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Alternative for Germany

February 16, 2024

Alternative for Germany (German: Alternative für Deutschland, AfD; German pronunciation: [aːʔɛfˈdeː] ⓘ) is a right-wing populist political party in Germany.[3][4] AfD is known for its Euroscepticism,[5] as well as for opposing immigration to Germany.[6] As a right-wing party, AfD is commonly positioned on the radical right, a subset of the far-right, within the family of European political parties that does not oppose democracy.[7]

Alternative for Germany
Alternative für Deutschland
AbbreviationAfD
Co-leaders
Deputy co-leaders
Parliamentary leaders
  • Tino Chrupalla
  • Alice Weidel
Honorary chairmanAlexander Gauland
FoundersAlexander Gauland
Bernd Lucke
Konrad Adam
Founded6 February 2013; 11 years ago (2013-02-06)
Split fromChristian Democratic Union of Germany
HeadquartersSchillstraße 9 10785 Berlin
Youth wingYoung Alternative for Germany
Membership (2023) 34,000[1]
IdeologyRight-wing populism
Political positionFar-right[A]
European affiliationIdentity and Democracy Party
European Parliament group
Colours  Light blue
Bundestag
78 / 736
Bundesrat
0 / 69
State Parliaments
252 / 1,884
European Parliament
9 / 96
Website
www.afd.de
^ A: Although beginning as a centre-right alternative to the CDU/CSU, the AfD has been considered to be part of the radical right, a subset of the far right that does not oppose democracy, since 2015.[2]

Established in April 2013, AfD narrowly missed the 5% electoral threshold to sit in the Bundestag during the 2013 German federal election. The party won seven seats in the 2014 European Parliament election in Germany as a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR). After securing representation in 14 of the 16 German state parliaments by October 2017, AfD won 94 seats in the 2017 German federal election and became the third-largest party in the country, as well as the largest opposition party; its lead candidates were the co-vice chairman Alexander Gauland and Alice Weidel, the latter having served as the party group leader in the 19th Bundestag. In the 2021 German federal election, AfD dropped to being the fifth-largest party.[8]

AfD was founded by Gauland, Bernd Lucke, and former members of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) to oppose the policies of the Eurozone as a right-wing and moderately Eurosceptic alternative to the centre-right but pro-European CDU. The party presented itself as an economic liberal,[9] soft Eurosceptic, and conservative movement in its early years.[10][11][12] AfD subsequently moved further to the right,[13] and expanded its policies under successive leaderships to include opposition to immigration,[14][15] Islam,[16] and the European Union.[17] Since 2015, AfD's ideology has been characterized by anti-Islam,[18][19][20] anti-immigration,[21] German nationalism,[22][23][24] national conservatism,[25][26][27] and Euroscepticism.[28] The AfD is the only party represented in the Bundestag whose environmental and climate policy is based on the denial of human-caused climate change.[29][30]

Several state associations and other factions of AfD have been linked to or accused of harboring connections with far-right nationalist and proscribed movements, such as PEGIDA, the Neue Rechte, and the Identitarian movement,[31] and of employing historical revisionism,[32] as well as xenophobic rhetoric.[33][34][35] They have been observed by various state offices for the protection of the constitution since 2018.[36] AfD's leadership has denied that the party is racist and has been internally divided on whether to endorse such groups.[37] In January 2022, party leader Jörg Meuthen resigned his party chairmanship with immediate effect and left the AfD, as he came to acknowledge that the party had developed very far to the right with totalitarian traits and in large parts was no longer based on the liberal democratic basic order.[38][39]

In March 2021, most of Germany's major media outlets reported that the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) had placed AfD under surveillance;[40][41] after the revelations, the surveillance was blocked by the courts to give equal opportunities among political parties in a key election year.[42][43][44] In 2022, it was ruled that the BfV may classify and monitor the entire party as a suspected right-wing extremist group. A corresponding lawsuit by the AfD was dismissed because "there were sufficient factual indications of anti-constitutional efforts within the AfD".[36] On 26 April 2023, the BfV, after four years of investigations into the Young Alternative for Germany, categorized that group as a confirmed extremist organisation. This allowed the chief of the BfV Thomas Haldenwang to place the youth wing under even more intensive surveillance than the tapping of phone and the use of undercover agents that had been the case until then.[45][46]

The party is the strongest in the areas of the former German Democratic Republic, especially the states of Saxony and Thuringia, largely due to economic and integration issues that still continue to persist post-reunification,[47][48][49] in addition to the East German voters' perceived propensity for a strongman rule.[50] In the 2021 federal elections, AfD fell from third to fifth place overall but made gains in the eastern states (the former East Germany).[8] In the former East Berlin it came in second after SPD with 20.5% of the vote, while in the west it came in fifth with 8.4% of the vote.

History

Founding

In September 2012, Alexander Gauland, Bernd Lucke, and journalist Konrad Adam founded the political group Electoral Alternative 2013 (German: Wahlalternative 2013) in Bad Nauheim, to oppose German federal policies concerning the eurozone crisis, and to confront German-supported bailouts for poorer southern European countries.[51] Their manifesto was endorsed by several economists, journalists, and business leaders, and stated that the eurozone had proven to be "unsuitable" as a currency area and that southern European states were "sinking into poverty under the competitive pressure of the euro".[52]

Some candidates of what would become AfD sought election in Lower Saxony as part of the Electoral Alternative 2013 in alliance with the Free Voters, an association participating in local elections without specific federal or foreign policies, and received 1% of the vote.[52][53] In February 2013, the group decided to found a new party to compete in the 2013 federal election; according to a leaked email from Lucke, the Free Voters leadership declined to join forces.[54] Advocating the abolition of the euro, AfD took a more radical stance than the Free Voters.[55] The Pirate Party Germany opposed any coalition with AfD at their 2013 spring convention.[56]

 
Konrad Adam (left), Frauke Petry, and Bernd Lucke during the first AfD convention on 14 April 2013 in Berlin

The AfD's initial supporters were the same prominent economists, business leaders, and journalists who had supported the Electoral Alternative 2013, including former members of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), who had previously challenged the constitutionality of the German government's eurozone policies at the Federal Constitutional Court.[57][58][59] AfD did not regard itself as a splinter party from the CDU, as its early membership also contained a former state leader from the Free Democratic Party and members of the Federation of Independent Voters, a pressure group of independents and small business owners.[5]

 
Second vote share percentage for AfD in the 2013 federal election in Germany, final results

On 14 April 2013, the AfD announced its presence to the wider public when it held its first convention in Berlin, elected the party leadership, and adopted a party platform. Bernd Lucke,[60] entrepreneur Frauke Petry and Konrad Adam were elected as speakers.[61] AfD's federal board also chose Alexander Gauland, Roland Klaus, and Patricia Casale as its three deputy speakers. The party elected treasurer Norbert Stenzel and the three assessors Irina Smirnova, Beatrix Diefenbach, and Wolf-Joachim Schünemann. Economist Joachim Starbatty, along with Jörn Kruse, Helga Luckenbach, Dirk Meyer, and Roland Vaubel, were elected to the party's scientific advisory board. Between 31 March and 12 May 2013, AfD founded affiliates in all 16 states of Germany in order to participate in the federal elections. On 15 June 2013, the Young Alternative for Germany was founded in Darmstadt as the AfD's youth organisation.[62] During the British prime minister David Cameron's visit to Germany in April 2013, the Conservative Party was reported to have contacted both AfD and the Free Voters to discuss possible cooperation, supported by the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group of the European Parliament.[63] In June 2013, Bernd Lucke gave a question and answer session organized by the Conservative Party-allied Bruges Group think tank in Portcullis House, London.[64] In a detailed report in the conservative Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in April 2013, the paper's Berlin-based political correspondent Majid Sattar revealed that the SPD and CDU had conducted opposition research to blunt the growth and attraction of AfD.[65]

2013 federal election

Further information: 2013 German federal election

On 22 September 2013, AfD won 4.7% of the votes in the 2013 federal election, just missing the 5% barrier to enter the Bundestag. The party won about 2 million party list votes and 810,000 constituency votes, which was 1.9% of the total of these votes cast across Germany.[66]

2013 state elections

AfD did not participate in the 2013 Bavaria state election held on 15 September. AfD gained its first representation in the state parliament of Hesse with the defection of Jochen Paulus from the Free Democratic Party (FDP) to AfD in early May 2013;[67] he was not re-elected and left office in January 2014.[68] In the 2013 Hesse state election held on 22 September, the same day as the 2013 federal election, AfD failed to gain representation in the parliament with 4.0% of the vote.[citation needed]

2014 European Parliament election

Further information: 2014 European Parliament election in Germany
 
Former "Courage [to stand up] for the truth! The euro is dividing Europe!" tagline on election placard 2013

In early 2014, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled the proposed 3% vote hurdle for representation in the European elections unconstitutional, and the 2014 European Parliament election became the first run in Germany without a barrier for representation.[69]

 
AfD election poster from 2014. The slogan translates as "Washington spies. Brussels dictates. Berlin obeys."

AfD held a party conference on 25 January 2014 at Frankenstolz Arena, Aschaffenburg, northwest Bavaria. The conference chose the slogan Mut zu Deutschland ("Courage [to stand up] for Germany") to replace the former slogan Mut zur Wahrheit (lit. "Courage [to speak] the truth", or more succinctly, "Telling it as it is"),[70] which prompted disagreement among the federal board that the party could be seen as too anti-European. A compromise was reached by using the slogan "MUT ZU D*EU*TSCHLAND", with the "EU" in "DEUTSCHLAND" encircled by the 12 stars of the European flag.[71] The conference elected the top six candidates for the European elections on 26 January 2014 and met again the following weekend to choose the remaining euro candidates.[70][71][72] Candidates from 7th–28th place on the party list were selected in Berlin on 1 February.[73] Party chairman Bernd Lucke was elected as lead candidate.

