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Fidesz

February 16, 2024

"Hungarian Civic Party" redirects here. For the political party in Romania, see Hungarian Civic Party (Romania). For the former political party in Slovakia, see Hungarian Civic Party (Slovakia).

Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈfidɛs]; Hungarian: Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség) is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Hungary, led by Viktor Orbán.

Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance
Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség
PresidentViktor Orbán
Vice presidents
See list
Parliamentary leaderMáté Kocsis
FoundersViktor Orbán
Gábor Fodor
László Kövér
István Bajkai
Zsolt Bayer
Tamás Deutsch
Zsolt Németh
József Szájer
Founded30 March 1988; 35 years ago (1988-03-30)
Headquarters1089 Budapest, Visi Imre utca 6.
Youth wingFidelitas
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
National affiliationFidesz–KDNP
European affiliationEuropean People's Party (2004–2021)
International affiliation
European Parliament group
Colours  Orange
National Assembly
116 / 199
European Parliament
12 / 21
County Assemblies
245 / 381
General Assembly of Budapest
13 / 33
Party flag
Website
www.fidesz.hu

It was formed in 1988 under the name of Alliance of Young Democrats (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége) as a centre-left and liberal activist movement that opposed the ruling Marxist–Leninist government. It was registered as a political party in 1990, with Orbán as its leader. It entered the National Assembly following the 1990 parliamentary election; however, it lost two seats after the 1994 election. Following the election, it adopted liberal-conservatism which caused liberal members to leave and to join the Alliance of Free Democrats. It then sought to form a connection with other conservative parties, and after the 1998 election, it successfully formed a centre-right government. It adopted nationalism in the early 2000s, but its popularity slightly declined due to corruption scandals. It served in the opposition between 2002 and 2010, and in 2006 it formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic People's Party.

The Őszöd speech (which was followed by mass protests) restored its popularity, which led Fidesz to winning a supermajority in the 2010 election. After returning to governing Hungary, it adopted national-conservative policies and shifted further to the right. It also became more critical of the European Union, which led to the party being described as Eurosceptic. In 2011, the new Hungarian constitution was adopted in the parliament and in 2012 it became effective, although it was subject to controversies due to its consolidation of power to Fidesz. Its majority of seats remained after the 2014 election, and following the escalation of the migrant crisis, Fidesz began using right-wing populist and anti-immigrant rhetoric. Since its inception, its political position has changed drastically, and Fidesz is now positioned as a right-wing or far-right party. Political scientists have described the party's governance as illiberal or authoritarian, with Orbán describing their model of government as "Christian illiberal democracy".

Following the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, it currently holds a majority in the National Assembly with 135 seats. It has also held the presidency since 2010, has endorsed the election of every president since 2000, and it enjoys majorities in all 19 county legislatures, while being in opposition in the General Assembly of Budapest. Fidesz was initially a member of the Liberal International until 2000, after which it joined the European People's Party. It remained its member until 2021, and since then it has served with the Non-Inscrits group within the European Parliament.

History

1988–1989: Liberal activist beginnings

The party was founded in the spring of 1988[1] and named Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége (Alliance of Young Democrats) with the acronym FIDESZ. It grew out of an underground liberal student activist movement opposed to the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party.[2][3] Founding such a movement was semi-illegal at the time, so the founders risked their careers by being involved in the opposition.[4] The membership had an upper age limit of 35 years (this requirement was abolished at the 1993 party congress).[5]

In 1989, Fidesz won the Rafto Prize. The movement was represented at the award ceremony by one of its leaders, Péter Molnár, who later became a Member of Parliament in Hungary.[6]

1990–1998: Centre-left opposition and conservative turn

In the 1990 elections, the party entered the National Assembly after winning about 6% of the vote. They became a small, though quite popular oppositional party. In 1992, Fidesz joined the Liberal International.[7] At the time, it was a moderate liberal centrist party, sometimes also described as left-liberal.[8]

At the 1993 party congress, it changed its political position from liberal to civic-centrist ("polgári centrumpárt"). The turn in ideology caused a severe split in the membership. Péter Molnár left the party along with Gábor Fodor and Klára Ungár, who joined the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats.[citation needed] Viktor Orbán was elected party chairman.

After its disappointing result in the 1994 elections, Fidesz remained an opposition party but grew increasingly conservative.[9][7] In 1995, it changed its name to Hungarian Civic Party (Magyar Polgári Párt) and sought connections to the national-conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum, a former governing party.

1998–2002: First Orbán government

Fidesz gained power for the first time at the 1998 elections, with Viktor Orbán becoming prime minister. Their coalition partners were the smaller Hungarian Democratic Forum and the Independent Smallholders' Party. In 2000, Fidesz terminated its membership in the Liberal International and joined the European People's Party.[7] The government constituted a "relatively conventional European conservative" rule.[3]

2002–2010: Return to opposition

 
The former main office building of Fidesz

Fidesz narrowly lost the 2002 elections to the Hungarian Socialist Party, garnering 41.07% to the Socialists' 42.05%. Fidesz had 169 members of the Hungarian National Assembly, out of a total of 386. Immediately after the election, they accused the opponents of electoral fraud.[3] The 2002 Hungarian municipal elections saw again huge Fidesz losses.[citation needed]

In the spring of 2003, Fidesz took its current name, Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union.[7]

It was the most successful party in the 2004 European Parliamentary Elections: it won 47.4% of the vote and 12 of its candidates were elected as Members of the European Parliament (MEPs),[citation needed] including Lívia Járóka, the second Romani MEP.[10]

Fidesz's nominee, Dr. László Sólyom, was elected President of Hungary in the 2005 election. He was endorsed by Védegylet, an NGO including people from the whole political spectrum. A self-described "conservative liberal," he championed elements of both political wings with a selective, but conscious choice of values.[11]

In 2005, Fidesz and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) formed an alliance for the 2006 elections, which were won by the social-democratic and liberal coalition of Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) and the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). Fidesz received 42% of the list votes and 164 of 386 representatives in the National Assembly.[12]

On 1 October 2006, Fidesz won the municipal elections, which counterbalanced the MSZP-led government's power to some extent. Fidesz won 15 of 23 mayoralties in Hungary's largest cities—although its candidate narrowly lost the city of Budapest to a member of the Liberal Party—and majorities in 18 out of 20 regional assemblies.[13][14]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, Fidesz won a landslide victory, gaining 56.36% of the vote and 14 of Hungary's 22 seats.[15]

In a closed-door party meeting in 2009, Orbán called for a "central political forcefield" to govern Hungary for up to 20 years to achieve political stability.[3]

In January 2010, László Kövér, head of the party's national board, told reporters the party was aiming at winning a two-thirds majority at the parliamentary elections in April. He noted that Fidesz had a realistic chance to win a landslide. However, this feat was threatened by the rise of the radical nationalist Jobbik party. Kövér said it was a "lamentably negative" tendency, adding that it was rooted in the "disaster government" of the Socialist Party and its former liberal ally Free Democrats.[16]

2010–present: In power

The strong and preeminent Fidesz has benefited from the fragmented and disjointed opposition that has proved inept at mounting a unified challenge to the ruling party in a country where a majority of parliamentary seats are allocated to the party that garners the plurality of votes in a constituency.[17]

Government debt has fallen by 6% in the 8 years after Fidesz took power in 2010 while the country's credit ratings have improved. Economic growth had almost quadrupled with wages rising by over 10% and destitution decreasing by almost 50% (though still considerable). According to official figures, unemployment had fallen by nearly two-thirds. However, as many as almost half of newly employed Hungarians had found work elsewhere in the EU. A public works program has also been criticized by some economists for artificially and deceptively reducing unemployment numbers while engaging in and compensating people for possibly unneeded or unnecessarily inefficient work.[18] Hungary has been highly dependent on EU funds during Fidesz's rule; these representing nearly 4% of the country's GDP, more than for any other EU member.[19]

2010–2014: Second Orbán government

In a landslide victory in the 2010 parliamentary elections, the party won an outright majority in the first round on 11 April, with the Fidesz-KDNP alliance winning 206 seats, including 119 individual seats. In the final result, Fidesz 263 seats, of which 173 are individual seats.[20] Fidesz held 227 of these seats, giving it an outright majority in the National Assembly by itself.[citation needed]

Fidesz was widely seen as propelled to a sweeping victory in large part due to the dissatisfaction with the ruling political establishment which was plagued by corruption scandals and suffered a further blow by the global financial crisis.[3] The Socialist government had also imposed harsh austerity measures in an attempt to reign in its ballooning budget deficits even before the global crisis. In September 2006, a recording of the prime minister admitting to lying about the country's dire economic prospects was revealed by the media and broadcast on radio. Steel barriers were erected around Parliament to protect it from tens of thousands of protesters.[21]

After winning 53% of the popular vote in the first-round of the 2010 parliamentary election, which translated into a supermajority of 68% of parliamentary seats, giving Fidesz sufficient power to revise or replace the constitution, the party embarked on an extraordinary project of passing over 200 laws and drafting and adopting a new constitution—since followed by nearly 2000 amendments.[citation needed]

The new constitution has been widely criticized[22][23][24][25][26][27] by the European Commission for Democracy through Law,[28] the Council of Europe, the European Parliament[29] and the United States[30] for concentrating too much power in the hands of the ruling party, for limiting oversight of the new constitution by the Constitutional Court of Hungary, and for removing democratic checks and balances in various areas, including the ordinary judiciary,[31] supervision of elections, and the media.[32]

In October 2013, Thorbjørn Jagland, Secretary General of the Council of Europe said that the Council were satisfied with the amendments which had been made to the criticized laws.[33]

2014–2018: Third Orbán government

Fidesz won the nationwide parliamentary election in April 2014 and secured a second supermajority with 133 seats (of 199) in the legislature.[34][35] This supermajority was lost, however, when Tibor Navracsics was appointed to the European Commission. His Veszprém county seat was taken by an independent candidate in a by-election.[34] Another by-election on 12 April 2015 saw the supermajority lose a second seat, also in Veszprém, to a Jobbik candidate.[35]

2018–2022: Fourth Orbán government

Fidesz won the nationwide parliamentary election in April 2018 and secured a 3rd supermajority with 133 seats (of 199) in the legislature.[36] Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.[37][38][39]

With the start of 2019, the prime minister's residence was relocated from the Hungarian Parliament Building to the Buda Castle, a former Carmelite monastery and former royal residence. The move was first planned in 2002 during the first Fidesz government, but was never carried out. Government representatives stated the move was necessary to uphold the separation of the executive and legislative branch by physically separating the two (in contrast to the Communist era when the two branches operated in the same building) while the opposition criticized the move as profligate (the renovation cost Ft21bn, or €65.5M) and as a symbolic revival of the Horthy era (Miklós Horthy also took up residence in the building).[40][41]

In 2019 local elections, the party lost its majority in General Assembly of Budapest and numerous city councils.

