Hindu Mahasabha
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha (lit. 'All-India Hindu Grand Assembly') is a Hindu nationalist political party in India.[2][17][18]
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha | |
|---|---|
| Founder | Madan Mohan Malaviya |
| Founded | 1915 (as organization) 1933 (as political party)[1] |
| Split from | Indian National Congress[1] |
| Headquarters | New Delhi |
| Ideology | Hindutva[2][3] Hindu nationalism[2][4] Ultranationalism[5][6] Social conservatism[7][8] National conservatism[9] Economic nationalism[10] Right-wing populism[11] |
| Political position | Right-wing[12][13] to far-right[4][14] |
| Colours | Saffron |
| ECI Status | Registered Unrecognised[15] |
| Seats in Lok Sabha | 0 / 543 |
| Seats in Rajya Sabha | 0 / 245 |
| Seats in State Legislative Assembly | 0 / 4,036 |
| Seats in State Legislative Council | 0 / 426 |
| Number of states and union territories in government | 0 / 31 (Collectively 28 States & 3 UTs) |
| Election symbol | |
| [16] | |
| Website | |
| abhm | |
Founded in 1915, the Mahasabha functioned mainly as a pressure group advocating the interests of orthodox Hindus before the British Raj and within the Indian National Congress.[2] In the 1930s, it emerged as a distinct party under the leadership of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who developed the Hindutva ("Hinduness") and became a fierce opponent of the secular nationalism espoused by the Congress party.
During the World War II, the Mahasabha supported the British war effort and briefly entered coalitions with the Muslim League in provincial and central councils. After the assassination of Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi by Hindu Mahasabha activist Nathuram Godse, the Mahasabha's fortunes diminished in Indian politics, and it was soon eclipsed by the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
Name edit
The organisation was originally called Sarvadeshik Hindu Sabha ("Pan-Country Hindu Assembly"). In 1921, it changed to the present name Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ("All-India Hindu Grand Assembly").[19]
History edit
Antecedents edit
Local forerunners of the Hindu Mahasabha emerged in connection with the disputes after the partition of Bengal in 1905 in British India. Under the then viceroy Lord Curzon, the division of the province of Bengal was in two new provinces of East Bengal and Assam, as well as Bengal. The new province of Bengal had a Hindu majority, the province of East Bengal and Assam was mostly Muslim. The division was justified by the British administration for religious reasons.
The formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906[20] and the British India government's creation of separate Muslim electorate under the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909[21] was a catalyst for Hindu leaders coming together to create an organisation to protect the rights of the Hindu community members.[20]
In 1909, Lal Chand and U.N. Mukerji established the Punjab Hindu Sabha ("Punjab Hindu Assembly").[22] The Sabha stated that it was not a sectarian organisation, but an "all-embracing movement" that aimed to safeguard the interests of "the entire Hindu community". During 21–22 October 1909, it organised the Punjab Provincial Hindu Conference, which criticised the Indian National Congress for failing to defend Hindu interests and called for promotion of Hindu-centered politics. In this conference Sabha leaders strongly proposed that Hindus need a separate nation, and the Muslims should not be given any rights in that nation. The Sabha organised five more annual provincial conferences in Punjab.[23]
The development of the broad work for Hindu unity that started in the early 20th century in Punjab was a precursor for the formation of the All India Hindu Sabha. Over the next few years, several such Hindu Sabhas were established outside Punjab, including in United Provinces, Bihar, Bengal, Central Provinces and Berar, and Bombay Presidency.[24]
A formal move to establish an umbrella All-India Hindu Sabha was made at the Allahabad session of Congress in 1910. A committee headed by Lala Baij Nath was set up to draw up a constitution, but it did not make much progress. Another conference of Hindu leaders in Allahabad also took the initial step to establish an All India Hindu Sabha in 1910, but this organisation did not become operational due to factional strife. On 8 December 1913, the Punjab Hindu Sabha passed a resolution to create an All India Hindu Sabha at its Ambala session. The Conference proposed holding a general conference of Hindu leaders from all over India at the 1915 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar.[23]
Establishment edit
Preparatory sessions of the All India Hindu Sabha were held at Haridwar (13 February 1915), Lucknow (17 February 1915) and Delhi (27 February 1915). In April 1915, Sarvadeshak (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed as an umbrella organisation of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Gandhi and Swami Shraddhanand were also present at the conference and were supportive of the formation of All India Hindu Sabha.[23] The Sabha laid emphasis on Hindu solidarity and the need for social reform.[23]
At its sixth session in April 1921, the Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha formally changed its name to Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha on the model of the Indian National Congress. Presided over by Manindra Chandra Nandi, it amended its constitution to remove the clause about loyalty to the British and added a clause committing the organisation to a "united and self-governing" Indian nation.[25]
Amongst the Mahasabha's early leaders was the prominent nationalist, educationalist and four times Indian National Congress president Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, who founded the Benaras Hindu University, the Punjabi populist Lala Lajpat Rai and Lajpat Rai's mentor Navin Chandra Rai[26][27] of the Hindu Samaj who chaired the special Congress session of 1921 held at Lahore which gave the call for non-cooperation. Under Malaviya, the Mahasabha campaigned for Hindu political unity, for the education and economic development of Hindus as well as for the conversion of Muslims to Hinduism.
