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Christian right

August 21, 2023

Not to be confused with Conservative Christianity, a grouping of overlapping and denominationally diverse theological movements within Christianity that seeks to retain the orthodox and long-standing traditions and beliefs of Christianity.
This article is about right-wing movements influenced by Christianity. For religious right-wing movements unrelated to Christianity, see Religious right.

The Christian right, or the religious right, are Christian political factions characterized by their strong support of socially conservative and traditionalist policies.[1] Christian conservatives seek to influence politics and public policy with their interpretation of the teachings of Christianity.[2][3][4]

In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of predominantly White conservative Evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics.[2][5][6][7] The Christian right draws additional support from politically conservative mainline Protestants and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[5][8] The movement has its roots in American politics going back as far as the 1940s; it has been especially influential since the 1970s.[1][9][10][11][12] Its influence draws from grassroots activism as well as from focus on social issues and the ability to motivate the electorate around those issues.[13]

The Christian right is notable for advancing socially conservative positions on issues such as creationism in public education,[14] school prayer,[15] temperance,[16] Christian nationalism,[17] and Sunday Sabbatarianism,[18] as well as opposition to biological evolution,[14] embryonic stem cell research,[19] LGBT rights,[3][9][15][20] comprehensive sex education,[21][22] abortion,[15][23] and pornography.[24] Although the term Christian right is most commonly associated with politics in the United States, similar Christian conservative groups can be found in the political cultures of other Christian-majority countries.

Terminology

The Christian right is "also known as the New Christian Right (NCR) or the Religious Right", although some consider the religious right to be "a slightly broader category than Christian Right".[10][25]

John C. Green of the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life states that Jerry Falwell used the label religious right to describe himself. Gary Schneeberger, vice president of media and public relations for Focus on the Family, states that "[t]erms like 'religious right' have been traditionally used in a pejorative way to suggest extremism. The phrase 'socially conservative evangelicals' is not very exciting, but that's certainly the way to do it."[26]

Evangelical leaders like Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council have called attention to the problem of equating the term Christian right with evangelicals. Although evangelicals constitute the core constituency of the Christian right, not all evangelicals fit the description, and a number of Roman Catholics are also members of the Christian right's core base.[5] The problem of description is further complicated by the fact that the label religious conservative or conservative Christian may apply to other religious groups as well. For instance, Anabaptist Christians (most notably Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites, the Bruderhof Communities, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christians) are theologically, socially, and culturally conservative; however, there are no overtly political organizations associated with these Christian denominations, which are usually uninvolved, uninterested, apathetic, or indifferent towards politics.[27] Tim Keller, an Evangelical theologian and Presbyterian Church in America pastor, shows that Conservative Christianity (theology) predates the Christian right (politics), and that being a theological conservative didn't necessitate being a political conservative, that some political progressive views around economics, helping the poor, the redistribution of wealth, and racial diversity are compatible with theologically conservative Christianity.[28] Rod Dreher, a senior editor for The American Conservative, a secular conservative magazine, also argues the same differences, even claiming that a "traditional Christian" a theological conservative, can simultaneously be left on economics (economic progressive) and even a socialist at that while maintaining traditional Christian beliefs.[29]

History

 
Jerry Falwell, whose founding of the Moral Majority was a key step in the formation of the "New Christian Right"

In 1863, representatives from eleven Christian denominations in the United States organized the National Reform Association with the goal of adding a Christian amendment to the U.S. Constitution, in order to establish the country as a Christian state.[30] The National Reform Association is seen as one of the first organizations of the Christian right, through which adherents from several Christian denominations worked together to try to enshrine Christianity in American politics.[30]

Early organizations of the Christian right, such as the Christian Civic League of Maine founded in 1897, supported the aims of the temperance movement.[16]

Patricia Miller states that the "alliance between evangelical leaders and the Catholic bishops has been a cornerstone of the Christian Right for nearly twenty years".[31] Since the late 1970s, the Christian right has been a notable force in both the Republican Party and American politics when Baptist pastor Jerry Falwell and other Christian leaders began to urge conservative Christians to involve themselves in the political process. President Jimmy Carter's backing of the Equal Rights Amendment led to the development of the Christian right and the embrace of many evangelical conservatives to Republican Party candidates.[32] In response to the rise of the Christian right, the 1980 Republican Party platform assumed a number of its positions, including adding support for a restoration of school prayer. The past two decades have been an important time in the political debates and in the same time frame religious citizens became more politically active in a time period labeled the New Christian Right.[33] While the platform also opposed abortion[10][11][34] and leaned towards restricting taxpayer funding for abortions and passing a constitutional amendment which would restore protection of the right to life for unborn children,[34] it also accepted the fact that many Americans, including fellow Republicans, were divided on the issue.[34] Since about 1980, the Christian right has been associated with several institutions including the Moral Majority, the Christian Coalition, Focus on the Family and the Family Research Council.[35][36]

While the influence of the Christian right is typically traced to the 1980 Presidential election, Daniel K. Williams argues in God's Own Party that it had actually been involved in politics for most of the twentieth century. He also notes that the Christian right had previously been in alliance with the Republican Party in the 1940s through 1960s on matters such as opposition to communism and defending "a Protestant-based moral order".[37]

In light of the state atheism espoused by communist countries, secularization came to be seen by many Americans as the biggest threat to American and Christian values,[38][39] and by the 1980s Catholic bishops and evangelicals had begun to work together on issues such as abortion.[7][40][41]

The alienation of Southern Democrats from the Democratic Party contributed to the rise of the right, as the counterculture of the 1960s provoked fear of social disintegration. In addition, as the Democratic Party became identified with a pro-abortion rights position and with nontraditional societal values, social conservatives joined the Republican Party in increasing numbers.[42]

In 1976, U.S. President Jimmy Carter received the support of the Christian right largely because of his much-acclaimed religious conversion. However, Carter's spiritual transformation did not compensate for his liberal policies in the minds of Christian conservatives, as reflected in Jerry Falwell's criticism that "Americans have literally stood by and watched as godless, spineless leaders have brought our nation floundering to the brink of death."[43]

Ability to organize

 
Demonstrators at the 2004 March for Life in Washington, D.C.

The Christian Right has engaged in battles over abortion, euthanasia, contraception, pornography, gambling, obscenity, Christian nationalism, Sunday Sabbatarianism (concerning Sunday blue laws), state sanctioned prayer in public schools, textbook contents (concerning creationism), homosexuality, and sexual education.[17][18] The Supreme Court's decision to make abortion a constitutionally protected right in the 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling was the driving force behind the rise of the Christian Right in the 1970s.[44] Changing political context led to the Christian Right's advocacy for other issues, such as opposition to euthanasia and campaigning for abstinence-only sex education.[44]

Ralph Reed, the chairman of the Christian Coalition, stated that the 1988 presidential campaign of Pat Robertson was the 'political crucible' that led to the proliferation of Christian Right groups in the United States.[44]

Randall Balmer, on the other hand, has suggested that the New Christian Right Movement's rise was not centered around the issue of abortion, but rather Bob Jones University's refusal to comply with the Supreme Court's 1971 Green v. Connally ruling that permitted the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to collect penalty taxes from private religious schools that violated federal laws.[45]

Grassroots activism

Much of the Christian right's power within the American political system is attributed to their extraordinary turnout rate at the polls. The voters that coexist in the Christian right are also highly motivated and driven to get out a viewpoint on issues they care about. As well as high voter turnout, they can be counted on to attend political events, knock on doors and distribute literature. Members of the Christian right are willing to do the electoral work needed to see their candidate elected. Because of their high level of devotion, the Christian right does not need to monetarily compensate these people for their work.[13][46][needs update?]