In February 2014, AfD officials said they had discussed alliances with Britain's anti-EU UK Independence Party (UKIP), which Lucke and the federal board of AfD opposed, and also with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group, to which Britain's Conservative Party belongs.[74] In April 2014, Hans-Olaf Henkel, AfD's second candidate on the European election list, ruled out forming a group with the UKIP.[75] stating that he saw the Conservatives as the preferred partner in the European Parliament.[75] On 10 May 2014, Lucke had been in talks with the Czech and Polish member parties of the ECR group.[76]

In the 2014 European Parliament election on 25 May, AfD came in fifth place in Germany, with 7.1% of the national vote (2,065,162 votes), and seven Members of the European parliament (MEPs).[77] On 12 June 2014, it was announced that AfD had been accepted into the ECR group in the European Parliament.[78] The official vote result was not released to the public, but figures of 29 votes for and 26 against were reported by the membership.[78] The inclusion of AfD in the ECR group was said to have caused mild tensions between the German chancellor Angela Merkel and the British prime minister David Cameron.[5]

2014 state elections

On 31 August, AfD scored 9.7% of the vote in the 2014 Saxony state election,[79] winning 14 seats in the Landtag of Saxony.[80] On 14 September, AfD obtained 10.6% of the vote in the 2014 Thuringian and 12.2% in the Brandenburg state election, winning 11 seats in both state parliaments.[81]

2015 state elections

On 15 February, AfD won 6.1% of the vote in the 2015 Hamburg state election, gaining the mandate for eight seats in the Hamburg Parliament,[82] winning their first seats in a western German state. On 10 May, AfD secured in the 5.5% of the vote in the 2015 Bremen state election gaining representation in their fifth state parliament on a 50% turnout.[83]

Petry assumes leadership and Lucke quits

After months of factional infighting and a cancelled party gathering in June 2015, Frauke Petry was elected on 4 July 2015 as the de facto principal speaker of the party with 60% of the member votes ahead of Bernd Lucke at a party congress in Essen.[84] Petry was a member of the national-conservative faction of AfD.[85] Her leadership was widely seen as heralding a shift of the party to the right to focus more on issues such as migration, Islam, and strengthening ties to Russia,[citation needed] a shift which was claimed by Lucke as turning the party into a "Pegida party".[86] In the following week, five MEPs exited the party on 7 July, the only remaining MEPs being Beatrix von Storch and Marcus Pretzell,[87] and Lucke announced on 8 July 2015 that he was resigning from AfD, citing the rise of xenophobic and pro-Russian sentiments in the party.[88] At a meeting of members of the Wake-up call (Weckruf 2015) group on 19 July 2015, AfD founder Bernd Lucke and former AfD members announced they would form a new party, the Alliance for Progress and Renewal, under the founding principles of AfD.[89]

Co-operation with FPÖ and exclusion from ECR group

In February 2016, AfD announced a cooperation pact with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ).[90] On 8 March 2016, the bureau of the ECR group began motions to exclude AfD from their group due to its links with the far-right FPÖ,[91] inviting the two remaining AfD MEPs to leave the group by 31 March, with a motion of exclusion to be tabled on 12 April if they refuse to leave voluntarily.[92] While MEP Beatrix von Storch left the ECR group on 8 April to join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group,[93][94] Marcus Pretzell let himself be expelled on 12 April 2016.[95]

2016 state elections

With the European migrant crisis remaining the dominant national issue, elections on 13 March were held in the three states of Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Saxony-Anhalt, and saw the AfD receiving double-digit percentages of the vote in all three states.[96][97] In the 2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election, AfD reached second place in the Landtag, receiving 24.2% of the vote. In the 2016 Baden-Württemberg state election, AfD achieved third place, with 15.1% of the vote. In the 2016 Rhineland-Palatinate state election, AfD again reached third place, with 12.6% of the vote. In Angela Merkel's home state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, her CDU was beaten into third place following a strong showing of AfD, who contested at state level for the first time, to claim the second-highest polling with 20.8% of the vote in the 2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election.[98] AfD voter support in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania appears to have come from both left-wing and right-wing parties, with support for the Social Democratic Party of Germany down 4.9%, CDU down 4.1%, The Left down 5.2%, Alliance '90/The Greens down 3.9%, and support for the National Democratic Party of Germany (NDP) halved, dropping to 3.0%. Rising support for AfD meant that The Greens and the NDP failed to reach the 5% threshold to qualify for seats in the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and consequently lost their seats. In the 2016 Berlin state election, which AfD also contested for the first time,[citation needed] the party achieved a vote of 14.2%, making them the fifth largest party represented in the state assembly. Their vote seems to have come equally from the SPD and CDU, whose votes declined 6.7% and 5.7%, respectively.[99]

2016 party congress

At the party congress held on 30 April to 1 May 2016, AfD adopted a policy platform based upon opposition to Islam, calling for the ban of Islamic symbols including burqas, minarets, and adhan (call to prayer), using the slogan "Islam is not a part of Germany".[100][101][102][103]

2017 federal election

Further information: 2017 German federal election
 
Second vote share percentage for AfD in the 2017 federal election in Germany, final results
 
National party convention in Cologne in April 2017

At the party conference in April 2017, Frauke Petry announced that she would not run as the party's main candidate for the 2017 federal election. This announcement grew out of internal power struggle as the party's support had fallen in polls from 15% in the summer of 2016 to 7% just before the conference. Björn Höcke from the far-right wing of the party and Petry were attempting to push each other out of the party. Petry's decision was partly seen as a step to avoid a vote at the conference on the issue of her standing.[104] The party chose Alexander Gauland, a stark conservative who worked as an editor and was a former member of the CDU,[105] to lead the party in the elections. Gauland supported the retention of Höcke's party membership. Alice Weidel, who is perceived as more moderate and neoliberal, was elected as his running mate.[106] The party approved a platform that, according to The Wall Street Journal, "urges Germany to close its borders to asylum applicants, end sanctions on Russia and to leave the EU if Berlin fails to retrieve national sovereignty from Brussels, as well as to amend the country's constitution to allow people born to non-German parents to have their German citizenship revoked if they commit serious crimes."[106]

In the 2017 federal election, AfD won 12.6% of the vote and received 94 seats; this was the first time it had won seats in the Bundestag.[107][108] It won three constituency seats, which would have been enough to qualify for proportionally-elected seats in any event. Under a long-standing law intended to benefit regional parties, any party that wins at least three constituency seats qualifies for its share of proportionally-elected seats, regardless of vote share.[109]

Split-off parties

The Liberal Conservative Reformers broke way in July 2015.[110]

At a press conference held by AfD the day after the 2017 federal election, Frauke Petry said that she would participate in the Bundestag as an independent; she said she did this because extremist statements by some members made it impossible for AfD to function as a constructive opposition, and to make clear to voters that there is internal dissent in the AfD. She also said that she would be leaving the party at some future date.[111][112] Petry formed the Blue Party in September 2017. Four members of AfD in the Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania legislature, including Bernhard Wild, also left the party to form Citizens for Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,[111] which folded in December 2018. On 6 November 2019, Petry announced that the Blue Party would dissolve by the end of the year [113]

In 2018, André Poggenburg, AfD's regional leader of the eastern Saxony-Anhalt state, resigned his post after making racist remarks concerning Turks and immigrants with dual citizenship.[114][115] In 2019, Poggenburg started a new far-right party, Aufbruch deutscher Patrioten – Mitteldeutschland (ADPM), which he left in August 2019 after his internal call to dissolve ADPM and to support AfD in the upcoming state elections of fall 2019 was denied.[116]

2021 federal election

Further information: 2021 German federal election

Ahead of the 2021 federal election, AfD campaigned with the slogan "Germany. But Normal" and took a position of opposing further lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Having moved further right on economic issues and remaining strongly right on socio-cultural issues, despite attempts to normalize, AfD's manifesto for the federal election was deemed to be still too radical for the party to take part in government.[117]

In the federal election, AfD saw a dip in national vote share by getting 10.3% of the vote, compared to 12.6% in 2017; however, the party emerged as the largest in the states of Saxony and Thuringia, and saw a strong performance in eastern Germany.[118] The party's results drew a mixed analysis from AfD members and political commentators, the latter of whom attributed the slight decline to visible infighting, whereas AfD candidates such as Alice Weidel blamed media bias against the party. Political scientist Kai Arzheimer commented that the result "wasn't any appreciable increase, but it wasn't a disaster for them." Arzheimer also posited that the result demonstrated that AfD had firmly established itself in German national politics but had not reached beyond its core support. AfD's top candidates Tino Chrupalla and Weidel praised the result as "solid", while party spokesman Jörg Meuthen stated that the party should reevaluate the result and aim on "sending strong signals towards the center" to win back new voters.[8] Meuthen left the party in January 2022.[119][120]

2022–2023 state and district elections

AfD held their three seats in the 2022 Saarland state election.[121] At the same time, they lost all their seats in the 2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election.[122] In the 2022 Lower Saxony state election in October, the AfD won 9 more seats compared to 2017 to a total of 18.[123] In the 2023 Berlin repeat state election, the AfD recorded a small upswing by gaining 4 seats compared to the 2021 election.[124] In the 2023 Bremen state election, AfD did not participate and lost all their seats, as the Bremen electoral committee had barred the AfD from the election due to internal divisions that had resulted in them submitting two lists of candidates. The Citizens in Rage, another far-right party, participated instead; they have received 10 seats (after having only one seat in 2019) in Bremen's state parliament.[125][126] On 25 June 2023, amid rises in polls,[127] Thuringia's AfD won its first district election in Sonneberg.[128][129][130] In the run-off election held on 2 July, the AfD candidate Hannes Loth [de] won against the independent politician Nils Naumann,[131][132] becoming AfD's first ever mayor.[133][134][135]

On October 8 state elections, AfD significantly increased its share in Hesse where it became the second biggest party (+9 seats) and in Bavaria, where it became the third (+10 seats).

Observers considered the increase of support for the AfD as not being limited to the local level. Opinion polling for the next German federal election conducted in early July 2023 showed that the AfD polled more than the SPD, achieving second place behind the CDU/CSU alliance.[136] Amid this surge and warnings from the monitoring agency about AfD's extremism, Germans considered whether to ban the party. The German Institute for Human Rights stated that "the AfD have reached a degree of dangerousness that they can be banned according to the constitution", having warned that the party is actively and methodically trying "to implement its racist and Right-wing extremist goals" and "shifting the limits of what can be said so that people can get used to their ethno-nationalist positions". The SPD co-leader said a ban should be considered if the AfD is categorized as a group of "proven Right-wing extremists" by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Friedrich Merz, the CDU leader, warned that "banning parties has never actually solved political problems". Germans are evenly split on a ban, with 47 per cent in favour and 47 per cent against; the ban is more popular in the west and among liberal Greens.[137]

In December 2023, Tim Lochner of AfD was elected mayor of Pirna (Saxony), he became the first mayor of a city with more than 20,000 inhabitants to be appointed by the party.[138]

2023 meeting with far-right extremists and subsequent protests

Main articles: Meeting of right-wing extremists at Potsdam in 2023 and 2024 German anti-extremism protests

In January 2024, Correctiv reported that members of the AfD had secretly met with figures from the German and Austrian far-right in November 2023, in which they allegedly discussed a "remigration" plan for deporting immigrants, which could include naturalised German citizens. The figures present included Identitarian activist Martin Sellner.[139][140][141] The discussed plan was noted for its similarity to the Nazis' plan to deport all non-ethnic German people.[141]

The AfD distanced itself from the meeting, saying it was not responsible for what was discussed and that its members had attended only in a personal capacity. Alice Weidel parted ways with Roland Hartwig, an advisor who was present at the meeting.[141][142]

The plan was condemned by German politicians, including chancellor Olaf Scholz.[143][144] The report sparked protests against the AfD across Germany, with protestors calling for a ban of the AfD.[144][142]

Ideology and platform

The AfD is broadly considered to be a right-wing and national-conservative movement in both socioeconomic and sociocultural terms. AfD's policy brief and mission statement seeks to define the party as both liberal and conservative, with an emphasis on protecting sovereignty, Western identity, and German culture in what it calls a "peaceful, democratic and sovereign nation-state of the German people."[145] Political scientists and journalists have also described the AfD as synonymous with opposition to immigration, Euroscepticism, and holding a nationalist bent, with various shades of German nationalism from civic nationalism to hardline sentiments visible in the party. Other commentators have categorized it as a radical right populist party[146] or as "a typical radical right-wing populist party", with an emphasis on nativism.[27] Within its elected representation and grassroots membership, AfD has grown to contain interparty factions that range from more moderate conservatives to radicals.[147][148]

