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French nationalism

January 01, 1970

"French nationalist" redirects here. For the political party sometimes shortened to "French Nationalist", see French and European Nationalist Party.

French nationalism (French: Nationalisme en France) usually manifests as civic[1][2] or cultural nationalism, promoting the cultural unity of France.[3]

Flag of France
The Arc de Triomphe in Paris
Joan of Arc, a national hero of France

History edit

French nationalism emerged during the Hundred Years' War, which consisted of a series of intermittent conflicts with the Kingdom of England. The wars produced a great icon of French nationalism, Joan of Arc. The Catholic religion also played a major role after the Protestant Reformation.[4] French nationalism became a powerful movement after the French Revolution in 1789. Napoleon Bonaparte promoted French nationalism based upon the ideals of the French Revolution such as the idea of "liberty, equality, fraternity" and justified French expansionism and French military campaigns on the claim that France had the right to spread the enlightened ideals of the French Revolution across Europe, and also to expand France into its so-called "natural borders." Napoleon's invasions of other nations had the effect of spreading the concept of nationalism outside of France.[5]

1814-1914 edit

After Napoleon's defeat and downfall, French nationalism from the 19th to early 20th century took on an assertive and extreme patriotism that supported military force to achieve its political goals.[5] During World War I, France pursued irredentist claims on the region of Alsace-Lorraine that had been lost to Germany at the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. French national pride was damaged in World War I by the long, drawn-out war with Germany fought on its soil; especially in World War II when the French government surrendered to Germany in 1940; and after France lost many of its colonies due to decolonization after World War II.[5]

The symbols of nationalism included not only Joan of Arc but also Roland, the hero of The Song of Roland (La chanson de Roland). He died in combat against the Unfaithful while defending Charlemagne and his men, making him a suitable patriotic symbol for the modern age.[6]

The politics of left and right played a role as conservatives seized on nationalism to attack the left. Conservative French nationalists successfully labeled antimilitarism as antinationalist in the 1898-1914 era. Many of the more vocal antimilitarists were activist anarchists and radical Marxist organizations. Historians have interpreted this attack by arguing French nationalism was rejecting its roots in the French Revolution and was becoming something of an extremist, protofascist movement. However, most antimilitarists did not reject their nation, but instead claimed to be protecting the Republic, which they saw as synonymous with the nation. They saw the conservatives as a danger to a republican France.[7]

The large conservative Catholic element, frustrated by the failure to restore the monarchy, turned to a new variation on nationalism. Led by the daily newspaper La Croix, founded by the Assumptionist priests in 1883, it denounced the Republic's anti-clericalism and encouraged Boulangism and Germanophobia. It promoted French imperialism as the fulfillment of a mission to bring civilization and Christianity to the pagans ("mission civilisatrice") and it boasted of France's cultural superiority over everyone else.[8]

The Dreyfus affair of the 1890s saw conservatives use nationalism to attack the Third Republic. However, when the republicans passed laws hostile to the Catholic Church in 1901-1905, such as disbanding the Assumptionists, many conservatives switched their energies and funding away from nationalistic projects to instead a defense of the Church. Devout Catholic women were especially active in this switch. Historian Robert Fuller argues it effectively ended the nationalist challenge to the Third Republic.[9]

Since 1914 edit

Further information: French nationalism during World War II

The disaster of the Nazi Occupation of France led to a collapse of confidence in Republican governance. Maréchal Philippe Pétain, a hero of the world war, was called upon to save France again in the name of French nationalism. He responded by stressing "the need to stay in France, to prepare a national revival, and to share the sufferings of our people. It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating, without deserting. The duty of the government is, come what may, to remain in the country, or it could not longer be regarded as the government".[10] Robert Bruce wrote: "He longed to take an active part in remaking France in his image and ridding the nation of the past twenty years of socialist and Marxist teachings and programs whose bitter fruit had been the defeat of 1940. France would be strong again. France would be great again, and it was his duty to make that come to pass."[11]