Political leaders and institutions

Led by Robert Grant advocacy group Christian Voice, Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority, Ed McAteer's Religious Roundtable Council, James Dobson's Focus on the Family, Paul Weyrich's Free Congress Foundation and The Heritage Foundation,[47] and Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network, the new Religious Right combined conservative politics with evangelical and fundamentalist teachings.[35] The birth of the New Christian right, however, is usually traced to a 1979 meeting where televangelist Jerry Falwell was urged to create a "Moral Majority" organization.[36][48] In 1979, Weyrich was in a discussion with Falwell when he remarked that there was a "moral majority" of Americans ready to be called to political action.[47] Weyrich later recalled in a 2007 interview with the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that after he mentioned the term "moral majority", Falwell "turned to his people and said, 'That's the name of our organization.'"[47]

Weyrich would then engineer a strong union between the Republican Party and many culturally conservative Christians.[47] Soon, Moral Majority became a general term for the conservative political activism of evangelists and fundamentalists such as Pat Robertson, James Robison, and Jerry Falwell.[43] Howard Schweber, Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, writes that "in the past two decades", "Catholic politicians have emerged as leading figures in the religious conservative movement."[6]

Institutions in the United States

National organizations

One early attempt to bring the Christian right into American politics began in 1974 when Robert Grant, an early movement leader, founded American Christian Cause to advocate Christian ideological teachings in Southern California. Concerned that Christians overwhelmingly voted for President Jimmy Carter in 1976, Grant expanded his movement and founded Christian Voice to rally Christian voters behind socially conservative candidates. Prior to his alliance with Falwell, Weyrich sought an alliance with Grant.[49] Grant and other Christian Voice staff soon set up their main office at the headquarters of Weyrich's Heritage Foundation.[49] However, the alliance between Weyrich and Grant fell apart in 1978.[49]

In the late 1980s, Pat Robertson founded the Christian Coalition of America, building from his 1988 presidential run, with Republican activist Ralph Reed, who became the spokesman for the Coalition. In 1992, the national Christian Coalition, Inc., headquartered in Virginia Beach, Virginia, began producing voter guides, which it distributed to conservative Christian churches, both Protestant and Catholic, with the blessing of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York.[50] Under the leadership of Reed and Robertson, the Coalition quickly became the most prominent voice in the conservative Christian movement, its influence culminating with an effort to support the election of a conservative Christian to the presidency in 1996. In addition, they have encouraged the convergence of conservative Christian ideology with political issues, such as healthcare, the economy, education and crime.[51]

Political activists lobbied within the Republican party locally and nationally to influence party platforms and nominations.[16] More recently James Dobson's group Focus on the Family, based in Colorado Springs, and the Family Research Council in Washington D.C. have gained enormous respect from Republican lawmakers. While strongly advocating for these ideological matters, Dobson himself is warier of the political spectrum and much of the resources of his group are devoted to other aims such as media.[52] However, as a private citizen, Dobson has stated his opinion on presidential elections; on February 5, 2008, Dobson issued a statement regarding the 2008 presidential election and his strong disappointment with the Republican party's candidates.[53]

In an essay written in 1996, Ralph Reed argued against the moral absolutist tone of Christian right leaders, arguing for the Republican Party Platform to stress the moral dimension of abortion rather than placing emphasis on overturning Roe v. Wade. Reed believes that pragmatism is the best way to advocate for the Christian right.[54]

Partisan activity of churches

Overtly partisan actions by churches could threaten their 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status due to the Johnson Amendment of the Internal Revenue Code.[55] In one notable example, the former pastor of the East Waynesville Baptist Church in Waynesville, North Carolina "told the congregation that anyone who planned to vote for Democratic Sen. John Kerry should either leave the church or repent".[56] The church later expelled nine members who had voted for Kerry and refused to repent, which led to criticism on the national level. The pastor resigned and the ousted church members were allowed to return.[57]

The Alliance Defense Fund, a far-right group now known as the Alliance Defending Freedom, started the Pulpit Freedom Initiative[58] in 2008. ADF states that "[t]he goal of Pulpit Freedom Sunday is simple: have the Johnson Amendment declared unconstitutional – and once and for all remove the ability of the IRS to censor what a pastor says from the pulpit."[59]

Electoral activity

Both Christian right and secular polling organizations sometimes conduct polls to determine which presidential candidates will receive the support of Christian right constituents. One such poll is taken at the Family Research Council's Values Voter Summit.[60][61] George W. Bush's electoral success owed much to his overwhelming support from white evangelical voters, who comprise 23% of the vote. In 2000 he received 68% of the white evangelical vote; in 2004 that percentage rose to 78%.[62] In 2016, Donald Trump received 81% of the white evangelical vote.[63][64]

Education

The Home School Legal Defense Association was co-founded in 1983 by Michael Farris, who would later establish Generation Joshua and Patrick Henry College, and Michael Smith. This organization attempts to challenge laws that serve as obstacles to allowing parents to home-school their children and to organize the disparate group of homeschooling families into a cohesive bloc. The number of homeschooling families has increased in the last twenty years, and around 80 percent of these families identify themselves as evangelicals.[65]

The main universities associated with the Christian right in the United States are:

Media

The media has played a major role in the rise of the Christian right since the 1920s and has continued to be a powerful force for political Christianity today. The role of the media for the Religious right has been influential in its ability to connect Christian audiences to the larger American culture while at the same time bringing and keeping religion into play as both a political and a cultural force.[69] The political agenda of the Christian right has been disseminated to the public through a variety of media outlets including radio broadcasting, television, and literature.

Religious broadcasting began in the 1920s through the radio.[69] Between the 1950s and 1980s, TV became a powerful way for the Christian right to influence the public through shows such as Pat Robertson's The 700 Club and The Family Channel (now Freeform). The Internet has also helped the Christian right reach a much larger audience. Organization's websites play a strong role in popularising the Christian right's stances on cultural and political issues, and informed interested viewers on how to get involved. The Christian Coalition, for example, has used the Internet to inform the public, as well as to sell merchandise and gather members.[70]

Views

Education

The Christian right strongly advocates for a system of educational choice, using a system of school vouchers, instead of public education. Vouchers would be government funded and could be redeemed for "a specified maximum sum per child per years if spent on approved educational services".[71] This method would allow parents to determine which school their child attends while relieving the economic burden associated with private schools. The concept is popular among constituents of church-related schools, including those affiliated with Roman Catholicism.

Evolution

See also: Creation and evolution in public education

The Protestant members of the Christian right in the United States generally promote the teaching of creationism and intelligent design as opposed to, or alongside, biological evolution.[72][73][74][75] Some supporters of the Christian right have opposed the teaching of evolution in the past, but they did not have the ability to stop it being taught in public schools as was done during the Scopes Trial in Dayton, Tennessee, in which a science teacher went on trial for teaching about the subject of evolution in a public school.[76] Other "Christian right organizations supported the teaching of creationism, along with evolution, in public schools", specifically promoting theistic evolution (also known as evolutionary creationism) in which God is regarded as the originator of the process.[72][73]

Members of and organizations associated with the Christian right, such as the Discovery Institute, created and popularized the modern concept of intelligent design, which became widely known only with the publication of the book Of Pandas and People in 1989.[77] The Discovery Institute, through their intelligent design initiative called the Center for Science and Culture, has endorsed the teach the controversy approach. According to its proponents, such an approach would ensure that both the strengths and weaknesses of evolutionary theory were discussed in the curriculum.[78] This tactic was criticized by Judge John E. Jones III in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, describing it as "at best disingenuous, and at worst a canard."[79] The overwhelming majority of scientific research, both in the United States and elsewhere, has concluded that the theory of evolution, using the technical definition of the word theory, is the only viable explanation of the development of life, and an overwhelming majority of biologists strongly support its presentation in public school science classes.[80] Outside the United States, as well as among American Catholics and Mainline Protestants, Christian conservatives have generally come to accept the theory of evolution.[81][82][83][84][85]

Sexual education

Some Christian groups advocate for the removal of sex education literature from public schools,[86] for parental opt-out of comprehensive sex education, or for abstinence-only sex education. Sam Harris has written that thirty percent of America's sexual-education programs are abstinence based, and they are ineffective.[87]

