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Shiv Sena

December 30, 2023

See also: Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)

Shiv Sena (IAST: Śhiva Sēnā) (lit. 'Army of Shivaji') is a right-wing Marathi regionalist and Hindu ultranationalist political party in India founded in 1966 by Bal Thackeray.[17] Currently led by Eknath Shinde, this party is the ruling party of the Indian state of Maharashtra since 2019. Shiv Sena's election symbol is the Bow and Arrow. It uses the saffron colour in its flag and a image of a roaring tiger.[18]

Shiv Sena
AbbreviationSHS
LeaderEknath Shinde[1]
Parliamentary ChairpersonGajanan Kirtikar
Lok Sabha LeaderRahul Shewale
FounderBal Thackeray
Founded19 June 1966 (57 years ago) (1966-06-19)
HeadquartersAnand Ashram, Thane, Thane district, Maharashtra[2]
Student wingBharatiya Vidyarthi Sena (BVS)
Youth wingYuva Sena
Women's wingShiv Sena Mahila Aghadi
IdeologyMarathi regionalism[3][4]
Conservatism[5]
Social conservatism[6]
Hindutva[7]
Hindu nationalism[8]
Economic nationalism[9]
Ultranationalism[10]
Right-wing populism[11]
Political positionRight-wing[12] to far-right[13]
Colours  Saffron
ECI StatusState Party
Alliance
  • NDA (1988–2019, 2022–Present) (National Level & Maharashtra)
  • UPA & MVA (2019–2022) (Maharashtra)
Seats in Lok Sabha
13 / 543
Seats in Rajya Sabha
0 / 245
Seats in State Legislative Assemblies
Indian states
40 / 288
(Maharashtra)[14]
0 / 200
(Rajasthan)
Seats in Maharashtra Legislative Council
3 / 78
Election symbol
[15]
Party flag
Website
shivsena.in

Initially apolitical, the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister Vasantrao Naik who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the Congress.[19][20][21] The organisation at the same time carried out pro-Marathi nativist movement in Mumbai in which it agitated for preferential treatment for the Marathi people over migrants from other parts of India.[22] It ran a strong movement against South Indian people who were living in Bombay, alleging they did not respect Marathi people and their culture.

Although Shiv Sena's primary base always remained in Maharashtra, it tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda,[23] and aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Shiv Sena took part in Mumbai (BMC) municipal elections for its entire existence. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the BJP for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections. The alliance in the latter was temporarily broken in the 2014 elections, although it was quickly reformed. Shiv Sena was a coalition partner in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) from 1998 until 2019, including the Vajpayee Government from 1998 to 2004 and the Narendra Modi Government from 2014 to 2019.

Under Uddhav Thackeray, Shiva Sena formed an alliance with its former rivals, the Indian National Congress and Nationalist Congress Party, signalling a significant departure from its traditional pro-Hindutva stance.[24][25][26]

The party has had a powerful hold over the Hindi film industry.[27] It has been described as an "extremist",[28][29] "chauvinist",[30][31] or "fascist" party.[32][33] Shiv Sena has been allegedly involved in the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi, the 1984 Bhiwandi riot, and violence in the 1992–1993 Bombay riots.[34][35]

The party draws its strength from the support of the Maratha and Kunbi communities of Maharashtra which Shiv Sena drew away from the Indian National Congress.[36]

History

Origins

After the Independence of India in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the Bombay Presidency, a massive popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states: Gujarat and Maharashtra. Moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state were joined with Maharashtra. Bombay, in many ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the Gujarati community owned the majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city.[37] On the other hand, there was a steady flow of South Indian migrants to the city who came to take many white-collar jobs.

In 1960 Bal Thackeray, a Mumbai-based cartoonist, began publishing the satirical cartoon weekly Marmik. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments. On 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation.

The Shiv Sena attracted many unemployed Marathi youth, who were attracted by Thackeray's charged anti-migrant oratory. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis.[23]

Initially apolitical, the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister Vasantrao Naik who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the Congress.[19][20] Because of its close association with Vasantrao, the organisation was also referred to as "Vasant Sena".[19][21]

Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party

The Sena started placing more weight on the Hindutva ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.[23]

The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for seats in the Lok Sabha and the Maharashtra Assembly from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995 and 1999.[38] The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in 2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.[38] With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.[39] The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the Konkan coastal areas. However, in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.[40]

Formation of Maharashtra Navanirman Sena

In July 2005, Former Maharashtra Chief Minister and Sena leader Narayan Rane was expelled from the party, which sparked internal conflict in the party. In December the same year Raj Thackeray, Bal Thackeray's nephew, left the party.[41] Raj Thackeray later founded a separate party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS).[citation needed][42]

Although the MNS is a break-away group from the Shiv Sena, the party is still based in Bhumiputra ideology. When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said, everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva and, "I shall elaborate on the party's stance on issues like Hindutva, its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the 19 March public meeting."[43]

Leadership change

Bal Thackeray's son Uddhav Thackeray became the party's leader in 2004, although Bal Thackeray continued to be an important figurehead. After the death of Bal Thackeray on 17 November 2012, Uddhav became the leader of the party but refused to take the title "Shiv Sena Pramukh" (Eng : Shiv Sena Supremo).[44][45]

Ideology shifts

The Shiv Sena party's ideology has undergone changes since its formation. Initially, it started with the ideology of Marathi regionalism under the leadership of Bal Thackeray.[46][3] However, the party shifted towards ultranationalism and right-wing populism over time, which helped them form an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).[47][48][verification needed] When Uddhav Thackeray became the party leader, he gradually shifted towards composite nationalism and formed an alliance with the Congress and Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).[49] This shift in ideology was a significant departure from Shiv Sena's traditional stance, as the party had been historically opposed to the Congress and NCP for the majority of its existence.

2022 Political crisis and split in the party

Main article: 2022 Maharashtra political crisis

In late June 2022, Eknath Shinde, a senior Shiv Sena leader, and the majority of MLAs from Shiv Sena joined hands with the BJP.[50][51][52] Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari called for a trust vote, an action that would later on be described as a "sad spectacle" [53] by Supreme Court of India, and draw criticism from Political Observers.[54] Uddhav Thackeray resigned from the post as chief minister well as a MLC member ahead of no-confidence motion on 29 June 2022.[55] Shinde subsequently formed a new coalition with the BJP, and was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 30 June 2022.[56] Uddhav Thackeray filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court of India claiming that Eknath Shinde and his group's actions meant that they were disqualified under the anti-defection law, with Eknath Shinde claiming that he has not defected, but rather represents the true Shiv Sena party.[57] The case is currently being heard by Supreme Court of India.[57][58] The parties split into two factions: Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena led by Shinde and Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) led by Thackeray.

Shinde subsequently filed a petition with the Election Commission of India staking his claim to the 'Shiv Sena' name and the Bow and Arrow symbol. The ECI ruled in favour of Shinde's faction based on the strength of its legislative wing, rather than on the organizational wing.[59][60][61] Thackeray appealed against the decision, and the case is currently pending in the Supreme Court.[62]

Party structure and caste composition

Structure

The Shiv Sena (SS) is led by a president, traditionally referred to as the "Shiv Sena Pramukh," (transl. Chief) which translates to "Shiv Sena Chief" in English.[63] Bal Thackeray served as the first Shiv Sena Pramukh and took all major decisions while the activists and members of the Shiv Sena, known as Shiv Sainiks, (transl. Soldiers) carried out most of the party's grassroots work. During his last days, the day-to-day activities of the party were handled by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray, who succeeded him as party leader after his death in 2012.