AfD was initially founded as a liberal conservative party of the middle class,[149] with a tendency toward soft Euroscepticism,[150] being supportive of Germany's membership in the European Union but critical of further European integration, the existence of the euro currency and the bailouts by the Eurozone for countries such as Greece.[151] At that time, the party also advocated support for Swiss-style semi-direct democracy, major reforms to the Eurozone, opposition to immigration, and opposed same-sex marriage.[152][153] During this period, the party espoused economic liberal,[9] ordoliberal,[154] and national liberal policy stances.[155] Former party MEP Hans-Olaf Henkel likened AfD's early platform to the Conservative Party in Britain rather than hard Eurosceptic or nationalist parties such as the UK Independence Party or the National Front in France. AfD was also compared to the Tea Party movement by some media outlets due to its campaigns against Eurozone bailouts, although AfD's early leadership disputed this and said it was not looking to attract right-wing extremists into the party.[156]

In 2015, more moderate members, including founder and former chairman Bernd Lucke, left AfD after Frauke Petry was elected chairperson to found a new party, the Alliance for Progress and Renewal, which was renamed the Liberal Conservative Reformers in November 2016.[157] At that time, AfD was performing poorly in opinion polls, polling at around 3 percent, and was suffering infighting; however, an influx of refugees and migrants boosted their support later in 2015, with the party turning from matters related to the Eurozone to focus on opposing migration, in particular Muslims and Muslim immigration.[158][159][153]

AfD underwent a further shift to the right after Petry left the party in 2017 and formed The Blue Party, following AfD's adoption of more hardline Islamophobic, anti-immigration positions, and historical revisionist remarks by leading AfD figures.[160][161][162] The party now resembles other populist radical right parties in Europe but is somewhat unusual because it maintains visible ties to even more extreme groups.[163] AfD has been described as, and accused of, containing members sympathetic to the Identitarian movement[164] and Pegida. The AfD leadership has been split on whether to embrace these movements within the party.[165]

In March 2020, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (German: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz) classified AfD's far-right nationalistic faction known as Der Flügel as "a right-wing extremist endeavor against the free democratic basic order" and as "not compatible with the Basic Law", placing it under intelligence surveillance.[166][167][168] In early March 2021, most of Germany's major media outlets reported that the Bundesverfassungsschutz had placed the whole AfD under surveillance as a "suspected extremist group". In response to claims from AfD members that the move was intended to damage the party's chances in the 2021 German federal election, the agency stated it would not make public announcements regarding investigations into the AfD or its candidates for the foreseeable future.[40][41]

Ideological factions

Political commentators and analysts have described the party as containing two prominent factions: subscribers to more moderate right-wing and national-conservative policies, such as parliamentarians Jörg Meuthen, Alice Weidel, and Beatrix von Storch, and the more hardline identitarian Der Flügel wing, comprising figures at state level such as Thuringia state leader Björn Höcke.[169][170] Political author Jeffrey Gedmin has described the present incarnation of AfD as somewhat lacking in a consistent ideological vision and containing a broad church of members who are conservatives, social conservatives, radical-rightists, and others who do not present clear ideological narrative. He also described some of its core voter support as ranging from far-right nationalists to moderate but traditionalist and disaffected conservatives.[148] The two most dominant factions of the AfD have been noted as the Der Flügel and the more dovish and moderate national-conservative Alternative Mitte (Alternative Midpoint) who oppose collaboration with movements or figures like PEGIDA founder Lutz Bachmann.[171][172]

Economic policies

AfD is an economic liberal party.[9][173] Despite the 2015 split of economic liberals, AfD can still be broadly characterized as neoliberal on economic terms, emphasizing deregulation and much limited state intervention. Attempts of some factions to emphasize small and medium-sized enterprises, and advocate protectionism over free trade, did not have much success or changes in party policies.[147]

German nationalism

Over time, a focus on German nationalism, on reclaiming Germany's sovereignty and national pride, especially in repudiation of Germany's culture of shame with regard to its Nazi past, became more central in AfD's ideology and a central plank in its populist appeals.[22][23][24] Petry, who led the moderate wing of the party, said that Germany should reclaim völkisch from its Nazi connotations,[174] while Björn Höcke, who is an example of the more right-wing or national conservative ideology, regularly speaks of the Vaterland ("father land") and Volk ("nation" or "people", but with a strong ethnic or racial connotation).[22]

In January 2017, Höcke in a speech stated, in reference to the Berlin Holocaust Memorial, that "Germans are the only people in the world who plant a monument of shame in the heart of the capital" and criticized this "laughable policy of coming to terms with the past".[175][176] Höcke continued that Germany should make a "180 degree" turn with regard to its sense of national pride.[22]

Circumcision

AfD supports a ban on circumcision for non-medical reasons for those under the age of majority, saying that the practice composes a "serious violations of fundamental rights".[177]

Immigration, multiculturalism and Islam

 
An AfD poster in Schleswig-Holstein, 3 May 2018. It reads: "Islam does not belong in Germany. The woman's freedom is not negotiable!"

AfD describes German national identity as under threat both from European integration and from the presence and accommodation of immigrants and refugees within Germany.[23][24] Former leader Petry said in March 2016: "I'm not against immigration, but ... the economic and social consequences of migration on both home and host countries are equally momentous ... The immigration of so many Muslims will change our culture. If this change is desired, it must be the product of a democratic decision supported by a broad majority. But Ms. Merkel simply opened the borders and invited everybody in, without consulting the parliament or the people."[24]

In its program, AfD wants to end what it describes as mass immigration and focus on taking in small numbers of skilled immigrants who are expected to integrate into society and speak German. It encourages German nationals to have more children, as opposed to trying to boost the German population through foreign migration. The party wants to review EU freedom of movement rules and states that immigrants must be employed and contribute to social security through paying taxes for at least four years before being allowed to receive state benefits. AfD calls for mass deportation of foreign born criminals with multiple citizenship or permanent residency. The party describes the Geneva Convention on Refugees as "outdated", calls for stricter vetting of refugees, and believes the German government should invest in special economic and safe zones in third world nations as opposed to taking in large numbers of asylum seekers without background checks.[178]

AfD is critical of multiculturalism in Germany, stating that "the concept of a multi-cultural society has failed." The party favours banning the burqa, the Islamic call to prayer in public areas and the construction of new minarets, ending foreign funding of mosques and putting imams through a state vetting procedure.[169]

The AfD began to employ anti-Muslim rhetoric during the leadership of Frauke Petry, who responded positively to comparisons between the party and Pegida.[179] In 2016 the party adopted several anti-Muslim positions and stated in its manifesto that "Islam does not belong to Germany. Its expansion and the ever-increasing number of Muslims in the country are viewed by the AfD as a danger to our state, our society, and our values."[179] The party has run a billboard campaign that explicitly referenced the Eurabia thesis,[180] and the party has been seen to have been strongly influenced by,[181] and to be a part of the counter-jihad movement.[182][183]

Ritual slaughter

AfD is supportive of a ban on kosher slaughter within the country, as well as the "import and sale of kosher meat".[184]

LGBT rights and feminism

According to its interim electoral manifesto, AfD opposes same-sex marriage and favours civil unions.[185] The left-leaning newspaper Die Tageszeitung described the group as advocating "old gender roles".[186] AfD deputy leader Beatrix von Storch has publicly opposed same-sex marriage. In an effort to overturn same-sex marriage laws, AfD filed a lawsuit over the issue in 2017.[187] Wolfgang Gedeon, an elected AfD representative, has included feminism, along with "sexualism" and "migrationism", in an ideology he calls "green communism" that he opposes, and argues for family values as part of German identity.[188] As AfD has campaigned for traditional roles for women, it has aligned itself with groups opposed to modern feminism.[189] The youth wing of the party has used social media to campaign against aspects of modern feminism, with the support of party leadership.[190] Alice Weidel, co-chairwoman of the party, is a lesbian and is in a civil union with a female Sri Lankan-born Swiss film producer. Weidel has two adopted children with her partner.[191][192][193]

Environment and climate change

AfD has a platform of climate change denial.[185][194][195] The AfD accepts that the climate is changing, however, it denies that this change is attributable to human influences.[195] Instead, the party argues that climate change is entirely caused by natural factors. The AfD argues that the rising carbon dioxide concentrations have been beneficial (contributed to a "greening" of our planet).[196] Next to its climate change denial, the AfD opposes far-reaching climate policies: The party opposes energy transformation policies (Energiewende), wants to scrap the German Renewable Energy Act, the German Energy Saving Regulations, and the German Renewable Energy Heat Act. They also want to end bioenergy subsidies and restrict "uncontrolled expansion of wind energy".[185] The party argues that the energy transition threatenes energy security, possibly leading to energy blackouts. It, therefore, views lignite as the only native energy source that can guarantee German energy security and energy self-sufficiency.[195] Furthermore, the AfD wants to reinstate Germany's nuclear plants, arguing that closures between 2002 and 2011 were "economically damaging and not objectively justified". The party argues that the government should "allow a lifetime extension of still operating nuclear power plants on a transitional basis".[185] The party opposes the criminalization of ecocide in the European Union with Gunnar Beck, an MEP for AfD stating that "recognizing crimes against the environment as a violation of human rights and even war crimes is yet another grotesque inflation of the human rights doctrine."[197]

Conscription

AfD wants a reinstatement of conscription in Germany, starting for able-bodied men at the age of 18.[198][185]

Foreign policy

See also: AfD pro-Russia movement

AfD is historically pro-NATO and pro-United States;[needs update] it has been sharply critical of the Biden administration.[199] It is significantly divided on whether to support Russia, and has opposed sanctions on Russia supported by NATO and the United States.[200] It is also divided on free-trade agreements.[200] In March 2019, party leader Alexander Gauland said in an interview with the Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda that they consider the war in Donbas to be a Ukrainian internal matter, and that Germany should not get involved in the internal affairs of Ukraine or Russia. He also said the AfD is against Western sanctions imposed on Russia.[201] AfD members have called for a more independent stance from the United States.[202][203] The party has also parroted accusations that the United States was involved in the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage.[204] The AfD has also called NATO’s anti-Russian stance overly ideological and detrimental to Germany’s interests.[205]

AfD initially held a position of soft Euroscepticism by opposing the euro currency and Eurozone bailouts, which the party saw as undermining European integration, but it was otherwise supportive of German membership of the European Union (EU).[150] Since 2015, the party has shifted to a more purely Eurosceptic and nationalist position against the EU, calling for the withdrawal from the common European asylum and security policy, significant reform of the EU and a repatriation of powers back from Brussels with some party members endorsing a complete exit from the European Union if it these aims are not achievable.[206][207][208][209] During the 2021 party conference in Dresden, a majority of AfD members voted to include more hardline policies against the European Union including German withdrawal from the bloc in the party's manifesto ahead of the 2021 German federal election.[210][211][212]

The party is pro-Israel.[14][213][214] AfD supported the decision of US president Donald Trump to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, as stated by AfD's Petr Bystron. Despite AfD's pro-Israel stance, the State of Israel has boycotted the party and refuses to hold ties with AfD.[213] The party was divided over the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, with party leader Chrupalla condemning the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel but calling for diplomacy between the two sides and mourning deaths on both sides, while other MPs, such as Norbert Kleinwächter and Rüdiger Lucassen were critical of Chrupalla's position and openly defended Israeli actions during the conflict.[215] Following the Hamas attack, the party supported cuts in German aid to Palestine via the UNRWA.[216]

The AfD is considered a key ally for the International Agency for Current Policy in an OCCRP investigation from February 2023. The report accuses Manuel Ochsenreiter [de] of having received payments for publishing pro-Russian propaganda in his Zuerst! magazine.[217]

AfD has historically been more skeptical of China, demanding the government to strip the "developing country" status for China, voicing opposition to "Chinese economic espionage" and opposing Chinese state-owned company COSCO Shipping buying of a stake in the Port of Hamburg.[218] However, it started changing its position in 2023, with AfD's Bundestag caucus accusing foreign minister Annalena Baerbock and economic affairs minister Robert Habeck of launching an "economic war" against China.[218] AfD has also criticized restrictions on the use of 5G material from Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE. AfD leader Tino Chrupalla has also voiced opposition against restrictions on Chinese technology and backed Chinese foreign minister Qin Gang on his peace-brokering efforts for Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[218]

In August 2023 a journalist investigation was published describing how money was funnelled from Moscow to AfD politicians who initiated a constitutional complaint in Germany against the supplies of weapons for Ukraine.[219]

Organisation

See also: List of Alternative for Germany politicians

Membership

Membership numbers
2013 17,687[220]
2014 20,728[220]
2015 16,385[220]
2016 26,409[220]
2017 29,000[221]
2018 33,500[222]
2019 35,100[212]
2020 32,000[223]
2023 34,000[1]

Party finances

Further information: Party finance in Germany

Because the 2013 federal election was the first attempt to join by the party, AfD had not received any federal funds in the run-up to it;[224] by receiving 2 million votes, it crossed the threshold for party funding and was expected to receive an estimated 1.3 to 1.5 million euros per year of state subsidies.[225] After joining the parliament with more than 90 representatives in the 2017 federal election, the party received more than 70 million euros per year; this probably rose to more than 100 million euros per year from 2019 onward. The party has also established and acknowledged a foundation for political education, and other purposes, close to the party but organized separately, which may be able to claim up to 80 million euro per year.[226] This foundation would need to be acknowledged by the federal parliament in Germany first, but it has a legal claim to these subsidies.