Schooling

The Christian right promotes homeschooling and private schooling as a valid alternative to public education for parents who object to the content being taught at school.[citation needed] In recent years, the percentage of children being homeschooled has risen from 1.7% of the student population in 1999 to 2.2% in 2003.[88] Much of this increase has been attributed to the desire to incorporate Christian teachings into the curriculum.[89] In 2003, 72% of parents who homeschooled their children cited the ability to provide religious or moral instruction as the reason for removing their children from public schools.[90] The Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case established that creationism cannot be taught in public schools, and in response officials have increasingly appropriated public funds for charter schools that teach curricula like Accelerated Christian Education.[91]

Sunday Sabbatarianism

The Christian right is in favour of legislation that maintains and promotes Sunday Sabbatarianism, such as Sunday blue laws that forbid shopping and restrict the sale of alcohol on Sundays, which is the Lord's Day in mainstream Christianity.[18]

Role of government

Supporters of the Christian right have no one unified stance on the role of government since the movement is primarily one that advocates social conservatism; in fact, "struggles [have] broken out in state party organizations" between supporters of the Christian right and other conservatives.[92][93] It promotes conservative interpretations of the Bible as the basis for moral values and enforcing such values by legislation. Some members of the Christian right, especially Catholics, accept the Catholic Church's strong support for labor unions.

Church and state relations

See also: Accommodationism

The Christian right believes that separation of church and state is not explicit in the American Constitution, believing instead that such separation is a creation of what it claims are activist judges in the judicial system.[94][95][96] In the United States, the Christian right often supports their claims by asserting that the country was "founded by Christians as a Christian Nation."[97][98] Members of the Christian right take the position that the Establishment Clause bars the federal government from establishing or sponsoring a state church (e.g., the Church of England), but does not prevent the government from acknowledging religion. The Christian right points out that the term "separation of church and state" is derived from a letter written by Thomas Jefferson, not from the Constitution itself.[99][100][101] Furthermore, Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) takes the view that the concept of "separation of church and state" has been used by the American Civil Liberties Union and its allies to inhibit public acknowledgment of Christianity and restrict the religious freedoms of Christians.[102]

Thus, Christian right leaders have argued that the Establishment Clause does not prohibit the display of religion in the public sphere. Leaders, therefore, believe that public institutions should be allowed, or even required, to display the Ten Commandments. This interpretation has been repeatedly rejected by the courts, which have found that such displays violate the Establishment Clause. Public officials though are prohibited from using their authority in which the primary effect is "advancing or prohibiting religion", according to the Lemon Supreme Court test, and there cannot be an "excessive entanglement with religion" and the government. Some, such as Bryan Fischer of the American Family Association, argue that the First Amendment, which specifically restricts Congress, applies only to the Congress and not the states. This position rejects the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.[103]

Generally, the Christian right supports the presence of religious institutions within government and the public sphere, and advocates for fewer restrictions on government funding for religious charities and schools. Both Catholics and Protestants, according to a 2005 Gallup study, have been supportive of school prayer in public schools.[73][104]

Economics

Early American fundamentalists, such as John R. Rice[105][106] often favored laissez-faire economics and were outspoken critics of the New Deal and later the Great Society.[105] The contemporary Christian right supports economic conservative policies such as tax cuts and social conservative policies such as child tax credits.[107][108]

Middle East

See also: Christian Zionism

Many evangelical Protestant supporters of the religious right have strongly supported the state of Israel in recent decades, encouraging support for Israel within the United States government.[109] Some of them have linked Israel to Biblical prophesies; for example, Ed McAteer, founder of the Moral Majority, said "I believe that we are seeing prophecy unfold so rapidly and dramatically and wonderfully and, without exaggerating, makes me breathless."[110] This belief, an example of dispensationalism, arises from the idea that the establishment of Israel is a prerequisite for the Second Coming of Jesus, because it represents the Biblically prophesied Gathering of Israel. A 2017 poll indicates that this belief is held by 80% of evangelicals, and that half of evangelicals consider it an important cause of their support for the state of Israel.[111]

During the Lebanese Civil War that started in 1975 and ended in 1990, many Christian parties endorsed the right's political viewpoints such as the Christian Lebanese phalanges which is known as the Kataeb Party, and later, the right's political viewpoints were also endorsed by the Lebanese Armed Forces because their power and influence were threatened by the growing power and influence of the more radical Islamist and left-wing movements, such as the Shiite Amal Movement, and the Progressive Socialist Party in the 1980s.

Abortion and contraception

See also: Bioethics and Consistent life ethic

Historically, large percentages of American Catholics and Evangelical Protestants oppose and have opposed abortion,[112] believing that life begins at conception and that abortion is murder. Therefore, those in the movement have worked toward the overturning of Roe v. Wade (1973), and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992). The Christian right has also supported incremental steps to make abortion less available. Such efforts include bans on late-term abortion (including intact dilation and extraction),[113] prohibitions against Medicaid funding and other public funding for elective abortions, removal of taxpayer funding for Planned Parenthood and other organizations that provide abortion services, legislation requiring parental consent or notification for abortions performed on minors,[114] legal protections for unborn victims of violence, legal protections for infants born alive following failed abortions, and bans on abortifacient medications.

The Christian right element in the Reagan coalition strongly supported him in 1980, in the belief that he would appoint Supreme Court justices to overturn Roe v. Wade. They were astonished and dismayed when his first appointment was Sandra Day O'Connor, whom they feared would tolerate abortion. They worked hard to defeat her confirmation but failed.[115]

The Christian right contends that morning-after pills such as Plan B and Ella are possible abortifacients, able to interfere with a fertilized egg's implantation in the uterine wall.[116] The labeling mandated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Plan B and Ella state that they may interfere with implantation, but according to a June 2012, The New York Times article, many scientists believe that they work only by interfering with ovulation and are arguing to have the implantation language removed from product labels. The Christian right maintains that the chemical properties of morning-after pills make them abortifacients and that the politics of abortion is influencing scientific judgments. Jonathan Imbody of the Christian Medical Association says he questions "whether ideological considerations are driving these decisions."[116] Specifically, many Catholic members, as well as some conservative Protestant members, of the Christian right have campaigned against contraception altogether.[117][118]

See also: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
 
The Roberts Court in 2020. This court oversaw the landmark United States Supreme Court case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022.[119]

In May 2022, Politico published a leaked draft majority opinion, written by Justice Samuel Alito.[120] It would overturn Roe and Casey by nullifying the specific privacy rights in question, eliminating federal involvement, and leaving the issue to be determined by the states. Through a statement made by the Chief Justice of the United States, John Roberts, the Court confirmed the document's authenticity but said that it was not a final decision or the Justice's final decision, which was expected by June or July.

The decision was issued on June 24, 2022, ruling 6–3 to reverse the lower court rulings; a more narrow 5–4 ruling overturned Roe and Casey. The majority opinion stated that abortion was not a constitutional right, and that states should have discretion in regulating abortion. The majority opinion, written by Alito, was substantially similar to the leaked draft. Chief Justice Roberts agreed with the judgment upholding the Mississippi law but did not join the majority in the opinion to overturn Roe and Casey.

Biotechnology

Due to the Christian right's views regarding ethics and to an extent due to negative views of eugenics common to most ideologies in North America, it has worked for the regulation and restriction of certain applications of biotechnology. In particular, the Christian right opposes therapeutic and reproductive human cloning, championing a 2005 United Nations ban on the practice, and human embryonic stem cell research, which involves the extraction of one or more cells from a human embryo.[19] The Christian right supports research with adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells which do not use cells from human embryos, as they view the harvesting of biological material from an embryo lacking the ability to give permission as an assault on a living being.

The Christian right also opposes euthanasia, and, in one highly publicized case, took an active role in seeking governmental intervention to prevent Terri Schiavo from being deprived of nutrition and hydration.

