives the corrupted elites but rather via legislative plebiscites another name for referendums 59 It also evolved to antisemitism after the Dreyfus affair 1894 61 Denmark and Norway 1970s edit Modern national populism what Pierro Ignazi called post industrial parties 62 emerged in the 1970s in a dynamic sustained by voters rejection of the welfare state and of the tax system both deemed confiscatory the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which because originating from outside Europe was considered to be of a new kind and finally the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the post World War II era symbolized by the oil crisis of 1973 Two precursor parties consequently appeared in the early 1970s the Progress Party the ancestor of the Danish People s Party and Anders Lange s Party in Norway 47 Netherlands and France 2001 edit A new wave of right wing populism arose after the September 11 attacks Neo populists are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire to be the champions of freedoms for minorities gays Jews women against the Arab Muslim masses a trend first embodied by the Dutch Pim Fortuyn List and later followed by Geert Wilders Party for Freedom and Jean Marie and his daughter Marine Le Pen s National Rally According to Jean Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg those parties are not a real syncretism of the left and right as their ideology and voter base are interclassist e 63 Furthermore neo populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of multiculturalism and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration 64 65 Movements by country editPiero Ignazi it an Italian political scientist divided right wing populist parties which he called extreme right parties into two categories he placed traditional right wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post industrial parties that had developed independently He placed the British National Party the National Democratic Party of Germany the German People s Union and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement In contrast he placed the French National Front the German Republicans the Dutch Centre Democrats the former Belgian Vlaams Blok which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties the Danish Progress Party the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category 62 66 Right wing populist parties in the English speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia s One Nation 67 The U S Republican Party and the Conservative Party of Canada include right wing populist factions Americas edit Argentina edit Main article Javier Milei nbsp Incumbent President of Argentina Javier Milei Javier Milei the incumbent president of Argentina is known for his flamboyant personality distinctive personal style and strong media presence Milei s views distinguish him in the Argentine political landscape and have garnered significant public attention and polarizing reactions He has been described politically as a right wing libertarian and right wing populist and supports laissez faire economics aligning specifically with minarchist and anarcho capitalist principles Milei has proposed a comprehensive overhaul of the country s fiscal and structural policies He supports freedom of choice on drug policy firearms prostitution same sex marriage sexual preference and gender identity while opposing abortion and euthanasia In foreign policy he advocates closer relations with the United States supporting Ukraine in response to the Russian invasion of the country and distancing Argentina from geopolitical ties with China 68 He has been variously described as far right 69 70 71 far right populist 72 73 74 right wing libertarian 75 76 77 ultraconservative 78 79 80 and ultra liberal 81 82 83 A philosophical anarcho capitalist who is for practical purposes a minarchist Milei advocates minimal government focusing on justice and security 84 with a philosophy rooted in life liberty and property and free market principles He criticizes socialism and communism 85 advocating economic liberalization and restructuring government ministries 86 He opposes Argentina s Central Bank and current taxation policies 87 88 Economically Milei is influenced by the Austrian School and admires former president Carlos Menem s policies 89 He supports capitalism viewing socialism as embodying envy and coercion 85 Milei proposes reducing government ministries and addressing economic challenges through spending cuts and fiscal reforms criticizing previous administrations for excessive spending 90 91 He has praised the economic policies of former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and called her a great leader 92 93 94 Brazil edit nbsp Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro in 2019 In Brazil right wing populism began to rise roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election 95 In the Brazilian general election of 2014 Levy Fidelix from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party 96 presented himself with a conservative speech and according to him the only right wing candidate He spoke for traditional family values and opposed abortion legalization of marijuana and same sex marriage and proposed that homosexual individuals be treated far away from the good citizens and workers families 97 In the first round of the general election Fidelix received 446 878 votes representing 0 43 of the popular vote 98 Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates In the second round Fidelix supported candidate Aecio Neves 99 In addition according to the political analyst of the Inter Union Department of Parliamentary Advice Antonio Augusto de Queiroz the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the re democratization movement noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments such as ruralists the military the police and the religious right The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right wing movement that sought to rescue fiscally and socially conservative ideas in opposition to the left wing policies of the Workers Party At the same time right libertarians such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement emerged among many others For Manheim 1952 within a single real generation there may be several generations which he called differentiated and antagonistic For him it is not the common birth date that marks a generation though it matters but rather the historical moment in which they live in common In this case the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff They can be called the post Dilma generation 100 Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of President Rousseff Temer held 3 approval ratings in October 2017 101 facing a corruption scandal after accusations of obstructing justice and racketeering against him 102 He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right wing parties in the Brazilian Congress 101 102 On the other hand President of the Senate Renan Calheiros acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff s destitution and a member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party was removed from office after facing embezzlement charges 103 In March 2016 after entering the Social Christian Party far right congressman Jair Bolsonaro decided to run for President of the Republic In 2017 he tried to become the presidential nominee of Patriota but eventually Bolsonaro entered the Social Liberal Party and supported by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party he won the 2018 presidential election followed by left wing former Mayor of Sao Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva s Workers Party 104 105 106 Lula was banned from running after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and imprisoned 107 