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Five Star Movement

February 15, 2024

The Five Star Movement (Italian: Movimento 5 Stelle, M5S) is a political party in Italy. Its leader and president is Giuseppe Conte, Prime Minister of Italy from 2018 until 2021.[2] The M5S was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo, a political activist and comedian, and Gianroberto Casaleggio, a web strategist.[3] The party is primarily described as populist,[4][5][6] of the syncretic kind,[7][8][9] due to its members' insistence that it has no place in the left–right political spectrum.[10][11] The party is a proponent of green politics,[12] progressivism[13][14] and direct democracy.[15][16]

Five Star Movement
Movimento 5 Stelle
AbbreviationM5S
PresidentGiuseppe Conte
GuarantorBeppe Grillo
FoundersBeppe Grillo
Gianroberto Casaleggio
Founded4 October 2009; 14 years ago (2009-10-04)
HeadquartersVia Campo Marzio 46, Rome
NewspaperIl Blog delle Stelle (until 2021)
Membership (2019)133,664[1]
Ideology
European Parliament groupEFDD (2014–2019)
Non-Inscrits (since 2019)
Colors  Yellow
Chamber of Deputies
51 / 400
Senate
27 / 200
European Parliament
5 / 76
Regional Councils
59 / 896
Conference of Regions
0 / 21
Website
movimento5stelle.eu

From 2014 to 2017, the M5S was a member of the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament, along with the UK Independence Party and minor Eurosceptic parties. In January 2017, M5S members voted in favour of Grillo's proposal to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group but the party was eventually refused,[17][18] and has since sat as Non-Inscrits in the European Parliament.[19]

In November 2014, Grillo appointed a "directory" composed of five leading M: Alessandro Di Battista, Luigi Di Maio, Roberto Fico, Carla Ruocco, and Carlo Sibilia.[20][21] It lasted until the following October when Grillo dissolved it and proclaimed himself the political head of the M5S.[22] From the foundation until 2021, Grillo also formally served as president of the association named "Five Star Movement"; his nephew Enrico Grillo served as vice-president and his accountant Enrico Maria Nadasi as secretary.[23][24] In the 2017 M5S leadership election, Di Maio was voted in an online primary with 82% of the vote as political head and candidate for Prime Minister, while Grillo continued to be M5S's "guarantor".[25][26] In January 2018, Grillo separated his own blog, which was used the party's online newspaper, with the brand-new Blog delle Stelle.[27] After the 2021 M5S leadership election, a new statute was approved and Conte became the new president, while Grillo continued to be the guarantor of the movement.[28] During the years, the M5S went through several splits, most recently and notably in June 2022, when Di Maio formed Together for the Future.[29]

In the 2013 Italian general election, the M5S was the second-most popular single party and the third-most popular grouping, behind the centre-left coalition and the centre-right coalition.[30] The M5S turned down a coalition offer with the centre-left coalition and entered opposition.[31][32] In 2016, Chiara Appendino and Virginia Raggi, both members of the M5S, were elected mayors of Turin and Rome, respectively.[33] The M5S opposed the reforms proposed in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum.[34] In the 2018 Italian general election, the M5S became the largest party in the Italian Parliament,[35][36][37] and has since been part of government with both right-wing and left-wing coalitions.[38][39] The 2022 Italian general election saw a strong decrease in support for the party, which scored 15% and was the third most voted party but due the electoral law was the fourth party by seats in Parliament, where they sat at the opposition.[40] Thanks in part to a strong performance in southern Italy, the M5S defied single-digits polls in July 2022,[41] and they won single-member constituencies in the South that otherwise would have been won by the centre-right coalition.[42][43]

History edit

Meetups edit

On 16 July 2005, Beppe Grillo suggested through his blog that supporters adopt social networks, such as Meetup, to communicate and coordinate local meetings. The first "40 Friends of Beppe Grillo" meetups began with the initial aim to "have fun, get together, share ideas and proposals for a better world, starting from one's own city, and discuss and develop my posts, if you believe them".[44] Meetups featured thematic working groups on topics entitled "technology and innovation", "press-communication", "ethical consumerism", "currency study", "no incinerators", and others.[45][46] From these beginnings, Grillo was asked to stand in the October 2005 centre-left coalition primaries for the selection of the prime ministerial candidate of The Union.[47]

On three occasions (17 December 2005 in Turin, 26 March 2006 in Piacenza, and 16 to 18 June 2006 in Sorrento), the representatives of the Friends of Beppe Grillo meetups held national meetings with Grillo, where proposals regarding environmental issues such as the replacement of polluting incinerators with systems applying mechanical-biological waste treatment were discussed.[48]

During the fourth national meeting held in Genoa on 3 February 2007, Grillo announced his desire to provide an autonomous space during his touring shows for local meetup activists.[49] On 14 July 2007, some civic list representatives who participated in local elections the previous spring met in Parma to establish a national coordination between associations, movements, and organisations. They met to practice promoting and experimenting with direct and participatory democracy, and to share a document of intent, which included the establishment of proposals, abrogative referendums, the direct election of the Ombudsman, the institution of participatory budgeting, a bound mandate for public administrators, and open primaries.[50]

V-Days edit

 
V-Day in Bologna, 2007

On 14 June 2007, Grillo launched Vaffanculo Day (Fuck-off Day), or V-Day, in Bologna. V-Day was meant to mobilise the collection of signatures to submit a popular initiative seeking to introduce preferences in the current electoral law and to prevent parliamentary candidate nominations for the criminally convicted and those who have already completed two terms in office.[51]

The name V-Day was chosen to reflect four references. The first refers to the Normandy landings of the Allies in Normandy during World War II to symbolise how Italian citizens would invade bad policy. The second refers to the motion picture and graphic novel V for Vendetta, which the M5S frequently relates with its principles of political renewal (the logo of the movement shares the use of a red V symbol with the franchise). The third refers to the interjection vaffanculo ("fuck you") directed at bad policy, while the fourth is a reference to the Roman numeral for five.[52]

V-Day, which continued the "Clean Parliament" initiative promoted by Grillo since 2006, took place in many Italian cities on 8 September 2007 to evoke the state of confusion caused by the Badoglio Proclamation on 8 September 1943. On that day, 336,000 signatures were collected, far exceeding the 50,000 required to file a popular initiative law. For the occasion, Michele Serra coined the term grillismo.[53]

V2-Day was organised for 25 April 2008, a second day of action aimed at collecting signatures for three referendums. On 29 and 30 September 2007 in Lucca, several members of the meetups and local civic lists, in the initial wake of the discussions started on the net and in the wake of the previous meeting of Perugia, defined the policies for the establishment of civic lists. On 10 October 2007, Grillo gave guidance on how to create the civic lists.[54]

Five Star Civic Lists edit

On 3 December 2008, Grillo presented the symbol of the Five Star Civic Lists for the 2009 local elections. The logo in the V of citizenship is a reference to V-Day.[55] On 17 February 2009 in Bologna, a gathering of civic lists discussed the future of the movement and the coming elections. In particular, Sonia Alfano consulted with the activist base of the movement about her possible candidacy for the European Parliament as an independent candidate with the Italy of Values (IdV) list. She became the first Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from the M5S.[56]

On 8 March 2009, the first national meeting of the Five Star Civic Lists was held in Florence, where Grillo presented the Charter of Florence, a 12-point program of the various local civic lists in the afternoon. About twenty local groups presented their ideas and experiences. In April 2009, Grillo announced he had received a letter from Nobel Prize winner in economics Joseph Stiglitz in which he declared he would look carefully at the experience of local civic lists promoted through the blog.[57]

On 29 March 2009, Grillo announced that in the upcoming 2009 European Parliament election in Italy he would support Luigi de Magistris and Sonia Alfano (figures close to the movement) as independent candidates in the lists of IdV, together with the journalist Carlo Vulpio (also close to the movement).[58] On 11 June, De Magistris and Alfano, candidates in all five constituencies, were elected to the European Parliament, resulting in the first and second preferences (of 419 000 and 143 000). In the same election, as stated by Grillo, 23 councillors were elected from the Five Star Civic Lists, especially in the municipalities of Emilia-Romagna in North Italy.[59]

On 9 September 2009, the launch of the National Five Star Movement (M5S), inspired by the ideologies of the Charter of Florence, was announced.[60] On 4 October 2009, Grillo, along with Gianroberto Casaleggio, Grillo declared the birth of the M5S and presented a programme at the Emerald Theatre in Milan.[61]

2010–2012 regional and local elections edit

During the 2010 Italian regional elections, the M5S obtained notable results in the five regions where it ran a candidate for president, as Giovanni Favia gained 7.0% of the vote in Emilia-Romagna (6.0% for the list, with two regional councillors elected); Davide Bono 4.1% in Piedmont (3.7%, two councillors); David Borrelli 3.2% in Veneto (2.6%, no councillors); Vito Crimi 3.0% in Lombardy (2.3%, no councillors); and Roberto Fico 1.3% in Campania (1.3%, no councillors).[62]

In the 2011 Italian local elections on 15 and 16 May, the M5S was present in 75 of the 1,177 municipalities in the vote, including 18 of the 23 provincial capitals called to vote. In the first round, the M5S entered its representatives in 28 municipalities (for a total of 34 elected councillors) and often resulting in some important decisive ballots.[63] Its best results were in the cities and towns of the center-north, especially in Emilia-Romagna, where the list achieved a share of the vote of between 9% and 12% in Bologna, Rimini, and Ravenna), and Piedmont. In Southern Italy, it rarely obtained 2% of the vote.[64]

 
Beppe Grillo in Trento during the 2013 electoral campaign

In the 2011 Molise regional election on 16 and 17 October, the M5S had its own candidate for the presidency and its own list. The list received 2.27% of the votes and the presidential candidate garnered 5.60% of the vote, but the movement achieved no seats.[65]

In the 2012 Italian local elections, the M5S did well in several cities of the Northern Italy, notably in Genoa (14.1%),[66] Verona (9.5%),[67] Parma (19.9%), Monza (10.2%),[68] and Piacenza (10.0%).[69] In the small Venetian town of Sarego, the M5S's candidate was elected mayor with 35.2% of the vote (there is no run-off in towns with less than 15,000 inhabitants).[70] In the run-offs, it won the mayorships of Parma (60.2%),[71] Mira (52.5%),[72] and Comacchio (69.2%).[73] After the election, the M5S consistently scored around 15–20% nationally in opinion polls, frequently ahead of the centre-right The People of Freedom (PdL) and second to the centre-left Democratic Party (PD).[74]

In the 2012 Sicilian regional election on 28 October, the M5S fielded Giancarlo Cancelleri as candidate. The campaign kicked off with Grillo's arrival in Messina on 10 October swimming from the mainland.[75][76] In the election, Cancelleri came third with 18.2% of the vote, while the M5S was the most voted for party at 14.9%, obtaining 15 seats out of 90 in the Sicilian Regional Assembly in a very fragmented political landscape;[77] however, the election was characterised by low participation as only 47.4% of eligible voters turned out to vote.[78]

2013 general election edit

Further information: 2013 Italian general election

On 29 October 2012, Grillo announced guidelines for candidates wishing to stand in the 2013 general election.[79][80] For the first time in Italy, the candidates were chosen by party members through an online primary, which took place 3 to 6 December.[81] On 12 December 2012, Grillo expelled two leading members from the party (Giovanni Favia, regional councillor of Emilia-Romagna, and Federica Salsi, municipal councillor in Bologna) for breaking the party's rules. The former had talked about the lack of democracy within the party while the latter had taken part in a political talk show on Italian television, something that was discouraged and later forbidden by Grillo.[82]