Opposition to drugs

Further information: Woman's Christian Temperance Union and List of anti-cannabis organizations

The Christian right has historically supported the temperance movement, thus supporting causes such as maintaining Sunday blue laws, adding alcohol packaging warning messages to bottles and limiting alcohol advertising.[16] It has advocated for the prohibition of drugs and has opposed efforts to legalize marijuana.[121]

Sex and sexuality

Main articles: Christianity and homosexuality, Christianity and transgender people, and Same-sex marriage in the United States
Further information: Discrimination in the United States, LGBT rights opposition, and Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

The modern roots of the Christian right's views on sexual matters were evident in the years 1950s–1960s, a period in which many conservative Christians in the United States viewed sexual promiscuity as not only excessive, but in fact as a threat to their ideal vision of the country.[20]: 30  Beginning in the 1970s, conservative Christian protests against promiscuity began to surface, largely as a reaction to the "permissive Sixties" and an emerging prominence of sexual rights arising from Roe v. Wade and the LGBT rights movement. The Christian right proceeded to make sexuality issues a priority political cause.[20]: 28  Anita Bryant organized Save Our Children, a widespread campaign to oppose legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in Miami-Dade County, Florida.[122] The group argued that gay people were "recruiting" or "molesting children" in order to make them gay.[122] Bryant infamously claimed that "As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children," and also claimed that "If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters."[123] The Bryant campaign achieved success in repealing some city anti-discrimination laws, and proposed other citizen initiatives such as a failed California ballot question designed to ban gay people or those who supported LGBT rights from holding public teaching jobs. Bryant's campaign attracted widespread opposition and boycotts which put her out of business and destroyed her reputation.

From the late 1970s onwards, some conservative Christian organizations such as the Christian Broadcasting Network, Focus on the Family, Concerned Women for America, the American Family Association, and the Christian Coalition of America, along with right-wing Christian hate groups such as the Westboro Baptist Church, have been outspoken against LGBT rights.[1][2][3][15] Late in 1979, a new religious revival among conservative Evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics ushered in the Republican coalition politically aligned with the Christian right that would reign in the United States between the years 1970s and 1980s, becoming another obstacle for the progress of the LGBTQ rights movement.[1][2][3][15] During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, LGBTQ communities were further stigmatized as they became the focus of mass hysteria, suffered isolation and marginalization, and were targeted with extreme acts of violence.[124]

The Christian right champions itself as the "self-appointed conscience of American society". During the 1980s, the movement was largely dismissed by political pundits and mainstream religious leaders as "a collection of buffoonish has-beens". Later, it re-emerged, better organized and more focused, taking firm positions against abortion, pornography, sexual deviancy, and extreme feminism.[24][125]: 4  Beginning around the presidency of Donald Trump, Christian conservatives have largely refrained from engaging in debates about sexual morality.[126]

Influential Christian right organizations at the forefront of the anti-gay rights movement in the United States include Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and the Family Research Institute.[20]: 15–16  An important stratagem in Christian right anti-gay politics is in its rejection of "the edicts of a Big Brother" state, allowing it to profit from "a general feeling of discontent and demoralization with government". As a result, the Christian right has endorsed smaller government, restricting its ability to arbitrate in disputes regarding values and traditions. In this context, gay rights laws have come to symbolize the government's allegedly unconstitutional "[interference] with individual freedom".[20]: 170–171 

The central tenets of Focus on the Family and similar organizations, such as the Family Research Council, emphasise issues such as abortion and the necessity of gender roles. A number of organizations, including the New Christian Right, "have in various ways rejected liberal America in favor of the regulation of pornography, anti-abortion legislation, the criminalization of homosexuality, and the virtues of faithfulness and loyalty in sexual partnerships", according to sociologist Bryan Turner.[23]

A large number of the Christian right view same-sex marriage as a central issue in the culture wars, more so than other gay rights issues and even more significantly than abortion.[125]: 57 [dubious – discuss] The legalization of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts in 2004 changed the Christian right, causing it to put its opposition to these marriages above most other issues. It also created previously unknown interracial and ecumenical coalitions, and stimulated new electoral activity in pastors and congregations.[125]: 58 

Criticism

Criticisms of the Christian right often come from Christians who believe Jesus' message was centered on social responsibility and social justice. Theologian Michael Lerner has summarized: "The unholy alliance of the Political Right and the Religious Right threatens to destroy the America we love. It also threatens to generate a revulsion against God and religion by identifying them with militarism, ecological irresponsibility, fundamentalist antagonism to science and rational thought, and insensitivity to the needs of the poor and the powerless."[127] Commentators from all sides of the aisle such as Rob Schenck, Randall Balmer, and Charles M. Blow criticized the Christian right for its tolerance and embrace of Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election despite Trump's failure to adhere to any of the principles advocated by the Christian right groups for decades.[128][129]

Interpretation of Christianity

See also: Christian left

One argument which questions the legitimacy of the Christian right posits that Jesus Christ may be considered a leftist on the modern political spectrum. Jesus' concern with the poor and feeding the hungry, among other things, are argued, by proponents of Christian leftism, to be core attributes of modern-day socialism and social justice.[130][131][132] However, others[who?] contend that while Jesus' concern for the poor and hungry is virtuous and that individuals have a moral obligation to help others, the relationship between charity and the state should not be construed in the same manner.[133][134]

According to Frank Newport of Gallup, "there are fewer Americans today who are both highly religious and liberal than there are Americans who are both highly religious and conservative." Newport also noted that 52% of white conservatives identify as "highly religious" while only 16% of white liberals identify as the same. However, African-Americans, "the most religious of any major racial or ethnic group in the country", are "strongly oriented to voting Democratic". While observing that African-American Democrats are more religious than their white Democrat counterparts, Newport further noted, however, that African-American Democrats are "much more likely to be ideologically moderate or conservative."[135]

Some criticize what they see as a politicization of Christianity because they say Jesus transcends political concepts.[136][137]

Mikhail Gorbachev referred to Jesus as "the first Socialist".[138][139]

Race and diversity

The Christian right has tried to recruit social conservatives in the black church.[140] Prior to the 2016 United States presidential election, African-American Republican Ben Carson emerged as a leader of the Christian right.[141] Other Christian African-Americans who identify with conservatism are Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas,[142] rapper Kanye West,[143] Alveda King, and pastor Tony Evans.[144][145]

LGBT rights

Whilst the Christian right in the United States generally identifies with aspects of LGBT rights opposition, other Christian movements argue that the biblical texts only oppose specific types of divergent sexual behaviour, such as paederasty (i.e. sexual intercourse between boys and men).[146][147][148][149] During the Trump administration, there was a growing push[who?] for religious liberty bills, aimed to exempt individuals and businesses from anti-discrimination laws intended to protect LGBT people, if they claimed that their actions were motivated by religious beliefs.[citation needed] Among the most powerful organizations that promoted anti-LGBT and anti-transgender legislation under the Trump administration is the Alliance Defending Freedom.[150]

Use of dominionism labeling

Some social scientists have used the word "dominionism" to refer to adherence of dominion theology,[151][152][153] as well as to the influence in the broader Christian Right of ideas inspired by Dominion Theology.[151] Although such influence (particularly of Reconstructionism) has been described by many authors,[36][154] full adherents to Reconstructionism are few and marginalized among conservative Christians.[36][155][156] In the early 1990s, sociologist Sara Diamond[157][158] defined dominionism in her PhD dissertation as a movement that, while it includes Dominion Theology and Reconstructionism as subsets, is much broader in scope, extending to much of the Christian Right.[159] She was followed by journalists who included Frederick Clarkson[160][161] and Chris Hedges[162][163][164] and others who have stressed the influence of Dominionist ideas on the Christian right.[165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174]