Pétain's great enemy was the leader of Free France, Charles de Gaulle. He became President of France and sought to resurrect national pride. De Gaulle sought to make France the leader of an independent Europe - free from American and Soviet influence.[12] De Gaulle's government sought Franco-German reconciliation and took a leading role in the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community that sought to resolve economic tensions between France and Germany, that French foreign minister Robert Schuman declared was designed "to end Franco-German hostility once and for all".[12]

Into the 21st century, one controversy has been the legal treatment of veiled Muslim women and prostitutes. The government has targeted what some perceive as the 'under-covered' bodies of prostitutes and the 'over-covered' bodies of veiled Muslim women in order to exclude them from the public space. After the multiple Islamic terrorist attacks of 2015 and 2016, French nationalists had a new reason to promote anti-immigration laws. The emerging forms of French nationalism emphasize the promotion of sexual liberalism as a core value of citizenship. Julie Billaud and Julie Castro argue that the goals are to enforce a virile nationalism, prescribe new sexual norms, and criminalize immigrants and those living at the social margins.[13]

Parties and organizations edit

Current edit

Defunct edit

Personalities edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Özkırımlı, Umut. (2005). Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.24-25
  2. ^ Auer, Stefan (2004). Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 1134378602. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  3. ^ Motyl 2001, p. 170.
  4. ^ David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 (2001).
  5. ^ a b c Motyl 2001, pp. 171.
  6. ^ Isabel N. DiVanna, "Politicizing national literature: the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century." Historical Research 84.223 (2011): 109-134.
  7. ^ Elizabeth Propes, "Re-thinking Antimilitarism: France 1898–1914." Historical Reflections 37.1 (2011): 45-59.
  8. ^ William F. Ryan, . La Croix and the rise of French rightist nationalism in the 1880s," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism (1974) 1#2 pp 159-172
  9. ^ Robert L. Fuller, "Catholic Women and the Unmaking of French Nationalism After the Dreyfus Affair." European History Quarterly 37.2 (2007): 242-264.
  10. ^ Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (1991), p. 201
  11. ^ Robert B. Bruce (2008). Petain: Verdun to Vichy. Potomac Books. p. 100. ISBN 9781574885989.
  12. ^ a b Motyl 2001, pp. 172.
  13. ^ Julie Billaud and Julie Castro, "Whores and Niqabées: The Sexual Boundaries of French Nationalism," French Politics, Culture & Society (2013) 31#2 pp 81-101

Bibliography edit

  • Bell, David A. "Lingua Populi, Lingua Dei: Language, Religion, and the Origins of French Revolutionary Nationalism." American Historical Review 100#5 (1995), pp. 1403–1437. in JSTOR.
  • Bell, David A. The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 (2001) emphasizes religion and the wars with England.
  • Ben-Amos, Avner. "Monuments and Memory in French Nationalism." History and Memory 5#2 (1993), pp. 50–81. in JSTOR
  • Billaud, Julie and Castro, Julie. "Whores and Niqabées: The Sexual Boundaries of French Nationalism." French Politics, Culture & Society (2013) 31#2 pp 81–101
  • Hyslop, Beatrice Fry. French Nationalism in 1789 According to the General Cahiers (1934)
  • Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7.
  • Sternhell, Zeev. "Paul Deroulede and the Origins of Modern French Nationalism." Journal of Contemporary History 6#4 (1971), pp. 46–70. in JSTOR.
  • Vincent, K. Steven. "National Consciousness, Nationalism and Exclusion: Reflections on the French Case." Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 19#3 (1993), pp. 433–449. in JSTOR