108 Bolsonaro has been accused of racist 109 xenophobic 110 misogynistic 111 and homophobic rhetoric His campaign was centered on opposition to crime political corruption and LGBT identity and support for tax cuts militarism Catholicism and Evangelicalism 112 113 Canada edit Canada has a history of right wing populist protest parties and politicians most notably in Western Canada partly due to the idea of Western alienation The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia Alberta and Saskatchewan but fell into obscurity by the 1970s In the late 1980s the Reform Party of Canada led by Preston Manning became another right wing populist movement formed due to the policies of the center right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada which alienated many Blue Tories and led to a feeling of neglect in the West of Canada Initially motivated by a single issue desire to give a voice to Western Canada the Reform Party expanded its platform to include a blend of socially conservative and right wing populist policies It grew from a fringe party into a major political force in the 1990s and became the official opposition party before reforming itself as the Canadian Alliance The Alliance ultimately merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern day Conservative Party of Canada after which the Alliance faction dropped some of its populist and socially conservative ideas In recent years right wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch businessman Kevin O Leary Quebec Premier Francois Legault the former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford and his brother Ontario Premier Doug Ford 114 115 116 117 In August 2018 Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party and the following month he founded the People s Party of Canada which has self described as smart populism and been described as a right of centre populist movement 118 Bernier lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian elections and the People s Party scored just above 1 of the vote however in the 2021 election it saw improved performance and climbed to nearly 5 of the popular vote 119 Pierre Poilievre who has been described as populist by some journalists 120 121 won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became the leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Donald Trump and Ted Cruz 121 however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre s pro choice pro immigration and pro same sex marriage positions 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 Costa Rica edit In the 2018 political campaign both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio Alvarado 130 131 and right wing anti establishment candidate Juan Diego Castro 132 133 were described as examples of right wing populists United States edit See also Trumpism This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2021 In the United States right wing populism is frequently aligned with evangelical Christianity 134 segregationism 135 nationalism nativism 135 anti intellectualism 135 and anti Semitism 136 137 The Republican Party United States particularly supporters of Donald Trump includes right wing populist factions 138 Moore 1996 argues that populist opposition to the growing power of political economic and cultural elites helped shape conservative and right wing movements since the 1920s 139 Historical right wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E Watson D GA Strom Thurmond f Joe McCarthy R WI Barry Goldwater R AZ George Wallace D AL and Pat Buchanan R VA 136 Several of the prominent members of the Populist Party of the 1890s and 1900s while economically liberal supported social aspects of right wing populism 135 Watson the Vice Presidential nominee of the Populist Party in 1896 and presidential nominee in 1900 eventually embraced white supremacy and anti Semitism 140 William Jennings Bryan the 1896 Populist presidential nominee was socially and theologically conservative supporting creationism Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism Bradley J Longfield posits Bryan was a theologically conservative Social Gospeler 135 141 An article by National Public Radio s Ron Elving likens the populism of Bryan to the later right wing populism of Trump 135 In 2010 Rasmussen and Schoen characterized the Tea Party movement as a right wing anti systemic populist movement They added Today our country is in the midst of a new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement 142 In 2010 David Barstow wrote in The New York Times The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent 143 Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party such as U S Senator Ted Cruz and former U S Representative Ron Paul have been described as appealing to right wing populism 144 145 146 In the U S House of Representatives the Freedom Caucus associated with the Tea Party movement has been described as right wing populist 147 148 Donald Trump s 2016 presidential campaign noted for its anti establishment anti immigration and protectionist rhetoric was characterized as right wing populist 149 150 The ideology of Trump s former Chief Strategist Steve Bannon has also been described as such 151 Donald Trump s policies and rhetoric as have been frequently described as right wing populist by academics and political commentators 152 153 Asia Pacific countries edit Australia edit nbsp Pauline Hanson leader of One Nation Right wing populism has also been represented by One Nation led by Pauline Hanson Senator for Queensland 154 with typically support for the opposition Coalition 155 and Katter s Australian Party led by Queensland MP Bob Katter 156 157 Furthermore the main center right party the Coalition has certain members belonging to the right wing populist faction known as National Right including the current opposition leader Peter Dutton 158 China edit The wave of refugees caused by the Syrian crisis has caused a wave of anti immigration sentiment on the Chinese Internet and many narratives very similar to those of the populist right have since been observed such as anti white leftism Islamophobia and anti multiculturalism 159 Japan edit Netto uyoku Zaitokukai and the Japan First Party are evaluated as similar to Western far right populism and the alt right movement 160 New Zealand edit Main article Populism in New Zealand Right wing populism is thought to have emerged in New Zealand with Robert Muldoon the New Zealand National Party prime minister from 1975 to 1984 A economic nationalist and social conservative Muldoon has been cited as having appealed to the masses through his animosity towards the media and leftists and his own abrasive and colourful public persona 161 He also often made rude or unusually frank comments about foreign leaders including American president Jimmy Carter and Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser 161 whom he ridiculed and even bullied 162 Pakistan edit In Pakistan Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf PTI has recently been described as centrist populist while sharing some characteristics with right wing populists 163 Its leader Imran Khan has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions 163 British journalist Ben Judah in an interview compared Imran Khan with Donald Trump on his populist rhetoric 164 South Korea edit nbsp Hong Jun pyo former leader of LKP Conservatism in South Korea has traditionally been more inclined toward elitism than populism However since the 2016 South Korean political scandal Korean conservative forces have changed their political lines to populism as the distrust of the elite spread among the Korean public 165 Hong Joon pyo and Lee Un ju of the United Future Party are leading right wing populists advocating anti homosexuality anti immigration and social