On 22 February 2013, a large crowd of 800,000 people attended Grillo's final rally before the 2013 general election in Piazza San Giovanni in Rome.[83] On 24 and 25 February 2013, the M5S contested all Italian constituencies; Grillo was listed as head of the coalition, although he was not an electoral candidate. The vote for M5S in the Chamber of Deputies reached 25.55% of the vote in Italy and 9.67% for overseas voters, a total of 8,784,499 votes, making it the second most voted-for list after the PD, which acquired 25.42% of the votes in Italy and 29.9% abroad, or 8,932,615 votes, electing 108 deputies. The M5S vote for the Senate of the Republic was 23.79% in Italy and 10% abroad, a total of 7,375,412 votes, second only to the PD, which garnered 8,674,893 votes, electing 54 senators. The party gained a higher share of the vote than was predicted by any of the opinion polls. The M5S won 25.6% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies, more than any other single party; however, both the centre-left coalition (Italia. Bene Comune) dominated by the PD, and the PdL-led centre-right coalition, obtained more votes as coalitions. The M5S was the largest party in the Abruzzo, Marche, Liguria, Sicily, and Sardinia regions.[84]

On 21 March 2013, Luigi Di Maio was elected vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies with 173 votes. Aged 26, he was the youngest vice-president of the house to date.[85][86]

2014 European Parliament election edit

Further information: 2014 European Parliament election in Italy

Competing in its first European election, with a surge in popularity in February 2013,[87] the M5S won second place at the 2014 European Parliament election held on 26 May, receiving 21.15% of the vote and returning 17 MEP.[88]

 
Grillo addressing the crowd in Rome, 2014

In the run-up to the Eighth European Parliament term, the M5S lacked a European affiliation and sought a European parliament group. Initial negotiations were held with Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) co-president Nigel Farage and The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA).[89][90] On 4 June 2014, The Greens/EFA rejected Grillo's attempts to obtain group membership.[91] On 11 June 2014, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group rejected the M5S as a potential affiliate in a statement citing the party's perceived Euroscepticism and populism.[92] In an online referendum offered to M5S members on 12 June 2014, the choice of European Parliament affiliation offered were Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD), the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), or to become Non-Inscrits.[93] Party activists voted 78.1% to join the EFD group.[94] On 18 June 2014, it was announced that the EFD group had enough MEPs to continue into the 8th European Parliament term.[95] On 24 June 2014, M5S MEP David Borrelli was chosen as the group's new co-president and the EFD group name was amended to Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) for the upcoming parliament.[96][97] The EFDD group lost its official group status on 16 October 2014 after the defection of Latvian MEP Iveta Grigule until Polish MEP Robert Iwaszkiewicz joined the group four days later.[98]

On 17 November 2015, after an online poll in which 40,995 people took part, the movement changed its logo to replace the URL of co-founder Grillo (beppegrillo.it) with the official movement URL.[99] The other option was to remove Grillo's URL entirely, replacing it with nothing. The grounds for the removal of Grillo's name was that "the 5 Star Movement is mature enough and is preparing to govern Italy, so I believe it's correct not to associate it to a name anymore".[100]

Gianroberto Casaleggio's death edit

The movement's founder and main strategist Gianroberto Casaleggio died on 12 April 2016 in Milan, at the age of 61, after a long period of illness due to brain cancer.[101] After his death, his son Davide was appointed as the president of Casaleggio Associati and took his father's office as leader and strategist of the M5S.[102]

2018 general election edit

Further information: 2018 Italian general election and Conte I Cabinet

For the 2018 general election, the M5S presented a programme whose main points are the introduction of a basic income, known as the citizens' income, to fight poverty, a measure that would cost between €15 and €20 billion annually, plus the cut of the public debt by 40 points in relation to GDP in ten years, the adoption of measures to revitalise youth employment, a cut in pensions of over €5,000 net not entirely based on the contribution method, the reduction of IRPEF rates and the extension of the income tax threshold, and the increase in spending on family welfare measures from 1.5 to 2.5% of GDP. On 4 March, none of the three main groupings, namely the M5S, the centre-right coalition, and the centre-left coalition led by the Democratic Party (PD), won a majority of seats in the Italian Parliament, although the M5S became the largest individual party, with 32.7% of the vote and 227 seats in the Chamber.[103] In May, the M5S entered into coalition talks with centre-left PD, but party secretary Matteo Renzi publicly criticised and rejected the deal being discussed by his fellow party members; the M5S then turned to the League. The talks resulted in the proposal for the self-described Government of Change under the leadership of Giuseppe Conte, a law professor close to the M5S.[104] The formation of the cabinet initially failed on 27 May as President Sergio Mattarella did not agree on the appointment of Paolo Savona as the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance due to his perceived Euroscepticism.[105][106]

After the 2018 general election, the M5S started a decline in both opinion polls, deputies and senators, and election results, starting with the 2019 European Parliament election. Into the 2018 general election, the M5S proposed a constitutional law that would have obliged members of parliament to resign if they intend to change party.[107] The M5S had won 227 deputies and 112 senators; by February 2022, the party had declined to 157 deputies and 62 senators, though it remained the biggest party in both houses of parliament.[108][109] The first defections came when the deputy Andrea Mura was removed by the M5S for his abstentionism and later resigned from his duties,[110][111] while the deputy Matteo Dall'Osso left the party to join Forza Italia (FI), Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right party,[112] and the senators Saverio De Bonis and Gregorio De Falco were ejected due to their opposition to policies of the M5S–League government.[113] Further defections came in 2019, when the deputy Sara Cunial was ejected after accusing the M5S of "favouring agromafia",[114] the senator Paola Nugnes, who would later join the left-wing parliamentary group Free and Equal (LeU) as an independent representative of the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), was removed from the M5S after voting against Salvini's decrees on immigration,[115] as did the deputies Veronica Giannone and Gloria Vizzini, who opposed some of the M5S–League government's legislation,[116] while the deputy Davide Galantino, who would later join the right-wing Brothers of Italy,[117] left the M5S to join the Mixed Group,[118] as did the senator Elena Fattori, who joined Italian Left (SI) in January 2021.[119][120]

2019 European Parliament election edit

Further information: 2019 European Parliament election in Italy
 
Map showing the 2019 European Parliament election result

In the 2019 European Parliament election in May, the M5S saw decline in its vote share and the number of seats held from 21.2% of the vote and 17 seats to 17.1% of the vote and 14 seats.[121][122] The results were seen as a significant defeat for the party, as the League was able to surpass the M5S in terms of vote share and seats by a large margin. Additionally, the results showed the party had seen a significant decline since the 2018 general election.[123]

After the results, Di Maio called a vote of confidence in his leadership after several officials criticised him; transperency of the Rousseau platform, the online platform used by the party, was questioned earlier on in the year.[124] On 31 May 2019, Di Maio won the vote of confidence, with the support of 80% of 56,127 members who voted on the motion. Afterwards, Di Maio pledged to reform the party.[125][126]

2019 government crisis edit

Further information: 2019 Italian government crisis and Conte II Cabinet

In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Conte after growing tensions within the majority.[127][128] Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the League's standing in the Italian Parliament, ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister.[129] On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which he accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest",[130] Prime Minister Conte resigned his post to President Sergio Mattarella.[131]

On 21 August, President Mattarella started the consultations with all the parliamentary groups. On the same day, the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the M5S,[130] based on pro-Europeanism, a green economy, sustainable development, the fight against economic inequality, and a new immigration policy.[132] In the days that preceded the second round, a confrontation between the PD and the M5S started,[133] while the left-wing parliamentary group LeU announced its support for a potential M5S–PD cabinet.[134] On 28 August, the PD's newly-elected secretary Nicola Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favourable position on forming a new government with the M5S, with Conte at its head.[135] On the same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet.[136] On 3 September, members of the M5S voted on the Rousseau platform in favour of an agreement with the PD under the premiership of Conte, with more than 79% of votes out of nearly 80,000 voters.[137] On 4 September, Conte announced the ministers of his new cabinet, which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace on the following day.[138] On 18 September, Renzi left the PD to found the centrist liberal party Italia Viva (IV); he then joined the government with IV to keep the League and Salvini out of power.[139]

During Conte's second government, the M5S continued to suffer parliamentary defections, among them the senator Gelsomina Vono, who left the M5S to join first IV an then FI,[140][141] the senator Elena Fattori,[142] who moved to the Mixed Group and then joined SI in January 2021.[119][120] while the senator Ugo Grassi, Stefano Lucidi, and Francesco Urraro joined the League.[143] Additionally, the education ministry Lorenzo Fioramonti left the M5S to join the Mixed Group,[144] the senator Gianluigi Paragone, who would later found the Eurosceptic Italexit party and was joined by the senators Carlo Martelli and Mario Giarrusso,[145] was ejected for voting against the finance bill and for his lack of confidence vote to Conte's second cabinet,[146] the deputies Nunzio Angiola and Gianluca Rospi joined the Mixed Group,[147] as did the deputies Santi Cappellani,[148] Massimiliano De Toma, Rachele Silvestri,[149] Nadia Aprile, and Michele Nitti,[150] who joined the PD, and the senator Luigi Di Marzio,[151] while the deputy Flora Frate was expelled from the M5S for failure to return her salary.[152]

2020 leadership crisis edit

On 22 January, four days before the 2020 Italian regional elections, Di Maio resigned as party leader and was replaced ad interim by Vito Crimi.[153] On 15 June, the conservative Spanish newspaper ABC reported that then-Foreign Minister of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro paid Gianroberto Casaleggio €3.5 million in 2010 to finance an "anticapitalist, leftist movement in the Italian Republic". Davide Casaleggio said this was fake news that had already surfaced in 2016.[154]

2021–2022 government crises edit

Further information: 2021 Italian government crisis and 2022 Italian government crisis
 
Giuseppe Conte at the Quirinal Palace

On 26 January 2021, Conte resigned as Prime Minister. On 11 February, registered members of the party were made to vote on whether to join a government headed by Mario Draghi government through the SkyVote platform; 59% voted in favour.[155] The debate over whether to support the Draghi government led to a split in the party,[156] and the party expelled parliamentarians who voted against Draghi,[157] and would soon found Alternative,[158][159] and ManifestA later in February 2022.[160][161] Prominent member Alessandro Di Battista, who opposed the party's decision, left the M5S on 11 February.[162]

On 23 April, M5S and its web platform called Rousseau separated from one another. This was mainly due to a strained relationship as many parliamentarians refused to cover costs of the Rousseau Association. This resulted on the association cutting its ties and sending its employees home on reduced pay. Additionally, disagreements between Davide Casaleggio and Conte over the latter's proposed reforms led to an increasingly strained relationship. After the separation, the M5S accused the association of interference in the party's decisions.[163] In May 2021, Isabella Adinolfi became the eighth MEP to defect from the M5S since the 2019 European Parliament election.[164][165] In July 2021, the senator Matteo Mantero left the M5S to join Power to the People.[166]