In 2018, the Alternative for Germany donation scandal became public, as federal and European Parliament politicians Alice Weidel, Jörg Meuthen, Marcus Pretzell, and Guido Reil had profited from illegal and unnamed donations from non-EU countries. The acceptance of donations from non-EU countries is prohibited for German parties and politicians.

Young Alternative for Germany

Main article: Young Alternative for Germany

Young Alternative for Germany (German: Junge Alternative für Deutschland, JA) was founded in 2013 as the youth organisation of AfD, while remaining legally independent from its mother party.[62] In view of JA's independence, it has been regarded by some in AfD's hierarchy as being somewhat wayward,[227] with JA repeatedly accused of being "too far-right",[228] politically regressive and antifeminist by the German mainstream media.[227][229][230]

European affiliations

Following the 2014 European Parliament election on 12 June, AfD was accepted into the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament.[78]

In February 2016, AfD announced a closer cooperation with the right-wing populist party Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which is a member of the Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF) group.[90] On 8 March 2016, the bureau of the ECR group began motions to exclude AfD MEPs from their group due to the party's links with the far-right FPÖ and controversial remarks by two party leader about shooting immigrants.[91][92] MEP Beatrix von Storch pre-empted her imminent expulsion by leaving the ECR group to join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group on 8 April,[93][94] and Marcus Pretzell was expelled from the ECR group on 12 April 2016.[95] During the party convention on 30 April 2016, Pretzell announced his intention to join the Europe of Nations and Freedom group,[231][232] although he subsequently left AfD to join Petry's Blue Party.[233]

In April 2019, Jörg Meuthen appeared alongside Northern League leader Matteo Salvini, National Rally leader Marine Le Pen, and politicians from the Danish People's Party and FPÖ to announce the formation of a new European political alliance.[234] AfD later joined this group in the European Parliament, which was ultimately named the Identity and Democracy group.[235]

Beyond Identity and Democracy, the AfD has ties to parties like Hungary's Our Homeland Movement,[236] Slovakia's Republic party,[237] Alternative for Sweden,[238] Serbia's Dveri[239] and the Serbian Party Oathkeepers.[240]

Public image

 
AfD leaders in 2013
 
Alice Weidel and Alexander Gauland in April 2017

Early days

At the outset, AfD presented itself as conservative and middle-class, catering to a well-educated demographic; around two-thirds of supporters listed on its website in the early days held doctorates, leading to AfD being nicknamed the "professors' party" in its early days.[241][242][243] The party was described[who?] as professors and academics who dislike the compromises inflicted on their purist theories by German party politics.[244] 86% of the party's initial supporters were male.[67]

Relationship with right-wing groups

 
Sticker of nationalistic Identitarian movement at AfD Bavaria Banner

Outside the Berlin hotel where the party held its inaugural meeting, it has been alleged that copies of Junge Freiheit, a weekly that is also popular with the far right, were being handed out.[245] The Rheinische Post pointed out that some AfD members and supporters write for the conservative paper.[65][246] There was also a protest outside the venue of the party's inaugural meeting by Andreas Storr, a National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) representative in the Landtag of Saxony, as the NPD sees AfD as a rival for Eurosceptic votes.[247]

In 2013, AfD party organisers sent out the message that they are not trying to attract right-wing radicals and toned down rhetoric on their Facebook page following media allegations that it too closely evoked the language of the far right.[241][248] At that time, AfD checked applicants for membership to exclude far-right and former NPD members who support the anti-euro policy.[241][242][249] The former party chairman Bernd Lucke stated that "[t]he applause is coming from the wrong side", regarding praise his party gained from the NPD.[241]

Members of Alliance 90/Green Party have accused AfD of pandering to xenophobic and nationalistic sentiments.[250] There have been altercations between AfD members and Green Youth members.[250] Following the 2013 federal election, the anti-Islam German Freedom Party unilaterally pledged to support AfD in the 2014 elections and concentrate its efforts on local elections only.[251] Bernd Lucke responded by saying that the German Freedom Party's support was unwanted and sent a letter to AfD party associations recommending a hiring freeze.[252]

Stern reported that among 396 AfD candidates for the 2017 Bundestag, 47 candidates did not distance themselves from right-wing extremism. Although a large proportion of the candidates are not openly racist, some relativize Germany's role in World War II or call for the recognition of a "Cult of Guilt". 30 candidates claimed to tolerate right-wing friends in their profile or were themselves members of groups associated with such people; others said that they mourned the German Reich or used their symbols.[253]

Refugees

In 2016, AfD MEP Marcus Pretzell was expelled from the party after he said that German borders should be defended from incursion by refugees "with armed force as a measure of last resort".[95] Later that same year, former AfD party chair and MEP Frauke Petry told a reporter from the regional newspaper Mannheimer Morgen that the German Border police must do their jobs by "hindering illegal entry of refugees" and that they may "use firearms if necessary" to "prevent illegal border crossings".[254][255] Petry later stated that no policeman "wants to fire on a refugee and I don't want that either" but that border police must follow the law to maintain the integrity of European borders. Afterwards, Petry made several attempts to justify these statements.[255]

Pegida

In response to the Pegida movement and demonstrations, members of AfD have expressed different opinions of it, with Lucke describing the movement as "a sign that these people do not feel their concerns are understood by politicians".[256] In response to the CDU Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière alleging an "overlap" between Pegida rallies and AfD, Alexander Gauland stated that AfD are "natural allies of this movement".[257] Hans-Olaf Henkel asked members of the party not to join the demonstrations, telling Der Tagesspiegel that he believed it could not be ruled out that they had "xenophobic or even racist connotations".[256] A straw poll by The Economist found that nine out of ten Pegida protesters would back the AfD.[258]

Anti-communism

AfD is anti-communist and engaged in red-baiting by comparing the centre-right Angela Merkel and her government to the secret police in East Germany.[259] In May 2018, a statue of the founding father of communism Karl Marx, donated by the Chinese government, was unveiled in Marx's hometown of Trier. AfD leader Alexander Gauland said the city should not accept the statue, saying that it disrespects victims of communism.[260] AfD staged a silent march to remember the victims of communist regimes.[261]

Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe

In January 2017, Björn Höcke, one of the founders of AfD,[262][263][264][265] gave a speech in Dresden in which, referring to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, he stated that "we Germans are the only people in the world who have planted a memorial of shame in the heart of their capital",[266] and suggested that Germans "need to make a 180 degree change in their politics of commemoration".[267] The speech was widely criticized as antisemitic, among others by Jewish leaders in Germany.[266][268] Within AfD, he was described by his party chairwoman, Frauke Petry, as a "burden to the party", while other members of the party, such as Alexander Gauland, said that they found no antisemitism in the speech.[266]

In February 2017, AfD leaders asked for Höcke to be expelled from the party due to his speech. The arbitration committee of AfD in Thuringia was set to rule on the leaders' request.[269] In May 2018 an AfD tribunal ruled that Höcke was allowed to stay in the party.[270]

Election results

See also: Alternative for Germany election results

Federal Parliament (Bundestag)

Election Constituency Party list Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
2013[271] 810,915 1.9 (#8) 2,056,985 4.7 (#7)
0 / 631
 New No seats
2017[107][108] 5,316,095 11.5 (#3) 5,877,094 12.6 (#3)
94 / 709
   94 Opposition
2021 4,694,017 10.1 (#4) 4,802,097 10.3 (#5)
83 / 735
   11 Opposition

European Parliament

Election Votes % Seats +/–
2014[272] 2,070,014 7.1 (#5)
7 / 96
2019 4,103,453 11.0 (#4)
11 / 96
   4

State parliaments (Landtage)

State parliament Election Votes % Seats +/– Status
Baden-Württemberg 2021 473,309 9.7 (#5)
17 / 154
   6 Opposition
Bavaria 2023 1,999,924 14.6 (#3)
32 / 203
   10 Opposition
Berlin 2023 137,810 9.1 (#5)
17 / 147
   4 Opposition
Brandenburg 2019 297,484 23.5 (#2)
23 / 88
   12 Opposition
Bremen 2023 Did not run –
0 / 84
 – No seats
Hamburg 2020 211,327 5.3 (#5)
7 / 123
   1 Opposition
Hesse 2023 518,674 18.4 (#2)
28 / 133
   9 Opposition
Lower Saxony 2022 396,839 11.0 (#4)
18 / 146
   9 Opposition
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2021 152,747 16.7 (#2)
14 / 79
   4 Opposition
North Rhine-Westphalia 2022 388,768 5.4 (#5)
12 / 195
   4 Opposition
Rhineland-Palatinate 2021 160,273 8.3 (#4)
9 / 101
   5 Opposition
Saarland 2022 25,718 5.7 (#3)
3 / 51
   0 Opposition
Saxony 2019 595,671 27.5 (#2)
38 / 119
   24 Opposition
Saxony-Anhalt 2021 221,487 20.8 (#2)
23 / 97
   2 Opposition
Schleswig-Holstein 2022 61,169 4.4 (#6)
0 / 69
   5 No seats
Thuringia 2019 259,359 23.4 (#2)
22 / 90
   11 Opposition