The terms "dominionist" and "dominionism" are rarely used for self-description, and their usage has been attacked from right-leaning quarters. Stanley Kurtz labeled it "conspiratorial nonsense", "political paranoia", and "guilt by association",[175] and decried Hedges' "vague characterizations" that allow him to "paint a highly questionable picture of a virtually faceless and nameless 'Dominionist' Christian mass."[176] Kurtz also complained about a perceived link between average Christian evangelicals and extremism such as Christian Reconstructionism:

The notion that conservative Christians want to reinstitute slavery and rule by genocide is not just crazy, it's downright dangerous. The most disturbing part of the Harper's cover story (the one by Chris Hedges) was the attempt to link Christian conservatives with Hitler and fascism. Once we acknowledge the similarity between conservative Christians and fascists, Hedges appears to suggest, we can confront Christian evil by setting aside "the old polite rules of democracy." So wild conspiracy theories and visions of genocide are really excuses for the Left to disregard the rules of democracy and defeat conservative Christians – by any means necessary.[175]

Lisa Miller of Newsweek said that many warnings about "dominionism" are "paranoid" and she also said that "the word creates a siege mentality in which 'we' need to guard against 'them.'"[177] Ross Douthat of The New York Times noted that "many of the people that writers like Diamond and others describe as 'dominionists' would disavow the label, many definitions of dominionism conflate several very different Christian political theologies, and there's a lively debate about whether the term is even useful at all."[178] According to Joe Carter of First Things, "the term was coined in the 1980s by Diamond and is never used outside liberal blogs and websites. No reputable scholars use the term for it is a meaningless neologism that Diamond concocted for her dissertation",[179] while Jeremy Pierce of First Things coined the word "dominionismist" to describe those who promote the idea that there is a dominionist conspiracy.[180]

Another criticism has focused on the proper use of the term. Berlet wrote that "some critics of the Christian Right have stretched the term dominionism past its breaking point",[181] and argued that, rather than labeling conservatives as extremists, it would be better to "talk to these people" and "engage them".[182] Sara Diamond wrote that "[l]iberals' writing about the Christian Right's take-over plans has generally taken the form of conspiracy theory", and argued that instead one should "analyze the subtle ways" that ideas like Dominionism "take hold within movements and why."[183]

Dan Olinger, a professor at the fundamentalist Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, said, "We want to be good citizens and participants, but we're not really interested in using the iron fist of the law to compel people to do everything Christians should do."[184] Bob Marcaurelle, interim pastor at Mountain Springs Baptist Church in Piedmont, said the Middle Ages were proof enough that Christian ruling groups are almost always corrupted by power. "When Christianity becomes the government, the question is whose Christianity?" Marcaurelle asked.[185][186]

Movements outside the United States

While the Christian Right is a strong movement in the United States, it also has a presence in Canada. Alan Curtis suggests that the American Christian right "is a phenomenon that is very hard for Europeans to understand."[187][188] Robin Pettitt, a professor at Kingston University London, states, however, that like the Christian right in the US, Christian Democratic movements in Europe and Latin America are "equally driven by the debate over the role of the state and the church in political, social and moral life."[189]

Canada

Further information: Social conservatism in Canada
See also: Abortion in Canada

Religion has been a key factor in Canadian politics since well before the Canadian Confederation was established in 1867, when the Conservatives were the party of traditionalist Catholics and Anglicans and the Liberals were the party of Protestant dissenters and anti-clerical Catholics. This pattern largely remained until the mid-twentieth century when a new division emerged between the Christian left (represented by the Social Gospel philosophy and ecumenicism) and the Christian right (represented by fundamentalism and biblical literalism). The Christian left (along with the secular and anti-religious left) became supporters of the New Democratic Party while the right moved to the Social Credit Party, especially in Western Canada, and to a lesser extent the Progressive Conservatives.

The Social Credit Party, founded in 1935, represented a major change in Canadian religious politics. Until that time, fundamentalists had shunned politics as "worldly", and a distraction from the proper practice of religion. However, the new party was founded by fundamentalist radio preacher and Bible school teacher William Aberhart or "Bible Bill". Aberhart mixed his own interpretation of scripture and prophecy with the monetary reform theories of social credit to create a movement that swept across Alberta, winning the provincial election of 1935 in a landslide. Aberhart and his disciple Ernest Manning then governed the province for the next forty years, several times trying to expand into the rest of Canada. In 1987 Manning's son, Preston Manning, founded the new Reform Party of Canada, which soon became the main party of the religious right. It won majorities of the seats in Western Canada in repeated elections, but was unable to break through in Eastern Canada, though it became the official opposition from 1997 to 2003 (Reform was renamed the Canadian Alliance in 2000). In 2003 the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives merged to create the Conservative Party of Canada, led by Stephen Harper, a member of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, who went on to become prime minister in 2006.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, introduced by the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982, has been controversial within the Christian right in Canada. Although this Charter entrenches rights and freedoms (such as the freedom of religion) that central in the belief systems of the Christian right, it has also been interpreted by the Supreme Court of Canada to strike down many laws supported by the Christian right. In 1982, the Supreme Court struck down Canada's Lords' Day Act, which required many stored to be closed on Sundays, as an infringement the freedom of conscience and religion. Abortion, partly decriminalized in 1969 by an act of Parliament, was completely decriminalized after the two R. v. Morgentaler cases (in 1988 and in 1993). Parliament attempted to pass a new law governing abortion in 1993, but this legislation failed after a tie vote in the Senate. A series of provincial superior court decisions which legalized same-sex marriage led the federal government to introduce legislation that legalized same-sex marriage in all of Canada. Before he took office, former Conservative prime minister Stephen Harper stated that he would hold a free vote on the issue,[190] and declared the issue closed after it was voted down in the House of Commons in 2006.[191]

In 2013, the Supreme Court struck down Canada's prostitution law in Canada v Bedford, prompting the Stephen Harper government to introduce a new prostitution law fashioned after the Nordic Model. In 2015, the Supreme Court struck down Canada's prohibition on euthanasia in Carter v Canada, again leading Parliament to pass a new law governing euthanasia. The Christian right has been critical of all these judicial decisions and have generally been the greatest advocates for the stringent laws against abortion, same-sex marriage, prostitution, and euthanasia, though in differing degrees. For instance, the Christian right in Canada is strongly and vocally organized on the topic of abortion, but criticism of same-sex marriage is far more seldom.[citation needed]

The Caribbean, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Main article: Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
Further information: Conservative wave and World Christianity

Christian right politics in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa is strongly connected with the growing propagation of the Evangelical-Pentecostal movement in the Global South and Third World countries.[192][193][194][195] Roman Catholics in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa, despite being normally socially conservative, tend to be more left-wing in economics[196][197] due to the traditional teachings of the Catholic social doctrine.[195] Evangelical-Pentecostal Christians, on the other hand, are mostly from the neo-Pentecostal movement, and thus believers in the Prosperity theology that justifies most of their neoliberal economic ideas.[192][195][198][199] They are also strongly socially conservative, even for Latin American standards.[195]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, Calvinist Protestants have long had their own political parties, now called the Reformed Political Party (SGP) on the right, and the ChristianUnion (CU) in the center. For generations they operated their own newspapers and broadcasting association. The SGP has about 28,000 members, and three out of 150 members of the Dutch parliament's lower house. It has always been in opposition to the government.[200]

Australia

The Christian right draws from both Catholics and Protestants in Australia. Historically, the first Christian right party was the Democratic Labor Party.[201] The Democratic Labor Party was formed in 1955 as a split from the Australian Labor Party (ALP). In Victoria, and New South Wales, state executive members, parliamentarians and branch members associated with the Industrial Groups or B. A. Santamaria and "The Movement" (and therefore strongly identified with Roman Catholicism) were expelled from the party, and formed the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). Later in 1957, a similar split occurred in Queensland, with the resulting group subsequently joining the DLP. The party also had sitting members from Tasmania and New South Wales at various times, though it was much stronger in the former mentioned states. The goals of the party were anti communism, the decentralization of industry, population, administration and ownership.[202] The party decided, in its view that the ALP was filled with communists, that it would preference the ruling conservative Liberal and Country parties over the ALP.[203] However, it was more morally conservative, militantly anti-communist and socially compassionate than the Liberals. The DLP heavily lost ground in the federal election of 1974 that saw its primary vote cut by nearly two-thirds, and the election of an ALP government. The DLP never regained its previous support in subsequent elections and formally disbanded in 1978, but a small group within the party refused to accept this decision and created a small, reformed successor party (now the Democratic Labour Party). Though his party was effectively gone, Santamaria and his National Civic Council (NCC) took a strong diametrically opposed stance to dominant Third Way/neoliberal/New Right tendencies within both the ALP and Liberal parties throughout the eighties and early nineties.