2022–present: Fifth Orbán government

Fidesz won the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election and secured a 3rd supermajority for the 4th time with 135 seats (of 199) in the legislature. Reuters described it as a "crushing victory".[42]

With 54.13% of the popular vote, Fidesz received the highest vote share by any party since Hungary returned to democracy in 1989.[43]

Ideology and policies

Fidesz's position on the political spectrum has changed over time. At its inception as a student movement in the late 1980s, the party was positioned on the centre-left on the political spectrum,[44] and it advocated for liberalism[45][46] and libertarianism.[47][48] It was strongly committed towards anti-clerical[49][50] and secular policies.[51][47] As the Hungarian political landscape crystallized following the fall of Communism and the first free elections, Fidesz moved to the right in 1994. Although Fidesz was in opposition to the Hungarian Democratic Forum's national-conservative coalition government from 1990 to 1994, Fidesz was the most prominent liberal-conservative political force in Hungary by 1998.[52][53] It adopted nationalism,[54][55][56] national-liberalism,[45][49][57] and Christian democracy in the early 2000s.[58] It was positioned on the centre-right,[59] although it moved more to the right as the decade progressed.[60][61][62]

Fidesz is currently a right-wing party,[63] and it is national conservative[64][65][9] while favouring interventionist policies on economic issues like handling of banks,[66][67][68] and has a strong conservative stance on social issues,[69][70][71] a soft Eurosceptic vision towards European integration,[72][73][74][75][76][77] and has been described as right-wing populist.[65][9][78] In the late 2010s, the party has increasingly been described as far-right;[79][65][80][81][82][83][84][85] its ruling style has also been variously described as "soft fascism",[3][86] "soft dictatorship",[87] and "soft autocracy".[88] The Fidesz party has denied such accusations and distanced itself from the extreme right,[89] criticising such accusations as politically motivated opposition to its anti-immigrant policies[90] and pursuit of illiberal democracy.[91][92][93][94][95]

Illiberal democracy

 
Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.[96] Hungary was during this decade one of the countries with the most democratic backsliding.

Orbán and other Fidesz politicians have prominently described their model of government as a Christian illiberal democracy.[97][3][98]

Orbán has described liberal democracy as having undemocratic characteristics because of "being intolerant of alternative views",[97] and being incompatible with and antithetical to Christian democracy (saying: "Christian democracy is, by definition, not liberal: it is, if you like, illiberal."),[3] and praised Turkey, Russia, China, and Singapore as successful examples of illiberal states.[99][100]

Economy

See also: Orbanomics

Like the Hungarian right in general, Fidesz has been more skeptical of the neoliberal economic policies than the Hungarian left. According to researchers, the elites of the Hungarian left (the Hungarian Socialist Party and the former Alliance of Free Democrats) have been differentiated from the right by being more supportive of the classical liberal economic policies, while the right (especially extreme right) has advocated more economic interventionist policies. In contrast, on issues like church and state and family policies, the liberals show alignment along the traditional left–right spectrum.[101] In the past, Fidesz has implemented several economic liberal policies, including an income flat tax, reductions in the corporate tax rate, restrictions on unemployment benefits, and privatisation of state-owned land.[102][103][104]

The Fidesz government has embraced some government schemes, including "public works job program, pension hikes, utility bill cuts, a minimum wage increase and cash gifts for retirees."[105] It has also implemented a national public works program[18] aimed in particular at assisting neglected rural communities.[106] It has sought national control of key economic sectors while assuming a cautious stance on economic globalisation.[105]

Foreign policy

NATO intervention in Yugoslavia

During the NATO-led bombing of Serbia, Orbán refused the requests of the United States and Great Britain to invade the north of Serbia in order to hinder the intervention of Serbian forces in Kosovo but expressed concern about the situation of the Hungarian minority in Serbia and had to cede airspace to NATO forces because Hungary had obtained NATO membership before the war.[107][108]

Invasion of Iraq

Fidesz opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq and Hungarian participation in it, questioning the international legitimacy of the invasion.[109]

European Union

Despite the conflict with the European People's Party and European Union (EU) institutions, Fidesz and the Orbán government have claimed to be not in conflict with, but purportedly in line with pan-European values. As he struggled to maintain rapport with the EPP, Orbán began forming a right-wing populist alliance to electorally challenge the conservative EU establishment despite voicing a desire for Fidesz to remain a member.[110][111] Orbán and his government have clashed with the EU over the handling of the European migrant crisis and the death penalty, which is prohibited by EU rules.[110][112]

Russia and Ukraine

Hungary was the only EU member state to vote against financial aid for Ukraine during its conflict with Russia-sponsored separatists, and has been a vocal critic of EU sanctions against Russia for its actions in Ukraine.[113] The main cause is that since 2017, relations with Ukraine rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine. Hungary has been obstructing Ukraine's integration efforts in the EU and NATO, even though Hungary has also been continuously helping and supporting Ukraine, with an exceptional attention to Transcarpathia.[114][115][116] Orbán has strongly criticized EU sanctions against Russia but abstained from vetoing them. The Fidesz government joined the UK-led diplomatic offensive after the Skripal poisoning, expelling Russian embassy officials. Orbán has hailed Russia as an exemplary case of illiberal democracy.[117]

During his presidency, Orbán has been described as drawing closer to Russian president Vladimir Putin.[110] The closer relationship between the two leaders and nations has however largely been motivated by a tighter economic relationship,[113][117] part of the government's "Eastern Opening" strategy, announced in 2011.[117]

The Fourth Orbán Government initially strongly condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, aligning the country with NATO and the European Union on the matter: Orbán announced that Hungary would be sending humanitarian aid to Ukraine, but declined to send military equipment.[118] President János Áder (also a Fidesz member) strongly condemned the Russian invasion, comparing it to the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary.[119] However, Fidesz soon realigned with its formerly pro-Russian position: the party repeatedly opposed sanctions against the Russian Federation, prompting international press to describe Orbán as "a key Putin's ally".[120][121] Orbán has called for Russia and the United States to negotiate a diplomatic resolution to the conflict, stating that the Ukrainians could not win the war militarily.[122]

Immigration

Fidesz has adopted anti-immigration stances and rhetoric.[123][124][125][126] The Fidesz government has conversely begun admitting increasing numbers of foreign workers due to a labour shortage resulting from strong economic growth, population decline, and rising wages.[127][128][129]

Nativism

In a 2018 address, Orbán said: "We must state that we do not want to be diverse and do not want to be mixed: we do not want our own colour, traditions and national culture to be mixed with those of others. We do not want this. We do not want that at all. We do not want to be a diverse country."[130] Orbán has "often expressed a preference for a racially homogeneous society."[131] The government has modified the country's Constitution to make it illegal to "settle foreign populations in Hungary."[132]

Despite a very low fertility rate that has led to a demographic deficit, the Fidesz government has remained steadfastly opposed to economic immigration that has been harnessed by other European countries to relieve its worker deficits. Instead, the government announced pecuniary incentives (including eliminating taxes for mothers with more than 3 children, and reducing credit payments and easier access to government-subsidized mortgages), and expanding day care and kindergarten access.[133] The Fidesz government's child incentive program also offers a 10-million-forint government-subsidized zero-interest loan to married couples who are willing to have a baby after 1 July 2019.[134]

Social policy

Changes passed by the Fidesz government have given citizens the right to use arms for self-defense on one's own property.[135] Fidesz has passed legislation criminalising homelessness.[136]

Christianity

Orbán has on multiple occasions emphasized upholding Christian values as central to his government,[137][138][139][140] and has described his government as creating a Christian democracy.[138][97] Hungarian Catholic bishop András Veres described some of Fidesz' policies, such as providing free IVF treatment for couples at state-run clinics, as being at odds with some Christian denominations, particularly the Roman Catholic Church, which opposes IVF.[141] Orbán is a member of the Reformed Church in Hungary.[142]

Other

Anti-communism

The party is anti-communist.[143] In May 2018, the President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker attended and spoke at a celebration of the deceased Karl Marx's 200th birthday, where he defended Marx's legacy. In response, MEPs from Fidesz wrote: "Marxist ideology led to the death of tens of millions and ruined the lives of hundreds of millions. The celebration of its founder is a mockery of their memory."[143]

The Fidesz government spokesman Zoltán Kovács justified the government's controversial policies as an effort to "get rid of the remnants of communism that are still with us, not only in terms of institutions but in terms of mentality."[136]

During the party's rule, statues of communists regarded as traitors have been removed with Fidesz politicians in attendance. In December 2018, Hungarian authorities removed a statue of Imre Nagy for renovation. Nagy was a Hungarian reformist communist politician who led the failed anti-Soviet 1956 Hungarian Revolution and was later executed for his role in the uprising; the statue was replaced with a memorial dedicated to the victims of the short-lived 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic.[144]

National Consultations and political informational campaigns

The government has often propagated Fidesz's political ideas in tax-funded advertisements, putting up posters portraying a grinning George Soros, while calling on the citizens to oppose his purported support of illegal immigration (many of the posters portraying Soros, who is Jewish, were defaced with antisemitic graffiti),[145][146] posters depicting Soros and European Commission head Jean-Claude Juncker laughing together with text suggesting Soros' control of EU institutions (while also disseminating the accusation by letters sent to all Hungarian citizens),[147][148][149] and posters using the stock photo featuring photo models from the "distracted boyfriend" internet meme to promote family values.[150][151] Additionally, various party members have been accused of antisemitism.[152][153]

The government has employed so-called National Consultations, sending questionnaires to citizens that survey their opinions on government policy and legislation while pushing the Fidesz governments' ideology and agenda with suggestive questions (e.g. by referring to a supposed "Soros plan" to "convince Brussels to resettle at least one million immigrants from Africa and the Middle East annually on the territory of the European Union, including Hungary", that this "is part of the Soros plan to launch political attacks on countries objecting to immigration and impose strict penalties on them", and asking citizens whether they agree, or blasting "Brussels bureaucrats" in a consultation about family policy).[146][154][155][156][106] On other occasions, such as just prior to elections, the government sent letters notifying citizens that it will reduce their gas payments by €38, or sent pensioners gift vouchers.[105] The Fidesz government has also carried out taxpayer-funded "information campaigns", or "national messaging initiatives", that have denounced supposed enemies of Hungary with budgets of tens of millions of euros per year.[157]

Youth wing

The Fidesz youth affiliate Fidelitas was founded in 1996.[158][159] In December 2022, Dániel Farkas was elected president, succeeding Boglárka Illés.[160] Fidelitas is a member of European Democrat Students (EDS)[161] and the International Young Democrat Union.[162]

International affiliations

Fidesz was a member of the Liberal International from 1992 to 2000, and is currently a member of the International Democratic Union and Centrist Democrat International.