See also

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February 16, 2024
alternative, germany, german, alternative, für, deutschland, german, pronunciation, aːʔɛfˈdeː, right, wing, populist, political, party, germany, known, euroscepticism, well, opposing, immigration, germany, right, wing, party, commonly, positioned, radical, rig. Alternative for Germany German Alternative fur Deutschland AfD German pronunciation aːʔɛfˈdeː is a right wing populist political party in Germany 3 4 AfD is known for its Euroscepticism 5 as well as for opposing immigration to Germany 6 As a right wing party AfD is commonly positioned on the radical right a subset of the far right within the family of European political parties that does not oppose democracy 7 Alternative for Germany Alternative fur DeutschlandAbbreviationAfDCo leadersTino Chrupalla Alice WeidelDeputy co leadersStephan Brandner Peter Boehringer Mariana Harder KuhnelParliamentary leadersTino Chrupalla Alice WeidelHonorary chairmanAlexander GaulandFoundersAlexander GaulandBernd LuckeKonrad AdamFounded6 February 2013 11 years ago 2013 02 06 Split fromChristian Democratic Union of GermanyHeadquartersSchillstrasse 9 10785 BerlinYouth wingYoung Alternative for GermanyMembership 2023 34 000 1 IdeologyRight wing populismPolitical positionFar right A European affiliationIdentity and Democracy PartyEuropean Parliament groupECR 2014 2016 EFDD 2016 2019 Identity and Democracy since 2019 Colours Light blueBundestag78 736Bundesrat0 69State Parliaments252 1 884European Parliament9 96Websitewww wbr afd wbr dePolitics of GermanyPolitical partiesElections A Although beginning as a centre right alternative to the CDU CSU the AfD has been considered to be part of the radical right a subset of the far right that does not oppose democracy since 2015 2 Established in April 2013 AfD narrowly missed the 5 electoral threshold to sit in the Bundestag during the 2013 German federal election The party won seven seats in the 2014 European Parliament election in Germany as a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists ECR After securing representation in 14 of the 16 German state parliaments by October 2017 AfD won 94 seats in the 2017 German federal election and became the third largest party in the country as well as the largest opposition party its lead candidates were the co vice chairman Alexander Gauland and Alice Weidel the latter having served as the party group leader in the 19th Bundestag In the 2021 German federal election AfD dropped to being the fifth largest party 8 AfD was founded by Gauland Bernd Lucke and former members of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany CDU to oppose the policies of the Eurozone as a right wing and moderately Eurosceptic alternative to the centre right but pro European CDU The party presented itself as an economic liberal 9 soft Eurosceptic and conservative movement in its early years 10 11 12 AfD subsequently moved further to the right 13 and expanded its policies under successive leaderships to include opposition to immigration 14 15 Islam 16 and the European Union 17 Since 2015 AfD s ideology has been characterized by anti Islam 18 19 20 anti immigration 21 German nationalism 22 23 24 national conservatism 25 26 27 and Euroscepticism 28 The AfD is the only party represented in the Bundestag whose environmental and climate policy is based on the denial of human caused climate change 29 30 Several state associations and other factions of AfD have been linked to or accused of harboring connections with far right nationalist and proscribed movements such as PEGIDA the Neue Rechte and the Identitarian movement 31 and of employing historical revisionism 32 as well as xenophobic rhetoric 33 34 35 They have been observed by various state offices for the protection of the constitution since 2018 36 AfD s leadership has denied that the party is racist and has been internally divided on whether to endorse such groups 37 In January 2022 party leader Jorg Meuthen resigned his party chairmanship with immediate effect and left the AfD as he came to acknowledge that the party had developed very far to the right with totalitarian traits and in large parts was no longer based on the liberal democratic basic order 38 39 In March 2021 most of Germany s major media outlets reported that the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution BfV had placed AfD under surveillance 40 41 after the revelations the surveillance was blocked by the courts to give equal opportunities among political parties in a key election year 42 43 44 In 2022 it was ruled that the BfV may classify and monitor the entire party as a suspected right wing extremist group A corresponding lawsuit by the AfD was dismissed because there were sufficient factual indications of anti constitutional efforts within the AfD 36 On 26 April 2023 the BfV after four years of investigations into the Young Alternative for Germany categorized that group as a confirmed extremist organisation This allowed the chief of the BfV Thomas Haldenwang to place the youth wing under even more intensive surveillance than the tapping of phone and the use of undercover agents that had been the case until then 45 46 The party is the strongest in the areas of the former German Democratic Republic especially the states of Saxony and Thuringia largely due to economic and integration issues that still continue to persist post reunification 47 48 49 in addition to the East German voters perceived propensity for a strongman rule 50 In the 2021 federal elections AfD fell from third to fifth place overall but made gains in the eastern states the former East Germany 8 In the former East Berlin it came in second after SPD with 20 5 of the vote while in the west it came in fifth with 8 4 of the vote Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding 1 2 2013 federal election 1 3 2013 state elections 1 4 2014 European Parliament election 1 5 2014 state elections 1 6 2015 state elections 1 7 Petry assumes leadership and Lucke quits 1 8 Co operation with FPO and exclusion from ECR group 1 9 2016 state elections 1 10 2016 party congress 1 11 2017 federal election 1 12 Split off parties 1 13 2021 federal election 1 14 2022 2023 state and district elections 1 14 1 2023 meeting with far right extremists and subsequent protests 2 Ideology and platform 2 1 Ideological factions 2 2 Economic policies 2 3 German nationalism 2 4 Circumcision 2 5 Immigration multiculturalism and Islam 2 6 Ritual slaughter 2 7 LGBT rights and feminism 2 8 Environment and climate change 2 9 Conscription 2 10 Foreign policy 3 Organisation 3 1 Membership 3 2 Party finances 3 3 Young Alternative for Germany 4 European affiliations 5 Public image 5 1 Early days 5 2 Relationship with right wing groups 5 3 Refugees 5 4 Pegida 5 5 Anti communism 5 6 Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 6 Election results 6 1 Federal Parliament Bundestag 6 2 European Parliament 6 3 State parliaments Landtage 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistoryFounding In September 2012 Alexander Gauland Bernd Lucke and journalist Konrad Adam founded the political group Electoral Alternative 2013 German Wahlalternative 2013 in Bad Nauheim to oppose German federal policies concerning the eurozone crisis and to confront German supported bailouts for poorer southern European countries 51 Their manifesto was endorsed by several economists journalists and business leaders and stated that the eurozone had proven to be unsuitable as a currency area and that southern European states were sinking into poverty under the competitive pressure of the euro 52 Some candidates of what would become AfD sought election in Lower Saxony as part of the Electoral Alternative 2013 in alliance with the Free Voters an association participating in local elections without specific federal or foreign policies and received 1 of the vote 52 53 In February 2013 the group decided to found a new party to compete in the 2013 federal election according to a leaked email from Lucke the Free Voters leadership declined to join forces 54 Advocating the abolition of the euro AfD took a more radical stance than the Free Voters 55 The Pirate Party Germany opposed any coalition with AfD at their 2013 spring convention 56 nbsp Konrad Adam left Frauke Petry and Bernd Lucke during the first AfD convention on 14 April 2013 in BerlinThe AfD s initial supporters were the same prominent economists business leaders and journalists who had supported the Electoral Alternative 2013 including former members of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany CDU who had previously challenged the constitutionality of the German government s eurozone policies at the Federal Constitutional Court 57 58 59 AfD did not regard itself as a splinter party from the CDU as its early membership also contained a former state leader from the Free Democratic Party and members of the Federation of Independent Voters a pressure group of independents and small business owners 5 nbsp Second vote share percentage for AfD in the 2013 federal election in Germany final resultsOn 14 April 2013 the AfD announced its presence to the wider public when it held its first convention in Berlin elected the party leadership and adopted a party platform Bernd Lucke 60 entrepreneur Frauke Petry and Konrad Adam were elected as speakers 61 AfD s federal board also chose Alexander Gauland Roland Klaus and Patricia Casale as its three deputy speakers The party elected treasurer Norbert Stenzel and the three assessors Irina Smirnova Beatrix Diefenbach and Wolf Joachim Schunemann Economist Joachim Starbatty along with Jorn Kruse Helga Luckenbach Dirk Meyer and Roland Vaubel were elected to the party s scientific advisory board Between 31 March and 12 May 2013 AfD founded affiliates in all 16 states of Germany in order to participate in the federal elections On 15 June 2013 the Young Alternative for Germany was founded in Darmstadt as the AfD s youth organisation 62 During the British prime minister David Cameron s visit to Germany in April 2013 the Conservative Party was reported to have contacted both AfD and the Free Voters to discuss possible cooperation supported by the European Conservatives and Reformists ECR group of the European Parliament 63 In June 2013 Bernd Lucke gave a question and answer session organized by the Conservative Party allied Bruges Group think tank in Portcullis House London 64 In a detailed report in the conservative Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in April 2013 the paper s Berlin based political correspondent Majid Sattar revealed that the SPD and CDU had conducted opposition research to blunt the growth and attraction of AfD 65 2013 federal election Further information 2013 German federal election On 22 September 2013 AfD won 4 7 of the votes in the 2013 federal election just missing the 5 barrier to enter the Bundestag The party won about 2 million party list votes and 810 000 constituency votes which was 1 9 of the total of these votes cast across Germany 66 2013 state elections AfD did not participate in the 2013 Bavaria state election held on 15 September AfD gained its first representation in the state parliament of Hesse with the defection of Jochen Paulus from the Free Democratic Party FDP to AfD in early May 2013 67 he was not re elected and left office in January 2014 68 In the 2013 Hesse state election held on 22 September the same day as the 2013 federal election AfD failed to gain representation in the parliament with 4 0 of the vote citation needed 2014 European Parliament election Further information 2014 European Parliament election in Germany nbsp Former Courage to stand up for the truth The euro is dividing Europe tagline on election placard 2013In early 2014 the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled the proposed 3 vote hurdle for representation in the European elections unconstitutional and the 2014 European Parliament election became the first run in Germany without a barrier for representation 69 nbsp AfD election poster from 2014 The slogan translates as Washington spies Brussels dictates Berlin obeys AfD held a party conference on 25 January 2014 at Frankenstolz Arena Aschaffenburg northwest Bavaria The conference chose the slogan Mut zu Deutschland Courage to stand up for Germany to replace the former slogan Mut zur Wahrheit lit Courage to speak the truth or more succinctly Telling it as it is 70 which prompted disagreement among the federal board that the party could be seen as too anti European A compromise was reached by using the slogan MUT ZU D EU TSCHLAND with the EU in DEUTSCHLAND encircled by the 12 stars of the European flag 71 The conference elected the top six candidates for the European elections on 26 January 2014 and met again the following weekend to choose the remaining euro candidates 70 71 72 Candidates from 7th 28th place on the party list were selected in Berlin on 1 February 73 Party chairman Bernd Lucke was elected as lead candidate In February 2014 AfD officials said they had discussed alliances with Britain s anti EU UK Independence Party UKIP which Lucke and the federal board of AfD opposed and also with the European Conservatives and Reformists ECR group to which Britain s Conservative Party belongs 74 In April 2014 Hans Olaf Henkel AfD s second candidate on the European election list ruled out forming a group with the UKIP 75 stating that he saw the Conservatives as the preferred partner in the European Parliament 75 On 10 May 2014 Lucke had been in talks with the Czech and Polish member parties of the ECR group 76 In the 2014 European Parliament election on 25 May AfD came in fifth place in Germany with 7 1 of the national vote 2 065 162 votes and seven Members of the European parliament MEPs 77 On 12 June 2014 it was announced that AfD had been accepted into the ECR group in the European Parliament 78 The official vote result was not released to the public but figures of 29 votes for and 26 against were reported by the membership 78 The