The B. A Santamaria and the Democratic Labor party produced many alumni who became the base of the Christian right in Australia. In Liberal party, these were Tony Abbott and Kevin Andrews.[201] Outside the Liberal party, conservative commentator's such as Greg Sheridan and Gerrard Henderson also had links to Santamaria. Within the Australian Labor Party (ALP), this alumni can be found in the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA), which de-affiliated from the ALP with the industrial Groups in the 1950s, and then re-affiliated in the 1980s.[204] The SDA opposed gay marriage and abortion, which were some reasons for workers to form another competing union.[205] Tony Burke, who opposed euthanasia, came from the SDA.[206][207] Currently, the NCC functions as a minority organization within the Christian Right.

The more Protestant strands of the Christian Right have been far more diverse. Fundamentalist Christianity directly inspired Fred Nile and his parties. Nile in 1967–68 was assistant director of the Billy Graham Crusade in Sydney. The Christian Democratic Party (initially known as the "Call to Australia" party) is on the strongly religious conservative end of the Australian political spectrum, promoting social conservatism, opposing gay rights and abortion.[208] It gained 9.1% of the vote in the New South Wales (NSW) state election of 1981, Its support base has generally been restricted to NSW and Western Australia, where it usually gains between 2–4% of votes, with its support being minuscule in other states. The party started to fall apart in 2019 when the moderate faction member, Paul Green, lost his seat, and when a faction of younger people attempted to dismiss the governing board.[209][210] Whilst this failed, it opened up a rift between the traditional party factions that led to prolonged legal disputes and the party winding up in 2022.[211] Fred Nile would quickly join a new party.[212] The Family First Party is a former political party which was linked with Pentecostal Church and other smaller Christian denominations, and was also identified with the strongly religious conservative end of the Australian political spectrum. It has had one or two members in the SA parliament since 2002, and in 2004 also managed to elect a Victorian senator. Its electoral support is small, with the largest constituencies being South Australia (4–6%), and Victoria (around 4%). Family First generally receives lower support in national elections than in state elections. Family First was merged with the Australian Conservatives Party in 2017.[213]

Outside of the Catholic links to B.A. Santamaria and the minor Protestant parties, some party members of the Liberal and National Party Coalition and the Australian Labor Party also support some of the values of the Christian right on abortion and gay rights. The Australian Christian Lobby argues for opposition to same-sex marriage in state and federal politics.[214]

Other countries

In Northern Ireland, Ian Paisley led a Protestant fundamentalist party, the Democratic Unionist Party, which had a considerable influence on the province's culture.[215][216] For a time after the 2017 United Kingdom general election, the DUP provided confidence and supply to the governing Conservative Party, although this agreement provoked concern from socially liberal elements of the party about possible DUP influence on social policy.[217] Although there is no evidence this occurred. Karen Armstrong has mentioned British evangelical leader Colin Urquhart as advocating positions similar to the Christian Right.[218] Some members of the Conservative Party including Jacob Rees-Mogg, Nadine Dorries, Matthew Offord and Peter Bone also support some of the values of the Christian right.[citation needed]

In the Philippines, due to Spanish colonization, and the introduction of the Catholic Church, religious conservatism has a strong influence on national policies. Some have argued that the U.S. Christian right may have roots in the Philippines.[219]

The Swiss Federal Democratic Union is a small conservative Protestant party with about 1% of the vote.[220]

In Scandinavia, the Faroe Island's Centre Party is a bible-oriented fundamentalist party with about 4% of the vote. However, the Norwegian Christian People's Party, the Swedish Christian Democrats and Danish Christian Democrats are less religiously orthodox and are similar to mainstream European Christian Democracy.

In Fiji, Sodelpa is a conservative, nationalist party which seeks to make Christianity the state religion, while the constitution makes Fiji a secular republic. Following the 2014 general election, Sodelpa is the main opposition party in Parliament.

In Mexico, the interests of the Christian right are represented by different political organisations and civil associations. The most notable case is the National Action Party, a conservative party aligned with Christian Democratic ideas, notably influenced by the Social teaching of the Catholic Church, and which has held the presidency of Mexico twice. The party's platform states strong opposition to abortion, same-sex marriage and the legalisation of drugs, among many other conservative policies. In addition, prominent figures in the party have been linked to Catholic Church organisations. The evangelical caucus, albeit for a relatively short time, was represented by the Social Encounter Party and the Solidarity Encounter Party, the latter being the successor to the former. Both parties were founded by Hugo Eric Flores, who according to some sources was an evangelical minister before entering politics. Initially statewide for Baja California, Social Encounter came to govern that state in coalition with the National Action Party. The party would later be officialised as a political party at the federal level. Other organisations and associations adhering to the ideals of the Christian right include the Frente Nacional por la Familia, the Organización del Bien Común, colloquially known as El Yunque and with close ties to the PAN, and the Legionaries of Christ, a Roman Catholic clerical religious order of priests and candidates for the priesthood established in Mexico.

In Brazil, the evangelical caucus have a great influence at the parliament and in the society in general. The bloc promotes strong socially conservative positions, like opposition to abortion, LGBT rights, marijuana legalization, sexual and gender education at schools and support to decrease of age of defense of infancy. Except for left-wing and far-left parties with strong social progressive beliefs like Workers' Party or Socialism and Liberty Party, Christian conservatives can be found in all political parties of Brazil, but nevertheless they are more common associated with parties like Social Democratic Party, Democratas, PSL, Social Christian Party, Brazilian Republican Party, Patriota and in the Party of the Republic. In 2016, Marcelo Crivella, a licensed pentecostal pastor from the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, won in a runoff the election to mayor of Rio de Janeiro, the second biggest city in Brazil, with the Brazilian Republican Party, making for the first time an evangelical bloc member mayor of a big city in Brazil. In 2018, Jair Bolsonaro was elected president with massive support of conservative Catholics, Charismatics, Evangelicals and Pentecostals; Another candidate, Cabo Daciolo, from Patriota, attracted much attention from media and public in general, despite a lower votation. Both had a right-wing populist, Christian Nationalist program, but Bolsonaro was near to a national conservative and economic liberal one, contrasting with an Ultranationalist, theocratic and protectionist style of Daciolo.