On 6 August, after a two-day online election in which 67,064 members voted, Conte was elected president of the M5S, with 62,242 votes (93%) in favour.[167][168] The M5S suffered significant losses in the 2021 Italian regional elections in October, particularly the mayor of Rome Virginia Raggi, who was decisively defeated.[169] In November 2021, the senator Emanuele Dessì left the M5S to join the Communist Party.[170] On 7 February 2022, the court of Naples suspended the resolutions regarding the change in the M5S statute and the election of Conte as president of the M5S.[171] On 21 June, Di Maio announced a split over foreign policy disagreements with Conte's faction,[172][173] leading the formation of the Together for the Future parliamentary group,[174] joined by 51 deputies and 11 senators formerly of M5S.[175]

During 2022, rumours arose around a possible withdrawal of M5S's support to the national unity government, including allegations that Draghi privately criticised Conte and asked Grillo to replace him.[176][177] This came amid tension between the M5S and the Draghi government on economic,[178][179] environmental,[180] and foreign policy issues.[181][182] On 12 July, Draghi stated he would resign if the M5S withdraws its support to the government.[183] On 14 July, the M5S revoked the support to the government of national unity regarding a decree concerning economic stimulus to contrast the ongoing energy crisis,[184] leading to a government crisis,[185][186][187] and the collapse of Draghi's government on 21 July.[188][189] Parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called for September 2022.[190][191][192]

2022 general election edit

Further information: 2022 Italian general election

Some early opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election showed that the only way to avoid a right-wing alliance victory was the formation of a large big tent coalition including the M5S, minor left-wing and centrist parties, and their 2019–2021 government ally, the PD.[193][194][195] As the M5S was blamed by the PD for causing the fall of Mario Draghi's government,[196] an alliance was excluded from both sides, despite some pressure from the left to maintain the PD–M5S alliance.[197] They remained allies at the regional level, such as in Liguria and Sicily, though not without criticism and issues.[198][199] Under Conte's leadership in 2022, the M5S declared themselves to be part of the progressive pole and to be to the left of the PD;[200] their campaign centered around the minimum wage and in defence of the citizens' income from right-wing criticism.[201]

In the general election held on 25 September, the M5S defied single-digit polls before the campaign and reached 15%. Thanks to its stronghold in the South, the party was able to avoid an even bigger win for the centre-right coalition, which was favoured by the Italian electoral law of 2017 and division within the left and centre.[42][43] For the first time since 2018, the M5S returned at the opposition level and voted against Giorgia Meloni's government, which had been sworn in on 22 October, in the confidence vote in both houses of the Italian Parliament on 25–26 October.[202][203][204] Conte said he would lead an "uncompromising opposition" and added: "We will be the outpost for the progressive agenda against inequalities, to protect families and businesses in difficulty, to defend the rights and values of our Constitution."[205]

Ideology edit

The M5S was conceived as a post-ideological movement,[206] within the context of post-modern politics,[207] and has been described as anti-establishment,[208][209][210] environmentalist,[15][211][212] progressive[213][214] and populist.[215] It has promoted left-wing issues, such as a basic income and green-inspired policies,[216] and has been compared to the anti-austerity movement in Spain, Pirate parties, and Occupy Wall Street.[217] From 2014 to 2019, the M5S also supported some right-wing policies, especially on immigration,[218][219] and has been described as a New Right or right-wing party,[220][221] or also compared to the post-war populism of Guglielmo Giannini's Common Man's Front.[222] Additionally, it has been variously described as anti-globalist,[223][224][225] anti-immigration,[226][227] big tent,[228][229] Eurosceptic,[230][231][232] and pro-Russian.[233][234] Its members stress that the M5S is not a party but a movement, and the five stars in the name and logo are a reference to five key issues for the party, among them the common good, integral ecology, social justice, technological innovation, and a green economy. The M5S has promoted e-democracy,[235] direct democracy,[16][236] the principle of "zero-cost politics",[237] degrowth,[238] and nonviolence.[239] Grillo himself once provocatively referred to the movement as populist.[240]

In the M5S, themes are derived from ecology and anti-particracy, promoting the direct participation of citizens, who converge in the management of public affairs through forms of digital democracy, such as e-democracy. The movement wants to be a "democratic encounter outside of party and associative ties and without the mediation of directive or representational organisms, recognizing to all users of the Internet the role of government and direction that is normally attributed to a few".[241] From the economic point of view, it embraces the theories of degrowth, supporting the creation of "green jobs", and the rejection of polluting and expensive "great works", including incinerators and high-speed rail, aiming for an overall better quality of life and greater social justice.[242] The M5S proposes the adoption of large-scale energy projects, elimination of waste, sustainable mobility, protection of territory from overbuilding, and remote work.[243] The movement's political discourse often refers to the Internet as a solution to many social, economic, and environmental problems. This approach bears similarities with North American cyber-utopianism and the Californian Ideology.[217]

Direct democracy edit

The movement bases its principles on direct democracy as an evolution of representative democracy. The idea is that citizens will no longer delegate their power to parties, which are considered to be old and corrupted intermediates between the state and themselves, that serve the interests of lobby groups and financial powers. They will succeed only by creating a collective intelligence made possible by the Internet.[241]

To go in this direction, the M5S chose its Italian and European parliamentary candidates through online voting by registered members of Grillo's blog.[244][245] Through an application called Rousseau reachable on the web,[246] the registered users of M5S discuss, approve, or reject legislative proposals submitted then in Parliament by the M5S group. As an example, the M5S electoral law was shaped through a series of online votes,[247] like the name of the M5S candidate for President of Italy.[248] The choice to support the abolition of a law against immigrants was taken online by members of the M5S, even if the final decision was against the opinions of Grillo and Casaleggio.[249] The partnership with the UK Independence Party was also decided by online voting, although the given options for the choice of European Parliament group for M5S were limited to Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD), European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), and to stay independent (Non-Inscrits). The option of joining the Greens/EFA group was discussed, but this option was not available at the time of the voting due to that group's prior rejection of the M5S.[91][250]

Internet edit

Andrea Ballatore and Simone Natale wrote about how digital utopianism plays a pivotal role in M5S's worldview, saying that Grillo and Casaleggio describe the web as a "transparent, unified, coherent entity", with its own logic, laws, agency and disruptive agenda. They say that the web, which acts as a mythical panacea, can, and wants to cure the social and economic ills of Italy, leading the nation towards a more prudent future. They also say that the web is described as a "supermedium", which will significantly change all political, social, informational, and organisational processes.[217] Roberto Biorcio says that Grillo used the internet as a way for widespread dissemination of their politics consisting of two elements. The first is the idea that the people can express their feelings of vaffanculo, which literally translates as "fuck you", or "fuck off", aimed at the entirety of the political class. This was at the same time an attempt to transform protest into legitimate political action, as they gathered 450,000 signatures for three legislative initiatives created to promulgate a "clean parliament".[251] Eric Turner stipulates that despite the Internet being promoted by Grillo as horizontal and without hierarchy, many people in Italy critique that claim as being deceiving. He quotes blogger Massimo Mantetellini by saying that the mass comments and posts created by the M5S actually create confusion and allows a top-down modality in which the leaders do not follow their own ideas and principles.[252]

Environmental, economic, and social issues edit

The M5S has roots in environmentalism, as well as a left-wing stance on some major social issues. Fabio Bordignon states that the very first battles of Grillo's people had their roots relating to but not exclusively environmentalism and renewable energy, the problems of poverty and precarious employment, the battles against the power of big business and the effects of globalisation, and the morality of the political sphere and civil rights. He goes on to say that roughly about 10–15% of the laws proposed over the years are dedicated to the environment alone.[253] Paolo Natale says that in the first years of the party's major success around 2012, the M5S was made up of mainly younger generations of people, and for the most part males who had received high levels of education as well as having left-wing political stances. He states that these people were searching for alternative ways of participating in politics besides the regular scheme of what existed, and especially to achieve good administration, high-quality public transport, and green spaces, but with sensitivity to problems linked to local crime.[254]

To exemplify how the M5S ranks among other parties for social and environmental stances for the 2013 general election, Nicolò Conti created a chart using poll data, the various parties' individual manifestos, and how these preferences interacted and translated into a policy space that the parties contested. His results were that the M5S ranks first among other parties in welfare expansion, environmental protection, and market regulation, where welfare expansion meant the expansion of public social services and excludes education, environmental protection meant policies in favour of preserving/conserving the environment, and market regulation meant policies designed to create an equitable and open economic market.[255]

Anti-corruption edit

One of the most important rules of M5S is that politics is a temporary service; no one who has already been elected twice at any level (local or national) can be a candidate again and has to return to their original job.[241] Another feature of the movement is the so-called "zero-cost politics",[237] according to which politics must not become a career and way to make money. Belonging to the movement requires the self-reduction of the salaries of the citizens elected.[256][257] The movement also rejects campaign contributions. In the 2012 regional elections, the Sicilian wing of the M5S decided to allocate the money saved by the reduction of the salaries of their elected to a fund for microcredit to help small and medium enterprises.[258] In the 2013 general election, the M5S stated to have rejected over €42 million of public electoral refunds,[259] supporting its expenses for the campaign with crowdfunding through the blog.[260]

To be M5S candidates, citizens must not have a criminal record.[241] The party also supports initiatives to ban politicians with criminal records from being elected. Among the greater political battles of M5S is the ethical commitment to a greater simplicity and transparency to counter the practice of holding two or more positions,[261][262] which show the intricate conflicts of interest between any organisation, subsequently strengthened by public register,[263] as a way to avoid centralisations that are nepotistic and clientelistic.[264]

Same-sex marriage edit

On 15 July 2012, Grillo publicly expressed his support for same-sex marriage,[265] when the subject was discussed in the PD's National Assembly.[266] In offering his support to marriage between homosexual citizens, Grillo broke his silence on the subject; some observers had speculated he opposed same-sex marriage.[267]

On 28 October 2014, an online referendum took place among the activists of the M5S on the recognition of same-sex civil partnerships, in which 21,360 voted in favour and 3,908 voted to oppose it.[268] In February 2016, the M5S decided not to officially back the proposal of recognition of stepchild adoption for same-sex civil partnerships, refusing to take an official stand, and gave its parliamentarians freedom to vote their conscience on the matter.[269]

The M5S supports the DDL Zan, an anti-homophobia law, which failed to pass in 2020. In the aftermath, the M5S defended itself from accusations by Italia Viva.[270] On 31 March 2022, Senator Alessandra Maiorino introduced a bill to legalise same-sex marriage.[271]

No alliances edit

Grillo's campaign has an unwillingness to form alliances as a result of his refusal to be associated or characterised like any of the older political families including the centre-left and centre-right coalitions. As the government itself is made up of both centre-left and centre-right coalition parties, the M5S has had difficulties coming to an agreement with any of the other parties in both 2013 and 2018, where a supportive alliance between the M5S and the centre-left coalition was discussed in both election before leading to different outcomes. Despite the different views within the party, the issues on which the movement agrees keep the party intact through advocating the main five principles of the M5S.[272] A Tecné poll in the aftermath of the 2018 Italian general election suggested that 56% of M5S voters preferred a government coalition between M5S and the League. A coalition between the M5S and the centre-right coalition as a whole was preferred by only 4%. 22% preferred a coalition between the M5S, the centre-left coalition led by the Democratic Party (PD), and the left-wing Free and Equal (LeU). A technocratic government was only supported by 1% of the M5S's voters.[273]