January 01, 1970
french, nationalism, french, nationalist, redirects, here, political, party, sometimes, shortened, french, nationalist, french, european, nationalist, party, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, october, 20. French nationalist redirects here For the political party sometimes shortened to French Nationalist see French and European Nationalist Party You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French October 2013 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 6 170 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Nationalisme en France see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated fr Nationalisme en France to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation French nationalism French Nationalisme en France usually manifests as civic 1 2 or cultural nationalism promoting the cultural unity of France 3 Flag of France The Arc de Triomphe in Paris Joan of Arc a national hero of France Contents 1 History 1 1 1814 1914 1 2 Since 1914 2 Parties and organizations 2 1 Current 2 2 Defunct 3 Personalities 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyHistory editFrench nationalism emerged during the Hundred Years War which consisted of a series of intermittent conflicts with the Kingdom of England The wars produced a great icon of French nationalism Joan of Arc The Catholic religion also played a major role after the Protestant Reformation 4 French nationalism became a powerful movement after the French Revolution in 1789 Napoleon Bonaparte promoted French nationalism based upon the ideals of the French Revolution such as the idea of liberty equality fraternity and justified French expansionism and French military campaigns on the claim that France had the right to spread the enlightened ideals of the French Revolution across Europe and also to expand France into its so called natural borders Napoleon s invasions of other nations had the effect of spreading the concept of nationalism outside of France 5 1814 1914 edit After Napoleon s defeat and downfall French nationalism from the 19th to early 20th century took on an assertive and extreme patriotism that supported military force to achieve its political goals 5 During World War I France pursued irredentist claims on the region of Alsace Lorraine that had been lost to Germany at the end of the Franco Prussian War of 1870 1871 French national pride was damaged in World War I by the long drawn out war with Germany fought on its soil especially in World War II when the French government surrendered to Germany in 1940 and after France lost many of its colonies due to decolonization after World War II 5 The symbols of nationalism included not only Joan of Arc but also Roland the hero of The Song of Roland La chanson de Roland He died in combat against the Unfaithful while defending Charlemagne and his men making him a suitable patriotic symbol for the modern age 6 The politics of left and right played a role as conservatives seized on nationalism to attack the left Conservative French nationalists successfully labeled antimilitarism as antinationalist in the 1898 1914 era Many of the more vocal antimilitarists were activist anarchists and radical Marxist organizations Historians have interpreted this attack by arguing French nationalism was rejecting its roots in the French Revolution and was becoming something of an extremist protofascist movement However most antimilitarists did not reject their nation but instead claimed to be protecting the Republic which they saw as synonymous with the nation They saw the conservatives as a danger to a republican France 7 The large conservative Catholic element frustrated by the failure to restore the monarchy turned to a new variation on nationalism Led by the daily newspaper La Croix founded by the Assumptionist priests in 1883 it denounced the Republic s anti clericalism and encouraged Boulangism and Germanophobia It promoted French imperialism as the fulfillment of a mission to bring civilization and Christianity to the pagans mission civilisatrice and it boasted of France s cultural superiority over everyone else 8 The Dreyfus affair of the 1890s saw conservatives use nationalism to attack the Third Republic However when the republicans passed laws hostile to the Catholic Church in 1901 1905 such as disbanding the Assumptionists many conservatives switched their energies and funding away from nationalistic projects to instead a defense of the Church Devout Catholic women were especially active in this switch Historian Robert Fuller argues it effectively ended the nationalist challenge to the Third Republic 9 Since 1914 edit Further information French nationalism during World War II The disaster of the Nazi Occupation of France led to a collapse of confidence in Republican governance Marechal Philippe Petain a hero of the world war was called upon to save France again in the name of French nationalism He responded by stressing the need to stay in France to prepare a national revival and to share the sufferings of our people It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating without deserting The duty of the government is come what may to remain in