conservative views 166 167 Yoon Seok youl a candidate for the PPP in the 2022 South Korean presidential election is criticized as a populist for using hostile sentiment toward feminism and proposing unrealistic economic policies 168 South Korean right wing circles insist that the impeachment of former president Park Geun hye is wrong stimulating conservative public nostalgia for the Park Chung hee administration 169 It also shows a radical anti North Korea anti Chinese and anti communist stance 170 Taiwan edit Taiwan s right wing populists tend to deny the independent identity of their country s Taiwan and emphasize their identity as a Republic of China Taiwan s left wing Taiwanese nationalists have strong pro American tendencies so Taiwan s major and minor conservatives are critical of this 171 In particular Taiwan s right wing populists demand that economic growth and right wing Chinese nationalist issues be more important than liberal democracy and that they become closer to the People s Republic of China Some of Taiwan s leading right wing populists include Terry Gou Han Kuo yu and Chang Ya chung 172 173 174 European countries edit Main article Radical right Europe In 2016 Senior European Union diplomats cited growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of several countries had scrutinized possible links with Moscow 175 Also in 2016 the Czech Republic warned that Russia was trying to divide and conquer the European Union by supporting right wing populist politicians across the bloc 176 However as there in the United States of America there seems to be an underlying problem that is not massively discussed in the media That underlying problem is that of housing A 2019 study shows an immense correlation between the price of housing and voting for populist parties 177 In that study it was revealed that the French citizens that saw the price of their houses stagnate or drop were much more likely to vote for Marine Le Pen in the 2017 French presidential election Those who saw the price of their house rise were much more likely to vote for Emmanuel Macron The same pattern emerged in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in which those that saw the price of their house rise voted to Remain Whereas those that saw it flatline or drop voted to Leave Austria edit The Austrian Freedom Party FPO established in 1955 claims to represent a Third Camp Drittes Lager beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People s Party It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II adopting the pre war heritage of German nationalism although it did not advocate Nazism and placed itself in the political center Though it did not gain much popularity for decades it exercised a considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments be it right wing or left wing e g the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 see Kreisky Peter Wiesenthal affair nbsp Heinz Christian Strache former leader of the Freedom Party of Austria and Vice Chancellor of Austria From 1980 the Freedom Party adopted a more moderate stance Upon the 1983 federal election it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice Chancellor The liberal interlude however ended when Jorg Haider was elected chairman in 1986 Haider re integrated the party s nationalist base voters through his down to earth manners and patriotic attitude Nevertheless he also obtained votes from large sections of the population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing the corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system The electoral success was boosted by Austria s accession to the European Union in 1995 Upon the 1999 federal election the Freedom Party FPO with 26 9 of the votes cast became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament Having entered a coalition government with the People s Party Haider had to face the disability of several FPO ministers and the impossibility of agitation against members of his cabinet In 2005 he finally countered the FPO s loss of reputation with the Alliance for the Future of Austria BZO relaunch to carry on his government The remaining FPO members elected Heinz Christian Strache chairman but since the 2006 federal election both right wing parties have run separately After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008 the BZO lost a measurable amount of support The FPO regained much of its support in subsequent elections Its candidate Norbert Hofer made it into the runoff in the 2016 presidential election though he narrowly lost the election After the 2017 legislative elections the FPO formed a government coalition with the Austrian People s Party but lost seats in 2019 Belgium edit nbsp Flag used by the now defunct Vlaams Blok Vlaams Blok established in 1978 operated on a platform of law and order anti immigration with a particular focus on Islamic immigration and secession of the Flanders region of the country The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004 the party received 24 2 of the vote within less than 2 of being the largest party 178 However in November of the same year the party was ruled illegal under the country s anti racism law for among other things advocating segregated schools for citizens and immigrants 179 In less than a week the party was re established under the name Vlaams Belang initially with a near identical ideology before moderating parts of its statute It advocates the adoption of the Flemish culture and language by immigrants who wish to stay in the country It also calls for a zero tolerance stance on illegal immigration and the reinstatement of border controls 180 Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium s Jewish population the party has demonstrated a staunch pro Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam 181 In Antwerp sections of the city s significant Jewish population have begun to support the party 182 With 23 of 124 seats Vlaams Belang leads the opposition in the Flemish Parliament 183 and holds 11 out of the 150 seats in the Belgian House of Representatives 184 The Flemish nationalist and conservative liberal N VA party has been described as populist or containing right wing populist elements by foreign media such as the German Die Zeit magazine However the party has rebutted the term and does not label itself as such 185 In the French speaking Walloon region Mischael Modrikamen an associate of Steve Bannon was chairman of the Parti Populaire PP which contested elections in Wallonia Political analysts have generally observed that right wing populist parties tend to perform better with the Flemish electorate over French speaking Belgian voters on the whole owing to the Flemish vote moving to the right in recent decades and Flemish parties intertwining Flemish nationalism with other issues 104 As of the 2019 federal regional and European elections Vlaams Belang VB has surged from 248 843 votes in 2014 to 783 977 on 26 May 2019 186 Bulgaria edit There are several right wing populist parties in Bulgaria including IMRO BNM National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria and Attack For the 2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election they formed the United Patriots electoral alliance which won 27 seats in Parliament United Patriots entered a coalition with GERB to form the Third Borisov Government Volya another right wing populist party with 12 seats in Parliament also supported the government Following the 2021 Bulgarian general election another right wing populist party Revival entered Parliament while IMRO BNM NFSB Attack and Volya failed to win any seats Cyprus edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message The ELAM was formed in 2008 187 Its platform includes advocating for Unification with Greece opposition to further European