Since the formation of the left-leaning government with the PD and LeU, the M5S opened up to alliances with the centre-left coalition, such as for local and regional elections. This, among other factors, reflected poorly in opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election, which saw a decline for the M5S in the immediate months after the election and fell to third place since the 2019 European Parliament election,[39] to single digit-polls before the campaign. 2023 could have been the first alliance at the national level with the PD and the centre-left coalition but the fall of the Draghi government, to which both the M5S and PD belonged as national unity, caused a rift in July 2022 and led to snap elections on 25 September. As the PD blamed it on the M5S as an attempt to gain ground in the polls, while the M5S criticised the PD for not moving on from Draghi, it led to the breakdown of talks.[274][275][276] Ultimately, the lack of alliance between the centre and the left, including an electoral law favouring coalitions, led to the win for the centre-right coalition.[42][43]

Immigration edit

The M5S's position on immigration has been ambiguous. On 23 December 2016, Grillo wrote in his blog that all illegal immigrants should be expelled from Italy, that the Schengen Agreement should be temporarily suspended in the event of a terrorist attack until the threat has been removed, and that there should be revision of the Dublin Regulation.[277][278] On 21 April 2017, Grillo published a piece questioning the role non-governmental organisations (NGOs) operating rescue ships off Libya are playing in the migrant crisis, asking where are they getting their money, and strongly suggesting they may be aiding traffickers.[279] On 5 August 2017, Luigi Di Maio, who led the M5S in the 2018 general election, called for "an immediate stop to the sea-taxi service" bringing migrants to Europe.[280]

During their 2018–2019 government with the League, the M5S approved Matteo Salvini's anti-immigration degrees, for which their future government allies, the PD, which had opposed it, criticised when the M5S declared themselves to be part of the progressive pole and to the left of the PD during the 2022 campaign.[281] During their government with the PD in 2019–2021, the decrees were partially abolished. Conte later claimed credit, when he first signed the law, for having moderated and made them less extreme than they originally were at the time, and criticised them in an interview to the Corriere della Sera, blaming them on Salvini.[282] In August 2022, Conte fully disown them.[283]

Rhetoric edit

On 28 January 2014, Giorgio Sorial, a deputy of the M5S, accused President Giorgio Napolitano of being a hangman who repressed opponents.[284][285] Prime Minister Enrico Letta immediately defended President Napolitano, charging the M5S with being extremists.[286] The following day, Angelo Tofalo, another deputy of the M5S, ended his speech in the Chamber of Deputies by shouting Boia chi molla! ("Hangman the one who gives up!") a famous motto used during the Italian Fascist era.[287][288] The M5S members, especially its leader Beppe Grillo, have been accused of being too vulgar and verbally violent.[289][290]

A M5S demonstration inside the Chamber of Deputies against a law approved by the government, which happened in January 2014,[291][292] caused a brawl between the M5S, the centrist Civic Choice, the right-wing Brothers of Italy, and the centre-left Democratic Party.[293] Following insults to the president of the Chamber of Deputies Laura Boldrini,[294] Italian journalist Corrado Augias stated on 31 January 2014 that the violence used by the M5S reminded him of fascism.[295] The following day, a militant activist of the M5S burned some of Augias's books and uploaded the photos to his Facebook profile because according to him "Augias offended the movement".[296] This episode was readily taken up by major national newspapers and heavily criticised by public opinion due to some similarities with Nazi book burnings.[297] Grillo criticised the action, saying the person who uploaded the photos did not represent the movement.[298]

In the 2018 general campaign, the M5S said that they would not have given public money to banks.[299] In 2019, the M5S–League coalition government gave its consent to the possible bailout of Banca Carige's debt, consisting of an amount of up to 1.6 billion dollars, to compensate bondholders and shareholders. The M5S had previously criticised a similar bailout of Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena approved by the Paolo Gentiloni's centre-left government.[300]

European affiliation edit

About the politics of the European Union and the euro, the M5S has often been highly critical but ambiguous. On 12 June 2014, having been rejected by the Greens/EFA,[301] and also by ALDE,[302] the M5S offered its activists a limited-choice online referendum to choose a parliamentary group for the party. 78% of participating activists voted for the Eurosceptic EFDD.[94][303]

In January 2017, the M5S tried to change its group inside the European Parliament, moving from the EFDD to the ALDE. Despite an initial agreement, ALDE leader Guy Verhofstadt refused the M5S' admission to the group due to insufficient guarantees to come to a common position on European integration.[304] The attempted move caused a chilling of relations with EFDD leader Nigel Farage, who was not informed about the M5S' agreement with the ALDE.[305] Grillo was critical of the rejection and blamed "the establishment" for preventing them joining the ALDE.[306] On 9 January, the Radio Radicale news correspondent David Carretta published documents about the financial and political benefits which would have accrued to the M5S for its admission to ALDE on Twitter.[307]

In December 2017, Di Maio stated that he supported a referendum for Italy to leave the eurozone and would vote to leave.[308] He rejected his previous position in January 2018,[309] refusing the idea of a referendum on the euro, which cannot be done by constitution and was previously strongly supported by the movement.[310] In February 2018, Di Maio stated that "European Union is the Five Star Movement's home".[311] In September 2019, Di Maio confirmed that the goal was to change Europe from the inside.[312]

In November 2021, the party discussed switching to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group in the European Parliament.[313][314]

Internal organisation edit

The party has been characterised as an entrepreneurial party.[315] During the 2010 Italian regional elections, some parties highlighted a contradiction between the voluntary collective action in the struggles of civil society and openness in political representation.[316][317][318] Also in 2010, there were tensions between the movement and Italy of Values.[319]

 
Grillo (on the right) with Giovanni Favia (on the left), who was expelled from the M5S in 2011

In March 2012, Valentino Tavolazzi, a city councillor in Rimini, advocated a national meeting on behalf of the movement,[320][321] which gathered about 150 participants. At the meeting, there was both praise and criticism from the participants including from the few politicians who were present.[322] The meeting took a harsh stance on the "conditions of Regulation M5S" because it was discovered to be in conflict with the statutes of its Civic Party of origin Project for Ferrara. In response, they lost the use of the logo,[323][324] and were banned from taking any position on behalf of M5S, which was portrayed as a controversial move regarding internal democracy.[325][326][327]

Since 2007, Grillo has criticised the cost of politics by supporting the reduction of payment for deputies and senators.[328] Based on this policy, the benefits received by members of parliament would not exceed €5,000 gross per month, with any surplus returned to the state with solidarity allowance, also called end-term; however, according to Giovanni Favia, the regional director of the M5S, the deduction of €5,000 gross salary of parliamentarians is contrary to the principles of the movement as it would result in a reduction of only €2,500 net. In an interview published in several newspapers in November 2012, Favia estimated at €11,000 per month the fees prescribed for a member of M5S. The article does not explain how Favia got to deduct that amount because it necessarily includes reimbursements and per diem is not flat as costs and expenses which vary from member to member.[329]

Following the expulsion of Favia and Federica Salsi for expressing views about the lack of internal democracy, the party has expelled several members for criticism.[330][331] The expulsions were made unilaterally by Grillo; as per regulation, they took place without prior consultation with members of the movement.[332][333][334] Another criticism frequently made by the same movement activists and former activists, such as Federico Pistono, social entrepreneur, author of Robots Will Steal Your Job, but That's OK, and former member,[335] is about the absence of any form of effective participation on the web.[336] There is a tool for collective writing of the program and the proposed laws, but the forum is considered inadequate for the purpose.[337][338] Through his blog in September 2012, Grillo said that a portal to participate via the web was already under construction.[339] The triggering was scheduled for the end of 2012; at the time of the 2013 general election, it was not yet realised. Through what became known as the Rousseau platform, which is not owned by the M5S, activists were able to vote on several questions including on confidence votes.[340][341][342]

Splinter parties edit

Since its entry into Parliament, the M5S has broken up into several breakaway parties:[343][344]

Electoral results edit

Main article: Electoral history of the Five Star Movement

Italian Parliament edit

Election Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic Leader
Votes % Seats +/– Position Votes % Seats +/– Position
2013 8,691,406 25.6
109 / 630
 –   1st 7,285,850 23.8
54 / 315
 –   2nd Beppe Grillo
2018 10,732,066 32.7
227 / 630
  
119 		  1st 9,733,928 32.2
112 / 315
  
58 		  1st Luigi Di Maio
2022 4,333,972 15.4
52 / 400
  
175 		  3rd 4,285,894 15.6
28 / 200
  
85 		  3rd Giuseppe Conte

European Parliament edit

Election Votes % Seats +/– Position Leader
2014
5,807,362
21.2
17 / 73
–
  2nd
 Beppe Grillo
2019
4,569,089
17.1
14 / 76
  
3
  3rd
 Luigi Di Maio

Regional Councils edit

Region Election year Votes % Seats +/− Status in legislature
Aosta Valley 2020 2,589 (9th) 3.9
0 / 35
   4 No seats
Piedmont 2019 241,014 (3rd) 12.6
5 / 51
   3 Opposition
Lombardy 2023 113,229 (8th) 3.9
3 / 80
   10 Opposition
South Tyrol 2018 6,670 (8th) 2.4
1 / 35
   0 Opposition
Trentino 2018 18,437 (4th) 7.2
2 / 35
   0 Opposition
Veneto 2020 55,281 (6th) 2.7
1 / 50
   4 Opposition
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2023 9,486 (7th) 2.4
1 / 49
   3 Opposition
Emilia-Romagna 2020 102,595 (5th) 4.7
2 / 50
   3 Opposition
Liguria 2020 48,722 (5th) 7.8
2 / 30
   4 Opposition
Tuscany 2020 113,386 (4th) 7.0
1 / 40
   4 Opposition
Marche 2020 44,330 (4th) 7.1
3 / 30
   2 Opposition
Umbria 2019 30,953 (4th) 7.4
1 / 21
   1 Opposition
Lazio 2023 132,041 (3rd) 8.5
4 / 51
   6 Opposition
Abruzzo 2019 118,273 (2nd) 19.7
7 / 31
   1 Opposition
Molise 2023 10,044 (6th) 7.1
3 / 21
   3 Opposition
Campania 2020 233,974 (3rd) 9.9
7 / 50
 – Opposition
Apulia 2020 165,243 (3rd) 9.9
5 / 50
   2 Opposition
Basilicata 2019 60,070 (3rd) 20.3
3 / 21
   1 Opposition
Calabria 2021 49,414 (6th) 6.5
2 / 31
   2 Opposition
Sicily 2022 254,974 (3rd) 13.6
11 / 70
   9 Opposition
Sardinia 2019 68,461 (4th) 9.7
6 / 60
 – Opposition

Leadership edit

Leaders edit

Name
(born–died) 		Term start Term end Duration
President
1   Beppe Grillo
(born 1948) 		4 October 2009 23 September 2017 7 years, 354 days
Political leader
2   Luigi Di Maio
(born 1986) 		23 September 2017 22 January 2020 2 years, 121 days
Political leader ad interim
–   Vito Crimi
(born 1972) 		22 January 2020 6 August 2021 1 year, 196 days
President
3   Giuseppe Conte
(born 1964) 		6 August 2021 Incumbent 2 years, 193 days

Vice Presidents edit

  • Paola Taverna (senior, 2021–present)
  • Michele Gubitosa (2021–present)
  • Riccardo Ricciardi (2021–present)
  • Alessandra Todde (2021–2023)
  • Mario Turco (2021–present)
  • Chiara Appendino (2023–present)