The present Mukhya neta (transl. Chief leader) of the party is Eknath Shinde, who assumed the post in 2023 after overtaking the party.[64]

Shiv Sena has a network of grassroots organizations, known as "Shiv Sena Shakhas" (transl. Branch). The Shakhas serve as the primary unit of the party, with each Shakha consisting of 25-50 members. The Shakhas are responsible for carrying out the party's activities at the grassroots level, such as mobilizing voters during elections, organizing protests and rallies, and engaging in community service activities.[65]

In addition to the Shakhas, the party has various other organizational structures, including the Yuva Sena, (transl. Youth Army) party's youth wing, and the Mahila Aghadi, the party's women's wing. The Shiv Sena is also affiliated with the Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti,[66] which advocates for the preservation of employment rights for Maharashtrians in Maharashtra.

Prior to the rebellion by its prominent leader Eknath Shinde in 2022 the party was in hand of Thackeray family, thus most of the important positions was hold by Bal Thackeray's son and grandson that is Uddhav and Aditya Thackeray respectively. Opposition parties frequently alleged Shiva Sena as a dynastic political party. Bal Thackeray never remained on any elected political position but he never vacated the position of Shiva Sena supremo and ruled as a Godfather or king maker.[67]

In 2019 first time ever Thackeray family directly participated in election when Aditya contested for a seat of MLA, later his father debuted in direct politics and became chief minister of the state. Aditya was the tourism minister his father's cabinet.

Caste composition

People of various Maharashtrian castes worked together in the Sena. The party's leaders mostly came from the so-called "high castes" that is Brahmins, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and Pathare Prabhus - Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar.[68] One of the above-mentioned leaders, Hemchandra Gupte, who was Mayor of Bombay in the early 70s and was the former family physician and confidante of Thackerays, quit Shivsena citing flaws such as importance given to money, violence committed by the Shivsainiks (transl. Soldiers) and Bal Thackeray's support to then prime minister Indira Gandhi during the 1975 emergency.[69]

There were also leaders from other castes such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalawade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so-called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.[68][year needed]

Over the years, other than the Bal Thackeray, there have been twelve senior leaders in the party, out of these, eight have been from upper caste (four were Brahmins, two Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and two Pathare Prabhus). Others have been either Maratha (Dattaji Salvi), Shimpi (Wamanrao Mahadik), Agri (Leeladhar Dake) or Mali (Chaggan Bhujbal). In fact, Bhujbal quit the party accusing the party is biased towards upper caste people.[68]

The number of Dalits were also not insignificant and even after the Sena opposed the reservations proposed by the Mandal commission, there was no dent in the percentage of Other Backward Class in the party. In this way, the Sena was successful in uniting all Maharashtrians irrespective of caste under the common "Marathi umbrella". The agenda of preferential treatment for the "sons of the soil" that is Maharashtrians brought them all together.[68]

Voter base

Shiv Sena's strength in the late 1980s and early '90s mainly came from the support of the Maratha caste - which it drew away from the Congress.[36] Citing the large percentage of MLAs elected from Shiv Sena belonging to the Maratha caste, Vora from the University of Pune concludes that the Shiv Sena has been emerging as a "Maratha Party".[70]

Headquarters

Shiva Sena's headquarters and main office is situated at Anand Dighe's house in Thane. Dighe was Guru and mentor of Shiva Sena Mukhy neta (Main leader) Eknath Shinde. On 24 February 2023, the headquarters was relocated from Shivsena Bhavan after Shinde took over the party from Uddhav Thackeray;[71] while Thackeray's faction retained control over Shivsena Bhavan.

Shivsena Bhavan (transl. House), the former central office of the Shiv Sena in Mumbai,[72] is located on Ram Ganesh Gadkari Chowk and Shivaji Park in Dadar. It was inaugurated on 19 June 1977. The refurbished Sena Bhavan was inaugurated on 27 July 2006. It has a Copper Statue of Shivaji Maharaj and a large Poster of Bal Thackeray. In the 1993 Bombay bombings, terrorists planted powerful bomb in Shiv Sena Bhavan, it exploded and the building got damaged.[73]

Matoshri, the house of Bal Thackeray and Uddhav Thackeray was an important building in this party. Many high-profile meetings are usually held in it. It worked as a command and control centre of the party in Bal–Uddhava's regime.

List of chief ministers

See also: List of chief ministers of Maharashtra

Following is the list of the chief ministers of Maharashtra from Shiv Sena.

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Tenure Constituency Assembly
Assumed office Left office Time in office
1   Manohar Joshi
1937- 		14 March 1995 1 February 1999 3 years, 324 days Dadar 9th
(1995)
2   Narayan Rane
1952- 		1 February 1999 18 October 1999 259 days Malvan
3   Uddhav Thackeray
1960- 		28 November 2019 30 June 2022 2 years, 214 days MLC 14th
(2019)
4   Eknath Shinde
1964- 		30 June 2022 Present 1 year, 183 days Kopri Pachpakhadi

List of union ministers

Electoral performance

Lok Sabha elections

Year Seats won Change in seats
1989
1 / 48
   1
1991
4 / 48
   3
1996
15 / 48
   11
1998
6 / 48
   9
1999
15 / 48
   9
2004
12 / 48
   3
2009
11 / 48
   1
2014
18 / 48
   7
2019
18 / 48
  

Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections

Year Party leader Seats won +/- Voteshare (%) +/- (%) Popular vote Outcome
1990 Balasaheb Thackeray
52 / 288
   52 15.94%   15.94% 4,733,834 Opposition
1995
73 / 288
   21 16.39%   0.45% 6,315,493 Government
1999
69 / 288
   4 17.33%   0.94% 5,692,812 Opposition
2004
62 / 288
   7 19.97%   2.64% 8,351,654 Opposition
2009
44 / 288
   18 16.26%   3.71% 7,369,030 Opposition
2014 Uddhav Thackeray
63 / 288
   19 19.35%   3.09% 10,235,970 Government
2019
56 / 288
   7 16.41%   3.04% 9,049,789 Government
Election Candidates Elected Votes Source
1971 Lok Sabha 5 227,468 [74]
1980 Lok Sabha 2 129,351 [75]
1989 Lok Sabha 3 1 339,426 [76]
1989 Goa Assembly 6   4,960 [77]
1991 Uttar Pradesh Assembly 14 1 45,426 [78]
1991 Lok Sabha 22 4 2,208,712 [79]
1993 Madhya Pradesh Assembly 88 75,783 [80]
1996 Lok Sabha 132 15 4,989,994 [81]
1996 Haryana Assembly 17 6,700 [82]
1997 Punjab Assembly 3 719 [83]
1998 Lok Sabha 79 6 6,528,566 [84]
1998 Delhi Assembly 32 9,395 [85]
1998 Himachal Pradesh Assembly 6 2,827 [86]
1999 Lok Sabha 63 15 5,672,412 [87]
1999 Goa Assembly 14   5,987 [88]
2000 Odisha Assembly 16   18,794 [89]
2001 Kerala Assembly 1   279 [90]
2002 Goa Assembly 15  
2004 Lok Sabha 56 12 7,056,255 [91]
2009 Lok Sabha 22 11 6,828,382 [92]
2014 Lok Sabha 20 18 10,262,981 [91]
1990 Maharashtra Assembly 183 52 47,33,834(16.39%)
1995 Maharashtra Assembly 169 73 6315493(16.39%)
1999 Maharashtra Assembly 169 69 (17.33%)
2004 Maharashtra Assembly 163 62 8351654 (19,97%)
2009 Maharashtra Assembly 160 45
2014 Maharashtra Assembly 286 63 10,235,972
2015 Bihar Assembly 80 0 2,11,131 [93][94]
2017 Goa Assembly 3 0 792 [95][96]
2019 Lok Sabha 23 18 12,589,064
2019 Maharashtra Assembly 124 56 9,049,789 (16.41) [97]