integration immigration and the status quo that remains due to Turkey s invasion of a third of the island and the international community s lack of intention to solve the issue citation needed Denmark edit nbsp Pia Kjaersgaard former leader of the Danish People s Party from 1995 to 2012 2015 2019 she held the prestigious post as Speaker of the Folketing In the early 1970s the home of the strongest right wing populist party in Europe was in Denmark the Progress Party 188 In the 1973 election it received almost 16 of the vote 189 In the following years its support dwindled but the Danish People s Party replaced it in the 1990s becoming an important support party for the governing coalition in the 2000s 190 At the height of its popularity it won 21 of the vote corresponding to 37 seats in the 2015 Danish general election 191 becoming the second largest party in the Folketing and serving once again as support party for two minority governments 2015 2019 before being reduced to 16 seats in the 2019 Danish general election and 5 seats 2 6 of the vote in 2022 192 In 2015 the Nye Borgerlige party was founded 193 which gained six seats 3 7 of the vote at the 2022 election 192 In 2022 the Denmark Democrats were founded as the most recent right wing populist party in the Folketing gaining 8 of the vote and 14 seats at the 2022 general election 194 Finland edit In Finland the main right wing party is the Finns Party It formed the government coalition with National Coalition and Centre Party after the 2015 parliamentary election In 2017 the governmental branch broke off to form the Blue Reform which took the coalition position from the Finns Party Blue Reform is currently in the government coalition and the Finns Party is in opposition and is the fastest growing party in Finland 195 In 2018 a Finnish member of the parliament Paavo Vayrynen formed the Seven Star Movement The party is anti immigration but is in the center in economic politics France edit See also Gaullism nbsp Marine Le Pen leader of the National Front and 2017 and 2022 presidential candidate Gaullism is considered part of right wing populism because it is based on charisma popular mobilization French nationalism and exceptionalism Gaullism is deeply embedded in modern right wing politics in France 196 197 France s National Front NF renamed in 2018 as the National Rally has been cited as the prototypical populist radical right wing party 33 The party was founded in 1972 by Jean Marie Le Pen as the unification of several French nationalist movements of the time he developed it into a well organized party 33 After struggling for a decade the party reached its first peak in 1984 By 2002 Le Pen received more votes than the Socialist candidate in the first round of voting for the French presidency becoming the first NF candidate to qualify for a presidential runoff election After Le Pen s daughter Marine Le Pen took over as the head of the party in 2011 the National Front established itself as one of the main political parties in France Marine Le Pen s policy of de demonizing or normalizing the party resulted in her father Jean Marie Le Pen being first suspended and then ejected from the party in 2015 Marine Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron which was held on 7 May 2017 However polls published in 2018 showed that a majority of the French population considers the party to be a threat to democracy 198 Right wing populism in France has also congealed around cultural issues such as the anti gay marriage and anti gender theory movements exemplified by La Manif Pour Tous 53 Germany edit nbsp Alternative for Germany is a political party founded in 2013 and now led by Alice Weidel and Tino Chrupalla which is now Germany s leading right wing populist party Since 2013 the most popular right wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election making it the first right wing populist party to enter the Bundestag Germany s national parliament Before right wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only Left wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party Right wing populist movements like Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage Burger in Wut BIW sporadically attract some support In 1989 The Republicans Die Republikaner led by Franz Schonhuber entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7 of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election with six seats in the European Parliament The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden Wurttemberg twice in 1992 and 1996 However after 2000 the Republicans support eroded in favor of the far right German People s Union and the Neo Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany NPD which in the 2009 federal election held 1 5 of the popular vote winning up to 9 in regional Landtag parliamentary elections In 2005 a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens Movement pro Deutschland was founded in Cologne The Pro Germany movement appears as a conglomerate of numerous small parties voters associations and societies distinguishing themselves by campaigns against extremism 199 and immigrants Its representatives claim a zero tolerance policy and combat corruption Their politics extend to far right positions with the denial of a multiethnic society Uberfremdung and Islamization Other minor right wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party founded in 2010 the former East German German Social Union DSU and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive Schill party Greece edit nbsp Panos Kammenos leader of Independent Greeks and Greek Minister for National Defence The most prominent right wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks ANEL 200 201 Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party after the January 2015 legislative elections ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left wing Coalition of the Radical Left SYRIZA thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras 202 The Neo Nazi Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the economic downturn gaining 7 of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament The party s ideology includes annexing territory in Albania and Turkey including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and Izmir 203 Controversial measures by the party included a poor people s kitchen in Athens which only supplied Greek citizens and was shut down by the police 204 The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature but supplied 2 of the country s 22 MEPS until 2014 It supports anti globalization lower taxes for small businesses and opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia s use of the name Macedonia and immigration only for Europeans 205 Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece s 2012 elections 206 The Greek Solution is right wing to far right and has been described as ideologically ultranationalist and right wing populist The party garnered 3 7 of the vote in the 2019 Greek legislative election winning 10 out of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament and 4 18 of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament election in Greece winning one seat in the European Parliament Hungary edit nbsp Viktor Orban Fidesz KDNP the incumbent Prime Minister of Hungary The 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election result was a victory for the Fidesz KDNP alliance preserving its two thirds majority with Viktor Orban remaining prime minister Orban and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling and the election was seen as a victory for right wing populism in Europe citation needed Italy edit See also Berlusconism nbsp Silvio Berlusconi leader of the liberal conservative Forza Italia and former Prime Minister of Italy In Italy