Indian independence movement edit
The Hindu Mahasabha did not unconditionally support the Indian independence movement against British rule in India.[28] However, it became part of movement on its own conditions and with regards to protect the interests of the Hindus. For example, it boycotted the Simon Commission. In the aftermath, it was part of the all party committee, which came out with Nehru report. However, it did not accept the report as according to Mahasabha, it gave too many concessions to Muslims. Similarly, when Mahatma Gandhi observed a fast against Communal Award, Mahasabha worked with Gandhi and other parties to ensure Poona Pact is signed and Depressed Classes are given a fair representation.
Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar's leadership organized Hindu Militarization Boards which recruited armed forces for helping the British in World War 2.[29]
Civil disobedience movement edit
Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress led several nationwide campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience. The Mahasabha officially abstained from participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.[28]
Alliance with Muslim League and others edit
The Indian National Congress won a massive victory in the 1937 Indian provincial elections, decimating the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal.
In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah's Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words:
Witness the fact that only recently in Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation had taken the responsibility of joining hands with the League itself in running coalition government...[30][31][32]
In March 1943, Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan.[33] In spite of the Hindu Mahasabha's avowed public opposition to any political division of India, the Mahasabha Ministers of the Sindh government did not resign, rather they simply "contented themselves with a protest".[34]
In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister Mehr Chand Khanna.[35][36]
In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the Krishak Praja Party led Progressive Coalition ministry of Fazlul Haq in December 1941.[37] Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.[30][31]
Quit India Movement edit
The Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.[38] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.[38]
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,[38] Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942, he wrote:
Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being.[39][40]
Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:
The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[41]
Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:
Syama Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...[42]
Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi edit
On January 30, 1948, Nathuram Godse shot Mahatma Gandhi three times and killed him in Delhi. Godse and his fellow conspirators Digambar Badge, Gopal Godse, Narayan Apte, Vishnu Karkare and Madanlal Pahwa were identified as prominent members of the Hindu Mahasabha. Along with them, police arrested Savarkar, who was suspected of being the mastermind behind the plot. While the trial resulted in convictions and judgments against the others, Savarkar was released due to lack of evidence. Many leaders including Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar were convinced that Savarkar's arrest was nothing but a political vendetta.[43] The Kapur Commission said:
- All these facts taken together were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy to murder (of Gandhiji).[44]
Attempts at rehabilitation of Godse edit
Nehru led Congress government did not allow Nathuram Godse to present his side in the court.[citation needed] His speech and thoughts were never published and broadcast by media.[citation needed] The Hindu Mahasabha considers Nathuram Godse to be a "real forgotten hero"[45][46] of the independence struggle of India and criticises Gandhi for not having prevented the partition of India.[47] In 2014, following the Bharatiya Janata Party's rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha continued attempts to rehabilitate and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister Narendra Modi to install the bust of Nathuram Godse. It created a documentary film Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse (Patriot Nathuram Godse) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015.[48] There were attempts to build a temple for Nathuram Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a Shaurya Diwas ("Bravery Day").[49] A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.[50]
Karnataka controversy edit
In September 2021, the state general secretary for Hindu Mahasabha in Karnataka, Dharmendra, threatened to kill Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai over the demolition of an unlicensed temple in Nanjangud, Mysuru, along with comments about killing Mahatma Gandhi. For these threats, he and two other associates, Rajesh Pavitran and Prem Poolali, were arrested.[51]
Ideology edit
Although the Hindu Mahasabha did not call for the exclusion of other religious communities from government, it identified India as a Hindu Rashtra ("Hindu Nation") and believed in the primacy of Hindu culture, religion, and heritage.[2] The Hindu Mahasabha was opposed to the Indian caste system and policies that endorsed untouchability, and used to organize all caste dinners in Nagpur and in Kanpur.[52] Savarkar was very critical of the Indian caste system and untouchability, and among the social institutions, he saw it as the greatest curse of India.[52]