Guarantor edit

Committee of Trustees edit

Parliamentary leaders edit

Symbols edit

  •  
    2009–2015
  •  
    2015–2018
  •  
    2018–2021
  •  
    2021–present

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February 15, 2024
five, star, movement, italian, movimento, stelle, political, party, italy, leader, president, giuseppe, conte, prime, minister, italy, from, 2018, until, 2021, founded, october, 2009, beppe, grillo, political, activist, comedian, gianroberto, casaleggio, strat. The Five Star Movement Italian Movimento 5 Stelle M5S is a political party in Italy Its leader and president is Giuseppe Conte Prime Minister of Italy from 2018 until 2021 2 The M5S was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo a political activist and comedian and Gianroberto Casaleggio a web strategist 3 The party is primarily described as populist 4 5 6 of the syncretic kind 7 8 9 due to its members insistence that it has no place in the left right political spectrum 10 11 The party is a proponent of green politics 12 progressivism 13 14 and direct democracy 15 16 Five Star Movement Movimento 5 StelleAbbreviationM5SPresidentGiuseppe ConteGuarantorBeppe GrilloFoundersBeppe GrilloGianroberto CasaleggioFounded4 October 2009 14 years ago 2009 10 04 HeadquartersVia Campo Marzio 46 RomeNewspaperIl Blog delle Stelle until 2021 Membership 2019 133 664 1 IdeologyPopulismGreen politicsDirect democracyEuropean Parliament groupEFDD 2014 2019 Non Inscrits since 2019 Colors YellowChamber of Deputies51 400Senate27 200European Parliament5 76Regional Councils59 896Conference of Regions0 21Websitemovimento5stelle wbr euPolitics of ItalyPolitical partiesElectionsFrom 2014 to 2017 the M5S was a member of the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament along with the UK Independence Party and minor Eurosceptic parties In January 2017 M5S members voted in favour of Grillo s proposal to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group but the party was eventually refused 17 18 and has since sat as Non Inscrits in the European Parliament 19 In November 2014 Grillo appointed a directory composed of five leading M Alessandro Di Battista Luigi Di Maio Roberto Fico Carla Ruocco and Carlo Sibilia 20 21 It lasted until the following October when Grillo dissolved it and proclaimed himself the political head of the M5S 22 From the foundation until 2021 Grillo also formally served as president of the association named Five Star Movement his nephew Enrico Grillo served as vice president and his accountant Enrico Maria Nadasi as secretary 23 24 In the 2017 M5S leadership election Di Maio was voted in an online primary with 82 of the vote as political head and candidate for Prime Minister while Grillo continued to be M5S s guarantor 25 26 In January 2018 Grillo separated his own blog which was used the party s online newspaper with the brand new Blog delle Stelle 27 After the 2021 M5S leadership election a new statute was approved and Conte became the new president while Grillo continued to be the guarantor of the movement 28 During the years the M5S went through several splits most recently and notably in June 2022 when Di Maio formed Together for the Future 29 In the 2013 Italian general election the M5S was the second most popular single party and the third most popular grouping behind the centre left coalition and the centre right coalition 30 The M5S turned down a coalition offer with the centre left coalition and entered opposition 31 32 In 2016 Chiara Appendino and Virginia Raggi both members of the M5S were elected mayors of Turin and Rome respectively 33 The M5S opposed the reforms proposed in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum 34 In the 2018 Italian general election the M5S became the largest party in the Italian Parliament 35 36 37 and has since been part of government with both right wing and left wing coalitions 38 39 The 2022 Italian general election saw a strong decrease in support for the party which scored 15 and was the third most voted party but due the electoral law was the fourth party by seats in Parliament where they sat at the opposition 40 Thanks in part to a strong performance in southern Italy the M5S defied single digits polls in July 2022 41 and they won single member constituencies in the South that otherwise would have been won by the centre right coalition 42 43 Contents 1 History 1 1 Meetups 1 2 V Days 1 3 Five Star Civic Lists 1 4 2010 2012 regional and local elections 1 5 2013 general election 1 6 2014 European Parliament election 1 7 Gianroberto Casaleggio s death 1 8 2018 general election 1 9 2019 European Parliament election 1 10 2019 government crisis 1 11 2020 leadership crisis 1 12 2021 2022 government crises 1 13 2022 general election 2 Ideology 2 1 Direct democracy 2 2 Internet 2 3 Environmental economic and social issues 2 4 Anti corruption 2 5 Same sex marriage 2 6 No alliances 2 7 Immigration 2 8 Rhetoric 2 9 European affiliation 3 Internal organisation 4 Splinter parties 5 Electoral results 5 1 Italian Parliament 5 2 European Parliament 5 3 Regional Councils 6 Leadership 6 1 Leaders 6 2 Vice Presidents 6 3 Guarantor 6 4 Committee of Trustees 6 5 Parliamentary leaders 7 Symbols 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory editMeetups edit On 16 July 2005 Beppe Grillo suggested through his blog that supporters adopt social networks such as Meetup to communicate and coordinate local meetings The first 40 Friends of Beppe Grillo meetups began with the initial aim to have fun get together share ideas and proposals for a better world starting from one s own city and discuss and develop my posts if you believe them 44 Meetups featured thematic working groups on topics entitled technology and innovation press communication ethical consumerism currency study no incinerators and others 45 46 From these beginnings Grillo was asked to stand in the October 2005 centre left coalition primaries for the selection of the prime ministerial candidate of The Union 47 On three occasions 17 December 2005 in Turin 26 March 2006 in Piacenza and 16 to 18 June 2006 in Sorrento the representatives of the Friends of Beppe Grillo meetups held national meetings with Grillo where proposals regarding environmental issues such as the replacement of polluting incinerators with systems applying mechanical biological waste treatment were discussed 48 During the fourth national meeting held in Genoa on 3 February 2007 Grillo announced his desire to provide an autonomous space during his touring shows for local meetup activists 49 On 14 July 2007 some civic list representatives who participated in local elections the previous spring met in Parma to establish a national coordination between associations movements and organisations They met to practice promoting and experimenting with direct and participatory democracy and to share a document of intent which included the establishment of proposals abrogative referendums the direct election of the Ombudsman the institution of participatory budgeting a bound mandate for public administrators and open primaries 50 V Days edit nbsp V Day in Bologna 2007On 14 June 2007 Grillo launched Vaffanculo Day Fuck off Day or V Day in Bologna V Day was meant to mobilise the collection of signatures to submit a popular initiative seeking to introduce preferences in the current electoral law and to prevent parliamentary candidate nominations for the criminally convicted and those who have already completed two terms in office 51 The name V Day was chosen to reflect four references The first refers to the Normandy landings of the Allies in Normandy during World War II to symbolise how Italian citizens would invade bad policy The second refers to the motion picture and graphic novel V for Vendetta which the M5S frequently relates with its principles of political renewal the logo of the movement shares the use of a red V symbol with the franchise The third refers to the interjection vaffanculo fuck you directed at bad policy while the fourth is a reference to the Roman numeral for five 52 V Day which continued the Clean Parliament initiative promoted by Grillo since 2006 took place in many Italian cities on 8 September 2007 to evoke the state of confusion caused by the Badoglio Proclamation on 8 September 1943 On that day 336 000 signatures were collected far exceeding the 50 000 required to file a popular initiative law For the occasion Michele Serra coined the term grillismo 53 V2 Day was organised for 25 April 2008 a second day of action aimed at collecting signatures for three referendums On 29 and 30 September 2007 in Lucca several members of the meetups and local civic lists in the initial wake of the discussions started on the net and in the wake of the previous meeting of Perugia defined the policies for the establishment of civic lists On 10 October 2007 Grillo gave guidance on how to create the civic lists 54 Five Star Civic Lists edit On 3 December 2008 Grillo presented the symbol of the Five Star Civic Lists for the 2009 local elections The logo in the V of citizenship is a reference to V Day 55 On 17 February 2009 in Bologna a gathering of civic lists discussed the future of the movement and the coming elections In particular Sonia Alfano consulted with the activist base of the movement about her possible candidacy for the European Parliament as an independent candidate with the Italy of Values IdV list She became the first Member of the European Parliament MEP from the M5S 56 On 8 March 2009 the first national meeting of the Five Star Civic Lists was held in Florence where Grillo presented the Charter of Florence a 12 point program of the various local civic lists in the afternoon About twenty local groups presented their ideas and experiences In April 2009 Grillo announced he had received a letter from Nobel Prize winner in economics Joseph Stiglitz in which he declared he would look carefully at the experience of local civic lists promoted through the blog 57 On 29 March 2009 Grillo announced that in the upcoming 2009 European Parliament election in Italy he would support Luigi de Magistris and Sonia Alfano figures close to the movement as independent candidates in the lists of IdV together with the journalist Carlo Vulpio also close to the movement 58 On 11 June De Magistris and Alfano candidates in all five constituencies were elected to the European Parliament resulting in the first and second preferences of 419 000 and 143 000 In the same election as stated by Grillo 23 councillors were elected from the Five Star Civic Lists especially in the municipalities of Emilia Romagna in North Italy 59 On 9 September 2009 the launch of the National Five Star Movement M5S inspired by the ideologies of the Charter of Florence was announced 60 On 4 October 2009 Grillo along with Gianroberto Casaleggio Grillo declared the birth of the M5S and presented a programme at the Emerald Theatre in Milan 61 2010 2012 regional and local elections edit During the 2010 Italian regional elections the M5S obtained notable results in the five regions where it ran a candidate for president as Giovanni Favia gained 7 0 of the vote in Emilia Romagna 6 0 for the list with two regional councillors elected Davide Bono 4 1 in Piedmont 3 7 two councillors David Borrelli 3 2 in Veneto 2 6 no councillors Vito Crimi 3 0 in Lombardy 2 3 no councillors and Roberto Fico 1 3 in Campania 1 3 no councillors 62 In the 2011 Italian local elections on 15 and 16 May the M5S was present in 75 of the 1 177 municipalities in the vote including 18 of the 23 provincial capitals called to vote In the first round the M5S entered its representatives in 28 municipalities for a total of 34 elected councillors and often resulting in some important decisive ballots 63 Its best results were in the cities and towns of the center north especially in Emilia Romagna where the list achieved a share of the vote of between 9 and 12 in Bologna Rimini and Ravenna and Piedmont In Southern Italy it rarely obtained 2 of the vote 64 nbsp Beppe Grillo in Trento during the 2013 electoral campaignIn the 2011 Molise regional election on 16 and 17 October the M5S had its own candidate for the presidency and its own list The list received 2 27 of the votes and the presidential candidate garnered 5 60 of the vote but the movement achieved no seats 65 In the 2012 Italian local elections the M5S did well in several cities of the Northern Italy notably in Genoa 14 1 66 Verona 9 5 67 Parma 19 9 Monza 10 2 68 and Piacenza 10 0 69 In the small Venetian town of Sarego the M5S s candidate was elected mayor with 35 2 of the vote there is no run off in towns with less than 15 000 inhabitants 70 In the run offs it won the mayorships of Parma 60 2 71 Mira 52 5 72 and Comacchio 69 2 73 After the election the M5S consistently scored around 15 20 nationally in opinion polls frequently ahead of the centre right The People of Freedom PdL and second to the centre left Democratic Party PD 74 In the 2012 Sicilian regional election on 28 October the M5S fielded Giancarlo Cancelleri as candidate The campaign kicked off with Grillo s arrival in Messina on 10 October swimming from the mainland 75 76 In the election Cancelleri came third with 18 2 of the vote while the M5S was the most voted for party at 14 9 obtaining 15 seats out of 90 in the Sicilian Regional Assembly in a very fragmented political landscape 77 however the election was characterised by low participation as only 47 4 of eligible voters turned out to vote 78 2013 general election edit Further information 2013 Italian general election On 29 October 2012 Grillo announced guidelines for candidates wishing to stand in the 2013 general election 79 80 For the first time in Italy the candidates were chosen by party