the most prominent right wing populist party in the last twenty years was Lega formerly Lega Nord Northern League 207 whose leaders reject the right wing label 208 209 210 though not the populist one 211 The League is a federalist regionalist and sometimes secessionist party founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s LN s program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state fiscal federalism and greater regional autonomy especially for the Northern regions At times the party has advocated for the secession of the North which it calls Padania The party generally takes an anti Southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society and attributing Italy s economic troubles and the disparity of the North south divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians such as laziness lack of education or criminality 212 213 214 215 Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur terrone a common pejorative term for Southern Italians evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes 212 213 216 As a federalist regionalist populist party of the North LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti Roman stance in addition to an anti Southern stance nbsp Giorgia Meloni leader of the national conservative Brothers of Italy and current Prime Minister of Italy With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy The LN which also opposes illegal immigration is critical of Islam and proposes Italy s exit from the Eurozone and is considered a Eurosceptic movement and as such is a part of the Identity and Democracy ID group in the European Parliament LN was or is part of the national government in 1994 2001 2006 2008 2011 and 2018 2019 Most recently the party including among its members the Presidents of Lombardy and Veneto won 17 4 of the vote in the 2018 general election becoming the third largest party in Italy largest within the centre right coalition In the 2014 European election under the leadership of Matteo Salvini it took 6 2 of votes Under Salvini the party has to some extent embraced Italian nationalism and emphasized Euroscepticism opposition to immigration and other populist policies while allying with right wing populist parties in Europe 217 218 219 Silvio Berlusconi leader of Forza Italia and Prime Minister of Italy from 1994 to 1995 2001 2006 and 2008 2011 has sometimes been described as a right wing populist although his party is not typically described as such 220 221 Between the late 2010s and the early 2020s another right wing populist movement emerged within the centre right coalition The nationalist and national conservative Brothers of Italy FdI led by Giorgia Meloni gained 4 4 of votes in the 2018 election and four years later it became the most voted party in the 2022 general election gaining 26 of votes Meloni was appointed prime minister on 22 October at the head of what it was considered as the most rightist Italian government since 1945 222 223 Some national conservative nationalist and arguably right wing populist parties are strong especially in Lazio the region around Rome and Southern Italy Most of them originated due to the Italian Social Movement a national conservative party whose best result was 8 7 of the vote in the 1972 general election and its successor National Alliance which reached 15 7 of the vote in the 1996 general election In addition to Brothers of Italy they include New Force 0 3 CasaPound 0 1 Tricolour Flame 0 1 Social Idea Movement 0 01 and Progetto Nazionale 0 01 Additionally in the German speaking South Tyrol the local second largest party Die Freiheitlichen is often described as a right wing populist party Netherlands edit This section relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Right wing populism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2017 nbsp Geert Wilders leader of the Party for Freedom nbsp Eva Vlaardingerbroek activist and legal philosopher In the Netherlands right wing populism was represented in the 150 seat House of Representatives in 1982 when the Centre Party won a single seat During the 1990s a splinter party the Centre Democrats was slightly more successful although its significance was still marginal Not before 2002 did a right wing populist party break through in the Netherlands when the Pim Fortuyn List LPF won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal CDA and People s Party for Freedom and Democracy VVD Fortuyn who had strong views against immigration particularly by Muslims was assassinated in May 2002 two weeks before the election Ideologically the LPF differed somewhat from other European right wing populist movements by holding more liberal stances on certain social issues such as abortion gay rights and euthanasia Fortuyn himself was openly gay while maintaining an uncompromising stance on immigration law and order and the European Union Fortuyn was also credited with shifting the Dutch political landscape by bringing the topics of multiculturalism immigration and the integration of immigrants into the political mainstream 224 However the coalition had broken up by 2003 and the LPF went into steep decline until it was dissolved Since 2006 the Party for Freedom PVV has been represented in the House of Representatives and described as inheriting the mantle of the Pim Fortuyn List Following the 2010 general election it has been in a pact with the right wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election winning 4 out of 25 seats The party s main program revolves around strong criticism of Islam restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder and abandoning the euro 225 The PVV withdrew its support for the First Rutte cabinet in 2012 after refusing to support austerity measures This triggered the 2012 general election in which the PVV was reduced to 15 seats and excluded from the new government In the 2017 Dutch general election Wilders PVV gained an extra five seats to become the second largest party in the Dutch House of Representatives bringing their total to 20 seats 226 From 2017 onwards the Forum for Democracy FvD emerged as another right wing populist force in the Netherlands The FvD also advocates a stricter immigration policy and a referendum on Dutch membership of the EU 227 228 The Farmer Citizen Movement described as a right wing populist party 229 won the 2023 Dutch provincial elections winning the popular vote and receiving the most seats in all twelve provinces 230 231 The party has been supported by local pundits such as Eva Vlaardingerbroek 232 233 Poland edit nbsp Poland s Law and Justice PiS leader Jaroslaw Kaczynski with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban 234 The largest right wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice which currently holds the presidency It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy 235 Polish Congress of the New Right headed by Michal Marusik aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by the abolishment of social security universal public healthcare state sponsored education and Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth 236 237 The party is considered populist both by right wing and left wing publicists 238 239 Romania edit The Alliance for the Union of Romanians AUR a right wing populist party 240 became the fourth largest political force in Romania after the 2020 Romanian legislative election 241 Spain edit nbsp Santiago Abascal leader of VOX during the party conference in October 2018 nbsp Isabel Diaz Ayuso president of Madrid at an event in 2019 In Spain the appearance of right wing populism began to gain strength after the December 2018 election for the Parliament of Andalusia in which the right wing populist party VOX managed to obtain 12 seats 242 and agreed to support a coalition government of the parties of