Hindutva edit
The Hindu Mahasabha promotes the principles of Hindutva, a Hindu nationalist ideology developed by its pre-eminent leader Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.[2] The Mahasabha identifies India as Hindu Rashtra ("Hindu Nation").[2]
Ideological positions edit
In 2015, Vice President of All India Hindu Mahasabha, VP Sadhvi Deva Thakur stated that Christians and Muslims must undergo forced sterilization to restrict their growing population in India, which she considered a threat to Hindus.[53][54] She declared: "The population of Muslims and Christians is growing day by day. To rein in this, Union will have to impose emergency, and Muslims and Christians will have to be forced to undergo sterilization so that they can't increase their numbers".[53][54]
In April 2015, the general secretary of the Hindu Mahasabha Munna Kumar Shukla claimed that it is not illegal to attack a church and it does not violate any law.[55] He requested the NDA government to give legal and administrative protection to the Hindus who attack churches. He justified his claim by saying that churches were only conversion factories. Shukla also promised the Mahasabha would give protection and awards to those who marry Muslim girls and attack churches. He also said that Taj Mahal would meet the same fate as Babri masjid as it was a Shiva Temple.[56]
Electoral history in Lok Sabha edit
| Year | Legislature | Seats won | Change in seats | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 1st Lok Sabha | 4 / 489 | 4 | Opposition | [57] |
| 1957 | 2nd Lok Sabha | 2 / 494 | 2 | Opposition | [58] |
| 1962 | 3rd Lok Sabha | 1 / 494 | 1 | Opposition | [59] |
| 1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | 1 / 520 | Opposition | [60] | |
| 1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | 0 / 518 | 1 | [61] | |
| 1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 0 / 542 | [62] | ||
| 1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | 0 / 542 | [63] | ||
| 1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 0 / 533 | [64] | ||
| 1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 1 / 545 | 1 | Opposition | [65] |
| 1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545 | 1 | [66] | |
| 1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545 | [67] | ||
| 1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545 | [68] | ||
| 1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 0 / 545 | [69] | ||
| 2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543 | [70] | ||
| 2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543 | [71] | ||
| 2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543 | [72] | ||
| 2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | 0 / 543 | [73] |
Electoral history in State Election edit
Assembly election history edit
| Year | Seats contested | Seats won | +/- | No. of Votes | Voteshare (%) | +/- (%) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uttar Pradesh | |||||||
| 1969 | 1 / 425 | 1 | 67,807 | 0.29% | Other | ||
| 1974 | 1 / 424 | 81,829 | 0.30% | Other | |||
| In 1977, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996 Hindu Mahasabha contested but didn't win any seats | |||||||
| 2002 | 1 / 403 | 1 | Other | ||||
| In 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022 Hindu Mahasabha contested but didn't win any seats | |||||||
| Karnataka | |||||||
| 1999 | 1 | 0 / 224 | 0 | 253 | 0.001% | None[74] | |
| 2004 | Not contested | ||||||
| 2008 | 6 | 0 / 224 | 0 | 2320 | 0.01% | None[75] | |
| 2013 | 1 | 0 / 224 | 0 | 345 | 0.001% | None[76] | |
| 2018 | 7 | 0 / 224 | 0 | 2840 | 0.01% | None[77] | |
| 2023 | 6 | 0 / 224 | |||||
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Ali, Tariq (1985). An Indian Dynasty. G.P. Putnam. p. 196.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jha 2018, pp. 1–4.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 61.
- ^ a b Six, Clemens (2017). Secularism, Decolonisation, and the Cold War in South and Southeast Asia. Routledge.
The Hindu Mahasabha, a far-right Hindu nationalist political party
- ^ Bingham, Woodbridge (1974). A History of Asia. Allyn and Bacon. p. 601.
- ^ Hauner, Milan (1981). India in Axis strategy. Klett-Cotta. p. 66.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 63.
- ^ Cush, Denise (2012). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. p. 316.
- ^ Misra, Amalendu (1999). "Savarkar and the Discourse on Islam in Pre-Independent India". Journal of Asian History. 33 (2): 175.
- ^ Chatterjee, Nirmal C. (1959). Hindu Mahasabha Tracts. Vedic Press. p. 12.
- ^ Tamadonfar, Mehran (2013). Religion and Regimes. Lexington Books. p. 125.
- ^ Delap, L (2013). Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain. Springer. p. 152.
- ^ Kumaraswamy, P.R. (2010). India's Israel Policy. Columbia University Press. p. 159.
- ^ Luce, Henry Robinson (17 October 1949). "INDIA: Anchor for Asia". Time. Vol. 54. Time Incorporated. p. 33.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Vikram Doctor (18 November 2013). "Congress: History of election symbols: How they still help to connect with the masses". The Economic Times. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
Other parties were happier with what they got – the Hindu Mahasabha had a suitably aggressive horse and rider..
- ^ McDermott, Rachel Fell; Gordon, Leonard A.; Embree, Ainslie T.; Pritchett, Frances W.; Dalton, Dennis (2014). Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Columbia University Press. pp. 439–. ISBN 978-0-231-51092-9.