European Union

Following its ideological turn to conservatism, it joined the centre-right European People's Party (EPP) but was suspended on 20 March 2019. Fidesz MEPs left the European People's Party group in the European Parliament on 3 March 2021,[163][164][165] after the EPP changed its rules to allow it to expel a party's entire delegation.[166][167][168][169] It has served with the Non-Inscrits since then.[170]

In July 2021, Fidesz signed a joint declaration with National Rally, Law and Justice, Vox, the League, the Brothers of Italy, the Estonian Conservative People's Party, the Freedom Party of Austria, Belgium's Vlaams Belang, the Danish People's Party, the Finns Party, VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, Greek Solution, the Romanian Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party and Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance on the future of the EU.[171][172]

In December 2021, the party participated in the Warsaw summit with Law and Justice, the Estonian Conservative People's Party, the Finns Party, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance, the Freedom Party of Austria, Vox, National Rally, Vlaams Belang and the Dutch JA21, signing a document outlining new collaboration at the EU level between the parties.[173][174]

In January 2022, the party participated in the Madrid summit, hosted by Vox, alongside National Rally, Law and Justice, Vlaams Belang, JA21, the Estonian Conservative People's Party, the Freedom Party of Austria, VMRO - Bulgarian National Movement, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party and Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance, signing a joint declaration on policies towards the EU and Russia.[175][176]

In November 2022, Fidesz MEPs signed a cooperation agreement with MEPs from United Poland, Vox, Lega, the Freedom Party of Austria and the National Rally to collaborate within the European Parliament.[177]

European countries

Austria

Orbán has more recently cultivated close ties between Fidesz and the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), noting "strategic cooperation" between the parties and "friendly ties based on mutual confidence and Christian-conservative values".[178] Prior to the 2019 Austrian legislative election, he held a joint press conference with FPÖ leader Norbert Hofer, where he wished the party success in the upcoming election and stressed the "similar views" of the two parties.[179]

Belgium

Hungarian Justice Minister Judit Varga addressed a rally in Antwerp hosted by Vlaams Belang in June 2022, alongside representatives of other Identity and Democracy Party member parties.[180]

Czech Republic

Orbán sent a letter of support to Václav Klaus Jr.'s newly formed Tricolour Citizens' Movement in the Czech Republic in 2019.[181] Orbán has a relationship with Klaus's father, President Václav Klaus, who has expressed support for Orbán's rule.[182]

During the 2021 Czech legislative election, Orbán endorsed Czech Prime Minister and ANO 2011 leader Andrej Babiš, appearing alongside him at campaign events in the Czech Republic.[183]

Croatia

Orbán expressed strong support for Tomislav Karamarko's leadership of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), having written a letter endorsing Karamarko for his stance on immigration that was read out at an HDZ rally during the 2015 Croatian parliamentary election campaign.[184]

France

Orbán initially rejected association with Marine Le Pen's National Rally,[185] and instead endorsed François Fillon, the candidate of The Republicans, in the 2017 French presidential election.[186] However, in 2021, Fidesz opened relations with National Rally, congratulating Le Pen on her re-election as the party's leader.[187] Orbán subsequently hosted Le Pen during her October 2021 visit to Budapest and had discussions with her regarding a formal alliance between the parties.[188] Orbán released a video of support for Le Pen during the 2022 French presidential election, which was aired at one of her campaign rallies.[189]

Orbán also has relations with Reconquête leader Éric Zemmour, hosting him in Budapest in September 2021.[190]

Germany

Fidesz continues to reject cooperation with Alternative for Germany, describing the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria as its natural allies there.[191]

Italy

Orbán has praised the tenure of former Italian Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, the leader of the League, declaring him an "ally and our fellow combatant in the fight for the preservation of European Christian heritage and the tackling of migration" after Salvini's departure from the Italian government in August 2019.[192] Orbán previously urged closer political ties between the EPP and the League,[193] and cooperated extensively on immigration with Salvini, describing Salvini as "my hero".[194] Orbán has also fostered ties with Brothers of Italy leader Giorgia Meloni.[195]

North Macedonia

Orbán has also fostered close political ties with right-wing Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE) politician and former PM Nikola Gruevski. While awaiting a ruling on an appeal to a corruption conviction in early 2019, Gruevski fled to Hungary to evade a looming jail sentence. The whereabouts of Gruevski were revealed only 4 days after he failed to report to serve his prison sentence. North Macedonian officials have suggested that Gruevski (for whom an international arrest warrant had been issued) was in contact with Hungarian officials in the days preceding his flight, and North Macedonian authorities have launched an investigation into whether Gruevski was transported across the border in a Hungarian diplomatic vehicle. The Hungarian government denied accusations of impropriety.[196] Hungarian businesspeople close to Orbán that had previously invested into Slovenian right-wing media also entered into ownership of North Macedonian right-wing media companies, propping up outlets friendly to Gruevski and his party.[196] In May 2023, Orbán pledged that Fidesz would assist VMRO-DPMNE in "various policy areas" ahead of the Macedonian elections.[197]

Poland

Prior to the 2019 European Parliament election, Fidesz announced it would discuss an alliance with Poland's Law and Justice (PiS) party if it leaves the EPP.[198] The two nations' conservative governments have shared a close friendship and alliance for multiple years and the Polish government has pledged political support for Hungary within the EU.[199][200][201][202] Orbán and PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński have vowed to wage a "cultural counter-revolution" within the EU together,[203] with the Polish government seeing Hungary under Fidesz as a model for Poland.[204] The relationship between Fidesz and PiS deteriorated following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, after the two parties took different stances on the conflict.[205] The relationship was later repaired after PiS lost power in Poland, with Mateusz Morawiecki inviting Fidesz to join the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament in February 2024.[206]

Serbia

Orbán has a warm relationship with Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić and his Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), with the Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó campaigning for Vučić before the 2017 Serbian presidential election.[207] Companies close to the Orbán government have won public contracts with the Serbian government.[208] The Serbian government has also been accused of taking a similar approach to the Hungarian government towards the media.[209] In May 2023, Szijjártó once again addressed an SNS rally in support of President Vučić.[210][211]

Slovenia

Orbán has allied closely with Slovenian PM Janez Janša and the right-wing Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) he heads, going so far as to campaign for SDS during the 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election. Businesspeople close to Orbán also provided funds to SDS-affiliated media companies that then also used some of the funds to purchase campaign ads on behalf of SDS to circumvent Slovenian campaign finance laws.[212][213][214][215] After the election, and while SDS was struggling to secure political support to form a coalition government, Janša again met with Orbán on a private visit to Budapest; during the meeting, Orbán also conducted a conference call with US president Trump with Janša joining in.[216] SDS's unconditional backing of Fidesz within the EPP was reportedly pivotal in preventing Fidesz's expulsion from EPP, resulting in a more lenient suspension.[217] In a letter to EPP leader, Janša warned of an "inevitable" split in the EPP if the vote to expel Fidesz were to take place.[218]

Slovakia

Fidesz provided campaign advisers to Robert Fico's Smer party ahead of the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election.[219] Prior to the election, Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó held a joint press conference with Fico.[220]

Szijjárto also praised the Slovak National Party following a meeting with its leader, Andrej Danko, stating that "parties standing on national foundations always understand each other well" and emphasising their shared "Christian-conservative values".[221][222]

Other

Orbán has also developed ties with Dutch Party for Freedom (PVV) leader Geert Wilders,[223] Vox leader Santiago Abascal,[224] Estonian Conservative People's Party leader Mart Helme[225] and the Portuguese Chega.[226]

Hungarian national minority parties

Some political parties of Hungarian minorities are said to be allies of the Fidesz like the Slovak Party of the Hungarian Community (MKP),[227] the Serbian Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians (VMSZ),[228] the Ukrainian KMKSZ – Hungarian Party in Ukraine,[229][230] and Hungarian Democratic Party in Ukraine (UMDP),[231] Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia (HMDK),[232] the Slovenian Hungarian National Self-Government Association of Prekmurje (MMNÖK),[233] the Romanian Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (RMDSZ),[234][235][227] the Hungarian Civic Party (MPP)[236] and the Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (EMNP).[237] The Fidesz, the RMDSZ,[238] MKP,[239] VMSZ[228] the HMDK[240] and the Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians (VMDP)[241] support each other in the 2019 European Parliament election. The MKP, VMSZ and RMDSZ are members or associates of the EPP.[242]

Non-European countries

Israel

Orbán and his government have also fostered close ties with the Israeli Likud government under Benjamin Netanyahu, with the two heads of government forging a cordial relationship, having known one another for decades. Netanyahu advised Orbán on economic reforms conducted by the Hungarian government in the early 2000s.[243] Netanyahu later extended public political support to Orbán at a time when Orbán was confronting criticism for praising Miklós Horthy, Hungary's former leader, whose government passed anti-Jewish legislation and collaborated with Nazi Germany, and for allegedly employing anti-Semitic tropes in his criticism of George Soros.[244][245][246] The Israeli foreign ministry issued a statement condemning Soros in a show of solidarity with the Orbán government.[247][248] A Likud lawmaker also introduced legislation modeled on Fidesz's "Stop Soros law" in the Israeli Knesset.[249]

United States of America

Orbán and his government have gained favour with US president Donald Trump and his Republican administration (in stark contrast to the policy of isolation practiced by the preceding Obama Administration).[250][251] Orbán was the first European head of government to endorse Trump's presidential bid during the 2016 United States presidential election.[252][253] Trump has praised Hungary's anti-immigrant policies in a discussion with Orbán.[250] The more amiable attitude of the Trump Administration toward the Hungarian government prompted criticism and a protest by 22 Democratic Party lawmakers that called for a more disciplinary policy towards the country's government over what they perceived as a problematic track record.[254] Steve Bannon, former head of Breitbart News a former close associate of President Trump who had an integral role in Trump's electoral campaign and administration, has also praised Orbán and announced plans to work with Fidesz in orchestrating the party's electoral campaign for the 2019 European parliament election.[255][256][257][258][3]

Criticism and controversies

Main article: Criticism of Fidesz

Fidesz has been accused of exhibiting anti-democratic and authoritarian tendencies while in government. The Fidesz-led government has been accused of severely restricting media freedom, undermining the independence of the courts, subjugating and politicising independent and non-governmental institutions, spying on political opponents, engaging in electoral engineering, and assailing critical NGOs. The Fidesz-led government has been accused of engaging in cronyism and corruption. Fidesz has been accused of antisemitism, and the Fidesz-led government has been accused of passing legislation that violates the rights of LGBT persons. Due to its controversial actions, Fidesz and its government have come in conflict with the EU on multiple occasions.

Leaders

Image Name Entered office Left office Length of Leadership Note
1   Viktor Orbán 18 April 1993 29 January 2000 6 years, 286 days Prime Minister, 1998–2002
2   László Kövér 29 January 2000 6 May 2001 1 year, 97 days
3   Zoltán Pokorni 6 May 2001 3 July 2002 1 year, 58 days
4   János Áder 3 July 2002 17 May 2003 318 days
5   Viktor Orbán 17 May 2003 Incumbent 20 years, 274 days Prime Minister, 2010–present

Electoral results

National Assembly

 
Fidesz strongholds: single-member constituencies electing a Fidesz MP in 1998, 2002 and 2006. Pale orange districts elected candidates of partner FKGP.
Election Leader SMCs MMCs Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
1990 Viktor Orbán 235,611 4.75 (#6) 439,448 8.95 (#5)
22 / 386
 New Opposition
1994 416,143 7.70 (#5) 379,295 7.02 (#6)
20 / 386
   2 Opposition
1998 1,161,520 25.99 (#2) 1,263,563 28.18 (#2)
148 / 386
   128 Coalition
(Fidesz-FKgP-MDF)
2002[a] 2,217,755 39.43 (#2) 2,306,763 41.07 (#2)
164 / 386
   16 Opposition
2006[b] 2,269,241 41.99 (#1) 2,272,979 43.21 (#2)
141 / 386
   23 Opposition
2010[b] 2,732,965 53.43 (#1) 2,706,292 52.73 (#1)
227 / 386
   86 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
2014[b] Viktor Orbán 2,165,342 44.11 (#1) 2,264,780 44.87 (#1)
117 / 199
   110 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
2018[b] 2,636,201 47.89 (#1) 2,824,551 49.27 (#1)
117 / 199
   0 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
2022[b] 2,823,419 52.52 (#1) 3,060,706 54.13 (#1)
117 / 199
   0 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
  1. ^ Run in coalition with MDF.
  2. ^ a b c d e Run within Fidesz–KDNP coalition.