the right People s Party and Citizens even though the Socialist Party won the elections 243 VOX which has been frequently described as far right both by the left parties and by Spanish or international press 244 245 promotes characteristic policies of the populist right 246 such as the expulsion of all illegal immigrants from the country even of legal immigrants who commit crimes a generalized criminal tightening combined with traditional claims of right wing conservatives such as the centralization of the State and the suppression of the Autonomous Communities and has harshly criticized the laws against gender violence approved by the socialist government of Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero but later maintained by the PP executive of Mariano Rajoy accusing the people and institutions that defend them of applying gender totalitarianism 247 Party official Javier Ortega Smith is being investigated for alleged hate speech after Spanish prosecutors admitted a complaint by an Islamic association in connection with a rally that talked about the Islamist invasion 248 The party election manifesto that was finally published merged classic far right inspired policies with right libertarianism in tax and social security matters After months of political uncertainty and protests against the party in Andalusia 249 and other regions 250 in the 2019 Spanish general election VOX managed to obtain 24 deputies in the Congress of Deputies with 10 26 of the vote falling short of expectations 251 after an intense electoral campaign in which VOX gathered big crowds of people at their events Although the People s Party and Citizens leaders Pablo Casado and Albert Rivera had admitted repeatedly during the campaign that they would again agree with VOX in order to reach the government 252 the sum of all their seats finally left them far from any possibility giving the government to the social democrat Pedro Sanchez 253 Madrilenian president Isabel Diaz Ayuso despite being a member of the centre right People s Party has been sustained in government by VOX and adopted many policies championed by the party 254 She has embraced populist rhetoric 255 defended Spanish imperialism 256 dismissed climate change 257 and opposed Covid 19 lockdowns 258 She has been to compared to Donald Trump by several of her critics 259 260 Sweden edit In Sweden the first openly populist movement to be represented in the Riksdag Swedish parliament New Democracy was founded in 1994 by businessman Bert Karlsson and aristocrat Ian Wachtmeister Although New Democracy promoted economic issues as its foremost concern it also advocated restrictions on immigration and welfare chauvinism The party saw a sharp rise in support in 1994 before declining soon after 261 262 In 2010 the Sweden Democrats entered parliament for the first time The Sweden Democrats originally had connections to white nationalism during its early days but later began expelling hardline members and moderated its platform to transform itself into a more mainstream movement The party calls for more robust immigration and asylum policies compulsory measures to assimilate immigrants into Swedish society and stricter law and order policies The Sweden Democrats are currently the second largest party in Sweden with 20 5 of the popular vote in the 2022 Swedish general election and the second most seats in the Swedish parliament with 72 seats 188 263 Switzerland edit See also Far right politics in Switzerland In Switzerland the right wing populist Swiss People s Party SVP reached an all time high in the 2015 elections The party is mainly considered national conservative 264 265 but it has also variously been identified as extreme right 266 and radical right wing populist 267 reflecting a spectrum of ideologies among its members Its far right wing includes members such as Ulrich Schluer and Pascal Junod who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo Nazism 268 269 In Switzerland radical right populist parties held close to 10 of the popular vote in 1971 were reduced to below 2 by 1979 and grew to more than 10 in 1991 Since 1991 these parties the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party have been absorbed by the SVP During the 1990s the SVP grew from the fourth largest party to the largest and gained a second seat in the Swiss Federal Council in 2003 with the prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher In 2015 the SVP received 29 4 of the vote the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history 270 271 272 273 Turkey edit The Justice and Development Party AKP and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan have been in power since 2002 The Victory Party is a patriotic and Kemalist political party in Turkey founded on August 26 2021 under the leadership of Umit Ozdag It is represented in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey by two deputies The party is the continuation of the Ayyildiz Movement initiated by Umit Ozdag the founding petition of the party was submitted to the Ministry of the Interior on 26 August 2021 and then the party was officially established The party leader Ozdag and his deputies aim to re institute Kemalist and Turkish nationalist ideologies in the government and aim to send back refugees to their homelands United Kingdom edit nbsp Nigel Farage of UKIP The Scholarly authors Breeze Bale Ashkenas and Aisch and Clarke et al characterised the UK Independence Party UKIP then led by Nigel Farage as a right wing populist party 274 275 276 277 UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendum 278 and a points based immigration system similar to that used in Australia 279 280 281 In the 2019 general election UKIP entered candidates in 44 of the 650 available seats winning none of them and achieving 0 1 of the popular vote 282 In 2013 the Conservative Party which along with the Liberal Democrats governed from 2010 to 2015 as a coalition government saw local party campaigners pledging support for UKIP over issues related to the European Union and gay marriage 283 The role of UKIP in the UK underwent a rapid transformation post Brexit with Nigel Farage leading the initiative to establish the Brexit Party which was subsequently rebranded as Reform UK These entities have consistently been identified as extensions of UKIP 284 sharing common populist ideological elements 285 In the Conservative Party Thatcherism had right wing populist elements including nationalism and social conservatism 286 Although Margaret Thatcher has been characterised by some scholars as a right wing populist politician in the UK 287 288 289 this has been disputed by other scholars due to its applicability in the context of the 1980s 290 Others contend that Thatcher s role was pivotal in steering the party s ideology towards a more populist direction 291 The phenomenon is commonly referred to as Thatcherite populism 292 287 293 294 Other prominent right wing populists in the party include past prime minister Boris Johnson 295 296 297 and Jacob Rees Mogg the former Secretary of State for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy 298 299 300 301 Ingle and Swanson et al consider the Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party DUP to be a right wing populist party 302 303 Right wing populist political parties editMain article List of populists Current right wing populist parties or parties with right wing populist factions edit Represented in national legislatures edit Argentina La Libertad Avanza 304 305 306 Australia Liberal National Coalition Factions including National Right 307 Pauline Hanson s One Nation 308 United Australia Party Austria Freedom Party of Austria 309 Austrian People s Party factions 310 Belgium Vlaams Belang 311 Brazil Liberal Party factions Democratic Renewal Party Bulgaria Revival 312 