the country or it could not longer be regarded as the government 10 Robert Bruce wrote He longed to take an active part in remaking France in his image and ridding the nation of the past twenty years of socialist and Marxist teachings and programs whose bitter fruit had been the defeat of 1940 France would be strong again France would be great again and it was his duty to make that come to pass 11 Petain s great enemy was the leader of Free France Charles de Gaulle He became President of France and sought to resurrect national pride De Gaulle sought to make France the leader of an independent Europe free from American and Soviet influence 12 De Gaulle s government sought Franco German reconciliation and took a leading role in the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community that sought to resolve economic tensions between France and Germany that French foreign minister Robert Schuman declared was designed to end Franco German hostility once and for all 12 Into the 21st century one controversy has been the legal treatment of veiled Muslim women and prostitutes The government has targeted what some perceive as the under covered bodies of prostitutes and the over covered bodies of veiled Muslim women in order to exclude them from the public space After the multiple Islamic terrorist attacks of 2015 and 2016 French nationalists had a new reason to promote anti immigration laws The emerging forms of French nationalism emphasize the promotion of sexual liberalism as a core value of citizenship Julie Billaud and Julie Castro argue that the goals are to enforce a virile nationalism prescribe new sexual norms and criminalize immigrants and those living at the social margins 13 Parties and organizations editCurrent edit National Rally 1972 present French Nationalist Party 1983 present Popular Republican Union 2007 present Debout la France 2008 present League of the South 2010 present The Patriots 2017 present French Dissidence 2018 present Reconquete 2021 present Defunct edit Croix de Feu 1927 1936 Mouvement Franciste 1933 1944 French National Collectivist Party 1934 1944 French Popular Party 1936 1945 National Popular Rally 1941 1945 Groupe Union Defense 1968 2017 French and European Nationalist Party 1987 1999 Social Bastion 2017 2019 Personalities editEdouard Drumont Joseph Darnand Jean Marie Le Pen Marcel Bucard Charles de Gaulle Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque Marc Augier Francois Brigneau Alain Soral Jacques Ploncard d Assac Francois Duprat Eric Zemmour Dominique Venner Jerome Bourbon Yvan Benedetti Herve Ryssen Alexandre Gabriac Daniel ConversanoSee also editGaullism Natural borders of France SouverainismReferences edit Ozkirimli Umut 2005 Contemporary Debates on Nationalism A Critical Introduction Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan pp 24 25 Auer Stefan 2004 Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe Routledge p 5 ISBN 1134378602 Retrieved 13 May 2017 Motyl 2001 p 170 David A Bell The Cult of the Nation in France Inventing Nationalism 1680 1800 2001 a b c Motyl 2001 pp 171 Isabel N DiVanna Politicizing national literature the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century Historical Research 84 223 2011 109 134 Elizabeth Propes Re thinking Antimilitarism France 1898 1914 Historical Reflections 37 1 2011 45 59 William F Ryan La Croix and the rise of French rightist nationalism in the 1880s Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 1974 1 2 pp 159 172 Robert L Fuller Catholic Women and the Unmaking of French Nationalism After the Dreyfus Affair European History Quarterly 37 2 2007 242 264 Jean Lacouture De Gaulle The Rebel 1890 1944 1991 p 201 Robert B Bruce 2008 Petain Verdun to Vichy Potomac Books p 100 ISBN 9781574885989 a b Motyl 2001 pp 172 Julie Billaud and Julie Castro Whores and Niqabees The Sexual Boundaries of French Nationalism French Politics Culture amp Society 2013 31 2 pp 81 101Bibliography editBell David A Lingua Populi Lingua Dei Language Religion and the Origins of French Revolutionary Nationalism American Historical Review 100 5 1995 pp 1403 1437 in JSTOR Bell David A The Cult of the Nation in France Inventing Nationalism 1680 1800 2001 emphasizes religion and the wars with England Ben Amos Avner Monuments and Memory in French Nationalism History and Memory 5 2 1993 pp 50 81 in JSTOR Billaud Julie and Castro Julie Whores and Niqabees The Sexual Boundaries of French Nationalism French Politics Culture amp Society 2013 31 2 pp 81 101 Hyslop Beatrice Fry French Nationalism in 1789 According to the General Cahiers 1934 Motyl Alexander J 2001 Encyclopedia of Nationalism Volume II Academic Press ISBN 0 12 227230 7 Sternhell Zeev Paul Deroulede and the Origins of Modern French Nationalism Journal of Contemporary History 6 4 1971 pp 46 70 in JSTOR Vincent K Steven National Consciousness Nationalism and Exclusion Reflections on the French Case Historical Reflections Reflexions Historiques 19 3 1993 pp 433 449 in JSTOR Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title French nationalism amp oldid 1217707923, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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