Activities and criticism

The Sena says it has played a central role in the emancipation of 500,000 slum dwellers in the Dharavi area of Mumbai, the largest slum in Asia. However, the policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been controversial since it was introduced by the then Shiv Sena-BJP government.[98][99][100][further explanation needed]

In the 1970s, Shiv Sena was opposed to the Namantar Andolan, a Dalit-led movement to change the name of Marathwada University in Aurangabad to "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University", and supported views of conservative Marathas.[101]

In 1996, Shiv Sena organised the first and only live concert of American pop icon Michael Jackson in India to raise the funds for its business wing and to help create over two-hundred seventy thousand jobs for people of Maharashtra.[102][103]

In December 2003, Shiv Sena activists damaged the cricket pitch of the Agra Sport Stadium which was supposed to host the cricket match between Pakistan and India.[104] In April 2005, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, the student wing of Shiv Sena, attempted to prevent the India-Pakistan One-day international match being held in New Delhi. The protester's spokesman demanded:

India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists, including Dawood Ibrahim, and closes down militant training camps running there.[105]

The Sena acted as a "moral police" and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.[76] On 14 February 2006, Bal Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks by its Shiv Sainiks on a private celebration in Mumbai. "It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really happened, then it is a symbol of cowardice. I have always instructed Shiv Sainiks that in any situation women should not be humiliated and harassed."[106] Thackeray and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an "Indian alternative".[107][108]

On 20 November 2009, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the offices of Hindi and Marathi language TV news channels IBN7 and IBN-Lokmat, located in Mumbai and Pune respectively. The Shivsainik slapped IBN7's senior editor Ravindra Ambekar and then attacked IBN-Lokmat's editor Nikhil Wagle. Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of Bal Thackeray by the news channel over his remarks on Sachin Tendulkar. Shiv Sena's Rajya Sabha MP Sanjay Raut described the attacks as "spontaneous". Shiv Sena spokespersons tried to justify the attacks and refused to apologize for their acts of violence.[109][110][111]

Shiv Sena got an entry in Guinness Book of World Records in 2010 for "collecting maximum blood in a day". Shiv Sena organized a blood donation camp which collected over 24,000 bottles of blood in a single day.[112][113] Later this world record was broken by a blood donation camp of HDFC Bank in 2014.[114]

On 2 November 2014, during the Kiss of Love protest against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, Bajrang Dal, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that public display of affection is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.[115][116] Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.[117]

In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer Ghulam Ali. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.[118] However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,[119] while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".[120]

On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of BCCI to stop a meeting between PCB and BCCI officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.[121]

In 2015 Shiv Sena announced 10,000 rupees help to each drought-affected farmer of Marathwada region,[122] while they also announced 2 lakh rupees "reward" to Hindus family who had 5 children between 2010 and 2015 in Uttar Pradesh. As per Shiv Sena, the reason behind the "reward" was "decline in growth rate of Hindu population compared to Muslim population as per recent census".[123][124]

In January 2016, the Shiv Sena demanded that the words “secular” and “socialist” be “permanently removed” from the Constitution's Preamble which were added in the 42nd amendment during the emergency.[125] In April 2019, party member Sanjay Raut called for the burqa to be banned.[126][127]

During the 2018 Maharashtra Council election and the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, many candidates fielded by Shiv Sena had criminal records or had criminal charges pending against them.[128][129]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay, MF Katzenstein – 1979 – Cornell University Press
  • Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India, S Banerjee – 2000 – Westview Press
  • The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena, JM Eckert – 2003 – Oxford University Press
  • Shiv Sena: An Assessment, Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)
  • Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, 'Power', chapter 3, Mumbai, Mehta, Suketu, Penguin Books (2005)