Canada Conservative Party 313 314 315 316 317 Chile Republican Party 318 Costa Rica National Restoration Party New Republic Party National Integration Party 319 320 321 322 Croatia Homeland Movement 323 324 Cyprus ELAM 325 Solidarity Movement Czech Republic Freedom and Direct Democracy 326 Denmark Danish People s Party 327 309 328 New Right Denmark Democrats Estonia Conservative People s Party of Estonia 329 327 European Union Identity and Democracy Party European Conservatives and Reformists Party European People s Party factions Finland Finns Party 309 327 France National Rally 309 328 Debout la France 330 Reconquete Germany Alternative for Germany 327 309 Greece Greek Solution 331 New Democracy factions 332 Hungary Fidesz 309 Our Homeland Movement 327 333 India Bharatiya Janata Party 334 Shiv Sena 335 Indonesia Great Indonesia Movement Party 336 Prosperous Justice Party Italy League 309 337 Brothers of Italy 327 Five Star Movement factions 327 Forza Italia factions 338 Israel Likud factions 339 340 Yamina 341 342 343 Religious Zionist Party Otzma Yehudit Japan Liberal Democratic Party 344 345 Nippon Ishin no Kai 346 347 Kibō no Tō 348 Latvia National Alliance 349 327 Latvia First Liechtenstein Democrats for Liechtenstein 350 Luxembourg Alternative Democratic Reform Party 351 Netherlands Party for Freedom 311 Forum for Democracy 227 JA21 352 Farmer Citizen Movement 353 354 355 New Zealand ACT New Zealand New Zealand First 356 North Macedonia VMRO DPMNE 357 Norway Progress Party 358 Paraguay National Union of Ethical Citizens 359 Peru Popular Renewal 360 Philippines Nacionalista Party Poland Law and Justice Confederation KORWiN 361 National Movement Portugal Chega 362 Romania Alliance for the Union of Romanians 240 Romanian Nationhood Party Russia United Russia factions 363 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 364 Rodina 365 Serbia United Serbia 366 Dveri 367 Serbian People s Party 368 Slovakia Slovak National Party Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party South Africa Freedom Front Plus 369 South Korea People Power Party Spain Vox 370 Sweden Sweden Democrats 309 327 Switzerland Swiss People s Party 371 Geneva Citizens Movement 372 373 Ticino League 374 Taiwan Kuomintang factions 172 173 New party Thailand Pheu Thai Party faction United Thai Nation Party Turkey Justice and Development Party 375 Nationalist Movement Party 376 377 New Welfare Party Free Cause Party Ukraine Svoboda 378 379 United Kingdom Conservative Party faction Blue Collar Conservatives Reform UK Democratic Unionist Party 302 303 United States Republican Party 380 381 382 faction Freedom Caucus 383 Uruguay Open Cabildo Not represented in national legislatures edit Albania Red and Black Alliance 384 Albanian National Front Party Australia Shooters Fishers and Farmers Party Australian Protectionist Party Austria Alliance for the Future of Austria 385 Free Party Salzburg Belgium Libertair Direct Democratisch 386 387 People s Party 388 VLOTT Botswana Botswana Movement for Democracy 389 Brazil Alliance for Brazil Brazilian Labour Renewal Party Bulgaria Bulgaria Without Censorship 327 National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria IMRO Bulgarian National Movement 390 Attack 391 Volya Canada People s Party of Canada 119 Alliance of the North National Advancement Party of Canada Chile National Force Croatia Croatian Party of Rights Croatian Party of Rights Dr Ante Starcevic Independents for Croatia Czech Republic Law Respect Expertise Workers Party of Social Justice 392 Denmark Progress Party 393 Hard Line Finland Blue and White Front Seven Star Movement Blue Reform France Alsace First Germany National Democratic Party of Germany 394 Citizens Movement Pro Chemnitz 395 396 German Social Union The Republicans Greece Golden Dawn 397 National Popular Consciousness National Party Hellenes Popular Orthodox Rally 398 399 Independent Greeks 327 200 Iceland Icelandic National Front India Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Hindu Mahasabha 400 Ireland National Party Irish Freedom Party Israel Zehut Italy Tricolour Flame Die Freiheitlichen 401 Citizens Union for South Tyrol 402 403 South Tyrolean Freedom 404 Latvia For a Humane Latvia 405 Platform 21 406 407 Liechtenstein The Independents Lithuania National Alliance Christian Union Young Lithuania Order and Justice 327 408 Malta Moviment Patrijotti Maltin Montenegro Party of Serb Radicals True Montenegro Serb List Netherlands Forza Nederland New Zealand New Conservative Party Advance New Zealand Vision NZ New Zealand Public Party Poland Kukiz 15 Congress of the New Right 361 Real Politics Union Portugal National Renovator Party Romania National Identity Bloc in Europe Greater Romania Party United Romania Party Noua Dreaptă New Generation Party 409 M10 Serbia Serbian Radical Party 410 411 412 Dveri 413 Hungarian Hope Movement Enough is Enough New Serbia People s Freedom Movement Leviathan Movement Serbian Right Love Faith Hope Serbian Party Oathkeepers Healthy Serbia Slovakia Republic We Are Family 414 People s Party Our Slovakia 415 416 South Korea New Pro Park Party Liberty Republican Party Dawn of Liberty Sweden Alternative for Sweden Switzerland Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland Freedom Party of Switzerland Swiss Democrats Transnistria Obnovlenie Ukraine Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists United Kingdom British National Party 417 418 For Britain Veterans and People s Party UK Independence Party 419 United States Constitution Party Former or disbanded right wing populist parties edit Austria Team Stronach 385 Belgium National Front Vlaams Blok People s Party Canada Union Nationale Quebec 420 Ralliement national 421 Action democratique du Quebec 422 Reform Party of Canada 423 Canadian Alliance 424 Social Credit Party 425 British Columbia Social Credit Party 426 Cyprus New Horizons 427 428 Croatia Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja Croatian Democratic Union factions 429 Czech Republic Public Affairs 430 Dawn National Coalition 431 Denmark Progress Party 432 Germany Citizens Movement Pro Cologne 433 German Freedom Party 434 German People s Union Pro Germany Citizens Movement 435 436 Pro NRW 437 German National People s Party European Union Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy 401 Iceland Citizens Party 438 India Bharatiya Jana Sangh Succeeded by Bharatiya Janata Party Italy National Alliance 439 Japan Japan Restoration Party 440 441 442 Netherlands Centre Democrats 443 Pim Fortuyn List 311 443 444 Portugal Portugal Pro Life Serbia Serbian Patriotic Alliance 445 South Korea Democratic Republican Party Liberty Korea Party 446 Onward for Future 4 0 Spain Platform for Catalonia 447 Sweden New Democracy 438 Switzerland Party of Farmers Traders and Independents Republican Movement Syria Arab Liberation Movement Thailand Thai Rak Thai Party United Kingdom National DemocratsSee also editPortal nbsp Politics Alt right Berlusconism Brexit Counter Enlightenment Christian right Criticism of multiculturalism Dark Enlightenment Economic nationalism Fascism Gaullism Hindutva Left wing nationalism Left wing populism Morenazi National conservatism National liberalism Nationalism Nativism politics Opposition to immigration Paternalistic conservatism Putinism Protectionism Racism Reactionary Revisionist Zionism Right wing authoritarianism Right wing antiscience Right wing terrorism Rashism Social conservatism Thatcherism Traditionalism Trumpism White backlash Xenophobia BolsonarismNotes edit On the whole the right wing populism in Europe and the United States are almost identical to right wing nationalism but in Asia and other non Western regions right wing populism and right wing nationalism do not necessarily coincide Japan s former prime minister Shinzo Abe is described by experts as a right