- ^ Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1989). A Survey of Hinduism: First Edition. SUNY Press. pp. 403–. ISBN 978-0-88706-807-2.
- ^ Bapu 2013, pp. 20–21.
- ^ a b Bapu 2013, p. 16.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 3.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Bapu 2013, pp. 17–20.
- ^ Jaffrelot 2011, p. 43.
- ^ Bapu 2013, p. 20.
- ^ autobiography of Lajpat Rai
- ^ ISBN 9781315180076
- ^ a b Bapu 2013, p. 40.
- ^ McKean, Lise (1996). Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement. University of Chicago Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-226-56009-0. from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ a b Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar (1963). Collected Works of V.d. Savarkar. Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha. pp. 479–480.
- ^ a b Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
- ^ Mani Shankar Aiyar (1 January 2009). A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century. Penguin Books India. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-670-08275-9.
- ^ Asian Societies in Comparative Perspective: Papers Presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the Nordic Association for Southeast Asian Studies, Møn, Denmark, 1990. NIAS Press. 1991. pp. 800–. ISBN 978-87-87062-14-5.
- ^ Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7.
- ^ Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 313–. ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
- ^ Baxter, Craig (1969). The jan Sangh: A biography of an Indian Political Party. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780812275834.
- ^ Sumit Sarkar (2014). Modern India 1886-1947. Pearson Education India. pp. 349–. ISBN 978-93-325-4085-9.
- ^ a b c Bapu 2013, p. 103.
- ^ Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7.
- ^ Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad. Leaves from a Dairy. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
- ^ Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1978). History of Modern Bengal. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
- ^ Malgonkar, Manohar (2008). The Men Who Killed Gandhi. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5194-083-8.
- ^ J.L Kapur (February 2012). Report of Commission of Inquiry in to Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi (1969). South Asia Citizens Web (www.sacw.net). p. 303. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ Ali, Mohammad (15 November 2015). "Hindu Mahasabha launches a website for Nathuram Godse". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "Hindu Mahasabha pays tribute to Nathuram Godse". The Hindu. PTI. 31 January 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Chattopadhyay, Suhrid Sankar (3 October 2022). "Controversy erupts over depiction of Mahatma Gandhi as demon in Kolkata puja pandal". frontline.thehindu.com. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ Ghose, Debobrat (21 December 2014). "Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'". Firstpost. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Hindu Mahasabha announces Godse temple". Deccan Chronicle. 24 December 2014.
- ^ PTI (25 December 2014). "Pune court to hear suit against Godse film". The Hindu.
- ^ ""We Didn't Spare Gandhi": Hindu Leader Arrested Over Threat In Karnataka". NDTV.com.
- ^ a b Keer, Dhananjay (1950). Veer Savarkar. Popular Prakashan Bombay.
- ^ a b "Muslims, Christians should be forcibly sterilisation, says Hindu Mahasabha leader". Deccan Chronicle. 12 April 2015.
- ^ a b . IBNLive. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015.
- ^ "Bishops seek end to provocative remarks against Christians". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ^ Ali, Mohammad (22 April 2015). "Church attacks not illegal: Hindu outfit". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 1st Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 2nd Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 3rd Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 4th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 5th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 6th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 7th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 8th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 9th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 10th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 11th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 12th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 13th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 14th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 15th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 16th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Party-wise list of members of 17th Lok Sabha". loksabhaph.nic.in.
- ^ "Karnataka 1999". 20 August 2018.
- ^ "Karnataka 2008". 20 August 2018.
- ^ "Karnataka 2013". 20 August 2018.
- ^ "Karnataka 2018". 20 September 2018.
Sources edit
- Bapu, Prabhu (2013). Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415671651.
- Gordon, Richard (2008) [1975]. "The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National Congress, 1915 to 1926". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 9 (2): 145–203. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004960. ISSN 1469-8099. JSTOR 311959. S2CID 144467731.
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041386.
- Jha, Mithilesh K. (2018). "Hindu Mahasabha". In Long, Jeffery D.; Sherma, Rita D.; Jain, Pankai; Khanna, Madhu (eds.). Hinduism and Tribal Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_490-1. ISBN 978-94-024-1036-5.
Further reading edit
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (6 October 2014). "The other saffron". Indian Express. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- Jha, Krishna; Jha, Dhirendra K. (2012). Ayodhya: The Dark Night. HarperCollins India. ISBN 978-93-5029-600-4.
- Ghose, Debobrat (21 December 2014). "Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'". Firstpost. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- Mukherjee, Aditya; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mahajan, Sucheta (2008). RSS, School Texts and the Murder of Mahatma Gandhi. New Delhi: Sage. ISBN 978-8132100478.
External links edit
- Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha official website