members through an online primary which took place 3 to 6 December 81 On 12 December 2012 Grillo expelled two leading members from the party Giovanni Favia regional councillor of Emilia Romagna and Federica Salsi municipal councillor in Bologna for breaking the party s rules The former had talked about the lack of democracy within the party while the latter had taken part in a political talk show on Italian television something that was discouraged and later forbidden by Grillo 82 On 22 February 2013 a large crowd of 800 000 people attended Grillo s final rally before the 2013 general election in Piazza San Giovanni in Rome 83 On 24 and 25 February 2013 the M5S contested all Italian constituencies Grillo was listed as head of the coalition although he was not an electoral candidate The vote for M5S in the Chamber of Deputies reached 25 55 of the vote in Italy and 9 67 for overseas voters a total of 8 784 499 votes making it the second most voted for list after the PD which acquired 25 42 of the votes in Italy and 29 9 abroad or 8 932 615 votes electing 108 deputies The M5S vote for the Senate of the Republic was 23 79 in Italy and 10 abroad a total of 7 375 412 votes second only to the PD which garnered 8 674 893 votes electing 54 senators The party gained a higher share of the vote than was predicted by any of the opinion polls The M5S won 25 6 of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies more than any other single party however both the centre left coalition Italia Bene Comune dominated by the PD and the PdL led centre right coalition obtained more votes as coalitions The M5S was the largest party in the Abruzzo Marche Liguria Sicily and Sardinia regions 84 On 21 March 2013 Luigi Di Maio was elected vice president of the Chamber of Deputies with 173 votes Aged 26 he was the youngest vice president of the house to date 85 86 2014 European Parliament election edit Further information 2014 European Parliament election in Italy Competing in its first European election with a surge in popularity in February 2013 87 the M5S won second place at the 2014 European Parliament election held on 26 May receiving 21 15 of the vote and returning 17 MEP 88 nbsp Grillo addressing the crowd in Rome 2014In the run up to the Eighth European Parliament term the M5S lacked a European affiliation and sought a European parliament group Initial negotiations were held with Europe of Freedom and Democracy EFD co president Nigel Farage and The Greens European Free Alliance Greens EFA 89 90 On 4 June 2014 The Greens EFA rejected Grillo s attempts to obtain group membership 91 On 11 June 2014 the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ALDE group rejected the M5S as a potential affiliate in a statement citing the party s perceived Euroscepticism and populism 92 In an online referendum offered to M5S members on 12 June 2014 the choice of European Parliament affiliation offered were Europe of Freedom and Democracy EFD the European Conservatives and Reformists ECR or to become Non Inscrits 93 Party activists voted 78 1 to join the EFD group 94 On 18 June 2014 it was announced that the EFD group had enough MEPs to continue into the 8th European Parliament term 95 On 24 June 2014 M5S MEP David Borrelli was chosen as the group s new co president and the EFD group name was amended to Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy EFDD for the upcoming parliament 96 97 The EFDD group lost its official group status on 16 October 2014 after the defection of Latvian MEP Iveta Grigule until Polish MEP Robert Iwaszkiewicz joined the group four days later 98 On 17 November 2015 after an online poll in which 40 995 people took part the movement changed its logo to replace the URL of co founder Grillo beppegrillo it with the official movement URL 99 The other option was to remove Grillo s URL entirely replacing it with nothing The grounds for the removal of Grillo s name was that the 5 Star Movement is mature enough and is preparing to govern Italy so I believe it s correct not to associate it to a name anymore 100 Gianroberto Casaleggio s death edit The movement s founder and main strategist Gianroberto Casaleggio died on 12 April 2016 in Milan at the age of 61 after a long period of illness due to brain cancer 101 After his death his son Davide was appointed as the president of Casaleggio Associati and took his father s office as leader and strategist of the M5S 102 2018 general election edit Further information 2018 Italian general election and Conte I Cabinet For the 2018 general election the M5S presented a programme whose main points are the introduction of a basic income known as the citizens income to fight poverty a measure that would cost between 15 and 20 billion annually plus the cut of the public debt by 40 points in relation to GDP in ten years the adoption of measures to revitalise youth employment a cut in pensions of over 5 000 net not entirely based on the contribution method the reduction of IRPEF rates and the extension of the income tax threshold and the increase in spending on family welfare measures from 1 5 to 2 5 of GDP On 4 March none of the three main groupings namely the M5S the centre right coalition and the centre left coalition led by the Democratic Party PD won a majority of seats in the Italian Parliament although the M5S became the largest individual party with 32 7 of the vote and 227 seats in the Chamber 103 In May the M5S entered into coalition talks with centre left PD but party secretary Matteo Renzi publicly criticised and rejected the deal being discussed by his fellow party members the M5S then turned to the League The talks resulted in the proposal for the self described Government of Change under the leadership of Giuseppe Conte a law professor close to the M5S 104 The formation of the cabinet initially failed on 27 May as President Sergio Mattarella did not agree on the appointment of Paolo Savona as the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance due to his perceived Euroscepticism 105 106 After the 2018 general election the M5S started a decline in both opinion polls deputies and senators and election results starting with the 2019 European Parliament election Into the 2018 general election the M5S proposed a constitutional law that would have obliged members of parliament to resign if they intend to change party 107 The M5S had won 227 deputies and 112 senators by February 2022 the party had declined to 157 deputies and 62 senators though it remained the biggest party in both houses of parliament 108 109 The first defections came when the deputy Andrea Mura was removed by the M5S for his abstentionism and later resigned from his duties 110 111 while the deputy Matteo Dall Osso left the party to join Forza Italia FI Silvio Berlusconi s centre right party 112 and the senators Saverio De Bonis and Gregorio De Falco were ejected due to their opposition to policies of the M5S League government 113 Further defections came in 2019 when the deputy Sara Cunial was ejected after accusing the M5S of favouring agromafia 114 the senator Paola Nugnes who would later join the left wing parliamentary group Free and Equal LeU as an independent representative of the Communist Refoundation Party PRC was removed from the M5S after voting against Salvini s decrees on immigration 115 as did the deputies Veronica Giannone and Gloria Vizzini who opposed some of the M5S League government s legislation 116 while the deputy Davide Galantino who would later join the right wing Brothers of Italy 117 left the M5S to join the Mixed Group 118 as did the senator Elena Fattori who joined Italian Left SI in January 2021 119 120 2019 European Parliament election edit Further information 2019 European Parliament election in Italy nbsp Map showing the 2019 European Parliament election resultIn the 2019 European Parliament election in May the M5S saw decline in its vote share and the number of seats held from 21 2 of the vote and 17 seats to 17 1 of the vote and 14 seats 121 122 The results were seen as a significant defeat for the party as the League was able to surpass the M5S in terms of vote share and seats by a large margin Additionally the results showed the party had seen a significant decline since the 2018 general election 123 After the results Di Maio called a vote of confidence in his leadership after several officials criticised him transperency of the Rousseau platform the online platform used by the party was questioned earlier on in the year 124 On 31 May 2019 Di Maio won the vote of confidence with the support of 80 of 56 127 members who voted on the motion Afterwards Di Maio pledged to reform the party 125 126 2019 government crisis edit Further information 2019 Italian government crisis and Conte II Cabinet In August 2019 Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Conte after growing tensions within the majority 127 128 Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the League s standing in the Italian Parliament ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister 129 On 20 August following the parliamentary debate in which he accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest 130 Prime Minister Conte resigned his post to President Sergio Mattarella 131 On 21 August President Mattarella started the consultations with all the parliamentary groups On the same day the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the M5S 130 based on pro Europeanism a green economy sustainable development the fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy 132 In the days that preceded the second round a confrontation between the PD and the M5S started 133 while the left wing parliamentary group LeU announced its support for a potential M5S PD cabinet 134 On 28 August the PD s newly elected secretary Nicola Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favourable position on forming a new government with the M5S with Conte at its head 135 On the same day Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet 136 On 3 September members of the M5S voted on the Rousseau platform in favour of an agreement with the PD under the premiership of Conte with more than 79 of votes out of nearly 80 000 voters 137 On 4 September Conte announced the ministers of his new cabinet which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace on the following day 138 On 18 September Renzi left the PD to found the centrist liberal party Italia Viva IV he then joined the government with IV to keep the League and Salvini out of power 139 During Conte s second government the M5S continued to suffer parliamentary defections among them the senator Gelsomina Vono who left the M5S to join first IV an then FI 140 141 the senator Elena Fattori 142 who moved to the Mixed Group and then joined SI in January 2021 119 120 while the senator Ugo Grassi Stefano Lucidi and Francesco Urraro joined the League 143 Additionally the education ministry Lorenzo Fioramonti left the M5S to join the Mixed Group 144 the senator Gianluigi Paragone who would later found the Eurosceptic Italexit party and was joined by the senators Carlo Martelli and Mario Giarrusso 145 was ejected for voting against the finance bill and for his lack of confidence vote to Conte s second cabinet 146 the deputies Nunzio Angiola and Gianluca Rospi joined the Mixed Group 147 as did the deputies Santi Cappellani 148 Massimiliano De Toma Rachele Silvestri 149 Nadia Aprile and Michele Nitti 150 who joined the PD and the senator Luigi Di Marzio 151 while the deputy Flora Frate was expelled from the M5S for failure to return her salary 152 2020 leadership crisis edit On 22 January four days before the 2020 Italian regional elections Di Maio resigned as party leader and was replaced ad interim by Vito Crimi 153 On 15 June the conservative Spanish newspaper ABC reported that then Foreign Minister of Venezuela Nicolas Maduro paid Gianroberto Casaleggio 3 5 million in 2010 to finance an anticapitalist leftist movement in the Italian Republic Davide Casaleggio said this was fake news that had already surfaced in 2016 154 2021 2022 government crises edit Further information 2021 Italian government crisis and 2022 Italian government crisis nbsp Giuseppe Conte at the Quirinal PalaceOn 26 January 2021 Conte resigned as Prime Minister On 11 February registered members of the party were made to vote on whether to join a government headed by Mario Draghi government through the SkyVote platform 59 voted in favour 155 The debate over whether to support the Draghi government led to a split in the party 156 and the party expelled parliamentarians who voted against Draghi 157 and would soon found Alternative 158 159 and ManifestA later in February 2022 160 161 Prominent member Alessandro Di Battista who opposed the party s decision left the M5S on 11 February 162 On 23 April M5S and its web platform called Rousseau separated from one another This was mainly due to a strained relationship as many parliamentarians refused to cover costs of the Rousseau Association This resulted on the association cutting its ties and sending its employees home on reduced pay Additionally disagreements between Davide Casaleggio and Conte over the latter s proposed reforms led to an increasingly strained relationship After the separation the M5S accused the association of interference in the party s decisions 163 In May 2021 Isabella Adinolfi became the eighth MEP to defect from the M5S since the 2019 European Parliament election 164 165 In July 2021 the senator Matteo Mantero left the M5S to join Power to the People 166 On 6 August after a two day online election in which 67 064 members voted Conte was elected president of the M5S with 62 242 votes 93 in favour 167 168 The M5S suffered significant