European Parliament

Election year # of overall votes % of overall vote # of overall seats won +/− Notes
2004 1,457,750 47.4% (1st)
12 / 24
20091 1,632,309 56.36% (1st)
13 / 22
   1
20141 1,193,991 51.48% (1st)
11 / 21
   2
20191 1,824,220 52.56% (1st)
12 / 21
   1

1 Joint list with Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP)

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fidesz.
  • Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union Official website
  • Fidesz page on the website of the European People's Party
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  • (from Google's cache)

February 16, 2024
fidesz, hungarian, civic, party, redirects, here, political, party, romania, hungarian, civic, party, romania, former, political, party, slovakia, hungarian, civic, party, slovakia, hungarian, civic, alliance, hungarian, pronunciation, ˈfidɛs, hungarian, magya. Hungarian Civic Party redirects here For the political party in Romania see Hungarian Civic Party Romania For the former political party in Slovakia see Hungarian Civic Party Slovakia Fidesz Hungarian Civic Alliance Hungarian pronunciation ˈfidɛs Hungarian Fidesz Magyar Polgari Szovetseg is a right wing populist and national conservative political party in Hungary led by Viktor Orban Fidesz Hungarian Civic Alliance Fidesz Magyar Polgari SzovetsegPresidentViktor OrbanVice presidentsSee list Kinga GalLajos KosaGabor KubatovSzilard NemethParliamentary leaderMate KocsisFoundersViktor OrbanGabor FodorLaszlo KoverIstvan BajkaiZsolt BayerTamas DeutschZsolt NemethJozsef SzajerFounded30 March 1988 35 years ago 1988 03 30 Headquarters1089 Budapest Visi Imre utca 6 Youth wingFidelitasIdeologyHungarian nationalismNational conservatismRight wing populismSoft EuroscepticismAnti immigrationPolitical positionRight wing to far rightNational affiliationFidesz KDNPEuropean affiliationEuropean People s Party 2004 2021 International affiliationInternational Democrat UnionCentrist Democrat InternationalEuropean Parliament groupEuropean People s Party 2004 2021 Non Inscrits 2021 present Colours OrangeNational Assembly116 199European Parliament12 21County Assemblies245 381General Assembly of Budapest13 33Party flagWebsitewww wbr fidesz wbr huPolitics of HungaryPolitical partiesElectionsIt was formed in 1988 under the name of Alliance of Young Democrats Fiatal Demokratak Szovetsege as a centre left and liberal activist movement that opposed the ruling Marxist Leninist government It was registered as a political party in 1990 with Orban as its leader It entered the National Assembly following the 1990 parliamentary election however it lost two seats after the 1994 election Following the election it adopted liberal conservatism which caused liberal members to leave and to join the Alliance of Free Democrats It then sought to form a connection with other conservative parties and after the 1998 election it successfully formed a centre right government It adopted nationalism in the early 2000s but its popularity slightly declined due to corruption scandals It served in the opposition between 2002 and 2010 and in 2006 it formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic People s Party The Oszod speech which was followed by mass protests restored its popularity which led Fidesz to winning a supermajority in the 2010 election After returning to governing Hungary it adopted national conservative policies and shifted further to the right It also became more critical of the European Union which led to the party being described as Eurosceptic In 2011 the new Hungarian constitution was adopted in the parliament and in 2012 it became effective although it was subject to controversies due to its consolidation of power to Fidesz Its majority of seats remained after the 2014 election and following the escalation of the migrant crisis Fidesz began using right wing populist and anti immigrant rhetoric Since its inception its political position has changed drastically and Fidesz is now positioned as a right wing or far right party Political scientists have described the party s governance as illiberal or authoritarian with Orban describing their model of government as Christian illiberal democracy Following the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election it currently holds a majority in the National Assembly with 135 seats It has also held the presidency since 2010 has endorsed the election of every president since 2000 and it enjoys majorities in all 19 county legislatures while being in opposition in the General Assembly of Budapest Fidesz was initially a member of the Liberal International until 2000 after which it joined the European People s Party It remained its member until 2021 and since then it has served with the Non Inscrits group within the European Parliament Contents 1 History 1 1 1988 1989 Liberal activist beginnings 1 2 1990 1998 Centre left opposition and conservative turn 1 3 1998 2002 First Orban government 1 4 2002 2010 Return to opposition 1 5 2010 present In power 1 5 1 2010 2014 Second Orban government 1 5 2 2014 2018 Third Orban government 1 5 3 2018 2022 Fourth Orban government 1 5 4 2022 present Fifth Orban government 2 Ideology and policies 2 1 Illiberal democracy 2 2 Economy 2 3 Foreign policy 2 3 1 NATO intervention in Yugoslavia 2 3 2 Invasion of Iraq 2 3 3 European Union 2 3 4 Russia and Ukraine 2 4 Immigration 2 5 Nativism 2 6 Social policy 2 6 1 Christianity 2 7 Other 2 7 1 Anti communism 2 7 2 National Consultations and political informational campaigns 3 Youth wing 4 International affiliations 5 Criticism and controversies 6 Leaders 7 Electoral results 7 1 National Assembly 7 2 European Parliament 8 References 9 External linksHistoryThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message 1988 1989 Liberal activist beginnings The party was founded in the spring of 1988 1 and named Fiatal Demokratak Szovetsege Alliance of Young Democrats with the acronym FIDESZ It grew out of an underground liberal student activist movement opposed to the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers Party 2 3 Founding such a movement was semi illegal at the time so the founders risked their careers by being involved in the opposition 4 The membership had an upper age limit of 35 years this requirement was abolished at the 1993 party congress 5 In 1989 Fidesz won the Rafto Prize The movement was represented at the award ceremony by one of its leaders Peter Molnar who later became a Member of Parliament in Hungary 6 1990 1998 Centre left opposition and conservative turn In the 1990 elections the party entered the National Assembly after winning about 6 of the vote They became a small though quite popular oppositional party In 1992 Fidesz joined the Liberal International 7 At the time it was a moderate liberal centrist party sometimes also described as left liberal 8 At the 1993 party congress it changed its political position from liberal to civic centrist polgari centrumpart The turn in ideology caused a severe split in the membership Peter Molnar left the party along with Gabor Fodor and Klara Ungar who joined the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats citation needed Viktor Orban was elected party chairman After its disappointing result in the 1994 elections Fidesz remained an opposition party but grew increasingly conservative 9 7 In 1995 it changed its name to Hungarian Civic Party Magyar Polgari Part and sought connections to the national conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum a former governing party 1998 2002 First Orban government Fidesz gained power for the first time at the 1998 elections with Viktor Orban becoming prime minister Their coalition partners were the smaller Hungarian Democratic Forum and the Independent Smallholders Party In 2000 Fidesz terminated its membership in the Liberal International and joined the European People s Party 7 The government constituted a relatively conventional European conservative rule 3 2002 2010 Return to opposition nbsp The former main office building of FideszFidesz narrowly lost the 2002 elections to the Hungarian Socialist Party garnering 41 07 to the Socialists 42 05 Fidesz had 169 members of the Hungarian National Assembly out of a total of 386 Immediately after the election they accused the opponents of electoral fraud 3 The 2002 Hungarian municipal elections saw again huge Fidesz losses citation needed In the spring of 2003 Fidesz took its current name Fidesz Hungarian Civic Union 7 It was the most successful party in the 2004 European Parliamentary Elections it won 47 4 of the vote and 12 of its candidates were elected as Members of the European Parliament MEPs citation needed including Livia Jaroka the second Romani MEP 10 Fidesz s nominee Dr Laszlo Solyom was elected President of Hungary in the 2005 election He was endorsed by Vedegylet an NGO including people from the whole political spectrum A self described conservative liberal he championed elements of both political wings with a selective but conscious choice of values 11 In 2005 Fidesz and the Christian Democratic People s Party KDNP formed an alliance for the 2006 elections which were won by the social democratic and liberal coalition of Hungarian Socialist Party MSZP and the Alliance of Free Democrats SZDSZ Fidesz received 42 of the list votes and 164 of 386 representatives in the National Assembly 12 On 1 October 2006 Fidesz won the municipal elections which counterbalanced the MSZP led government s power to some extent Fidesz won 15 of 23 mayoralties in Hungary s largest cities although its candidate narrowly lost the city of Budapest to a member of the Liberal Party and majorities in 18 out of 20 regional assemblies 13 14 In the 2009 European Parliament election Fidesz won a landslide victory gaining 56 36 of the vote and 14 of Hungary s 22 seats 15 In a closed door party meeting in 2009 Orban called for a central political forcefield to govern Hungary for up to 20 years to achieve political stability 3 In January 2010 Laszlo Kover head of the party s national board told reporters the party was aiming at winning a two thirds majority at the parliamentary elections in April He noted that Fidesz had a realistic chance to win a landslide However this feat was threatened by the rise of the radical nationalist Jobbik party Kover said it was a lamentably negative tendency adding that it was rooted in the disaster government of the Socialist Party and its former liberal ally Free Democrats 16 2010 present In power The strong and preeminent Fidesz has benefited from the fragmented and disjointed opposition that has proved inept at mounting a unified challenge to the ruling party in a country where a majority of parliamentary seats are allocated to the party that garners the plurality of votes in a constituency 17 Government debt has fallen by 6 in the 8 years after Fidesz took power in 2010 while the country s credit ratings have improved Economic growth had almost quadrupled with wages rising by over 10 and destitution decreasing by almost 50 though still considerable According to official figures unemployment had fallen by nearly two thirds However as many as almost half of newly employed Hungarians had found work elsewhere in the EU A public works program has also been criticized by some economists for artificially and deceptively reducing unemployment numbers while engaging in and compensating people for possibly unneeded or unnecessarily inefficient work 18 Hungary has been highly dependent on EU funds during Fidesz s rule these representing nearly 4 of the country s GDP more than for any other EU member 19 2010 2014 Second Orban government In a landslide victory in the 2010 parliamentary elections the party won an outright majority in the first round on 11 April with the Fidesz KDNP alliance winning 206 seats including 119 individual seats In the final result Fidesz 263 seats of which 173 are individual seats 20 Fidesz held 227 of these seats giving it an outright majority in the National Assembly by itself citation needed Fidesz was widely seen as propelled to a sweeping victory in large part due to the dissatisfaction with the ruling political establishment which was plagued by corruption scandals and suffered a further blow by the global financial crisis 3 The Socialist government had also imposed harsh austerity measures in an attempt to reign in its ballooning budget deficits even before the global crisis In September 2006 a recording of the prime minister admitting to lying about the country s dire economic prospects was revealed by the media and broadcast on radio Steel barriers were erected around Parliament to protect it from tens of thousands of protesters 21 After winning 53 of the popular vote in the first round of the 2010 parliamentary election which translated into a supermajority of 68 of parliamentary seats giving Fidesz sufficient power to revise or replace the constitution the party embarked on an extraordinary project of passing over 200 laws and drafting and adopting a new constitution since followed by nearly 2000 amendments citation needed The new constitution has been widely criticized 22 23 24 25 26 27 by the European Commission for Democracy through Law 28 the Council of Europe the European