External links

  • Official website

December 30, 2023
shiv, sena, also, uddhav, balasaheb, thackeray, iast, Śhiva, sēnā, army, shivaji, right, wing, marathi, regionalist, hindu, ultranationalist, political, party, india, founded, 1966, thackeray, currently, eknath, shinde, this, party, ruling, party, indian, stat. See also Shiv Sena Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray Shiv Sena IAST Shiva Sena lit Army of Shivaji is a right wing Marathi regionalist and Hindu ultranationalist political party in India founded in 1966 by Bal Thackeray 17 Currently led by Eknath Shinde this party is the ruling party of the Indian state of Maharashtra since 2019 Shiv Sena s election symbol is the Bow and Arrow It uses the saffron colour in its flag and a image of a roaring tiger 18 Shiv SenaAbbreviationSHSLeaderEknath Shinde 1 Parliamentary ChairpersonGajanan KirtikarLok Sabha LeaderRahul ShewaleFounderBal ThackerayFounded19 June 1966 57 years ago 1966 06 19 HeadquartersAnand Ashram Thane Thane district Maharashtra 2 Student wingBharatiya Vidyarthi Sena BVS Youth wingYuva SenaWomen s wingShiv Sena Mahila AghadiIdeologyMarathi regionalism 3 4 Conservatism 5 Social conservatism 6 Hindutva 7 Hindu nationalism 8 Economic nationalism 9 Ultranationalism 10 Right wing populism 11 Political positionRight wing 12 to far right 13 Colours SaffronECI StatusState PartyAllianceNDA 1988 2019 2022 Present National Level amp Maharashtra UPA amp MVA 2019 2022 Maharashtra Seats in Lok Sabha13 543Seats in Rajya Sabha0 245Seats in State Legislative AssembliesIndian states40 288 Maharashtra 14 0 200 Rajasthan Seats in Maharashtra Legislative Council3 78Election symbol 15 Party flagWebsiteshivsena wbr inPolitics of IndiaPolitical partiesElectionsInitially apolitical the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister Vasantrao Naik who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the Congress 19 20 21 The organisation at the same time carried out pro Marathi nativist movement in Mumbai in which it agitated for preferential treatment for the Marathi people over migrants from other parts of India 22 It ran a strong movement against South Indian people who were living in Bombay alleging they did not respect Marathi people and their culture Although Shiv Sena s primary base always remained in Maharashtra it tried to expand to a pan Indian base In the 1970s it gradually moved from advocating a pro Marathi ideology to supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda 23 and aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP Shiv Sena took part in Mumbai BMC municipal elections for its entire existence In 1989 it entered into an alliance with the BJP for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections The alliance in the latter was temporarily broken in the 2014 elections although it was quickly reformed Shiv Sena was a coalition partner in the BJP led National Democratic Alliance NDA from 1998 until 2019 including the Vajpayee Government from 1998 to 2004 and the Narendra Modi Government from 2014 to 2019 Under Uddhav Thackeray Shiva Sena formed an alliance with its former rivals the Indian National Congress and Nationalist Congress Party signalling a significant departure from its traditional pro Hindutva stance 24 25 26 The party has had a powerful hold over the Hindi film industry 27 It has been described as an extremist 28 29 chauvinist 30 31 or fascist party 32 33 Shiv Sena has been allegedly involved in the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi the 1984 Bhiwandi riot and violence in the 1992 1993 Bombay riots 34 35 The party draws its strength from the support of the Maratha and Kunbi communities of Maharashtra which Shiv Sena drew away from the Indian National Congress 36 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party 1 3 Formation of Maharashtra Navanirman Sena 1 4 Leadership change 1 5 Ideology shifts 1 6 2022 Political crisis and split in the party 2 Party structure and caste composition 2 1 Structure 2 2 Caste composition 2 3 Voter base 3 Headquarters 4 List of chief ministers 5 List of union ministers 6 Electoral performance 6 1 Lok Sabha elections 6 2 Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections 7 Activities and criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistoryOrigins After the Independence of India in 1947 regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created Within the Bombay Presidency a massive popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi speaking people In 1960 the presidency was divided into two linguistic states Gujarat and Maharashtra Moreover Marathi speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state were joined with Maharashtra Bombay in many ways the economic capital of India became the state capital of Maharashtra On one hand people belonging to the Gujarati community owned the majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city 37 On the other hand there was a steady flow of South Indian migrants to the city who came to take many white collar jobs In 1960 Bal Thackeray a Mumbai based cartoonist began publishing the satirical cartoon weekly Marmik Through this publication he started disseminating anti migrant sentiments On 19 June 1966 Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation The Shiv Sena attracted many unemployed Marathi youth who were attracted by Thackeray s charged anti migrant oratory Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities vandalizing South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis 23 Initially apolitical the organisation was patronised by the then Chief Minister Vasantrao Naik who used it for curbing trade unions and maintain stranglehold of the Congress 19 20 Because of its close association with Vasantrao the organisation was also referred to as Vasant Sena 19 21 Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party The Sena started placing more weight on the Hindutva ideology in the 1970s as the sons of the soil cause was weakening 23 The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP for seats in the Lok Sabha and the Maharashtra Assembly from 1989 The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995 and 1999 38 The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014 However the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in 2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections over seat sharing and both contested the election independently 38 With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election Sena declared opposition However after negotiations Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra 39 The Shiv Sena BJP combine governs the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the Konkan coastal areas However in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections the result was reversed The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state while suffering losses in Mumbai 40 Formation of Maharashtra Navanirman Sena In July 2005 Former Maharashtra Chief Minister and Sena leader Narayan Rane was expelled from the party which sparked internal conflict in the party In December the same year Raj Thackeray Bal Thackeray s nephew left the party 41 Raj Thackeray later founded a separate party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena MNS citation needed 42 Although the MNS is a break away group from the Shiv Sena the party is still based in Bhumiputra ideology When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva and I shall elaborate on the party s stance on issues like Hindutva its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the 19 March public meeting 43 Leadership change Bal Thackeray s son Uddhav Thackeray became the party s leader in 2004 although Bal Thackeray continued to be an important figurehead After the death of Bal Thackeray on 17 November 2012 Uddhav became the leader of the party but refused to take the title Shiv Sena Pramukh Eng Shiv Sena Supremo 44 45 Ideology shifts The Shiv Sena party s ideology has undergone changes since its formation Initially it started with the ideology of Marathi regionalism under the leadership of Bal Thackeray 46 3 However the party shifted towards ultranationalism and right wing populism over time which helped them form an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP 47 48 verification needed When Uddhav Thackeray became the party leader he gradually shifted towards composite nationalism and formed an alliance with the Congress and Nationalist Congress Party NCP 49 This shift in ideology was a significant departure from Shiv Sena s traditional stance as the party had been historically opposed to the Congress and NCP for the majority of its existence 2022 Political crisis and split in the party Main article 2022 Maharashtra political crisis In late June 2022 Eknath Shinde a senior Shiv Sena leader and the majority of MLAs from Shiv Sena joined hands with the BJP 50 51 52 Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari called for a trust vote an action that would later on be described as a sad spectacle 53 by Supreme Court of India and draw criticism from Political Observers 54 Uddhav Thackeray resigned from the post as chief minister well as a MLC member ahead of no confidence motion on 29 June 2022 55 Shinde subsequently formed a new coalition with the BJP and was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 30 June 2022 56 Uddhav Thackeray filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court of India claiming that Eknath Shinde and his group s actions meant that they were disqualified under the anti defection law with Eknath Shinde claiming that he has not defected but rather represents the true Shiv Sena party 57 The case is currently being heard by Supreme Court of India 57 58 The parties split into two factions Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena led by Shinde and Shiv Sena Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray led by Thackeray Shinde subsequently filed a petition with the Election Commission of India staking his claim to the Shiv Sena name and the Bow and Arrow symbol The ECI ruled in favour of Shinde s faction based on the strength of its legislative wing rather than on the organizational wing 59 60 61 Thackeray appealed against the decision and the case is currently pending in the Supreme Court 62 Party structure and caste compositionStructure The Shiv Sena SS is led by a president traditionally referred to as the Shiv Sena Pramukh transl Chief which translates to Shiv Sena Chief in English 63 Bal Thackeray served as the first Shiv Sena Pramukh and took all major decisions while the activists and members of the Shiv Sena known as Shiv Sainiks transl Soldiers carried out most of the party s grassroots work During his last days the day to day activities of the party were handled by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray who succeeded him as party leader after his death in 2012 The present Mukhya neta transl Chief leader of the party is Eknath Shinde who assumed the post in 2023 after overtaking the party 64 Shiv Sena has a network of grassroots organizations known as Shiv Sena Shakhas transl Branch The Shakhas serve as the primary unit of the party with each Shakha consisting of 25 50 members The Shakhas are responsible for carrying out the party s activities at the grassroots level such as mobilizing voters during elections organizing protests and rallies and engaging in community service activities 65 In addition to the Shakhas the party has various other organizational structures including the Yuva Sena transl Youth Army party s youth wing and the Mahila Aghadi the party s women s wing The Shiv Sena is also affiliated with the Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti 66 which advocates for the preservation of employment rights for Maharashtrians in Maharashtra Prior to the rebellion by its prominent leader Eknath Shinde in 2022 the party was in hand of Thackeray family thus most of the important positions was hold by Bal Thackeray s son and grandson that is Uddhav and Aditya Thackeray respectively Opposition parties frequently alleged Shiva Sena as a dynastic political party Bal Thackeray never remained on any elected political position but he never vacated the position of Shiva Sena supremo and ruled as a Godfather or king maker 67 In 2019 first time ever Thackeray family directly participated in election when Aditya contested for a seat of MLA later his father debuted in direct politics and became chief minister of the state Aditya was the tourism minister his father s cabinet Caste composition People of various Maharashtrian castes worked together in the Sena The party s leaders mostly came from the so called high castes that is Brahmins Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and Pathare Prabhus Thackerey Manohar Joshi Sudhir Joshi Balwant Mantri Hemchandra Gupte Shyam Deshmukh Madhav Deshpande Datta Pradhan Vijay Parvatkar Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar 68 One of the above mentioned leaders Hemchandra Gupte who was Mayor of Bombay in the early 70s and was the former family physician and confidante of Thackerays quit Shivsena citing flaws such as importance given to money violence committed by the Shivsainiks transl Soldiers and Bal Thackeray s support to then prime minister Indira Gandhi during the 1975 emergency 69 There were also leaders from other castes such as Dattaji Salvi Dattaji Nalawade and Wamanrao Mahadik and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal Leeladhar Dake Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar 68 year needed Over the years other than the Bal Thackeray there have been twelve senior leaders in the party out of these eight have been from upper caste four were Brahmins two Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and two Pathare Prabhus Others have been either Maratha Dattaji Salvi Shimpi Wamanrao Mahadik Agri Leeladhar Dake or Mali Chaggan Bhujbal In fact Bhujbal quit the party accusing the party is biased towards upper caste people 68 The number of Dalits were also not insignificant and even after the Sena opposed the reservations proposed by the Mandal commission there was no dent in the percentage of Other Backward Class in the party In this way the Sena was successful in uniting all Maharashtrians irrespective of caste under the common Marathi umbrella The agenda of preferential treatment for the sons of the soil that is Maharashtrians brought them all together 68 Voter base Shiv Sena s strength in the late 1980s and early 90s mainly came from the support of the Maratha caste which it drew away from the Congress 36 Citing the large percentage of MLAs elected from Shiv Sena belonging to the Maratha caste Vora from the University of Pune concludes that the Shiv Sena has been emerging as a Maratha Party 70 HeadquartersShiva Sena s headquarters and main office is situated at Anand Dighe s house in Thane Dighe was Guru and mentor of Shiva Sena Mukhy neta Main leader Eknath Shinde On 24 February 2023 the headquarters was relocated from Shivsena Bhavan after Shinde took over the party from Uddhav Thackeray 71 while Thackeray s faction retained control over Shivsena Bhavan Shivsena Bhavan transl House the former central office of the Shiv Sena in Mumbai 72 is located on Ram Ganesh Gadkari Chowk and Shivaji Park in Dadar It was inaugurated on 19 June 1977 The refurbished Sena Bhavan was inaugurated on 27 July 2006 It has a Copper Statue of Shivaji Maharaj and a large Poster of Bal Thackeray In the 1993 Bombay bombings terrorists planted powerful bomb in Shiv Sena Bhavan it exploded and the building got damaged 73 Matoshri the house of Bal Thackeray and Uddhav Thackeray was an important building in this party Many high profile meetings are usually held in it It worked as a command and control centre of the party in Bal Uddhava s regime List of chief ministersSee also List of chief ministers of Maharashtra Following is the list of the chief ministers of Maharashtra from Shiv Sena No Portrait Name Birth Death Tenure Constituency AssemblyAssumed office Left office Time in office1 nbsp Manohar Joshi1937 14 March 1995 1 February 1999 3 years 324 days Dadar 9th 1995 2 nbsp Narayan Rane1952 1 February 1999 18 October 1999 259 days Malvan3 nbsp Uddhav Thackeray1960 28 November 2019 30 June 2022 2 years 214 days MLC 14th 2019 4 nbsp Eknath Shinde1964 30 June 2022 Present 1 year 183 days Kopri PachpakhadiList of union ministersManohar Joshi Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises 13th Speaker of the Lok Sabha Anandrao Vithoba Adsul Ministry of State Finance and Company Affairs Suresh Prabhu Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers Ministry of Power Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Anant Geete Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Minister of Power Arvind Sawant Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public EnterprisesElectoral performanceLok Sabha elections Year Seats won Change in seats1989 1 48 nbsp 11991 4 48 nbsp 31996 15 48 nbsp 111998 6 48 nbsp 91999 15 48 nbsp 92004 12 48 nbsp 32009 11 48 nbsp 12014 18 48 nbsp 72019 18 48 nbsp Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections Year Party leader Seats won Voteshare Popular vote Outcome1990 Balasaheb Thackeray 52 288 nbsp 52 15 94 nbsp 15 94 4 733 834 Opposition1995 73 288 nbsp 21 16 39 nbsp 0 45 6 315 493 Government1999 69 288 nbsp 4 17 33 nbsp 0 94 5 692 812 Opposition2004 62 288 nbsp 7 19 97 nbsp 2 64 8 351 654 Opposition2009 44 288 nbsp 18 16 26 nbsp 3 71 7 369 030 Opposition2014 Uddhav Thackeray 63 288 nbsp 19 19 35 nbsp 3 09 10 235 970 Government2019 56 288 nbsp 7 16 41 nbsp 3 04 9 049 789 GovernmentElection Candidates Elected Votes Source1971 Lok Sabha 5 227 468 74 1980 Lok Sabha 2 129 351 75 1989 Lok Sabha 3 1 339 426 76 1989 Goa Assembly 6 4 960 77 1991 Uttar Pradesh Assembly 14 1 45 