inclusion of AfD in the ECR group was said to have caused mild tensions between the German chancellor Angela Merkel and the British prime minister David Cameron 5 2014 state elections On 31 August AfD scored 9 7 of the vote in the 2014 Saxony state election 79 winning 14 seats in the Landtag of Saxony 80 On 14 September AfD obtained 10 6 of the vote in the 2014 Thuringian and 12 2 in the Brandenburg state election winning 11 seats in both state parliaments 81 2015 state elections On 15 February AfD won 6 1 of the vote in the 2015 Hamburg state election gaining the mandate for eight seats in the Hamburg Parliament 82 winning their first seats in a western German state On 10 May AfD secured in the 5 5 of the vote in the 2015 Bremen state election gaining representation in their fifth state parliament on a 50 turnout 83 Petry assumes leadership and Lucke quits After months of factional infighting and a cancelled party gathering in June 2015 Frauke Petry was elected on 4 July 2015 as the de facto principal speaker of the party with 60 of the member votes ahead of Bernd Lucke at a party congress in Essen 84 Petry was a member of the national conservative faction of AfD 85 Her leadership was widely seen as heralding a shift of the party to the right to focus more on issues such as migration Islam and strengthening ties to Russia citation needed a shift which was claimed by Lucke as turning the party into a Pegida party 86 In the following week five MEPs exited the party on 7 July the only remaining MEPs being Beatrix von Storch and Marcus Pretzell 87 and Lucke announced on 8 July 2015 that he was resigning from AfD citing the rise of xenophobic and pro Russian sentiments in the party 88 At a meeting of members of the Wake up call Weckruf 2015 group on 19 July 2015 AfD founder Bernd Lucke and former AfD members announced they would form a new party the Alliance for Progress and Renewal under the founding principles of AfD 89 Co operation with FPO and exclusion from ECR group In February 2016 AfD announced a cooperation pact with the Freedom Party of Austria FPO 90 On 8 March 2016 the bureau of the ECR group began motions to exclude AfD from their group due to its links with the far right FPO 91 inviting the two remaining AfD MEPs to leave the group by 31 March with a motion of exclusion to be tabled on 12 April if they refuse to leave voluntarily 92 While MEP Beatrix von Storch left the ECR group on 8 April to join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group 93 94 Marcus Pretzell let himself be expelled on 12 April 2016 95 2016 state elections With the European migrant crisis remaining the dominant national issue elections on 13 March were held in the three states of Baden Wurttemberg Rhineland Palatinate and Saxony Anhalt and saw the AfD receiving double digit percentages of the vote in all three states 96 97 In the 2016 Saxony Anhalt state election AfD reached second place in the Landtag receiving 24 2 of the vote In the 2016 Baden Wurttemberg state election AfD achieved third place with 15 1 of the vote In the 2016 Rhineland Palatinate state election AfD again reached third place with 12 6 of the vote In Angela Merkel s home state of Mecklenburg Vorpommern her CDU was beaten into third place following a strong showing of AfD who contested at state level for the first time to claim the second highest polling with 20 8 of the vote in the 2016 Mecklenburg Vorpommern state election 98 AfD voter support in Mecklenburg Western Pomerania appears to have come from both left wing and right wing parties with support for the Social Democratic Party of Germany down 4 9 CDU down 4 1 The Left down 5 2 Alliance 90 The Greens down 3 9 and support for the National Democratic Party of Germany NDP halved dropping to 3 0 Rising support for AfD meant that The Greens and the NDP failed to reach the 5 threshold to qualify for seats in the Landtag of Mecklenburg Vorpommern and consequently lost their seats In the 2016 Berlin state election which AfD also contested for the first time citation needed the party achieved a vote of 14 2 making them the fifth largest party represented in the state assembly Their vote seems to have come equally from the SPD and CDU whose votes declined 6 7 and 5 7 respectively 99 2016 party congress At the party congress held on 30 April to 1 May 2016 AfD adopted a policy platform based upon opposition to Islam calling for the ban of Islamic symbols including burqas minarets and adhan call to prayer using the slogan Islam is not a part of Germany 100 101 102 103 2017 federal election Further information 2017 German federal election nbsp Second vote share percentage for AfD in the 2017 federal election in Germany final results nbsp National party convention in Cologne in April 2017At the party conference in April 2017 Frauke Petry announced that she would not run as the party s main candidate for the 2017 federal election This announcement grew out of internal power struggle as the party s support had fallen in polls from 15 in the summer of 2016 to 7 just before the conference Bjorn Hocke from the far right wing of the party and Petry were attempting to push each other out of the party Petry s decision was partly seen as a step to avoid a vote at the conference on the issue of her standing 104 The party chose Alexander Gauland a stark conservative who worked as an editor and was a former member of the CDU 105 to lead the party in the elections Gauland supported the retention of Hocke s party membership Alice Weidel who is perceived as more moderate and neoliberal was elected as his running mate 106 The party approved a platform that according to The Wall Street Journal urges Germany to close its borders to asylum applicants end sanctions on Russia and to leave the EU if Berlin fails to retrieve national sovereignty from Brussels as well as to amend the country s constitution to allow people born to non German parents to have their German citizenship revoked if they commit serious crimes 106 In the 2017 federal election AfD won 12 6 of the vote and received 94 seats this was the first time it had won seats in the Bundestag 107 108 It won three constituency seats which would have been enough to qualify for proportionally elected seats in any event Under a long standing law intended to benefit regional parties any party that wins at least three constituency seats qualifies for its share of proportionally elected seats regardless of vote share 109 Split off parties The Liberal Conservative Reformers broke way in July 2015 110 At a press conference held by AfD the day after the 2017 federal election Frauke Petry said that she would participate in the Bundestag as an independent she said she did this because extremist statements by some members made it impossible for AfD to function as a constructive opposition and to make clear to voters that there is internal dissent in the AfD She also said that she would be leaving the party at some future date 111 112 Petry formed the Blue Party in September 2017 Four members of AfD in the Mecklenburg Western Pomerania legislature including Bernhard Wild also left the party to form Citizens for Mecklenburg Vorpommern 111 which folded in December 2018 On 6 November 2019 Petry announced that the Blue Party would dissolve by the end of the year 113 In 2018 Andre Poggenburg AfD s regional leader of the eastern Saxony Anhalt state resigned his post after making racist remarks concerning Turks and immigrants with dual citizenship 114 115 In 2019 Poggenburg started a new far right party Aufbruch deutscher Patrioten Mitteldeutschland ADPM which he left in August 2019 after his internal call to dissolve ADPM and to support AfD in the upcoming state elections of fall 2019 was denied 116 2021 federal election Further information 2021 German federal election Ahead of the 2021 federal election AfD campaigned with the slogan Germany But Normal and took a position of opposing further lockdowns in response to the COVID 19 pandemic in Germany Having moved further right on economic issues and remaining strongly right on socio cultural issues despite attempts to normalize AfD s manifesto for the federal election was deemed to be still too radical for the party to take part in government 117 In the federal election AfD saw a dip in national vote share by getting 10 3 of the vote compared to 12 6 in 2017 however the party emerged as the largest in the states of Saxony and Thuringia and saw a strong performance in eastern Germany 118 The party s results drew a mixed analysis from AfD members and political commentators the latter of whom attributed the slight decline to visible infighting whereas AfD candidates such as Alice Weidel blamed media bias against the party Political scientist Kai Arzheimer commented that the result wasn t any appreciable increase but it wasn t a disaster for them Arzheimer also posited that the result demonstrated that AfD had firmly established itself in German national politics but had not reached beyond its core support AfD s top candidates Tino Chrupalla and Weidel praised the result as solid while party spokesman Jorg Meuthen stated that the party should reevaluate the result and aim on sending strong signals towards the center to win back new voters 8 Meuthen left the party in January 2022 119 120 2022 2023 state and district elections AfD held their three seats in the 2022 Saarland state election 121 At the same time they lost all their seats in the 2022 Schleswig Holstein state election 122 In the 2022 Lower Saxony state election in October the AfD won 9 more seats compared to 2017 to a total of 18 123 In the 2023 Berlin repeat state election the AfD recorded a small upswing by gaining 4 seats compared to the 2021 election 124 In the 2023 Bremen state election AfD did not participate and lost all their seats as the Bremen electoral committee had barred the AfD from the election due to internal divisions that had resulted in them submitting two lists of candidates The Citizens in Rage another far right party participated instead they have received 10 seats after having only one seat in 2019 in Bremen s state parliament 125 126 On 25 June 2023 amid rises in polls 127 Thuringia s AfD won its first district election in Sonneberg 128 129 130 In the run off election held on 2 July the AfD candidate Hannes Loth de won against the independent politician Nils Naumann 131 132 becoming AfD s first ever mayor 133 134 135 On October 8 state elections AfD significantly increased its share in Hesse where it became the second biggest party 9 seats and in Bavaria where it became the third 10 seats Observers considered the increase of support for the AfD as not being limited to the local level Opinion polling for the next German federal election conducted in early July 2023 showed that the AfD polled more than the SPD achieving second place behind the CDU CSU alliance 136 Amid this surge and warnings from the monitoring agency about AfD s extremism Germans considered whether to ban the party The German Institute for Human Rights stated that the AfD have reached a degree of dangerousness that they can be banned according to the constitution having warned that the party is actively and methodically trying to implement its racist and Right wing extremist goals and shifting the limits of what can be said so that people can get used to their ethno nationalist positions The SPD co leader said a ban should be considered if the AfD is categorized as a group of proven Right wing extremists by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution Friedrich Merz the CDU leader warned that banning parties has never actually solved political problems Germans are evenly split on a ban with 47 per cent in favour and 47 per cent against the ban is more popular in the west and among liberal Greens 137 In December 2023 Tim Lochner of AfD was elected mayor of Pirna Saxony he became the first mayor of a city with more than 20 000 inhabitants to be appointed by the party 138 2023 meeting with far right extremists and subsequent protests Main articles Meeting of right wing extremists at Potsdam in 2023 and 2024 German anti extremism protests In January 2024 Correctiv reported that members of the AfD had secretly met with figures from the German and Austrian far right in November 2023 in which they allegedly discussed a remigration plan for deporting immigrants which could include naturalised German citizens The figures present included Identitarian activist Martin Sellner 139 140 141 The discussed plan was noted for its similarity to the Nazis plan to deport all non ethnic German people 141 The AfD distanced itself from the meeting saying it was not responsible for what was discussed and that its members had attended only in a personal capacity Alice Weidel parted ways with Roland Hartwig an advisor who was present at the meeting 141 142 The plan was condemned by German politicians including chancellor Olaf Scholz 143 144 The report sparked protests against the AfD across Germany with protestors calling for a ban of the AfD 144 142 Ideology and platformThe AfD is broadly considered to be a right wing and national conservative movement in both socioeconomic and sociocultural terms AfD s policy brief and mission statement seeks to define the party as both liberal and conservative with an emphasis on protecting sovereignty Western identity and German culture in what it calls a peaceful democratic and sovereign nation state of the German people 145 Political scientists and journalists have also described the AfD as synonymous with opposition to immigration Euroscepticism and holding a nationalist bent with various shades of German nationalism from civic nationalism to hardline sentiments visible in the party Other commentators have categorized it as a radical right populist party 146 or as a typical radical right wing populist party with an emphasis on nativism 27 Within its elected representation and grassroots membership AfD has grown to contain interparty factions that range from more moderate conservatives to radicals 147 148 AfD