Parliament 29 and the United States 30 for concentrating too much power in the hands of the ruling party for limiting oversight of the new constitution by the Constitutional Court of Hungary and for removing democratic checks and balances in various areas including the ordinary judiciary 31 supervision of elections and the media 32 In October 2013 Thorbjorn Jagland Secretary General of the Council of Europe said that the Council were satisfied with the amendments which had been made to the criticized laws 33 2014 2018 Third Orban government Fidesz won the nationwide parliamentary election in April 2014 and secured a second supermajority with 133 seats of 199 in the legislature 34 35 This supermajority was lost however when Tibor Navracsics was appointed to the European Commission His Veszprem county seat was taken by an independent candidate in a by election 34 Another by election on 12 April 2015 saw the supermajority lose a second seat also in Veszprem to a Jobbik candidate 35 2018 2022 Fourth Orban government Fidesz won the nationwide parliamentary election in April 2018 and secured a 3rd supermajority with 133 seats of 199 in the legislature 36 Orban and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling and the election was seen as a victory for right wing populism in Europe 37 38 39 With the start of 2019 the prime minister s residence was relocated from the Hungarian Parliament Building to the Buda Castle a former Carmelite monastery and former royal residence The move was first planned in 2002 during the first Fidesz government but was never carried out Government representatives stated the move was necessary to uphold the separation of the executive and legislative branch by physically separating the two in contrast to the Communist era when the two branches operated in the same building while the opposition criticized the move as profligate the renovation cost Ft21bn or 65 5M and as a symbolic revival of the Horthy era Miklos Horthy also took up residence in the building 40 41 In 2019 local elections the party lost its majority in General Assembly of Budapest and numerous city councils 2022 present Fifth Orban government Fidesz won the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election and secured a 3rd supermajority for the 4th time with 135 seats of 199 in the legislature Reuters described it as a crushing victory 42 With 54 13 of the popular vote Fidesz received the highest vote share by any party since Hungary returned to democracy in 1989 43 Ideology and policiesFidesz s position on the political spectrum has changed over time At its inception as a student movement in the late 1980s the party was positioned on the centre left on the political spectrum 44 and it advocated for liberalism 45 46 and libertarianism 47 48 It was strongly committed towards anti clerical 49 50 and secular policies 51 47 As the Hungarian political landscape crystallized following the fall of Communism and the first free elections Fidesz moved to the right in 1994 Although Fidesz was in opposition to the Hungarian Democratic Forum s national conservative coalition government from 1990 to 1994 Fidesz was the most prominent liberal conservative political force in Hungary by 1998 52 53 It adopted nationalism 54 55 56 national liberalism 45 49 57 and Christian democracy in the early 2000s 58 It was positioned on the centre right 59 although it moved more to the right as the decade progressed 60 61 62 Fidesz is currently a right wing party 63 and it is national conservative 64 65 9 while favouring interventionist policies on economic issues like handling of banks 66 67 68 and has a strong conservative stance on social issues 69 70 71 a soft Eurosceptic vision towards European integration 72 73 74 75 76 77 and has been described as right wing populist 65 9 78 In the late 2010s the party has increasingly been described as far right 79 65 80 81 82 83 84 85 its ruling style has also been variously described as soft fascism 3 86 soft dictatorship 87 and soft autocracy 88 The Fidesz party has denied such accusations and distanced itself from the extreme right 89 criticising such accusations as politically motivated opposition to its anti immigrant policies 90 and pursuit of illiberal democracy 91 92 93 94 95 Illiberal democracy nbsp Countries autocratizing red or democratizing blue substantially and significantly 2010 2020 Countries in grey are substantially unchanged 96 Hungary was during this decade one of the countries with the most democratic backsliding Orban and other Fidesz politicians have prominently described their model of government as a Christian illiberal democracy 97 3 98 Orban has described liberal democracy as having undemocratic characteristics because of being intolerant of alternative views 97 and being incompatible with and antithetical to Christian democracy saying Christian democracy is by definition not liberal it is if you like illiberal 3 and praised Turkey Russia China and Singapore as successful examples of illiberal states 99 100 Economy See also Orbanomics Like the Hungarian right in general Fidesz has been more skeptical of the neoliberal economic policies than the Hungarian left According to researchers the elites of the Hungarian left the Hungarian Socialist Party and the former Alliance of Free Democrats have been differentiated from the right by being more supportive of the classical liberal economic policies while the right especially extreme right has advocated more economic interventionist policies In contrast on issues like church and state and family policies the liberals show alignment along the traditional left right spectrum 101 In the past Fidesz has implemented several economic liberal policies including an income flat tax reductions in the corporate tax rate restrictions on unemployment benefits and privatisation of state owned land 102 103 104 The Fidesz government has embraced some government schemes including public works job program pension hikes utility bill cuts a minimum wage increase and cash gifts for retirees 105 It has also implemented a national public works program 18 aimed in particular at assisting neglected rural communities 106 It has sought national control of key economic sectors while assuming a cautious stance on economic globalisation 105 Foreign policy NATO intervention in Yugoslavia During the NATO led bombing of Serbia Orban refused the requests of the United States and Great Britain to invade the north of Serbia in order to hinder the intervention of Serbian forces in Kosovo but expressed concern about the situation of the Hungarian minority in Serbia and had to cede airspace to NATO forces because Hungary had obtained NATO membership before the war 107 108 Invasion of Iraq Fidesz opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq and Hungarian participation in it questioning the international legitimacy of the invasion 109 European Union Despite the conflict with the European People s Party and European Union EU institutions Fidesz and the Orban government have claimed to be not in conflict with but purportedly in line with pan European values As he struggled to maintain rapport with the EPP Orban began forming a right wing populist alliance to electorally challenge the conservative EU establishment despite voicing a desire for Fidesz to remain a member 110 111 Orban and his government have clashed with the EU over the handling of the European migrant crisis and the death penalty which is prohibited by EU rules 110 112 Russia and Ukraine Hungary was the only EU member state to vote against financial aid for Ukraine during its conflict with Russia sponsored separatists and has been a vocal critic of EU sanctions against Russia for its actions in Ukraine 113 The main cause is that since 2017 relations with Ukraine rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine Hungary has been obstructing Ukraine s integration efforts in the EU and NATO even though Hungary has also been continuously helping and supporting Ukraine with an exceptional attention to Transcarpathia 114 115 116 Orban has strongly criticized EU sanctions against Russia but abstained from vetoing them The Fidesz government joined the UK led diplomatic offensive after the Skripal poisoning expelling Russian embassy officials Orban has hailed Russia as an exemplary case of illiberal democracy 117 During his presidency Orban has been described as drawing closer to Russian president Vladimir Putin 110 The closer relationship between the two leaders and nations has however largely been motivated by a tighter economic relationship 113 117 part of the government s Eastern Opening strategy announced in 2011 117 The Fourth Orban Government initially strongly condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine aligning the country with NATO and the European Union on the matter Orban announced that Hungary would be sending humanitarian aid to Ukraine but declined to send military equipment 118 President Janos Ader also a Fidesz member strongly condemned the Russian invasion comparing it to the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary 119 However Fidesz soon realigned with its formerly pro Russian position the party repeatedly opposed sanctions against the Russian Federation prompting international press to describe Orban as a key Putin s ally 120 121 Orban has called for Russia and the United States to negotiate a diplomatic resolution to the conflict stating that the Ukrainians could not win the war militarily 122 Immigration Fidesz has adopted anti immigration stances and rhetoric 123 124 125 126 The Fidesz government has conversely begun admitting increasing numbers of foreign workers due to a labour shortage resulting from strong economic growth population decline and rising wages 127 128 129 Nativism In a 2018 address Orban said We must state that we do not want to be diverse and do not want to be mixed we do not want our own colour traditions and national culture to be mixed with those of others We do not want this We do not want that at all We do not want to be a diverse country 130 Orban has often expressed a preference for a racially homogeneous society 131 The government has modified the country s Constitution to make it illegal to settle foreign populations in Hungary 132 Despite a very low fertility rate that has led to a demographic deficit the Fidesz government has remained steadfastly opposed to economic immigration that has been harnessed by other European countries to relieve its worker deficits Instead the government announced pecuniary incentives including eliminating taxes for mothers with more than 3 children and reducing credit payments and easier access to government subsidized mortgages and expanding day care and kindergarten access 133 The Fidesz government s child incentive program also offers a 10 million forint government subsidized zero interest loan to married couples who are willing to have a baby after 1 July 2019 134 Social policy Changes passed by the Fidesz government have given citizens the right to use arms for self defense on one s own property 135 Fidesz has passed legislation criminalising homelessness 136 Christianity Orban has on multiple occasions emphasized upholding Christian values as central to his government 137 138 139 140 and has described his government as creating a Christian democracy 138 97 Hungarian Catholic bishop Andras Veres described some of Fidesz policies such as providing free IVF treatment for couples at state run clinics as being at odds with some Christian denominations particularly the Roman Catholic Church which opposes IVF 141 Orban is a member of the Reformed Church in Hungary 142 Other Anti communism The party is anti communist 143 In May 2018 the President of the European Commission Jean Claude Juncker attended and spoke at a celebration of the deceased Karl Marx s 200th birthday where he defended Marx s legacy In response MEPs from Fidesz wrote Marxist ideology led to the death of tens of millions and ruined the lives of hundreds of millions The celebration of its founder is a mockery of their memory 143 The Fidesz government spokesman Zoltan Kovacs justified the government s controversial policies as an effort to get rid of the remnants of communism that are still with us not only in terms of institutions but in terms of mentality 136 During the party s rule statues of communists regarded as traitors have been removed with Fidesz politicians in attendance In December 2018 Hungarian authorities removed a statue of Imre Nagy for renovation Nagy was a Hungarian reformist communist politician who led the failed anti Soviet 1956 Hungarian Revolution and was later executed for his role in the uprising the statue was replaced with a memorial dedicated to the victims of the short lived 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic 144 National Consultations and political informational campaigns The government has often propagated Fidesz s political ideas in tax funded advertisements putting up posters portraying a grinning George Soros while calling on the citizens to oppose his purported support of illegal immigration many of the posters portraying Soros who is Jewish were defaced with antisemitic graffiti 145 146 posters depicting Soros and European