losses in the 2021 Italian regional elections in October particularly the mayor of Rome Virginia Raggi who was decisively defeated 169 In November 2021 the senator Emanuele Dessi left the M5S to join the Communist Party 170 On 7 February 2022 the court of Naples suspended the resolutions regarding the change in the M5S statute and the election of Conte as president of the M5S 171 On 21 June Di Maio announced a split over foreign policy disagreements with Conte s faction 172 173 leading the formation of the Together for the Future parliamentary group 174 joined by 51 deputies and 11 senators formerly of M5S 175 During 2022 rumours arose around a possible withdrawal of M5S s support to the national unity government including allegations that Draghi privately criticised Conte and asked Grillo to replace him 176 177 This came amid tension between the M5S and the Draghi government on economic 178 179 environmental 180 and foreign policy issues 181 182 On 12 July Draghi stated he would resign if the M5S withdraws its support to the government 183 On 14 July the M5S revoked the support to the government of national unity regarding a decree concerning economic stimulus to contrast the ongoing energy crisis 184 leading to a government crisis 185 186 187 and the collapse of Draghi s government on 21 July 188 189 Parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called for September 2022 190 191 192 2022 general election edit Further information 2022 Italian general election Some early opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election showed that the only way to avoid a right wing alliance victory was the formation of a large big tent coalition including the M5S minor left wing and centrist parties and their 2019 2021 government ally the PD 193 194 195 As the M5S was blamed by the PD for causing the fall of Mario Draghi s government 196 an alliance was excluded from both sides despite some pressure from the left to maintain the PD M5S alliance 197 They remained allies at the regional level such as in Liguria and Sicily though not without criticism and issues 198 199 Under Conte s leadership in 2022 the M5S declared themselves to be part of the progressive pole and to be to the left of the PD 200 their campaign centered around the minimum wage and in defence of the citizens income from right wing criticism 201 In the general election held on 25 September the M5S defied single digit polls before the campaign and reached 15 Thanks to its stronghold in the South the party was able to avoid an even bigger win for the centre right coalition which was favoured by the Italian electoral law of 2017 and division within the left and centre 42 43 For the first time since 2018 the M5S returned at the opposition level and voted against Giorgia Meloni s government which had been sworn in on 22 October in the confidence vote in both houses of the Italian Parliament on 25 26 October 202 203 204 Conte said he would lead an uncompromising opposition and added We will be the outpost for the progressive agenda against inequalities to protect families and businesses in difficulty to defend the rights and values of our Constitution 205 Ideology editThe M5S was conceived as a post ideological movement 206 within the context of post modern politics 207 and has been described as anti establishment 208 209 210 environmentalist 15 211 212 progressive 213 214 and populist 215 It has promoted left wing issues such as a basic income and green inspired policies 216 and has been compared to the anti austerity movement in Spain Pirate parties and Occupy Wall Street 217 From 2014 to 2019 the M5S also supported some right wing policies especially on immigration 218 219 and has been described as a New Right or right wing party 220 221 or also compared to the post war populism of Guglielmo Giannini s Common Man s Front 222 Additionally it has been variously described as anti globalist 223 224 225 anti immigration 226 227 big tent 228 229 Eurosceptic 230 231 232 and pro Russian 233 234 Its members stress that the M5S is not a party but a movement and the five stars in the name and logo are a reference to five key issues for the party among them the common good integral ecology social justice technological innovation and a green economy The M5S has promoted e democracy 235 direct democracy 16 236 the principle of zero cost politics 237 degrowth 238 and nonviolence 239 Grillo himself once provocatively referred to the movement as populist 240 In the M5S themes are derived from ecology and anti particracy promoting the direct participation of citizens who converge in the management of public affairs through forms of digital democracy such as e democracy The movement wants to be a democratic encounter outside of party and associative ties and without the mediation of directive or representational organisms recognizing to all users of the Internet the role of government and direction that is normally attributed to a few 241 From the economic point of view it embraces the theories of degrowth supporting the creation of green jobs and the rejection of polluting and expensive great works including incinerators and high speed rail aiming for an overall better quality of life and greater social justice 242 The M5S proposes the adoption of large scale energy projects elimination of waste sustainable mobility protection of territory from overbuilding and remote work 243 The movement s political discourse often refers to the Internet as a solution to many social economic and environmental problems This approach bears similarities with North American cyber utopianism and the Californian Ideology 217 Direct democracy edit The movement bases its principles on direct democracy as an evolution of representative democracy The idea is that citizens will no longer delegate their power to parties which are considered to be old and corrupted intermediates between the state and themselves that serve the interests of lobby groups and financial powers They will succeed only by creating a collective intelligence made possible by the Internet 241 To go in this direction the M5S chose its Italian and European parliamentary candidates through online voting by registered members of Grillo s blog 244 245 Through an application called Rousseau reachable on the web 246 the registered users of M5S discuss approve or reject legislative proposals submitted then in Parliament by the M5S group As an example the M5S electoral law was shaped through a series of online votes 247 like the name of the M5S candidate for President of Italy 248 The choice to support the abolition of a law against immigrants was taken online by members of the M5S even if the final decision was against the opinions of Grillo and Casaleggio 249 The partnership with the UK Independence Party was also decided by online voting although the given options for the choice of European Parliament group for M5S were limited to Europe of Freedom and Democracy EFD European Conservatives and Reformists ECR and to stay independent Non Inscrits The option of joining the Greens EFA group was discussed but this option was not available at the time of the voting due to that group s prior rejection of the M5S 91 250 Internet edit Andrea Ballatore and Simone Natale wrote about how digital utopianism plays a pivotal role in M5S s worldview saying that Grillo and Casaleggio describe the web as a transparent unified coherent entity with its own logic laws agency and disruptive agenda They say that the web which acts as a mythical panacea can and wants to cure the social and economic ills of Italy leading the nation towards a more prudent future They also say that the web is described as a supermedium which will significantly change all political social informational and organisational processes 217 Roberto Biorcio says that Grillo used the internet as a way for widespread dissemination of their politics consisting of two elements The first is the idea that the people can express their feelings of vaffanculo which literally translates as fuck you or fuck off aimed at the entirety of the political class This was at the same time an attempt to transform protest into legitimate political action as they gathered 450 000 signatures for three legislative initiatives created to promulgate a clean parliament 251 Eric Turner stipulates that despite the Internet being promoted by Grillo as horizontal and without hierarchy many people in Italy critique that claim as being deceiving He quotes blogger Massimo Mantetellini by saying that the mass comments and posts created by the M5S actually create confusion and allows a top down modality in which the leaders do not follow their own ideas and principles 252 Environmental economic and social issues edit The M5S has roots in environmentalism as well as a left wing stance on some major social issues Fabio Bordignon states that the very first battles of Grillo s people had their roots relating to but not exclusively environmentalism and renewable energy the problems of poverty and precarious employment the battles against the power of big business and the effects of globalisation and the morality of the political sphere and civil rights He goes on to say that roughly about 10 15 of the laws proposed over the years are dedicated to the environment alone 253 Paolo Natale says that in the first years of the party s major success around 2012 the M5S was made up of mainly younger generations of people and for the most part males who had received high levels of education as well as having left wing political stances He states that these people were searching for alternative ways of participating in politics besides the regular scheme of what existed and especially to achieve good administration high quality public transport and green spaces but with sensitivity to problems linked to local crime 254 To exemplify how the M5S ranks among other parties for social and environmental stances for the 2013 general election Nicolo Conti created a chart using poll data the various parties individual manifestos and how these preferences interacted and translated into a policy space that the parties contested His results were that the M5S ranks first among other parties in welfare expansion environmental protection and market regulation where welfare expansion meant the expansion of public social services and excludes education environmental protection meant policies in favour of preserving conserving the environment and market regulation meant policies designed to create an equitable and open economic market 255 Anti corruption edit One of the most important rules of M5S is that politics is a temporary service no one who has already been elected twice at any level local or national can be a candidate again and has to return to their original job 241 Another feature of the movement is the so called zero cost politics 237 according to which politics must not become a career and way to make money Belonging to the movement requires the self reduction of the salaries of the citizens elected 256 257 The movement also rejects campaign contributions In the 2012 regional elections the Sicilian wing of the M5S decided to allocate the money saved by the reduction of the salaries of their elected to a fund for microcredit to help small and medium enterprises 258 In the 2013 general election the M5S stated to have rejected over 42 million of public electoral refunds 259 supporting its expenses for the campaign with crowdfunding through the blog 260 To be M5S candidates citizens must not have a criminal record 241 The party also supports initiatives to ban politicians with criminal records from being elected Among the greater political battles of M5S is the ethical commitment to a greater simplicity and transparency to counter the practice of holding two or more positions 261 262 which show the intricate conflicts of interest between any organisation subsequently strengthened by public register 263 as a way to avoid centralisations that are nepotistic and clientelistic 264 Same sex marriage edit On 15 July 2012 Grillo publicly expressed his support for same sex marriage 265 when the subject was discussed in the PD s National Assembly 266 In offering his support to marriage between homosexual citizens Grillo broke his silence on the subject some observers had speculated he opposed same sex marriage 267 On 28 October 2014 an online referendum took place among the activists of the M5S on the recognition of same sex civil partnerships in which 21 360 voted in favour and 3 908 voted to oppose it 268 In February 2016 the M5S decided not to officially back the proposal of recognition of stepchild adoption for same sex civil partnerships refusing to take an official stand and gave its parliamentarians freedom to vote their conscience on the matter 269 The M5S supports the DDL Zan an anti homophobia law which failed to pass in 2020 In the aftermath the M5S defended itself from accusations by Italia Viva 270 On 31 March 2022 Senator Alessandra Maiorino introduced a bill to legalise same sex marriage 271 No alliances edit Grillo s campaign has an unwillingness to form alliances as a result of his refusal to be associated or characterised like any of the older political families including the centre left and centre right coalitions As the government itself is made up of both centre left and centre right coalition parties the M5S has had difficulties coming to an agreement with any of the other parties in both 2013 and 2018 where a supportive alliance between the M5S and the centre left coalition was discussed in both election before leading to different outcomes Despite the different views within the party the issues on which the movement agrees keep the party intact through advocating