In Poland, the Roman Catholic national-conservative party Law and Justice can be considered to be a party of the Christian right.[221]

In Hungary, the ruling national-conservative party Fidesz can also be considered to be a party of the Christian right. Viktor Orbán is known for his use of conservative Christian values against immigration and the rise of Islam in Europe.[222][223]

The Christian right has a strong position in several Conservative parties worldwide, although many members of these parties would also, paradoxically, strongly oppose such views.[citation needed]

Associated minor political parties

Some minor political parties have formed as vehicles for Christian right activists:

Groups

See also

References

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Further reading

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Christian right.
  • Boston, Rob. 2000. Close Encounters with the Religious Right: Journeys into the Twilight Zone of Religion and Politics. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-797-0
  • Boyd, James H., Politics and the Christian Voter
  • Brown, Ruth Murray (2002). For a "Christian America": A History of the Religious Right. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-573-92973-8.
  • Bruns, Roger A. 2002. Preacher: Billy Sunday and Big-Time American Evangelism. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07075-4
  • Compton, John W. 2020. The End of Empathy: Why White Protestants Stopped Loving Their Neighbors. Oxford University Press.
  • Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford. ISBN 0-89862-864-4
  • Dowland, Seth. Family Values and the Rise of the Christian Right (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015)
  • Gloege, Timothy. 2015. Guaranteed Pure: The Moody Bible Institute, Business, and the Making of Modern Evangelicalism. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 1469621010
  • Green, John C., James L. Guth and Kevin Hill. 1993. "Faith and Election: The Christian right in Congressional Campaigns 1978–1988". The Journal of Politics 55(1), (February): 80–91.
  • Green, John C. "The Christian Right and the 1994 Elections: A View from the States", PS: Political Science and Politics Vol. 28, No. 1 (Mar. 1995), pp. 5–8 in JSTOR
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August 21, 2023
christian, right, confused, with, conservative, christianity, grouping, overlapping, denominationally, diverse, theological, movements, within, christianity, that, seeks, retain, orthodox, long, standing, traditions, beliefs, christianity, this, article, about. Not to be confused with Conservative Christianity a grouping of overlapping and denominationally diverse theological movements within Christianity that seeks to retain the orthodox and long standing traditions and beliefs of Christianity This article is about right wing movements influenced by Christianity For religious right wing movements unrelated to Christianity see Religious right The Christian right or the religious right are Christian political factions characterized by their strong support of socially conservative and traditionalist policies 1 Christian conservatives seek to influence politics and public policy with their interpretation of the teachings of Christianity 2 3 4 In the United States the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of predominantly White conservative Evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics 2 5 6 7 The Christian right draws additional support from politically conservative mainline Protestants and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints 5 8 The movement has its roots in American politics going back as far as the 1940s it has been especially influential since the 1970s 1 9 10 11 12 Its influence draws from grassroots activism as well as from focus on social issues and the ability to motivate the electorate around those issues 13 The Christian right is notable for advancing socially conservative positions on issues such as creationism in public education 14 school prayer 15 temperance 16 Christian nationalism 17 and Sunday Sabbatarianism 18 as well as opposition to biological evolution 14 embryonic stem cell research 19 LGBT rights 3 9 15 20 comprehensive sex education 21 22 abortion 15 23 and pornography 24 Although the term Christian right is most commonly associated with politics in the United States similar Christian conservative groups can be found in the political cultures of other Christian majority countries Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 2 1 Ability to organize 2 1 1 Grassroots activism 2 1 2 Political leaders and institutions 3 Institutions in the United States 3 1 National organizations 3 2 Partisan activity of churches 3 3 Electoral activity 3 4 Education 3 5 Media 4 Views 4 1 Education 4 2 Evolution 4 3 Sexual education 4 4 Schooling 4 5 Sunday Sabbatarianism 4 6 Role of government 4 7 Church and state relations 4 8 Economics 4 9 Middle East 4 10 Abortion and contraception 4 11 Biotechnology 4 12 Opposition to drugs 4 13 Sex and sexuality 5 Criticism 5 1 Interpretation of Christianity 5 2 Race and diversity 5 3 LGBT rights 5 4 Use of dominionism labeling 6 Movements outside the United States 6 1 Canada 6 2 The Caribbean Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa 6 3 Netherlands 6 4 Australia 6 5 Other countries 7 Associated minor political parties 7 1 Groups 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingTerminology EditThe Christian right is also known as the New Christian Right NCR or the Religious Right although some consider the religious right to be a slightly broader category than Christian Right 10 25 John C Green of the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life states that Jerry Falwell used the label religious right to describe himself Gary Schneeberger vice president of media and public relations for Focus on the Family states that t erms like religious right have been traditionally used in a pejorative way to suggest extremism The phrase socially conservative evangelicals is not very exciting but that s certainly the way to do it 26 Evangelical leaders like Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council have called attention to the problem of equating the term Christian right with evangelicals Although evangelicals constitute the core constituency of the Christian right not all evangelicals fit the description and a number of Roman Catholics are also members of the Christian right s core base 5 The problem of description is further complicated by the fact that the label religious conservative or conservative Christian may apply to other religious groups as well For instance Anabaptist Christians most notably Amish Mennonites Hutterites the Bruderhof Communities Schwarzenau Brethren River Brethren and Apostolic Christians are theologically socially and culturally conservative however there are no overtly political organizations associated with these Christian denominations which are usually uninvolved uninterested apathetic or indifferent towards politics 27 Tim Keller an Evangelical theologian and Presbyterian Church in America pastor shows that Conservative Christianity theology predates the Christian right politics and that being a theological conservative didn t necessitate being a political conservative that some political progressive views around economics helping the poor the redistribution of wealth and racial diversity are compatible with theologically conservative Christianity 28 Rod Dreher a senior editor for The American Conservative a secular conservative magazine also argues the same differences even claiming that a traditional Christian a theological conservative can simultaneously be left on economics economic progressive and even a socialist at that while maintaining traditional Christian beliefs 29 History Edit Jerry Falwell whose founding of the Moral Majority was a key step in the formation of the New Christian Right In 1863 representatives from eleven Christian denominations in the United States organized the National Reform Association with the goal of adding a Christian amendment to the U S Constitution in order to establish the country as a Christian state 30 The National Reform Association is seen as one of the first organizations of the Christian right through which adherents from several Christian denominations worked together to try to enshrine Christianity in American politics 30 Early organizations of the Christian right such as the Christian Civic League of Maine founded in 1897 supported the aims of the temperance movement 16 Patricia Miller states that the alliance between evangelical leaders and the Catholic bishops has been a cornerstone of the Christian Right for nearly twenty years 31 Since the late 1970s the Christian right has been a notable force in both the Republican Party and American politics when Baptist pastor Jerry Falwell and other Christian leaders began to urge conservative Christians to involve themselves in the political process President Jimmy Carter s backing of the Equal Rights Amendment led to the development of the Christian right and the embrace of many evangelical conservatives to Republican Party candidates 32 In response to the rise of the Christian right the 1980 Republican Party platform assumed a number of its positions including adding support for a restoration of school prayer The past two decades have been an important time in the political debates and in the same time frame religious citizens became more politically active in a time period labeled the New Christian Right 33 While the platform also opposed abortion 10 11 34 and leaned towards restricting taxpayer funding for abortions and passing a constitutional amendment which would restore protection of the right to life for unborn children 34 it also accepted the fact that many Americans including fellow Republicans were divided on the issue 34 Since about 1980 the Christian right has been associated with several institutions including the Moral Majority the Christian Coalition Focus on the Family and the Family Research Council 35 36 While the influence of the Christian right is typically traced to the 1980 Presidential election Daniel K Williams argues in God s Own Party that it had actually been involved in politics for most of the twentieth century He also notes that the Christian right had previously been in alliance with the Republican Party in the 1940s through 1960s on matters such as opposition to communism and defending a Protestant based moral order 37 In light of the state atheism espoused by communist countries secularization came to be seen by many Americans as the biggest threat to American and Christian values 38 39 and by the 1980s Catholic bishops and evangelicals had begun to work together on issues such as abortion 7 40 41 The alienation of Southern Democrats from the Democratic Party contributed to the rise of the right as the counterculture of the 1960s provoked fear of social disintegration In addition as the Democratic Party became identified with a pro abortion rights position and with nontraditional societal values social conservatives joined the Republican Party in