wing nationalist but at the same time as not a right wing populist 4 Myanmar s right wing nationalist military regime is cracking down on the activities of the largest populist political party supporting democratization Some right wing populist movements in Islamic world are based on Islamic fundamentalism some of which reject Western ideologies including nationalism Freeden has developed in 1996 the idea that every ideology has core and peripheral concepts Building on his work Terance Ball 1999 has given the following definition A core concept is one that is both central to and constitutive of a particular ideology and therefore of the ideological community to which it gives inspiration and identity For example the concept of class and of course class struggle is a key or core concept in Marxism as gender is in feminism and liberty or individual liberty is in liberalism and so on through the list of leading ideologies Mudde authoritarianism is the belief in a strictly ordered society in which infringements of authority are to be punished severely In this interpretation it includes law and order and punitive conventional moralism It does not necessarily mean an anti democratic attitude but neither does it preclude one In addition the authoritarian s submission to authority established or not is not absolute automatic nor blind In other words while authoritarians will be more inclined to accept established authority than non authoritarians they can and will rebel under certain circumstances Maximal right wing populists here give a preference for the etat legal which gives primacy to the law as expressed by the general will via election or referendum against the Rechtsstaat which limits the power of the democratic state the majority to protect the rights of minorities Neo populists contrary to the Marxist worldview do not oppose the working class to the bourgeoisie and capitalists but rather the people to the elites and immigrants Thurmond was a segregationist from South Carolina and began as member of the Democratic Party but in 1964 switched to becoming a member of the Republican Party for the rest of his life until his death in 2003 References editCitations edit Berman Sheri 11 May 2021 The Causes of Populism in the West Annual Review of Political Science 24 1 71 88 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 041719 102503 Camus Jean Yves Lebourg Nicolas 20 March 2017 Far Right Politics in Europe Harvard University Press pp 12 13 ISBN 978 0 674 97153 0 a b Eatwell Roger Goodwin Matthew 25 October 2018 National Populism The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy Penguin UK pp 1 2 ISBN 978 0 241 31201 8 Japan s rising right wing nationalism Vox 26 May 2017 Zembylas Michalinos Affect and the Rise of Right Wing Populism Akkerman Agnes 2003 Populism and Democracy Challenge or Pathology Acta Politica n 38 pp 147 159 Campani Giovanna Fabelo Concepcion Sunamis Rodriguez Soler Angel Sanchez Savin Claudia December 2022 The Rise of Donald Trump Right Wing Populism in the United States Middle American Radicalism and Anti Immigration Discourse Societies 12 6 154 doi 10 3390 soc12060154 ISSN 2075 4698 Bierbach Mara 26 February 2019 Climate protection Where do the EU s right wing populists stand Deutsche Welle Retrieved 5 June 2019 a b c d Kallis Aristotle 2018 Part I Ideology and Discourse The Radical Right and Islamophobia In Rydgren Jens ed The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right Oxford and New York Oxford University Press pp 42 60 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780190274559 013 3 ISBN 978 0 19 027455 9 LCCN 2017025436 North Bonnie The Rise of Right Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe Retrieved 24 March 2017 Fear of Diversity Made People More 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Milei Argentina s far right outsider wins presidential election BBC News Retrieved 3 December 2023 Phillips Tom 20 November 2023 Who is Javier Milei Argentina s new far right president El Loco takes the stage The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 3 December 2023 Oner Imdat 22 November 2023 Javier Milei s Victory A New Chapter for Right Wing Populism in Argentina Populism Studies Retrieved 3 December 2023 Kahn Carrie 19 November 2023 Javier Milei a radical libertarian populist elected president of Argentina NPR Retrieved 3 December 2023 Argentina elects far right populist Javier Milei the madman as new president ITV News 20 November 2023 Retrieved 3 December 2023 Far right populist Javier Milei becomes Argentina s new president Euronews 20 November 2023 Retrieved 3 December 2023 Analyst View Argentine far right libertarian Milei sweeps to victory Reuters 20 November 2023 Retrieved 3 December 2023 Argentina election What s next after Javier Milei s victory Al Jazeera 20 November 2023 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in Canada are courting immigrants The Economist 19 April 2018 Maxime Bernier says his new party offers smart populism YouTube Canadian Press 11 October 2018 Event occurs at 1 56 a b Maxime Bernier Launches The People s Party of Canada Complex 14 September 2018 Blatchford Andy 25 May 2022 Conservative frontrunner deploys populist strike on Ottawa s elites Politico Retrieved 25 August 2022 a b Canadian Conservatives elect right wing populist Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau CBS News 12 September 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2022 NP View The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre National Post 5 August 2022 Trying to demonize Poilievre as a populist or as Canada s Trump or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women s rights is unlikely to succeed He is pro choice pro immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of that kind of thinking Forrest Maura 12 September 2022 The quick take on Canada s new Conservative leader Politico He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures but in terms of substance he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues He is pro immigration his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant and now calls himself pro choice Is there room for centrists in the current Conservative Party Tasha Kheiriddin on the right path forward for Conservatives in Canada The Hub 9 August 2022 And second what parts of his program which to be fair to him he is pro immigration pro same sex marriage and pro choice do you take exception to McConkey David 23 October 2022 Pierre Poilievre populist politician The Brandon Sun In several ways Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist For one Poilievre is not new He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years For another he is not your stereotypical reactionary He is at ease with the non traditional family he is pro choice he is pro immigration Campbell Clark 16 September 2022 The making of Pierre Poilievre conservative proselytizer The Globe and Mail But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament He doesn t echo the anti immigrant rhetoric and abhors Mr Trump s gargantuan deficits He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally Canada s Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader The Economist 15 September 2022 His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump But his enemies list is more circumscribed Unlike Mr Trump he favours immigration Moore Samuel 4 November 2022 Pierre Poilievre Canada s next Prime Minister Cherwell Moreover in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right wing populists Poilievre s social policies are progressive He is pro choice and pro LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro immigration enough belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government 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