the main five principles of the M5S 272 A Tecne poll in the aftermath of the 2018 Italian general election suggested that 56 of M5S voters preferred a government coalition between M5S and the League A coalition between the M5S and the centre right coalition as a whole was preferred by only 4 22 preferred a coalition between the M5S the centre left coalition led by the Democratic Party PD and the left wing Free and Equal LeU A technocratic government was only supported by 1 of the M5S s voters 273 Since the formation of the left leaning government with the PD and LeU the M5S opened up to alliances with the centre left coalition such as for local and regional elections This among other factors reflected poorly in opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election which saw a decline for the M5S in the immediate months after the election and fell to third place since the 2019 European Parliament election 39 to single digit polls before the campaign 2023 could have been the first alliance at the national level with the PD and the centre left coalition but the fall of the Draghi government to which both the M5S and PD belonged as national unity caused a rift in July 2022 and led to snap elections on 25 September As the PD blamed it on the M5S as an attempt to gain ground in the polls while the M5S criticised the PD for not moving on from Draghi it led to the breakdown of talks 274 275 276 Ultimately the lack of alliance between the centre and the left including an electoral law favouring coalitions led to the win for the centre right coalition 42 43 Immigration edit The M5S s position on immigration has been ambiguous On 23 December 2016 Grillo wrote in his blog that all illegal immigrants should be expelled from Italy that the Schengen Agreement should be temporarily suspended in the event of a terrorist attack until the threat has been removed and that there should be revision of the Dublin Regulation 277 278 On 21 April 2017 Grillo published a piece questioning the role non governmental organisations NGOs operating rescue ships off Libya are playing in the migrant crisis asking where are they getting their money and strongly suggesting they may be aiding traffickers 279 On 5 August 2017 Luigi Di Maio who led the M5S in the 2018 general election called for an immediate stop to the sea taxi service bringing migrants to Europe 280 During their 2018 2019 government with the League the M5S approved Matteo Salvini s anti immigration degrees for which their future government allies the PD which had opposed it criticised when the M5S declared themselves to be part of the progressive pole and to the left of the PD during the 2022 campaign 281 During their government with the PD in 2019 2021 the decrees were partially abolished Conte later claimed credit when he first signed the law for having moderated and made them less extreme than they originally were at the time and criticised them in an interview to the Corriere della Sera blaming them on Salvini 282 In August 2022 Conte fully disown them 283 Rhetoric edit On 28 January 2014 Giorgio Sorial a deputy of the M5S accused President Giorgio Napolitano of being a hangman who repressed opponents 284 285 Prime Minister Enrico Letta immediately defended President Napolitano charging the M5S with being extremists 286 The following day Angelo Tofalo another deputy of the M5S ended his speech in the Chamber of Deputies by shouting Boia chi molla Hangman the one who gives up a famous motto used during the Italian Fascist era 287 288 The M5S members especially its leader Beppe Grillo have been accused of being too vulgar and verbally violent 289 290 A M5S demonstration inside the Chamber of Deputies against a law approved by the government which happened in January 2014 291 292 caused a brawl between the M5S the centrist Civic Choice the right wing Brothers of Italy and the centre left Democratic Party 293 Following insults to the president of the Chamber of Deputies Laura Boldrini 294 Italian journalist Corrado Augias stated on 31 January 2014 that the violence used by the M5S reminded him of fascism 295 The following day a militant activist of the M5S burned some of Augias s books and uploaded the photos to his Facebook profile because according to him Augias offended the movement 296 This episode was readily taken up by major national newspapers and heavily criticised by public opinion due to some similarities with Nazi book burnings 297 Grillo criticised the action saying the person who uploaded the photos did not represent the movement 298 In the 2018 general campaign the M5S said that they would not have given public money to banks 299 In 2019 the M5S League coalition government gave its consent to the possible bailout of Banca Carige s debt consisting of an amount of up to 1 6 billion dollars to compensate bondholders and shareholders The M5S had previously criticised a similar bailout of Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena approved by the Paolo Gentiloni s centre left government 300 European affiliation edit About the politics of the European Union and the euro the M5S has often been highly critical but ambiguous On 12 June 2014 having been rejected by the Greens EFA 301 and also by ALDE 302 the M5S offered its activists a limited choice online referendum to choose a parliamentary group for the party 78 of participating activists voted for the Eurosceptic EFDD 94 303 In January 2017 the M5S tried to change its group inside the European Parliament moving from the EFDD to the ALDE Despite an initial agreement ALDE leader Guy Verhofstadt refused the M5S admission to the group due to insufficient guarantees to come to a common position on European integration 304 The attempted move caused a chilling of relations with EFDD leader Nigel Farage who was not informed about the M5S agreement with the ALDE 305 Grillo was critical of the rejection and blamed the establishment for preventing them joining the ALDE 306 On 9 January the Radio Radicale news correspondent David Carretta published documents about the financial and political benefits which would have accrued to the M5S for its admission to ALDE on Twitter 307 In December 2017 Di Maio stated that he supported a referendum for Italy to leave the eurozone and would vote to leave 308 He rejected his previous position in January 2018 309 refusing the idea of a referendum on the euro which cannot be done by constitution and was previously strongly supported by the movement 310 In February 2018 Di Maio stated that European Union is the Five Star Movement s home 311 In September 2019 Di Maio confirmed that the goal was to change Europe from the inside 312 In November 2021 the party discussed switching to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group in the European Parliament 313 314 Internal organisation editThe party has been characterised as an entrepreneurial party 315 During the 2010 Italian regional elections some parties highlighted a contradiction between the voluntary collective action in the struggles of civil society and openness in political representation 316 317 318 Also in 2010 there were tensions between the movement and Italy of Values 319 nbsp Grillo on the right with Giovanni Favia on the left who was expelled from the M5S in 2011In March 2012 Valentino Tavolazzi a city councillor in Rimini advocated a national meeting on behalf of the movement 320 321 which gathered about 150 participants At the meeting there was both praise and criticism from the participants including from the few politicians who were present 322 The meeting took a harsh stance on the conditions of Regulation M5S because it was discovered to be in conflict with the statutes of its Civic Party of origin Project for Ferrara In response they lost the use of the logo 323 324 and were banned from taking any position on behalf of M5S which was portrayed as a controversial move regarding internal democracy 325 326 327 Since 2007 Grillo has criticised the cost of politics by supporting the reduction of payment for deputies and senators 328 Based on this policy the benefits received by members of parliament would not exceed 5 000 gross per month with any surplus returned to the state with solidarity allowance also called end term however according to Giovanni Favia the regional director of the M5S the deduction of 5 000 gross salary of parliamentarians is contrary to the principles of the movement as it would result in a reduction of only 2 500 net In an interview published in several newspapers in November 2012 Favia estimated at 11 000 per month the fees prescribed for a member of M5S The article does not explain how Favia got to deduct that amount because it necessarily includes reimbursements and per diem is not flat as costs and expenses which vary from member to member 329 Following the expulsion of Favia and Federica Salsi for expressing views about the lack of internal democracy the party has expelled several members for criticism 330 331 The expulsions were made unilaterally by Grillo as per regulation they took place without prior consultation with members of the movement 332 333 334 Another criticism frequently made by the same movement activists and former activists such as Federico Pistono social entrepreneur author of Robots Will Steal Your Job but That s OK and former member 335 is about the absence of any form of effective participation on the web 336 There is a tool for collective writing of the program and the proposed laws but the forum is considered inadequate for the purpose 337 338 Through his blog in September 2012 Grillo said that a portal to participate via the web was already under construction 339 The triggering was scheduled for the end of 2012 at the time of the 2013 general election it was not yet realised Through what became known as the Rousseau platform which is not owned by the M5S activists were able to vote on several questions including on confidence votes 340 341 342 Splinter parties editSince its entry into Parliament the M5S has broken up into several breakaway parties 343 344 Italy Work in Progress 2014 X Movement 2014 Free Alternative 2015 Italy in Common 2018 Italexit 2020 Alternative 2021 Together for the Future 2022 Electoral results editMain article Electoral history of the Five Star Movement Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Italian Parliament edit Election Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic LeaderVotes Seats Position Votes Seats Position2013 8 691 406 25 6 109 630 nbsp 1st 7 285 850 23 8 54 315 nbsp 2nd Beppe Grillo2018 10 732 066 32 7 227 630 nbsp 119 nbsp 1st 9 733 928 32 2 112 315 nbsp 58 nbsp 1st Luigi Di Maio2022 4 333 972 15 4 52 400 nbsp 175 nbsp 3rd 4 285 894 15 6 28 200 nbsp 85 nbsp 3rd Giuseppe ConteEuropean Parliament edit Election Votes Seats Position Leader2014 5 807 362 21 2 17 73 nbsp 2nd Beppe Grillo2019 4 569 089 17 1 14 76 nbsp 3 nbsp 3rd Luigi Di MaioRegional Councils edit Region Election year Votes Seats Status in legislatureAosta Valley 2020 2 589 9th 3 9 0 35 nbsp 4 No seatsPiedmont 2019 241 014 3rd 12 6 5 51 nbsp 3 OppositionLombardy 2023 113 229 8th 3 9 3 80 nbsp 10 OppositionSouth Tyrol 2018 6 670 8th 2 4 1 35 nbsp 0 OppositionTrentino 2018 18 437 4th 7 2 2 35 nbsp 0 OppositionVeneto 2020 55 281 6th 2 7 1 50 nbsp 4 OppositionFriuli Venezia Giulia 2023 9 486 7th 2 4 1 49 nbsp 3 OppositionEmilia Romagna 2020 102 595 5th 4 7 2 50 nbsp 3 OppositionLiguria 2020 48 722 5th 7 8 2 30 nbsp 4 OppositionTuscany 2020 113 386 4th 7 0 1 40 nbsp 4 OppositionMarche 2020 44 330 4th 7 1 3 30 nbsp 2 OppositionUmbria 2019 30 953 4th 7 4 1 21 nbsp 1 OppositionLazio 2023 132 041 3rd 8 5 4 51 nbsp 6 OppositionAbruzzo 2019 118 273 2nd 19 7 7 31 nbsp 1 OppositionMolise 2023 10 044 6th 7 1 3 21 nbsp 3 OppositionCampania 2020 233 974 3rd 9 9 7 50 OppositionApulia 2020 165 243 3rd 9 9 5 50 nbsp 2 OppositionBasilicata 2019 60 070 3rd 20 3 3 21 nbsp 1 OppositionCalabria 2021 49 414 6th 6 5 2 31 nbsp 2 OppositionSicily 2022 254 974 3rd 13 6 11 70 nbsp 9 OppositionSardinia 2019 68 461 4th 9 7 6 60 OppositionLeadership editLeaders edit Name born died Term start Term end DurationPresident1 nbsp Beppe Grillo born 1948 4 October 2009 23 September 2017 7 years 354 daysPolitical leader2 nbsp Luigi Di Maio born 1986 23 September 2017 22 January 2020 2 years 121 daysPolitical leader ad interim nbsp Vito Crimi born 1972 22 January 2020 6 August 2021 1 year 196 daysPresident3 nbsp Giuseppe Conte born 1964 6 August 2021 Incumbent 2 years 193 daysVice Presidents edit Paola Taverna senior 2021 present Michele Gubitosa 2021 present Riccardo Ricciardi 2021 present Alessandra Todde 2021 2023 Mario Turco 2021 present Chiara Appendino 2023 present Guarantor edit Beppe Grillo 2017 present Committee of Trustees edit Luigi Di Maio 2021 2022 Roberto Fico 2021 present Virginia Raggi 2021 present Laura Bottici 2022 present Parliamentary leaders edit Leader in the Chamber of Deputies three month rotation 2013 2018 Giulia Grillo 2018 Francesco D Uva 2018 2019 Francesco Silvestri 2019 Davide Crippa 2019 2022 Francesco Silvestri 2022 present Leader in the Senate of the Republic three month rotation 2013 2018 Danilo Toninelli 2018 Stefano Patuanelli 2018 2019 Gianluca Perilli 2019 2020 Ettore Licheri 2020 2021 Mariolina Castellone 2021 2022 Barbara Floridia 2022 2023 Stefano Patuanelli 2023 present Leader in the European Parliament three month rotation 2014 2019 Tiziana Beghin 2019 present Symbols edit nbsp 2009 2015 nbsp 2015 2018 nbsp 2018 2021 nbsp 2021 presentReferences edit La verita sul voto su Rousseau Le 10 fake news a cui non credere Il Blog delle Stelle in Italian 31 August 2019 Retrieved 4 September 2019 Conte diventa leader gia 40 mila 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