was initially founded as a liberal conservative party of the middle class 149 with a tendency toward soft Euroscepticism 150 being supportive of Germany s membership in the European Union but critical of further European integration the existence of the euro currency and the bailouts by the Eurozone for countries such as Greece 151 At that time the party also advocated support for Swiss style semi direct democracy major reforms to the Eurozone opposition to immigration and opposed same sex marriage 152 153 During this period the party espoused economic liberal 9 ordoliberal 154 and national liberal policy stances 155 Former party MEP Hans Olaf Henkel likened AfD s early platform to the Conservative Party in Britain rather than hard Eurosceptic or nationalist parties such as the UK Independence Party or the National Front in France AfD was also compared to the Tea Party movement by some media outlets due to its campaigns against Eurozone bailouts although AfD s early leadership disputed this and said it was not looking to attract right wing extremists into the party 156 In 2015 more moderate members including founder and former chairman Bernd Lucke left AfD after Frauke Petry was elected chairperson to found a new party the Alliance for Progress and Renewal which was renamed the Liberal Conservative Reformers in November 2016 157 At that time AfD was performing poorly in opinion polls polling at around 3 percent and was suffering infighting however an influx of refugees and migrants boosted their support later in 2015 with the party turning from matters related to the Eurozone to focus on opposing migration in particular Muslims and Muslim immigration 158 159 153 AfD underwent a further shift to the right after Petry left the party in 2017 and formed The Blue Party following AfD s adoption of more hardline Islamophobic anti immigration positions and historical revisionist remarks by leading AfD figures 160 161 162 The party now resembles other populist radical right parties in Europe but is somewhat unusual because it maintains visible ties to even more extreme groups 163 AfD has been described as and accused of containing members sympathetic to the Identitarian movement 164 and Pegida The AfD leadership has been split on whether to embrace these movements within the party 165 In March 2020 the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution German Bundesamt fur Verfassungsschutz classified AfD s far right nationalistic faction known as Der Flugel as a right wing extremist endeavor against the free democratic basic order and as not compatible with the Basic Law placing it under intelligence surveillance 166 167 168 In early March 2021 most of Germany s major media outlets reported that the Bundesverfassungsschutz had placed the whole AfD under surveillance as a suspected extremist group In response to claims from AfD members that the move was intended to damage the party s chances in the 2021 German federal election the agency stated it would not make public announcements regarding investigations into the AfD or its candidates for the foreseeable future 40 41 Ideological factions Political commentators and analysts have described the party as containing two prominent factions subscribers to more moderate right wing and national conservative policies such as parliamentarians Jorg Meuthen Alice Weidel and Beatrix von Storch and the more hardline identitarian Der Flugel wing comprising figures at state level such as Thuringia state leader Bjorn Hocke 169 170 Political author Jeffrey Gedmin has described the present incarnation of AfD as somewhat lacking in a consistent ideological vision and containing a broad church of members who are conservatives social conservatives radical rightists and others who do not present clear ideological narrative He also described some of its core voter support as ranging from far right nationalists to moderate but traditionalist and disaffected conservatives 148 The two most dominant factions of the AfD have been noted as the Der Flugel and the more dovish and moderate national conservative Alternative Mitte Alternative Midpoint who oppose collaboration with movements or figures like PEGIDA founder Lutz Bachmann 171 172 Economic policies AfD is an economic liberal party 9 173 Despite the 2015 split of economic liberals AfD can still be broadly characterized as neoliberal on economic terms emphasizing deregulation and much limited state intervention Attempts of some factions to emphasize small and medium sized enterprises and advocate protectionism over free trade did not have much success or changes in party policies 147 German nationalism Over time a focus on German nationalism on reclaiming Germany s sovereignty and national pride especially in repudiation of Germany s culture of shame with regard to its Nazi past became more central in AfD s ideology and a central plank in its populist appeals 22 23 24 Petry who led the moderate wing of the party said that Germany should reclaim volkisch from its Nazi connotations 174 while Bjorn Hocke who is an example of the more right wing or national conservative ideology regularly speaks of the Vaterland father land and Volk nation or people but with a strong ethnic or racial connotation 22 In January 2017 Hocke in a speech stated in reference to the Berlin Holocaust Memorial that Germans are the only people in the world who plant a monument of shame in the heart of the capital and criticized this laughable policy of coming to terms with the past 175 176 Hocke continued that Germany should make a 180 degree turn with regard to its sense of national pride 22 Circumcision AfD supports a ban on circumcision for non medical reasons for those under the age of majority saying that the practice composes a serious violations of fundamental rights 177 Immigration multiculturalism and Islam nbsp An AfD poster in Schleswig Holstein 3 May 2018 It reads Islam does not belong in Germany The woman s freedom is not negotiable AfD describes German national identity as under threat both from European integration and from the presence and accommodation of immigrants and refugees within Germany 23 24 Former leader Petry said in March 2016 I m not against immigration but the economic and social consequences of migration on both home and host countries are equally momentous The immigration of so many Muslims will change our culture If this change is desired it must be the product of a democratic decision supported by a broad majority But Ms Merkel simply opened the borders and invited everybody in without consulting the parliament or the people 24 In its program AfD wants to end what it describes as mass immigration and focus on taking in small numbers of skilled immigrants who are expected to integrate into society and speak German It encourages German nationals to have more children as opposed to trying to boost the German population through foreign migration The party wants to review EU freedom of movement rules and states that immigrants must be employed and contribute to social security through paying taxes for at least four years before being allowed to receive state benefits AfD calls for mass deportation of foreign born criminals with multiple citizenship or permanent residency The party describes the Geneva Convention on Refugees as outdated calls for stricter vetting of refugees and believes the German government should invest in special economic and safe zones in third world nations as opposed to taking in large numbers of asylum seekers without background checks 178 AfD is critical of multiculturalism in Germany stating that the concept of a multi cultural society has failed The party favours banning the burqa the Islamic call to prayer in public areas and the construction of new minarets ending foreign funding of mosques and putting imams through a state vetting procedure 169 The AfD began to employ anti Muslim rhetoric during the leadership of Frauke Petry who responded positively to comparisons between the party and Pegida 179 In 2016 the party adopted several anti Muslim positions and stated in its manifesto that Islam does not belong to Germany Its expansion and the ever increasing number of Muslims in the country are viewed by the AfD as a danger to our state our society and our values 179 The party has run a billboard campaign that explicitly referenced the Eurabia thesis 180 and the party has been seen to have been strongly influenced by 181 and to be a part of the counter jihad movement 182 183 Ritual slaughter AfD is supportive of a ban on kosher slaughter within the country as well as the import and sale of kosher meat 184 LGBT rights and feminism According to its interim electoral manifesto AfD opposes same sex marriage and favours civil unions 185 The left leaning newspaper Die Tageszeitung described the group as advocating old gender roles 186 AfD deputy leader Beatrix von Storch has publicly opposed same sex marriage In an effort to overturn same sex marriage laws AfD filed a lawsuit over the issue in 2017 187 Wolfgang Gedeon an elected AfD representative has included feminism along with sexualism and migrationism in an ideology he calls green communism that he opposes and argues for family values as part of German identity 188 As AfD has campaigned for traditional roles for women it has aligned itself with groups opposed to modern feminism 189 The youth wing of the party has used social media to campaign against aspects of modern feminism with the support of party leadership 190 Alice Weidel co chairwoman of the party is a lesbian and is in a civil union with a female Sri Lankan born Swiss film producer Weidel has two adopted children with her partner 191 192 193 Environment and climate change AfD has a platform of climate change denial 185 194 195 The AfD accepts that the climate is changing however it denies that this change is attributable to human influences 195 Instead the party argues that climate change is entirely caused by natural factors The AfD argues that the rising carbon dioxide concentrations have been beneficial contributed to a greening of our planet 196 Next to its climate change denial the AfD opposes far reaching climate policies The party opposes energy transformation policies Energiewende wants to scrap the German Renewable Energy Act the German Energy Saving Regulations and the German Renewable Energy Heat Act They also want to end bioenergy subsidies and restrict uncontrolled expansion of wind energy 185 The party argues that the energy transition threatenes energy security possibly leading to energy blackouts It therefore views lignite as the only native energy source that can guarantee German energy security and energy self sufficiency 195 Furthermore the AfD wants to reinstate Germany s nuclear plants arguing that closures between 2002 and 2011 were economically damaging and not objectively justified The party argues that the government should allow a lifetime extension of still operating nuclear power plants on a transitional basis 185 The party opposes the criminalization of ecocide in the European Union with Gunnar Beck an MEP for AfD stating that recognizing crimes against the environment as a violation of human rights and even war crimes is yet another grotesque inflation of the human rights doctrine 197 Conscription AfD wants a reinstatement of conscription in Germany starting for able bodied men at the age of 18 198 185 Foreign policy See also AfD pro Russia movement AfD is historically pro NATO and pro United States needs update it has been sharply critical of the Biden administration 199 It is significantly divided on whether to support Russia and has opposed sanctions on Russia supported by NATO and the United States 200 It is also divided on free trade agreements 200 In March 2019 party leader Alexander Gauland said in an interview with the Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda that they consider the war in Donbas to be a Ukrainian internal matter and that Germany should not get involved in the internal affairs of Ukraine or Russia He also said the AfD is against Western sanctions imposed on Russia 201 AfD members have called for a more independent stance from the United States 202 203 The party has also parroted accusations that the United States was involved in the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage 204 The AfD has also called NATO s anti Russian stance overly ideological and detrimental to Germany s interests 205 AfD initially held a position of soft Euroscepticism by opposing the euro currency and Eurozone bailouts which the party saw as undermining European integration but it was otherwise supportive of German membership of the European Union EU 150 Since 2015 the party has shifted to a more purely Eurosceptic and nationalist position against the EU calling for the withdrawal from the common European asylum and security policy significant reform of the EU and a repatriation of powers back from Brussels with some party members endorsing a complete exit from the European Union if it these aims are not achievable 206 207 208 209 During the 2021 party conference in Dresden a majority of AfD members voted to include more hardline policies against the European Union including German withdrawal from the bloc in the party s manifesto ahead of the 2021 German federal election 210 211 212 The party is pro Israel 14 213 214 AfD supported the decision of US president Donald Trump to recognize Jerusalem as Israel s capital as stated by AfD s Petr Bystron Despite AfD s pro Israel stance the State of Israel has boycotted the party and refuses to hold ties with AfD 213 The party was divided over the 2023 Israel Hamas war with party leader Chrupalla condemning the 2023 Hamas led attack on Israel but calling for diplomacy between the two sides and mourning deaths on both sides while other MPs such as Norbert Kleinwachter and Rudiger Lucassen were critical of Chrupalla s position and openly defended Israeli actions during the conflict 215 Following the Hamas attack the party supported cuts in German aid to