Commission head Jean Claude Juncker laughing together with text suggesting Soros control of EU institutions while also disseminating the accusation by letters sent to all Hungarian citizens 147 148 149 and posters using the stock photo featuring photo models from the distracted boyfriend internet meme to promote family values 150 151 Additionally various party members have been accused of antisemitism 152 153 The government has employed so called National Consultations sending questionnaires to citizens that survey their opinions on government policy and legislation while pushing the Fidesz governments ideology and agenda with suggestive questions e g by referring to a supposed Soros plan to convince Brussels to resettle at least one million immigrants from Africa and the Middle East annually on the territory of the European Union including Hungary that this is part of the Soros plan to launch political attacks on countries objecting to immigration and impose strict penalties on them and asking citizens whether they agree or blasting Brussels bureaucrats in a consultation about family policy 146 154 155 156 106 On other occasions such as just prior to elections the government sent letters notifying citizens that it will reduce their gas payments by 38 or sent pensioners gift vouchers 105 The Fidesz government has also carried out taxpayer funded information campaigns or national messaging initiatives that have denounced supposed enemies of Hungary with budgets of tens of millions of euros per year 157 Youth wingThe Fidesz youth affiliate Fidelitas was founded in 1996 158 159 In December 2022 Daniel Farkas was elected president succeeding Boglarka Illes 160 Fidelitas is a member of European Democrat Students EDS 161 and the International Young Democrat Union 162 International affiliationsFidesz was a member of the Liberal International from 1992 to 2000 and is currently a member of the International Democratic Union and Centrist Democrat International European UnionFollowing its ideological turn to conservatism it joined the centre right European People s Party EPP but was suspended on 20 March 2019 Fidesz MEPs left the European People s Party group in the European Parliament on 3 March 2021 163 164 165 after the EPP changed its rules to allow it to expel a party s entire delegation 166 167 168 169 It has served with the Non Inscrits since then 170 In July 2021 Fidesz signed a joint declaration with National Rally Law and Justice Vox the League the Brothers of Italy the Estonian Conservative People s Party the Freedom Party of Austria Belgium s Vlaams Belang the Danish People s Party the Finns Party VMRO Bulgarian National Movement Greek Solution the Romanian Christian Democratic National Peasants Party and Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania Christian Families Alliance on the future of the EU 171 172 In December 2021 the party participated in the Warsaw summit with Law and Justice the Estonian Conservative People s Party the Finns Party the Christian Democratic National Peasants Party Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania Christian Families Alliance the Freedom Party of Austria Vox National Rally Vlaams Belang and the Dutch JA21 signing a document outlining new collaboration at the EU level between the parties 173 174 In January 2022 the party participated in the Madrid summit hosted by Vox alongside National Rally Law and Justice Vlaams Belang JA21 the Estonian Conservative People s Party the Freedom Party of Austria VMRO Bulgarian National Movement the Christian Democratic National Peasants Party and Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania Christian Families Alliance signing a joint declaration on policies towards the EU and Russia 175 176 In November 2022 Fidesz MEPs signed a cooperation agreement with MEPs from United Poland Vox Lega the Freedom Party of Austria and the National Rally to collaborate within the European Parliament 177 European countries AustriaOrban has more recently cultivated close ties between Fidesz and the Freedom Party of Austria FPO noting strategic cooperation between the parties and friendly ties based on mutual confidence and Christian conservative values 178 Prior to the 2019 Austrian legislative election he held a joint press conference with FPO leader Norbert Hofer where he wished the party success in the upcoming election and stressed the similar views of the two parties 179 BelgiumHungarian Justice Minister Judit Varga addressed a rally in Antwerp hosted by Vlaams Belang in June 2022 alongside representatives of other Identity and Democracy Party member parties 180 Czech RepublicOrban sent a letter of support to Vaclav Klaus Jr s newly formed Tricolour Citizens Movement in the Czech Republic in 2019 181 Orban has a relationship with Klaus s father President Vaclav Klaus who has expressed support for Orban s rule 182 During the 2021 Czech legislative election Orban endorsed Czech Prime Minister and ANO 2011 leader Andrej Babis appearing alongside him at campaign events in the Czech Republic 183 CroatiaOrban expressed strong support for Tomislav Karamarko s leadership of the Croatian Democratic Union HDZ having written a letter endorsing Karamarko for his stance on immigration that was read out at an HDZ rally during the 2015 Croatian parliamentary election campaign 184 FranceOrban initially rejected association with Marine Le Pen s National Rally 185 and instead endorsed Francois Fillon the candidate of The Republicans in the 2017 French presidential election 186 However in 2021 Fidesz opened relations with National Rally congratulating Le Pen on her re election as the party s leader 187 Orban subsequently hosted Le Pen during her October 2021 visit to Budapest and had discussions with her regarding a formal alliance between the parties 188 Orban released a video of support for Le Pen during the 2022 French presidential election which was aired at one of her campaign rallies 189 Orban also has relations with Reconquete leader Eric Zemmour hosting him in Budapest in September 2021 190 GermanyFidesz continues to reject cooperation with Alternative for Germany describing the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria as its natural allies there 191 ItalyThis section needs expansion with Berlusconi and Forza Italia You can help by adding to it January 2024 Orban has praised the tenure of former Italian Interior Minister Matteo Salvini the leader of the League declaring him an ally and our fellow combatant in the fight for the preservation of European Christian heritage and the tackling of migration after Salvini s departure from the Italian government in August 2019 192 Orban previously urged closer political ties between the EPP and the League 193 and cooperated extensively on immigration with Salvini describing Salvini as my hero 194 Orban has also fostered ties with Brothers of Italy leader Giorgia Meloni 195 North MacedoniaOrban has also fostered close political ties with right wing Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity VMRO DPMNE politician and former PM Nikola Gruevski While awaiting a ruling on an appeal to a corruption conviction in early 2019 Gruevski fled to Hungary to evade a looming jail sentence The whereabouts of Gruevski were revealed only 4 days after he failed to report to serve his prison sentence North Macedonian officials have suggested that Gruevski for whom an international arrest warrant had been issued was in contact with Hungarian officials in the days preceding his flight and North Macedonian authorities have launched an investigation into whether Gruevski was transported across the border in a Hungarian diplomatic vehicle The Hungarian government denied accusations of impropriety 196 Hungarian businesspeople close to Orban that had previously invested into Slovenian right wing media also entered into ownership of North Macedonian right wing media companies propping up outlets friendly to Gruevski and his party 196 In May 2023 Orban pledged that Fidesz would assist VMRO DPMNE in various policy areas ahead of the Macedonian elections 197 PolandPrior to the 2019 European Parliament election Fidesz announced it would discuss an alliance with Poland s Law and Justice PiS party if it leaves the EPP 198 The two nations conservative governments have shared a close friendship and alliance for multiple years and the Polish government has pledged political support for Hungary within the EU 199 200 201 202 Orban and PiS leader Jaroslaw Kaczynski have vowed to wage a cultural counter revolution within the EU together 203 with the Polish government seeing Hungary under Fidesz as a model for Poland 204 The relationship between Fidesz and PiS deteriorated following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine after the two parties took different stances on the conflict 205 The relationship was later repaired after PiS lost power in Poland with Mateusz Morawiecki inviting Fidesz to join the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament in February 2024 206 SerbiaOrban has a warm relationship with Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic and his Serbian Progressive Party SNS with the Hungarian Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto campaigning for Vucic before the 2017 Serbian presidential election 207 Companies close to the Orban government have won public contracts with the Serbian government 208 The Serbian government has also been accused of taking a similar approach to the Hungarian government towards the media 209 In May 2023 Szijjarto once again addressed an SNS rally in support of President Vucic 210 211 SloveniaOrban has allied closely with Slovenian PM Janez Jansa and the right wing Slovenian Democratic Party SDS he heads going so far as to campaign for SDS during the 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election Businesspeople close to Orban also provided funds to SDS affiliated media companies that then also used some of the funds to purchase campaign ads on behalf of SDS to circumvent Slovenian campaign finance laws 212 213 214 215 After the election and while SDS was struggling to secure political support to form a coalition government Jansa again met with Orban on a private visit to Budapest during the meeting Orban also conducted a conference call with US president Trump with Jansa joining in 216 SDS s unconditional backing of Fidesz within the EPP was reportedly pivotal in preventing Fidesz s expulsion from EPP resulting in a more lenient suspension 217 In a letter to EPP leader Jansa warned of an inevitable split in the EPP if the vote to expel Fidesz were to take place 218 SlovakiaThis section needs expansion with Relations before 2020s You can help by adding to it January 2024 Fidesz provided campaign advisers to Robert Fico s Smer party ahead of the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election 219 Prior to the election Hungarian Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto held a joint press conference with Fico 220 Szijjarto also praised the Slovak National Party following a meeting with its leader Andrej Danko stating that parties standing on national foundations always understand each other well and emphasising their shared Christian conservative values 221 222 OtherOrban has also developed ties with Dutch Party for Freedom PVV leader Geert Wilders 223 Vox leader Santiago Abascal 224 Estonian Conservative People s Party leader Mart Helme 225 and the Portuguese Chega 226 Hungarian national minority partiesSome political parties of Hungarian minorities are said to be allies of the Fidesz like the Slovak Party of the Hungarian Community MKP 227 the Serbian Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians VMSZ 228 the Ukrainian KMKSZ Hungarian Party in Ukraine 229 230 and Hungarian Democratic Party in Ukraine UMDP 231 Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia HMDK 232 the Slovenian Hungarian National Self Government Association of Prekmurje MMNOK 233 the Romanian Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania RMDSZ 234 235 227 the Hungarian Civic Party MPP 236 and the Hungarian People s Party of Transylvania EMNP 237 The Fidesz the RMDSZ 238 MKP 239 VMSZ 228 the HMDK 240 and the Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians VMDP 241 support each other in the 2019 European Parliament election The MKP VMSZ and RMDSZ are members or associates of the EPP 242 Non European countriesIsraelOrban and his government have also fostered close ties with the Israeli Likud government under Benjamin Netanyahu with the two heads of government forging a cordial relationship having known one another for decades Netanyahu advised Orban on economic reforms conducted by the Hungarian government in the early 2000s 243 Netanyahu later extended public political support to Orban at a time when Orban was confronting criticism for praising Miklos Horthy Hungary s former leader whose government passed anti Jewish legislation and collaborated with Nazi Germany and for allegedly employing anti Semitic tropes in his criticism of George Soros 244 245 246 The Israeli foreign ministry issued a statement condemning Soros in a show of solidarity with the Orban government 247 248 A Likud lawmaker also introduced legislation modeled on