426 78 1991 Lok Sabha 22 4 2 208 712 79 1993 Madhya Pradesh Assembly 88 75 783 80 1996 Lok Sabha 132 15 4 989 994 81 1996 Haryana Assembly 17 6 700 82 1997 Punjab Assembly 3 719 83 1998 Lok Sabha 79 6 6 528 566 84 1998 Delhi Assembly 32 9 395 85 1998 Himachal Pradesh Assembly 6 2 827 86 1999 Lok Sabha 63 15 5 672 412 87 1999 Goa Assembly 14 5 987 88 2000 Odisha Assembly 16 18 794 89 2001 Kerala Assembly 1 279 90 2002 Goa Assembly 15 2004 Lok Sabha 56 12 7 056 255 91 2009 Lok Sabha 22 11 6 828 382 92 2014 Lok Sabha 20 18 10 262 981 91 1990 Maharashtra Assembly 183 52 47 33 834 16 39 1995 Maharashtra Assembly 169 73 6315493 16 39 1999 Maharashtra Assembly 169 69 17 33 2004 Maharashtra Assembly 163 62 8351654 19 97 2009 Maharashtra Assembly 160 452014 Maharashtra Assembly 286 63 10 235 9722015 Bihar Assembly 80 0 2 11 131 93 94 2017 Goa Assembly 3 0 792 95 96 2019 Lok Sabha 23 18 12 589 0642019 Maharashtra Assembly 124 56 9 049 789 16 41 97 Activities and criticismThe Sena says it has played a central role in the emancipation of 500 000 slum dwellers in the Dharavi area of Mumbai the largest slum in Asia However the policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been controversial since it was introduced by the then Shiv Sena BJP government 98 99 100 further explanation needed In the 1970s Shiv Sena was opposed to the Namantar Andolan a Dalit led movement to change the name of Marathwada University in Aurangabad to Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar University and supported views of conservative Marathas 101 In 1996 Shiv Sena organised the first and only live concert of American pop icon Michael Jackson in India to raise the funds for its business wing and to help create over two hundred seventy thousand jobs for people of Maharashtra 102 103 In December 2003 Shiv Sena activists damaged the cricket pitch of the Agra Sport Stadium which was supposed to host the cricket match between Pakistan and India 104 In April 2005 Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena the student wing of Shiv Sena attempted to prevent the India Pakistan One day international match being held in New Delhi The protester s spokesman demanded India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists including Dawood Ibrahim and closes down militant training camps running there 105 The Sena acted as a moral police and opposed Valentine s Day celebrations 76 On 14 February 2006 Bal Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks by its Shiv Sainiks on a private celebration in Mumbai It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident If that really happened then it is a symbol of cowardice I have always instructed Shiv Sainiks that in any situation women should not be humiliated and harassed 106 Thackeray and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it although they indicated support for an Indian alternative 107 108 On 20 November 2009 Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the offices of Hindi and Marathi language TV news channels IBN7 and IBN Lokmat located in Mumbai and Pune respectively The Shivsainik slapped IBN7 s senior editor Ravindra Ambekar and then attacked IBN Lokmat s editor Nikhil Wagle Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of Bal Thackeray by the news channel over his remarks on Sachin Tendulkar Shiv Sena s Rajya Sabha MP Sanjay Raut described the attacks as spontaneous Shiv Sena spokespersons tried to justify the attacks and refused to apologize for their acts of violence 109 110 111 Shiv Sena got an entry in Guinness Book of World Records in 2010 for collecting maximum blood in a day Shiv Sena organized a blood donation camp which collected over 24 000 bottles of blood in a single day 112 113 Later this world record was broken by a blood donation camp of HDFC Bank in 2014 114 On 2 November 2014 during the Kiss of Love protest against moral policing members of Shiv Sena Bajrang Dal Vishwa Hindu Parishad and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets These opposing groups claimed that public display of affection is against both Indian culture and the law of the land under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court kissing in public is not a criminal offence 115 116 Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups 117 In October 2015 Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer Ghulam Ali The move was adopted to appease anti Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections 118 However in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena 119 while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates our patriotism 120 On 19 October 2015 Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of BCCI to stop a meeting between PCB and BCCI officials The activists shouted anti Pakistan slogans and held posters that read Shahryar Khan go back determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan s Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa 121 In 2015 Shiv Sena announced 10 000 rupees help to each drought affected farmer of Marathwada region 122 while they also announced 2 lakh rupees reward to Hindus family who had 5 children between 2010 and 2015 in Uttar Pradesh As per Shiv Sena the reason behind the reward was decline in growth rate of Hindu population compared to Muslim population as per recent census 123 124 In January 2016 the Shiv Sena demanded that the words secular and socialist be permanently removed from the Constitution s Preamble which were added in the 42nd amendment during the emergency 125 In April 2019 party member Sanjay Raut called for the burqa to be banned 126 127 During the 2018 Maharashtra Council election and the 2014 Lok Sabha elections many candidates fielded by Shiv Sena had criminal records or had criminal charges pending against them 128 129 See alsoList of political parties in India List of Hindu nationalist political partiesReferences Deshpande Abhinay 21 February 2023 Eknath Shinde to remain Shiv Sena s chief leader The Hindu via www thehindu com Badgeri Manoj Marpakwar Chaitanya 24 February 2023 Anand Dighe s Thane residence now Shiv Sena central office The Times of India a b Joshi R 1970 The Shiv Sena A Movement in Search of Legitimacy Asian Survey 10 11 967 978 doi 10 2307 2642817 Morkhandikar R S 1967 The Shiv Sena An Eruption of Sub Nationalism Economic and Political Weekly 2 42 1903 1906 JSTOR 24478083 Like Mann Ki Baat and Chai Pe Charcha Shiv Sena starts branding its public interactions ThePrint 22 August 2019 Archived from the original on 16 February 2020 Retrieved 16 February 2020 the usually conservative Shiv Sena has now moved to give itself a branding twist with events like Aaditya Samvad Friends of Aaditya and Mauli Samvad with a bit of advice from poll strategist Prashant Kishor No chance for young blood Shiv Sena has bet on ageing war horses say analysts The Times of India 24 March 2019 Retrieved 16 February 2020 Renominations for leaders like Chandrakant Khaire Bhavna Gawli Anandrao Adsul and Union minister Anant Gite for the Lok Sabha elections reflect the Shiv Sena s conservative mindset they added The Slumdog Millionaire Architect The New York Times 19 June 2014 Retrieved 16 February 2020 In 1995 when the conservative Shiv Sena Party took power in elections in Maharashtra state Mumbai is its capital Mumbai on high alert after politician dies Financial Times 17 November 2012 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Purandare Vaibhav 2014 Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena Roli Books India s ultra right Shiv Sena party forms coalition government with seculars Arab News 26 November 2019 Archived from the original on 29 November 2019 Retrieved 28 January 2020 Kale Sunila 2014 Electrifying India Regional Political Economies of Development Stanford University Press p 94 South Asia Indian cricket offices attacked BBC News 18 January 1999 Retrieved 2 December 2015 South Asia Poll ban for Hindu leader BBC News 28 July 1999 Retrieved 2 December 2015 South Asia Hindu activists call off cricket protest BBC News 21 January 1999 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Mistry defends book dropped at Mumbai University Arts amp Entertainment CBC News Cbc ca 19 October 2010 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Mark Magnier 8 March 2012 In India battle continues over Hindu temple s riches latimes Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2 December 2015 Freesden Michael 2013 Comparative Political Thought Routledge p 82 Siddharthya Roy 9 December 2019 Understanding Maharashtra s Political Game of Thrones The Diplomat Retrieved 4 January 2020 The ball now was in the court of the BJP s oldest ally in the state as well as at the central level the Shiv Sena a regionalist right wing force which won 56 seats Malladi Rama Rao 4 January 2020 Indian Citizenship Row Did Modi Shah lose the plot BBC Archived from the original on 3 January 2020 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Rather