Palestine via the UNRWA 216 The AfD is considered a key ally for the International Agency for Current Policy in an OCCRP investigation from February 2023 The report accuses Manuel Ochsenreiter de of having received payments for publishing pro Russian propaganda in his Zuerst magazine 217 AfD has historically been more skeptical of China demanding the government to strip the developing country status for China voicing opposition to Chinese economic espionage and opposing Chinese state owned company COSCO Shipping buying of a stake in the Port of Hamburg 218 However it started changing its position in 2023 with AfD s Bundestag caucus accusing foreign minister Annalena Baerbock and economic affairs minister Robert Habeck of launching an economic war against China 218 AfD has also criticized restrictions on the use of 5G material from Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE AfD leader Tino Chrupalla has also voiced opposition against restrictions on Chinese technology and backed Chinese foreign minister Qin Gang on his peace brokering efforts for Russia s invasion of Ukraine 218 In August 2023 a journalist investigation was published describing how money was funnelled from Moscow to AfD politicians who initiated a constitutional complaint in Germany against the supplies of weapons for Ukraine 219 OrganisationSee also List of Alternative for Germany politicians Membership Membership numbers 2013 17 687 220 2014 20 728 220 2015 16 385 220 2016 26 409 220 2017 29 000 221 2018 33 500 222 2019 35 100 212 2020 32 000 223 2023 34 000 1 Party finances Further information Party finance in Germany Because the 2013 federal election was the first attempt to join by the party AfD had not received any federal funds in the run up to it 224 by receiving 2 million votes it crossed the threshold for party funding and was expected to receive an estimated 1 3 to 1 5 million euros per year of state subsidies 225 After joining the parliament with more than 90 representatives in the 2017 federal election the party received more than 70 million euros per year this probably rose to more than 100 million euros per year from 2019 onward The party has also established and acknowledged a foundation for political education and other purposes close to the party but organized separately which may be able to claim up to 80 million euro per year 226 This foundation would need to be acknowledged by the federal parliament in Germany first but it has a legal claim to these subsidies In 2018 the Alternative for Germany donation scandal became public as federal and European Parliament politicians Alice Weidel Jorg Meuthen Marcus Pretzell and Guido Reil had profited from illegal and unnamed donations from non EU countries The acceptance of donations from non EU countries is prohibited for German parties and politicians Young Alternative for Germany Main article Young Alternative for Germany Young Alternative for Germany German Junge Alternative fur Deutschland JA was founded in 2013 as the youth organisation of AfD while remaining legally independent from its mother party 62 In view of JA s independence it has been regarded by some in AfD s hierarchy as being somewhat wayward 227 with JA repeatedly accused of being too far right 228 politically regressive and antifeminist by the German mainstream media 227 229 230 European affiliationsFollowing the 2014 European Parliament election on 12 June AfD was accepted into the European Conservatives and Reformists ECR group in the European Parliament 78 In February 2016 AfD announced a closer cooperation with the right wing populist party Freedom Party of Austria FPO which is a member of the Europe of Nations and Freedom ENF group 90 On 8 March 2016 the bureau of the ECR group began motions to exclude AfD MEPs from their group due to the party s links with the far right FPO and controversial remarks by two party leader about shooting immigrants 91 92 MEP Beatrix von Storch pre empted her imminent expulsion by leaving the ECR group to join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group on 8 April 93 94 and Marcus Pretzell was expelled from the ECR group on 12 April 2016 95 During the party convention on 30 April 2016 Pretzell announced his intention to join the Europe of Nations and Freedom group 231 232 although he subsequently left AfD to join Petry s Blue Party 233 In April 2019 Jorg Meuthen appeared alongside Northern League leader Matteo Salvini National Rally leader Marine Le Pen and politicians from the Danish People s Party and FPO to announce the formation of a new European political alliance 234 AfD later joined this group in the European Parliament which was ultimately named the Identity and Democracy group 235 Beyond Identity and Democracy the AfD has ties to parties like Hungary s Our Homeland Movement 236 Slovakia s Republic party 237 Alternative for Sweden 238 Serbia s Dveri 239 and the Serbian Party Oathkeepers 240 Public image nbsp AfD leaders in 2013 nbsp Alice Weidel and Alexander Gauland in April 2017Early days At the outset AfD presented itself as conservative and middle class catering to a well educated demographic around two thirds of supporters listed on its website in the early days held doctorates leading to AfD being nicknamed the professors party in its early days 241 242 243 The party was described who as professors and academics who dislike the compromises inflicted on their purist theories by German party politics 244 86 of the party s initial supporters were male 67 Relationship with right wing groups nbsp Sticker of nationalistic Identitarian movement at AfD Bavaria BannerOutside the Berlin hotel where the party held its inaugural meeting it has been alleged that copies of Junge Freiheit a weekly that is also popular with the far right were being handed out 245 The Rheinische Post pointed out that some AfD members and supporters write for the conservative paper 65 246 There was also a protest outside the venue of the party s inaugural meeting by Andreas Storr a National Democratic Party of Germany NPD representative in the Landtag of Saxony as the NPD sees AfD as a rival for Eurosceptic votes 247 In 2013 AfD party organisers sent out the message that they are not trying to attract right wing radicals and toned down rhetoric on their Facebook page following media allegations that it too closely evoked the language of the far right 241 248 At that time AfD checked applicants for membership to exclude far right and former NPD members who support the anti euro policy 241 242 249 The former party chairman Bernd Lucke stated that t he applause is coming from the wrong side regarding praise his party gained from the NPD 241 Members of Alliance 90 Green Party have accused AfD of pandering to xenophobic and nationalistic sentiments 250 There have been altercations between AfD members and Green Youth members 250 Following the 2013 federal election the anti Islam German Freedom Party unilaterally pledged to support AfD in the 2014 elections and concentrate its efforts on local elections only 251 Bernd Lucke responded by saying that the German Freedom Party s support was unwanted and sent a letter to AfD party associations recommending a hiring freeze 252 Stern reported that among 396 AfD candidates for the 2017 Bundestag 47 candidates did not distance themselves from right wing extremism Although a large proportion of the candidates are not openly racist some relativize Germany s role in World War II or call for the recognition of a Cult of Guilt 30 candidates claimed to tolerate right wing friends in their profile or were themselves members of groups associated with such people others said that they mourned the German Reich or used their symbols 253 Refugees In 2016 AfD MEP Marcus Pretzell was expelled from the party after he said that German borders should be defended from incursion by refugees with armed force as a measure of last resort 95 Later that same year former AfD party chair and MEP Frauke Petry told a reporter from the regional newspaper Mannheimer Morgen that the German Border police must do their jobs by hindering illegal entry of refugees and that they may use firearms if necessary to prevent illegal border crossings 254 255 Petry later stated that no policeman wants to fire on a refugee and I don t want that either but that border police must follow the law to maintain the integrity of European borders Afterwards Petry made several attempts to justify these statements 255 Pegida In response to the Pegida movement and demonstrations members of AfD have expressed different opinions of it with Lucke describing the movement as a sign that these people do not feel their concerns are understood by politicians 256 In response to the CDU Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere alleging an overlap between Pegida rallies and AfD Alexander Gauland stated that AfD are natural allies of this movement 257 Hans Olaf Henkel asked members of the party not to join the demonstrations telling Der Tagesspiegel that he believed it could not be ruled out that they had xenophobic or even racist connotations 256 A straw poll by The Economist found that nine out of ten Pegida protesters would back the AfD 258 Anti communism AfD is anti communist and engaged in red baiting by comparing the centre right Angela Merkel and her government to the secret police in East Germany 259 In May 2018 a statue of the founding father of communism Karl Marx donated by the Chinese government was unveiled in Marx s hometown of Trier AfD leader Alexander Gauland said the city should not accept the statue saying that it disrespects victims of communism 260 AfD staged a silent march to remember the victims of communist regimes 261 Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe In January 2017 Bjorn Hocke one of the founders of AfD 262 263 264 265 gave a speech in Dresden in which referring to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe he stated that we Germans are the only people in the world who have planted a memorial of shame in the heart of their capital 266 and suggested that Germans need to make a 180 degree change in their politics of commemoration 267 The speech was widely criticized as antisemitic among others by Jewish leaders in Germany 266 268 Within AfD he was described by his party chairwoman Frauke Petry as a burden to the party while other members of the party such as Alexander Gauland said that they found no antisemitism in the speech 266 In February 2017 AfD leaders asked for Hocke to be expelled from the party due to his speech The arbitration committee of AfD in Thuringia was set to rule on the leaders request 269 In May 2018 an AfD tribunal ruled that Hocke was allowed to stay in the party 270 Election resultsSee also Alternative for Germany election results Federal Parliament Bundestag Election Constituency Party list Seats StatusVotes Votes 2013 271 810 915 1 9 8 2 056 985 4 7 7 0 631 New No seats2017 107 108 5 316 095 11 5 3 5 877 094 12 6 3 94 709 nbsp 94 Opposition2021 4 694 017 10 1 4 4 802 097 10 3 5 83 735 nbsp 11 OppositionEuropean Parliament Election Votes Seats 2014 272 2 070 014 7 1 5 7 962019 4 103 453 11 0 4 11 96 nbsp 4State parliaments Landtage State parliament Election Votes Seats StatusBaden Wurttemberg 2021 473 309 9 7 5 17 154 nbsp 6 OppositionBavaria 2023 1 999 924 14 6 3 32 203 nbsp 10 OppositionBerlin 2023 137 810 9 1 5 17 147 nbsp 4 OppositionBrandenburg 2019 297 484 23 5 2 23 88 nbsp 12 OppositionBremen 2023 Did not run 0 84 No seatsHamburg 2020 211 327 5 3 5 7 123 nbsp 1 OppositionHesse 2023 518 674 18 4 2 28 133 nbsp 9 OppositionLower Saxony 2022 396 839 11 0 4 18 146 nbsp 9 OppositionMecklenburg Vorpommern 2021 152 747 16 7 2 14 79 nbsp 4 OppositionNorth Rhine Westphalia 2022 388 768 5 4 5 12 195 nbsp 4 OppositionRhineland Palatinate 2021 160 273 8 3 4 9 101 nbsp 5 OppositionSaarland 2022 25 718 5 7 3 3 51 nbsp 0 OppositionSaxony 2019 595 671 27 5 2 38 119 nbsp 24 OppositionSaxony Anhalt 2021 221 487 20 8 2 23 97 nbsp 2 OppositionSchleswig Holstein 2022 61 169 4 4 6 0 69 nbsp 5 No seatsThuringia 2019 259 359 23 4 2 22 90 nbsp 11 OppositionSee alsoAlliance for Germany List of political parties in GermanyReferences a b More people become members of AfD Borkener Zeitung in German 12 September 2023 Archived from the original on 28 September 2023 Retrieved 28 September 2023 Mudde Cas 2016 Introduction to the populist radical right In Mudde Cas ed The Populist Radical Right A Reader Routledge pp 1 10 ISBN 978 1 315 51456 7 Arzheimer Kai 4 May 2015 The AfD Finally a Successful Right Wing Populist Eurosceptic Party for Germany PDF West European Politics 38 3 535 556 doi 10 1080 01402382 2015 1004230 S2CID 14613344 Archived PDF from the original on 4 November 2020 Retrieved 10 May 2020 Lux Thomas June 2018 Die AfD und die unteren Statuslagen Eine Forschungsnotiz zu Holger Lengfelds Studie Die Alternative fur Deutschland eine Partei fur Modernisierungsverlierer KZFSS Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 70 2 255 273 doi 10 1007 s11577 018 0521 2 S2CID 149934029 Schmitt Beck Rudiger 2 January 2017 The Alternative fur Deutschland in the Electorate Between Single Issue and Right Wing Populist Party German Politics 26 1 124 148 doi 10 1080 09644008 2016 1184650 S2CID 156431715 Johannes Kiess Oliver Decker Elmar Brahler 2016 Introduction German perspectives on right wing extremism challenges for comparative analysis In Johannes Kiess Oliver Decker Elmar Brahler eds German Perspectives on Right Wing Extremism Challenges for Comparative Analysis Routledge pp 3 4 ISBN 978 1 317 23184 4 Frank Decker 2015 Follow up to the Grand Coalition The Germany Party System before and after the 2013 Federal Election In Eric Langenbacher ed The Merkel Republic An Appraisal Berghahn Books pp 34 39 ISBN 978 1 78238 896 8 Hans Jurgen Bieling 2015 Uneven development and European crisis constitutionalism or the reasons for and conditions of a passive revolution in trouble In Johannes Jager Elisabeth Springler eds Asymmetric Crisis 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