Fidesz s Stop Soros law in the Israeli Knesset 249 United States of AmericaOrban and his government have gained favour with US president Donald Trump and his Republican administration in stark contrast to the policy of isolation practiced by the preceding Obama Administration 250 251 Orban was the first European head of government to endorse Trump s presidential bid during the 2016 United States presidential election 252 253 Trump has praised Hungary s anti immigrant policies in a discussion with Orban 250 The more amiable attitude of the Trump Administration toward the Hungarian government prompted criticism and a protest by 22 Democratic Party lawmakers that called for a more disciplinary policy towards the country s government over what they perceived as a problematic track record 254 Steve Bannon former head of Breitbart News a former close associate of President Trump who had an integral role in Trump s electoral campaign and administration has also praised Orban and announced plans to work with Fidesz in orchestrating the party s electoral campaign for the 2019 European parliament election 255 256 257 258 3 Criticism and controversiesMain article Criticism of Fidesz Fidesz has been accused of exhibiting anti democratic and authoritarian tendencies while in government The Fidesz led government has been accused of severely restricting media freedom undermining the independence of the courts subjugating and politicising independent and non governmental institutions spying on political opponents engaging in electoral engineering and assailing critical NGOs The Fidesz led government has been accused of engaging in cronyism and corruption Fidesz has been accused of antisemitism and the Fidesz led government has been accused of passing legislation that violates the rights of LGBT persons Due to its controversial actions Fidesz and its government have come in conflict with the EU on multiple occasions LeadersImage Name Entered office Left office Length of Leadership Note1 nbsp Viktor Orban 18 April 1993 29 January 2000 6 years 286 days Prime Minister 1998 20022 nbsp Laszlo Kover 29 January 2000 6 May 2001 1 year 97 days3 nbsp Zoltan Pokorni 6 May 2001 3 July 2002 1 year 58 days4 nbsp Janos Ader 3 July 2002 17 May 2003 318 days5 nbsp Viktor Orban 17 May 2003 Incumbent 20 years 274 days Prime Minister 2010 presentElectoral resultsNational Assembly nbsp Fidesz strongholds single member constituencies electing a Fidesz MP in 1998 2002 and 2006 Pale orange districts elected candidates of partner FKGP Election Leader SMCs MMCs Seats StatusVotes Votes 1990 Viktor Orban 235 611 4 75 6 439 448 8 95 5 22 386 New Opposition1994 416 143 7 70 5 379 295 7 02 6 20 386 nbsp 2 Opposition1998 1 161 520 25 99 2 1 263 563 28 18 2 148 386 nbsp 128 Coalition Fidesz FKgP MDF 2002 a 2 217 755 39 43 2 2 306 763 41 07 2 164 386 nbsp 16 Opposition2006 b 2 269 241 41 99 1 2 272 979 43 21 2 141 386 nbsp 23 Opposition2010 b 2 732 965 53 43 1 2 706 292 52 73 1 227 386 nbsp 86 Supermajority Fidesz KDNP Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats StatusVotes Votes 2014 b Viktor Orban 2 165 342 44 11 1 2 264 780 44 87 1 117 199 nbsp 110 Supermajority Fidesz KDNP 2018 b 2 636 201 47 89 1 2 824 551 49 27 1 117 199 nbsp 0 Supermajority Fidesz KDNP 2022 b 2 823 419 52 52 1 3 060 706 54 13 1 117 199 nbsp 0 Supermajority Fidesz KDNP Run in coalition with MDF a b c d e Run within Fidesz KDNP coalition European Parliament Election year of overall votes of overall vote of overall seats won Notes2004 1 457 750 47 4 1st 12 2420091 1 632 309 56 36 1st 13 22 nbsp 120141 1 193 991 51 48 1st 11 21 nbsp 220191 1 824 220 52 56 1st 12 21 nbsp 11 Joint list with Christian Democratic People s Party KDNP References Walker Shaun 6 April 2018 You cannot negotiate with Orban hardline PM seeks fourth term The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 18 April 2023 Ties that bind Hungary s Fidesz and European Parliament Politico a b c d e f g h i Beauchamp Zack 13 September 2018 It happened 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Elisabeth 7 January 2019 Viktor Orban s Far Right Vision for Europe The New Yorker Walt Vivienne 22 May 2019 Hungary s Far Right Government Has Been Getting a Boost from President Trump Ahead of E U Elections Time Stone Jon 30 September 2019 Hungarian opposition party says its meetings in parliament were bugged The Independent Hungarian politics is dominated by Viktor Orban s far right Fidesz party which is supported by a largely partisan pro government media that marginalises opposition voices Beauchamp Zack 13 September 2018 It happened there how democracy died in Hungary Vox Retrieved 12 October 2019 Beauchamp Zack 17 December 2018 Hungary s prime minister stole the country s democracy Now Hungarians are rising up Vox Retrieved 12 October 2019 Santora Marc Erlanger Steven 20 March 2019 Top E U Coalition Suspends Party Led by Orban Hungary s Leader The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 29 May 2019 Lendvai Paul 7 April 2018 The Most Dangerous Man in the European Union The Atlantic Retrieved 29 May 2019 Kingsley Patrick 16 December 2018 Opposition in Hungary Demonstrates Against Orban in Rare Display of Dissent The New York Times Retrieved 16 December 2018 Novak Benjamin Kingsley Patrick 12 December 2018 Hungary Creates New Court System Cementing Leader s Control of Judiciary The New York Times Retrieved 12 December 2018 Schaeffer Carol 28 May 2017 How Hungary Became a Haven for the Alt Right The Atlantic Retrieved 28 May 2017 Kuper Simon 11 September 2019 Why rightwing populism has radicalised Financial Times Kondor Katherine 30 January 2019 The Hungarian paradigm shift how right wing are Fidesz supporters openDemocracy Stone Jon 30 September 2019 Hungarian opposition party says its meetings in parliament were bugged The Independent Hungarian politics is dominated by Viktor Orban s far right Fidesz party which is supported by a largely partisan pro government media that marginalises opposition voices Beauchamp Zack 17 December 2018 Hungary s prime minister stole the country s democracy Now Hungarians are rising up Vox Retrieved 12 October 2019 Santora Marc Erlanger Steven 20 March 2019 Top E U Coalition Suspends Party Led by Orban Hungary s Leader The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 29 May 2019 Lendvai Paul 7 April 2018 The Most Dangerous Man in the European Union The Atlantic Retrieved 29 May 2019 Verseck Keno 30 January 2013 Hungarian Leader Adopts Policies of Far Right Der Spiegel Retrieved 30 January 2013 Andras Biro Tamas Boros Aron Varga Euroszkepticizmus Magyarorszagon PDF Policy Solutions in Hungarian Archived from the original PDF on 6 September 2015 Hungarian PM sees shift to illiberal Christian democracy in 2019 European vote Reuters 28 July 2018 Retrieved 28 July 2018 Staudenmaier Rebecca 12 September 2018 EU Parliament votes to trigger Article 7 sanctions procedure against Hungary Deutsche Welle Retrieved 12 October 2019 Korkut Umut Resentment and Reorganization Anti Western Discourse and the Making of Eurasianism in Hungary PDF Acta Slavica Iaponica 38 71 90 Barber Tony 9 October 2018 Trust in Europe s illiberal governments grows Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 10 January 2020 Foster Peter 29 May 2019 A climate of fear Hungary inside a dying democracy propped up by the EU The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 10 January 2021 Nazifa Alizada Rowan Cole Lisa Gastaldi Sandra Grahn Sebastian Hellmeier Palina Kolvani Jean Lachapelle Anna Luhrmann Seraphine F Maerz Shreeya Pillai and Staffan I Lindberg 2021 Autocratization Turns Viral Democracy Report 2021 University of Gothenburg V Dem Institute https www v dem net media filer public 74 8c 748c68ad f224 4cd7 87f9 8794add5c60f dr 2021 updated pdf Archived 14 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine a b c Hungarian PM sees shift to illiberal Christian democracy in 2019 Reuters 28 July 2018 Retrieved 16 March 2019 Kingsley Patrick 25 December 2018 On the Surface Hungary Is a Democracy But What Lies Underneath The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 16 March 2019 Lyman Rick Smale Alison 7 November 2014 Viktor Orban Steers Hungary Toward Russia 25 Years After Fall of the Berlin Wall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 16 March 2019 Lyman Rick 13 October 2014 Elections in Hungary Tighten Prime Minister s Hold on Power The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 16 March 2019 Bodan Todosijevic The Hungarian Voter Left Right Dimension as a Clue to Policy Preferences in International Political Science Review 2004 Vol 25 No 4 p 421 RPT As Hungary roars ahead Orbanomics leaves some of the poorest behind Reuters 3 April 2018 Hungary to offer EU s lowest corporate tax rate Financial Times 17 November 2016 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Tiborcz and Meszaros families big winners in Fejer county land privatization The Budapest Beacon 5 December 2017 a b c Bayer Lili 5 April 2018 The new communists Politico Retrieved 14 March 2019 a b Santora Marc 7 April 2018 Orban Campaigns on Fear With Hungary s Democracy at Stake The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Amerikanci naredili Mađarskoj da napadne Srbiju 1999 godine Orban je to odbio Politika Online Retrieved 2 August 2023 CNN Budapest fears Yugo attack on ethnic Hungarians April 30 1999 edition cnn com Retrieved 2 August 2023 Mit jelent a haboru a magyar belpolitikaban Political Capital 27 March 2003 a b c Kingsley Patrick 11 September 2018 E U s Leadership Seeks to Contain Hungary s Orban The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 13 March 2019 European conservative gives ultimatum to Hungarian leader Reuters 5 March 2019 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Traynor Ian 30 April 2015 EU chief warns Hungary over return of death penalty comments The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 13 March 2019 a b Does Hungary s relationship with Russia send a message to the EU Al Jazeera Retrieved 13 March 2019 Hungary Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment New Europe 26 March 2018 Hungary again blocks NATO Ukraine Commission vows to continue KyivPost Ukraine s Global Voice Kyiv Post 3 October 2018 Szijjarto Peter Magyarorszag aranyos valaszt ad Ukrajnanak ha kiutasitanak a konzult a b c Janjevic Darko 13 March 2019 Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orban s special relationship Deutsche Welle Retrieved 12 October 2019 PM Orban Together with Our EU and NATO Allies We Condemn Russia s Military Attack Hungary Today 24 February 2022 President Ader Hungary Strongly Condemns Russia s Attack on Ukraine Hungary Today 26 February 2022 Retrieved 18 March 2022 Hungary PM Orban says EU will not sanction Russian gas or oil Reuters 11 March 2022 Bardi Balint Picheta Robi 4 April 2022 Viktor Orban key Putin ally calls Zelensky an opponent after winning Hungary election CNN Hungary s Orban says poor Ukrainians cannot win against Russia Al Jazeera 23 May 2023 A Race to the Far Right in Hungarian Politics NPR Retrieved 28 February 2017 Hungary set to reject EU refugee quotas in referendum The Independent 2 October 2016 Retrieved 28 February 2017 Hungary s future anti immigration anti multiculturalism and anti Roma openDemocracy 3 August 2015 Retrieved 28 February 2017 Nolan Daniel 2 July 2015 Hungary government condemned over anti immigration drive The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 28 February 2017 Hungary Bojan Pancevski in Budapest and Adam Bihari in Mor 8 September 2019 Hungary Loudly Opposed to Immigration Opens Doors to More Foreign Workers Wall Street Journal via www wsj com Number of Foreigners Coming to Hungary to Work Growing 24 September 2019 In Orban s Hungary more migrants due to labor shortage InfoMigrants 30 September 2019 Prime Minister Viktor Orban s speech at the annual general meeting of the Association of Cities with County Rights miniszterelnok hu miniszterelnok hu Retrieved 13 March 2019 Kingsley Patrick 25 December 2018 On the Surface Hungary Is a Democracy But What Lies Underneath The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 13 March 2019 Kingsley Patrick 20 June 2018 Hungary Criminalizes Aiding Illegal Immigrants The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Kingsley Patrick 11 February 2019 Orban Encourages Mothers in Hungary to Have 4 or More Babies The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 13 March 2019 Hungary s new childbirth incentive program Bank360 bank360 hu in Hungarian Retrieved 24 July 2019 Verseck Keno 30 January 2013 Blurring Boundaries Hungarian Leader Adopts Policies of Far Right Der Spiegel Retrieved 16 March 2019 a b Kingsley Patrick 10 February 2018 As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats Hungary Shows What s Possible The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Hungary s Orban vows defence of Christian Europe Al Jazeera Retrieved 16 March 2019 a b Aleksandra Wrobel 7 May 2018 Orban pledges to keep Hungary safe and Christian Politico Retrieved 16 March 2019 Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orban vows to create Christian homeland ahead of general election The Independent 7 April 2018 Retrieved 16 March 