than uniting Hindus against Muslims what the duo have succeeded in doing is to alienate their own hard core allies namely the right wing Shiv Sena and those erring Hindutva fans that had elected the Bharatiya Janata Party government in Assam Soutik Biswas 18 July 2019 Maharashtra The unravelling of India s BJP and Shiv Sena alliance Asian Tribune Retrieved 4 January 2020 Consider this The 53 year old Shiv Sena is a stridently right wing Hindu party It began as an ethnic nativist outfit to support the interests of Mumbai s Marathi speaking people Shiv Sena attack derails India Pakistan cricket talks BBC 19 October 2015 Hindu nationalists in India renew demand for temple The Straits Times 7 December 2018 Shiv Sena workers to commit suicide if women enter prominent Kerala temple The Express Tribune 15 October 2018 Shiv Sena received 80 of all donations above Rs 20 000 to regional parties in 2015 16 Report Scroll in 18 January 2017 Archived from the original on 9 November 2019 Retrieved 13 December 2018 Maharashtra Assembly Elections 2014 Maharashtra State Election Dates Results News Governors and Cabinet Ministers 2014 dna Eknath Sinde faction gets Shiv Sena party name bow and arrow symbol Telangana Today Former Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray back as editor of Saamna The Times of India 6 August 2022 Berger Peter Heidemann Frank 3 June 2013 The Modern Anthropology of India Ethnography Themes and Theory Routledge p 179 ISBN 978 1 134 06111 2 Pradeep Kaushal 28 September 2015 Shiv Sena finds Jharkhand Mukti Morcha has first right to symbol indianexpress com New Delhi The Indian Express Retrieved 28 April 2020 Shivsena s bow and arrow symbol is the same as that of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha a b c Bal Thackeray revolutionarydemocracy org 19 November 2012 Retrieved 30 June 2023 a b Patel Sujata Thorner Alice 1995 Bombay Metaphor for Modern India Oxford India paperbacks Oxford University Press p 272 ISBN 978 0 19 563688 8 The then chief minister of Maharashtra Vasantrao Naik deliberately encouraged this newly formed political grouping despite its narrow concern with Maharashtra for Maharashtrians to break the stranglehold of the Left unions a b Srivastava A 2022 Sensex Of Regional Parties Bestseller Book by Aaku Srivastava Sensex Of Regional Parties Prabhat Prakashan p 80 ISBN 978 93 5521 236 8 Why does Shinde rebellion hit so hard A look at Shiv Sena s history 28 June 2022 a b c Know Your Party Shiv Sena Rediff com Retrieved 22 July 2006 Shinde to Uddhav Have you become secular now The Indian Express 22 September 2022 Retrieved 20 February 2023 Banerjee Shoumojit 10 April 2022 Shiv Sena has turned pseudo secular says Devendra Fadnavis The Hindu Retrieved 20 February 2023 श वस न आध प क ष म वळ झ ल आह क BBC Marathi Retrieved 20 February 2023 permanent dead link Dean Nelson Author Rohinton Mistry slams Mumbai University after book ban telegraph co uk Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 27 August 2012 Ahmed Z S Balasubramanian R 2010 Extremism in Pakistan and India The Case of the Jamaat e Islami and Shiv Sena Colombo Regional Centre for Strategic Studies RCSS Mehta Ved 1994 Rajiv Gandhi and Rama s Kingdom New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press p 157 ISBN 9780300060386 Bagchi Amiya 2002 Capital and Labour Redefined India and the Third World London Anthem Press p 344 Kaminsky Arnold 2011 India Today An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO p 628 Chandavarkar Rajnayaran 3 September 2009 History Culture and the Indian City 1st ed Cambridge University Press p 29 ISBN 978 0 521 76871 9 Jeff Haynes 7 April 2011 Religion Politics and International Relations Taylor amp Francis p 150 ISBN 978 1 136 73753 4 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 Human Rights Watch 1998 p 186 ISBN 978 1 56432 190 9 Brown Cynthia 1995 Playing the communal Card Communal Violence and Human Rights Human Rights Watch p 27 ISBN 978 1 56432 152 7 a b Kanta Murali 2017 Caste Class and Capital The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India Cambridge University Press pp 236 237 ISBN 978 1 107 15450 6 Shiv Sena s strength primarily came from Maratha support which it drew away from the Congress Sena fate From roar to meow The Times of India 29 November 2005 Retrieved 11 August 2006 a b Maharashtra elections BJP ends 25 year old alliance with Shiv Sena as seat sharing talks fail ibnlive in com Archived from the original on 27 September 2014 Retrieved 26 October 2014 Shiv Sena to join Fadnavis govt gives up claim to home minister deputy CM post Indian Express 4 December 2014 Maharashtra MVA crisis What made Eknath Shinde turn against The Times of India 22 June 2022 Senior Shiv Sena leader quits BBC 18 December 2005 Retrieved 25 October 2014 Raj Thackeray launches new party India Today Retrieved 3 November 2023 Raj Thackeray launches new party Press Trust of India 9 March 2006 Retrieved 25 October 2014 Uddhav takes father s powers but not Shiv Sena pramukh title Times of India 2 December 2012 Why Uddhav lost to Shinde in fight over bow and arrow 5 points from EC order Hindustan Times 17 February 2023 Retrieved 19 February 2023 Purandare Vaibhav 27 February 2013 Bal Thackeray amp The Rise of the Shiv Sena Roli Books Private Limited ISBN 978 81 7436 991 8 Banerjee Sikata 22 October 2021 Mobilization of the Shiv Sena Warriors in Politics New York Routledge pp 111 130 doi 10 4324 9780429268564 5 ISBN 9780429268564 S2CID 239541679 retrieved 20 February 2023 Chhibber Pradeep K Verma Rahul 24 August 2018 Ideology and Identity The Changing Party Systems of India Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 062390 6 Archived copy Archived from the original on 21 February 2023 Retrieved 25 June 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Karthikeyan Suchitra 22 June 2022 Maharashtra Political Crisis MVA slides into minority here s how the numbers stand The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 4 April 2023 What s next in the Maharashtra political crisis Decoding the future of the MVA alliance Firstpost 23 June 2022 Retrieved 4 April 2023 Maharashtra The political crisis brewing in India s richest state BBC News 22 June 2022 Retrieved 4 April 2023 Rajagopal Krishnadas 15 March 2023 Governors cannot precipitate the fall of elected governments Supreme Court The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 4 April 2023 Should India abolish its state governors BBC News 21 March 2023 Retrieved 4 April 2023 Not keen on games but not going away forever Uddhav Thackeray s parting note as Maha CM Hindustan Times 29 June 2022 Retrieved 4 April 2023 Maharashtra political crisis Highlights First Shinde cabinet decision Metro 3 car shed to be built inside Aarey forest The Indian Express 27 June 2022 Retrieved 4 April 2023 a b NETWORK LIVELAW NEWS 16 March 2023 Shiv Sena Case Supreme Court Constitution Bench Reserves Judgment www livelaw in Retrieved 4 April 2023 Rajagopal Krishnadas 16 March 2023 Supreme Court reserves judgment on Maharashtra political row The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 4 April 2023 Uddhav Thackeray Loses Name Symbol Of Shiv Sena Founded By Father NDTV com Retrieved 22 February 2023 Roy Debayan 22 February 2023 Supreme Court declines to stay EC order recognising Eknath Shinde faction as Shiv Sena allows Thackeray to use flaming torch for bye polls Bar and Bench Indian Legal news Retrieved 22 February 2023 Bureau The Hindu 17 February 2023 Eknath Shinde faction gets Shiv Sena name symbol The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 20 February 2023 Sharma Sheenu 21 February 2023 Supreme Court to hear Uddhav Thackeray faction s plea against Election Commission decision tomorrow www indiatvnews com Retrieved 22 February 2023 The Official Structure of the Shiv Sena 27 March 2003 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780195660449 005 0002 inactive 1 August 2023 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help CS1 maint DOI inactive as of August 2023 link In legislative building Shinde faction takes over Sena office The Indian Express 21 February 2023 Retrieved 20 February 2023 Purandare Vaibhav 27 February 2013 Bal Thackeray amp The Rise of the Shiv Sena Roli Books Private Limited ISBN 978 81 7436 991 8 Business India A H Advani 1996 Retrieved 24 February 2012 The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL The Times of India Retrieved 24 June 2023 permanent dead link a b c d Vaibhav Purandare 2012 Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena Roli Books p 106 ISBN 9788174369918 Its Sena s thrust on the economic upliftment of Maharashtrians and demand for preferential treatment of the sons of soil in employment drew the working class towards it They wanted someone to focus on the issue that mattered to them most Jobs Besides people of various castes worked together in the Sena Though from among the party s leaders Thackerey Manohar