2019 Orban Viktor We must defend Christian culture PDF Agnes Kovacsik 24 August 2017 Veres Andras A lombikbebiprogram minden formaja bun Magyar Nemzet Retrieved 27 April 2020 Chitwood Ken 18 April 2022 Hungarian Evangelicals Thank God for Viktor Orban Victory News amp Reporting Retrieved 2 May 2023 a b EU chief defends Marx in controversial speech to mark communist s birth Yahoo News 4 May 2018 Hungary removes uprising hero s statue 28 December 2018 Retrieved 16 March 2019 Beauchamp Zack 22 June 2018 Hungary just passed a Stop Soros law that makes it illegal to help undocumented migrants Vox Retrieved 14 March 2019 a b Bearak Max Hungary accused of hatemongering in national survey targeting George Soros The Washington Post Rankin Jennifer 19 February 2019 Brussels accuses Orban of peddling conspiracy theory with Juncker poster The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Bayer Lili 28 February 2019 Commission hits back over Hungary s anti Juncker campaign Politico Retrieved 14 March 2019 Bayer Lili 18 February 2019 Hungary launches campaign targeting Jean Claude Juncker Politico Retrieved 14 March 2019 Distracted boyfriend in pro family ad 13 March 2019 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Dallison Paul 13 March 2019 Hungary uses distracted boyfriend meme couple in new campaign Politico Retrieved 14 March 2019 I Erosion of Rule of Law Human Rights Protections and Tolerance 2015 The Future of U S Hungary Relations United States U S Government Publishing Office p 36 Welle www dw com Deutsche Hate speech in the Hungarian election campaign DW 13 12 2017 DW COM Retrieved 18 October 2020 SAGE Journals doi 10 1177 0038038518762081 S2CID 149914301 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Byrne Andrew 3 October 2017 Hungary steps up anti Soros rhetoric with national consultation Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Govʼt launches National Consultation on families blasts EU Budapest Business Journal Retrieved 14 March 2019 Orban s media puppetmaster Politico 4 April 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Kozosseg Fidelitas fidelitas hu in Hungarian Retrieved 25 April 2023 Origo 30 July 2012 Igy epitkezett Orban felfedezettje Rogan Antal palyajanak titkos tortenete I www origo hu in Hungarian Retrieved 25 April 2023 Mariann Krupincza 3 December 2022 Tisztujito kongresszust tartott a Fidelitas Farkas Daniel lett a szervezet uj elnoke Mandiner mandiner hu in Hungarian Retrieved 25 April 2023 Members European Democrat Students Retrieved 25 April 2023 Members IYDU 8 July 2021 Retrieved 25 April 2023 Hungary Viktor Orban s ruling Fidesz party quits European People s Party Deutsche Welle 18 March 2021 Retrieved 1 August 2021 de la Baume Maia Bayer Lili 21 March 2019 Hungary s Orban clings on to Europe s power center Politico Retrieved 21 March 2019 Orban s Fidesz quits EPP group in European Parliament Politico 3 March 2021 KatalinNovakMP 3 March 2021 Fidesz has decided to leave the EPP Group Tweet Retrieved 3 March 2021 via Twitter de la Baume Maia Bayer Lili 21 March 2019 Hungary s Orban clings on to Europe s power center Politico Retrieved 21 March 2019 Henley Jon 3 March 2021 Hungary s Fidesz party to leave European parliament centre right group The Guardian Hungary Viktor Orban s ruling Fidesz party quits European People s Party Deutsche Welle 18 March 2021 Retrieved 1 August 2021 Brzozowski Alexandra Makszimov Vlagyiszlav 3 March 2021 Orban s Fidesz leaves EPP Group before being kicked out Euractiv Retrieved 4 March 2021 Orban Le Pen Salvini Kaczynski join forces to impact on the future of EU Euractiv 2 July 2021 Orban Le Pen Salvini Kaczynski join forces to impact on the future of EU European Business Review 6 July 2021 Marine Le Pen i Viktor Orban w Warszawie Europejska prawica dyskutuje o przyszlosci UE EURACTIV pl 4 December 2021 European populist far right parties meet in Warsaw Deutsche Welle 5 December 2022 Pan European Delegation of National Conservatives Gather in Madrid the European Conservative 28 January 2022 Far right leaders agree on roadmap for sovereign and patriotic Europe 31 January 2022 Migranti Id Ecr Fidesz firmano a Pe documento congiunto Ansa 24 November 2022 Orban Fidesz FPO Strategic Cooperation Set to Continue 17 September 2019 Prime Minister Viktor Orban hopes that Austria will have a strong and stable government that rejects political Islam Government Archived from the original on 26 October 2019 Retrieved 18 July 2020 De ene nog extremer dan de andere Vlaams Belang nodigt dubieuze figuren uit op Europese meeting 22 June 2022 Trikolora zahajila snem mazoretkami Klaus nema vyzyvatele Novinky cz www novinky cz 28 September 2019 Vaclav Klaus Europe Does Not Need Organized Migration 26 February 2018 Hungary s Orban hits Czech campaign trail to back PM Babis Reuters 29 September 2021 Croatian election hinges on migration and the economy Politico 11 July 2015 Link between Italy s Salvini and Hungary s Orban downplayed ABC News Hungary s Orban praises Trump s end of multilateralism AP NEWS 23 January 2017 France s far right National Rally party reelects Le Pen as its leader Euronews 4 July 2021 Orban Le Pen talk alliance in Budapest Euractiv 27 October 2021 Marine Le Pen and Eric Zemmour face off in rival rallies POLITICO 5 February 2022 PM Orban to Meet French Journalist Politician Eric Zemmour in Budapest Hungary Today 23 September 2021 Novak Fidesz Ready to Fill House of European Conservatives with Life Hungary Today 12 April 2021 Orban commiserates with fellow combatant Salvini 30 August 2019 Orban says Salvini is the most important politician in Europe 2 May 2019 Tondo Lorenzo 28 August 2018 Matteo Salvini and Viktor Orban to form anti migration front The Guardian via www theguardian com Meloni a Budapest da Orban Lui difende i confini La Repubblica 28 February 2018 a b Kingsley Patrick 29 December 2018 Hungary Sheltered a Fugitive Prime Minister Did It Help Him Escape The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 PM Orban holds talks with North Macedonia leader and offers Fidesz help 19 May 2023 Bayer Lili 8 March 2019 Orban Hungary s Fidesz could consider alliance with Polish ruling party Politico Retrieved 13 March 2019 Hungary s Orban says Fidesz could quit EPP amid anti Juncker row The Guardian Reuters 8 March 2019 ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 16 March 2019 How Poland And Hungary Are Forming A Powerful Tag Team Against Brussels NPR org NPR Retrieved 16 March 2019 EU Votes on Hungary Censure Proposal as Allies Desert Orban Bloomberg com 12 September 2018 Chapman Annabelle 6 January 2016 Poland and Hungary s defiant friendship Politico Retrieved 16 March 2019 Orban and Kaczynski vow cultural counter revolution to reform EU Financial Times 7 September 2016 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Poland s new government finds a model in Orban s Hungary Financial Times 6 January 2016 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 The high cost of Orban s pro Russia policy Deutsche Welle 18 August 2022 Retrieved 2 August 2023 Former Polish PM Invites Fidesz and National Rally to Join ECR Group BNN 7 February 2024 In Subotica Serbia PM Orban and Serbian President Vucic Praise Bilateral Ties Hungary Today 28 March 2018 Illumination of Serbia Hungarian Style Balkan Insight 26 June 2019 Viktor Orban s Authoritarian Media Control Is Spreading to Hungary s Neighbor Report Warns Newsweek 5 June 2019 Szijjarto at Belgrade rally Hungary Serbia historic friends Budapest Times 26 May 2023 Tens of thousands gather in Serbia in Vucic s show of power Reuters 27 May 2023 Surk Barbara 3 June 2018 Slovenia Elections Tilt Another European Country to the Right The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Kingsley Patrick 4 June 2018 Safe in Hungary Viktor Orban Pushes His Message Across Europe The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Orban ze neposredno financira SDS Mladina si Retrieved 14 March 2019 Madzarski denar za financiranje kampanje SDS zurnal24 si in Croatian Retrieved 16 March 2019 Jansa na obisku pri Orbanu v Budimpesti opravili tudi konferencni klic s Trumpom Dnevnik Retrieved 14 March 2019 Hungary s attempt to control Slovenian media Mladina si Retrieved 5 April 2019 Trkanjec Zeljko 20 March 2019 EXCLUSIVE Slovenian centre right Cancel Orban vote or EPP is inevitably split euractiv com Retrieved 7 April 2019 FICO ORBAN MEETING IN BUDAPEST COURTESY CALL OR BROMANCE Balkan Insight 15 January 2024 Former Slovak PM Instrumental to Security of the Region Says Foreign Minister 7 December 2022 Fura emberekkel pacsizott Szijjarto Szlovakiaban es az ezeknel is abszurdabb talalkaja zajlott kedden Parameter 6 December 2022 Hungarian minister met with the leader of the Hungarian hater far right SNS in Slovakia Daily News Hungary 7 December 2022 Valojaban Orban Viktor hivta meg Geert Wilderst ebedelni januarban Zoom hu Archived from the original on 2 February 2020 Retrieved 2 February 2020 Orban Holds Talks with Head of Spain s Right Wing VOX Party Hungary Today 27 May 2021 ERR BNS 5 August 2019 Mart Helme lauds cooperation with Hungarian prime minister ERR Andre Ventura Rising Star of European National Conservatism 9 February 2023 a b Ergebnisse der Europawahlen in Ungarn www kas de 27 May 2019 a b Fidesz s Serbian Sister Party to Campaign for Hungary s Orban 8 April 2019 Miert a Fidesz es a KDNP KMKSZ Karpataljai Magyar Kulturalis Szovetseg 11 March 2018 Dmytro Borysov 10 September 2021 Hungarian Minority Political Landscape and Hungarian Minority Media in Transcarpathia International Republican Institute Retrieved 28 January 2024 Az Ukrajnai Magyar Demokrata Szovetseg az alabbi levelben gratulalt a valasztasi gyozelemhez a FIDESZ Magyar Polgari Szovetsegnek Ukrajnai Magyar Demokrata Szovetseg Techet Peter 4 August 2019 Eloszor szavazatokat most ingatlanokat vasarolnak a fideszes magyar szervezetnek Horvatorszagban azonnali hu Retrieved 28 January 2024 Adam Kolozsi 24 April 2019 Allando tema az orbanizmus a szomszedban index hu 2 dead link Weber zu Orban EVP andert ihren Kurs nicht Magyar Polgari Part Egyuttmukodesi megallapodas szuletett a szolnoki FIDESZ es az MPP Maros megyei szervezete kozott www polgaripart ro Archived from the original on 15 August 2020 Retrieved 12 May 2020 Rumaniens Katalanen Ungarische Separatisten wollen territoriale Autonomie von Rumanien www pesterlloyd net Orban in Transylvania Calls for Support for RMDSZ 9 May 2019 EP Wahl Orban ermutigt in der Slowakei MKP zu unterstutzen HMDK Horvatorszagi Magyarok Demokratikus Kozossege DZMH www facebook com VMDP A Fidesz KDNP minel nagyobb gyozelme a cel pannonrtv com Parties amp Partner European People s Party Retrieved 28 January 2024 Hungarian PM We share the same security concerns as Israel Israel Hayom Retrieved 30 September 2017 Zion Ilan Ben 19 July 2018 Netanyahu greets Hungary s Orban as true friend of Israel AP NEWS Retrieved 14 March 2019 Israel s Netanyahu criticized for wooing Hungary s far right PM The Independent 19 July 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Anti Semitism doesn t bother Benjamin Netanyahu if it comes from his political allies The Washington Post Israel backs Hungary says financier Soros is a threat Reuters 11 July 2017 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Santora Marc 7 April 2018 Orban Campaigns on Fear With Hungary s Democracy at Stake The New York Times With Hungary Cracking Down on Soros Israeli Lawmaker Pushes His Own Soros Law Haaretz 11 July 2017 Retrieved 14 March 2019 a b EU s Populist Icon Orban Wins Trump s Attention in U S Reversal Bloomberg 22 May 2023 Kingsley Patrick 15 August 2018 Hungary s Leader Was Shunned by Obama but Has a Friend in Trump The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Trump loves a strongman so of course he fawns over Hungary s Viktor Orban The Washington Post Hungary s Viktor Orban finds ally with black sheep Donald Trump Deutsche Welle 25 November 2016 Retrieved 20 March 2019 US lawmakers raise concerns about Trump administration s Hungary policy Politico 10 October 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Horowitz Jason 9 March 2018 Steve Bannon Is Done Wrecking the American Establishment Now He Wants to Destroy Europe s The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Ex Trump strategist Bannon says to work with Hungary PM Orban media Reuters 17 November 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Steve Bannon plans to advise Hungary s far right PM Viktor Orban The Independent 17 November 2018 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Dallison Paul 16 September 2018 Steve Bannon praises Orban and Salvini Politico Retrieved 14 March 2019 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fidesz Fidesz Hungarian Civic Union Official website Fidesz page on the website of the European People s Party Speech delivered by Mr Viktor Orban at the 17th Congress of Fidesz upon his election as president of Fidesz Hungarian Civic Union 17 May 2003 from Google s cache The History of Fidesz from Google s cache Hungary s PM calls confidence vote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fidesz amp oldid 1207834248, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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