Joshi Sudhir Joshi Balwant Mantri Dr Hemchandra Gupte Shyam Deshmukh Madhav Deshpande Datta Pradhan Vijay Parvatkar Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar came from the so called high castes they were either Brahmins Pathare Prabhus or Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus and middle class localities like Dadar and Girgaum rubbing shoulders with them were leaders from the working class areas of Lalbaug Parel such as Dattaji Salvi Dattaji Nalavade and Wamanrao Mahadik and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal Leeladhar Dake Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar In fact 70 per cent of Sainiks have belonged to the OBC category and even after the party opposed the Mandal Commission recommendations the percentage of OBCs in the Sena did not go down Thomas Blom Hansen 2001 Wages of Violence Naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay Princeton University Press p 238 ISBN 0691088403 18 According to Hemchandra Gupte a former confidante of Thackeray his major reason for leaving the party for his growing disgust with the prominence of money and the goonda ization of the party interview 5th October 1992 21 Interview 3 October 1992 with Hemchandra Gupte physician formerly Bal Thackeray s family doctor and Shiv Sena s mayor of Bombay from 1971 to 1972 Dr Gupte left Shiv Sena in 1976 because of Thackerey s support for Mrs Gandhi and the emergency Rajendra Vora 4 May 2012 Christophe Jaffrelot Sanjay Kumar eds Rise of the Plebeians The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies Routledge pp 240 241 ISBN 9781136516627 The Shiv Sena is emerging as another Maratha party if we go by the number of Marathas elected on its ticket in the last four elections to the Vidhan Sabha Anand Dighe s Thane residence now Shiv Sena central office TOI permanent dead link Explained A history of Shiv Sena Bhavan and the recent Sena BJP clash over the building The Indian Express 3 August 2021 Retrieved 28 August 2021 The 1993 blasts A recap of the day that shook India India Today IANS 22 March 2013 Retrieved 24 January 2022 accessed 29 June 2008 dead link TitlePage VolI LS99 PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine a b TitlePage VolI LS99 PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine List Of Political Parties Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 October 2010 Retrieved 28 October 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link accessed 29 June 2008 dead link rptDetailedResults Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine 1 Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine TitlePage HR 96 PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine TitlePage PU 96 PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine 2 Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine rptProgrammeOFElections Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine rptProgrammeOFElections Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine 3 Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine TitlePageGA99 PDF Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Key Highlights of General Election 2000 to The Legislative Assembly of Orissa PDF Election Commission of India Archived from the original PDF on 11 September 2008 List of Contestants of Shivsena SHS in KERALA Election Commission of India Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 Retrieved 29 June 2008 a b 4 Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine 5 dead link Partywise Result eciresults nic in Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 Retrieved 9 November 2015 After Bihar win Shiv Sena eyes Uttar Pradesh News Mid Day 10 November 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Goa Assembly Election 2017 MGP Shiv Sena GSM form grand alliance to contest polls Firstpost www firstpost com 10 January 2017 Election Commission of India State Election 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Goa PDF Retrieved 5 February 2018 Kamlesh Damodar Sutar 5 October 2019 Maharashtra polls Final BJP Shiv Sena seat sharing numbers out India Today Retrieved 16 September 2020 Rediff On The NeT An interview with Shiv Sena leader Bal Thackeray www rediff com Highrises don t suit Dharavi slum dwellers The Times of India 25 January 2006 The Tribune Chandigarh Elections 2004 www tribuneindia com The nativist s dilemma The Indian Express 14 October 2014 Retrieved 2 December 2015 The Way We Were Footage of Michael Jackson s 1996 Trip To Mumbai Huffingtonpost in 25 June 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Leader who brought ethnic politics to Mumbai melting pot The Hindu Retrieved 1 December 2016 Shiv Sena activists damage cricket pitch Siliconindia com 18 December 2003 Retrieved 9 July 2013 Sena squad for Kotla The Hindu Chennai 15 April 2005 Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 Retrieved 18 February 2012 Thackeray condemns V Day attacks by Sainiks The Times of India Mumbai PTI 18 February 2006 Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 Retrieved 13 November 2012 Thackeray suggests Indian version of V Day The Times of India Press Trust of India 13 February 2006 Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 Retrieved 13 November 2012 Right wing to go easy on couples this Valentine s Day NDTV com Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 Retrieved 17 November 2012 In the name of their Boss Sena goons attack IBN TV channels Indian Express archive indianexpress com Sena leader admits attack on media IBNLive Archived from the original on 23 November 2009 Shiv Sena workers attack ibn offices in Mum IBNLive Archived from the original on 23 November 2009 Kiran Tare 26 April 2010 24 200 donors help Sena set record Latest News amp Updates at Daily News amp Analysis Dnaindia com Retrieved 2 December 2015 Shiv Sena makes record collection at blood donation camp Zee News Zeenews india com 25 April 2010 Retrieved 2 December 2015 HDFC Bank sets Guinness record in blood collection The Hindu 14 April 2014 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Kissing in public by married couple not obscene HC The Times of India 2 February 2009 Retrieved 26 November 2014 Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest The Indian Express 31 October 2014 Retrieved 17 October 2021 Prakash Asha 5 November 2014 We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives The Times of India Retrieved 17 October 2021 BJP Shiv Sena Ghulam Ali stand off Why differences between them may increase The Indian Express 9 October 2015 Retrieved 9 October 2015 Pakistan urges world to take notice of Shiv Sena activities Pakistan Dawn Com 30 October 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Pakistan s stand on party activities vindicates our patriotism Shiv Sena Business Standard News Business Standard India Business standard com Press Trust of India 2 November 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Shiv Sena activists storm BCCI HQ over Shaharyar Manohar meeting Dawn News 19 October 2015 Retrieved 9 November 2015 Shiv Sena will give Rs 10 000 to each drought affected farmer says Uddhav Thackeray The Times of India 30 November 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Every Hindu family with five children will get Rs 2 lakh Shiv Sena The Indian Express 29 August 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Shiv Sena to give Rs 2 lakh to every Hindu family with 5 kids The Times of India 30 August 2015 Retrieved 2 December 2015 Shiv Sena demands removal of secular from Constitution The Indian Express 29 January 2015 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Hardline Indian group allied with Modi calls for ban on the veil Reuters 1 May 2019 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Shiv Sena calls for ban on burqa in public places The Times of India 2 May 2019 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal background in Maharashtra legislative council polls The New Indian Express Retrieved 31 May 2019 IANS 7 March 2014 Shiv Sena tops list of candidates with criminal cases ADR Business Standard India Retrieved 31 May 2019 Further readingEthnicity and Equality The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay MF Katzenstein 1979 Cornell University Press Warriors in Politics Hindu Nationalism Violence and the Shiv Sena in India S Banerjee 2000 Westview Press The Charisma of Direct Action Power Politics and the Shiv Sena JM Eckert 2003 Oxford University Press Shiv Sena An Assessment Palshikar Suhas Department of Politics and Public Administration University of Pune Pune 1999 Maximum City Bombay Lost and Found Power chapter 3 Mumbai Mehta Suketu Penguin Books 2005 External linksOfficial website Portals nbsp Politics nbsp Hinduism nbsp 1960s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shiv Sena amp oldid 1191422261, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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