increasing numbers 42 In 1976 U S President Jimmy Carter received the support of the Christian right largely because of his much acclaimed religious conversion However Carter s spiritual transformation did not compensate for his liberal policies in the minds of Christian conservatives as reflected in Jerry Falwell s criticism that Americans have literally stood by and watched as godless spineless leaders have brought our nation floundering to the brink of death 43 Ability to organize Edit Demonstrators at the 2004 March for Life in Washington D C The Christian Right has engaged in battles over abortion euthanasia contraception pornography gambling obscenity Christian nationalism Sunday Sabbatarianism concerning Sunday blue laws state sanctioned prayer in public schools textbook contents concerning creationism homosexuality and sexual education 17 18 The Supreme Court s decision to make abortion a constitutionally protected right in the 1973 Roe v Wade ruling was the driving force behind the rise of the Christian Right in the 1970s 44 Changing political context led to the Christian Right s advocacy for other issues such as opposition to euthanasia and campaigning for abstinence only sex education 44 Ralph Reed the chairman of the Christian Coalition stated that the 1988 presidential campaign of Pat Robertson was the political crucible that led to the proliferation of Christian Right groups in the United States 44 Randall Balmer on the other hand has suggested that the New Christian Right Movement s rise was not centered around the issue of abortion but rather Bob Jones University s refusal to comply with the Supreme Court s 1971 Green v Connally ruling that permitted the Internal Revenue Service IRS to collect penalty taxes from private religious schools that violated federal laws 45 Grassroots activism Edit Much of the Christian right s power within the American political system is attributed to their extraordinary turnout rate at the polls The voters that coexist in the Christian right are also highly motivated and driven to get out a viewpoint on issues they care about As well as high voter turnout they can be counted on to attend political events knock on doors and distribute literature Members of the Christian right are willing to do the electoral work needed to see their candidate elected Because of their high level of devotion the Christian right does not need to monetarily compensate these people for their work 13 46 needs update Political leaders and institutions Edit Led by Robert Grant advocacy group Christian Voice Jerry Falwell s Moral Majority Ed McAteer s Religious Roundtable Council James Dobson s Focus on the Family Paul Weyrich s Free Congress Foundation and The Heritage Foundation 47 and Pat Robertson s Christian Broadcasting Network the new Religious Right combined conservative politics with evangelical and fundamentalist teachings 35 The birth of the New Christian right however is usually traced to a 1979 meeting where televangelist Jerry Falwell was urged to create a Moral Majority organization 36 48 In 1979 Weyrich was in a discussion with Falwell when he remarked that there was a moral majority of Americans ready to be called to political action 47 Weyrich later recalled in a 2007 interview with the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that after he mentioned the term moral majority Falwell turned to his people and said That s the name of our organization 47 Weyrich would then engineer a strong union between the Republican Party and many culturally conservative Christians 47 Soon Moral Majority became a general term for the conservative political activism of evangelists and fundamentalists such as Pat Robertson James Robison and Jerry Falwell 43 Howard Schweber Professor at the University of Wisconsin Madison writes that in the past two decades Catholic politicians have emerged as leading figures in the religious conservative movement 6 Institutions in the United States EditNational organizations Edit One early attempt to bring the Christian right into American politics began in 1974 when Robert Grant an early movement leader founded American Christian Cause to advocate Christian ideological teachings in Southern California Concerned that Christians overwhelmingly voted for President Jimmy Carter in 1976 Grant expanded his movement and founded Christian Voice to rally Christian voters behind socially conservative candidates Prior to his alliance with Falwell Weyrich sought an alliance with Grant 49 Grant and other Christian Voice staff soon set up their main office at the headquarters of Weyrich s Heritage Foundation 49 However the alliance between Weyrich and Grant fell apart in 1978 49 In the late 1980s Pat Robertson founded the Christian Coalition of America building from his 1988 presidential run with Republican activist Ralph Reed who became the spokesman for the Coalition In 1992 the national Christian Coalition Inc headquartered in Virginia Beach Virginia began producing voter guides which it distributed to conservative Christian churches both Protestant and Catholic with the blessing of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York 50 Under the leadership of Reed and Robertson the Coalition quickly became the most prominent voice in the conservative Christian movement its influence culminating with an effort to support the election of a conservative Christian to the presidency in 1996 In addition they have encouraged the convergence of conservative Christian ideology with political issues such as healthcare the economy education and crime 51 Political activists lobbied within the Republican party locally and nationally to influence party platforms and nominations 16 More recently James Dobson s group Focus on the Family based in Colorado Springs and the Family Research Council in Washington D C have gained enormous respect from Republican lawmakers While strongly advocating for these ideological matters Dobson himself is warier of the political spectrum and much of the resources of his group are devoted to other aims such as media 52 However as a private citizen Dobson has stated his opinion on presidential elections on February 5 2008 Dobson issued a statement regarding the 2008 presidential election and his strong disappointment with the Republican party s candidates 53 In an essay written in 1996 Ralph Reed argued against the moral absolutist tone of Christian right leaders arguing for the Republican Party Platform to stress the moral dimension of abortion rather than placing emphasis on overturning Roe v Wade Reed believes that pragmatism is the best way to advocate for the Christian right 54 Partisan activity of churches Edit Overtly partisan actions by churches could threaten their 501 c 3 tax exempt status due to the Johnson Amendment of the Internal Revenue Code 55 In one notable example the former pastor of the East Waynesville Baptist Church in Waynesville North Carolina told the congregation that anyone who planned to vote for Democratic Sen John Kerry should either leave the church or repent 56 The church later expelled nine members who had voted for Kerry and refused to repent which led to criticism on the national level The pastor resigned and the ousted church members were allowed to return 57 The Alliance Defense Fund a far right group now known as the Alliance Defending Freedom started the Pulpit Freedom Initiative 58 in 2008 ADF states that t he goal of Pulpit Freedom Sunday is simple have the Johnson Amendment declared unconstitutional and once and for all remove the ability of the IRS to censor what a pastor says from the pulpit 59 Electoral activity Edit Both Christian right and secular polling organizations sometimes conduct polls to determine which presidential candidates will receive the support of Christian right constituents One such poll is taken at the Family Research Council s Values Voter Summit 60 61 George W Bush s electoral success owed much to his overwhelming support from white evangelical voters who comprise 23 of the vote In 2000 he received 68 of the white evangelical vote in 2004 that percentage rose to 78 62 In 2016 Donald Trump received 81 of the white evangelical vote 63 64 Education Edit The Home School Legal Defense Association was co founded in 1983 by Michael Farris who would later establish Generation Joshua and Patrick Henry College and Michael Smith This organization attempts to challenge laws that serve as obstacles to allowing parents to home school their children and to organize the disparate group of homeschooling families into a cohesive bloc The number of homeschooling families has increased in the last twenty years and around 80 percent of these families identify themselves as evangelicals 65 The main universities associated with the Christian right in the United States are Bob Jones University Protestant Fundamentalist institution founded in 1927 66 Christendom College Roman Catholic institution founded in 1977 67 Liberty University Baptist institution founded in 1971 68 Regent University Evangelical Christian institution founded in 1977 68 Media Edit The media has played a major role in the rise of the Christian right since the 1920s and has continued to be a powerful force for political Christianity today The role of the media for the Religious right has been influential in its ability to connect Christian audiences to the larger American culture while at the same time bringing and keeping religion into play as both a political and a cultural force 69 The political agenda of the Christian right has been disseminated to the public through a variety of media outlets including radio broadcasting television and literature Religious broadcasting began in the 1920s through the radio 69 Between the 1950s and 1980s TV became a powerful way for the Christian right to influence the public through shows such as Pat Robertson s The 700 Club and The Family Channel now Freeform The Internet has also helped the Christian right reach a much larger audience Organization s websites play a strong role in popularising the Christian right s stances on cultural and political issues and informed interested viewers on how to get involved The Christian Coalition for example has used the Internet to inform the public as well as to sell merchandise and gather members 70 Views EditEducation Edit The Christian right strongly advocates for a system of educational choice using a system of school vouchers instead of public education Vouchers would be government funded and could be redeemed for a specified maximum sum per child per years if spent on approved educational services 71 This method would allow parents to determine which school their child attends while relieving the economic burden associated with private schools The concept is popular among constituents of church related schools including those affiliated with Roman Catholicism Evolution Edit See also Creation and evolution in public education The Protestant members of the Christian right in the United States generally promote the teaching of creationism and intelligent design as opposed to or alongside biological evolution 72 73 74 75 Some supporters of the Christian right have opposed the teaching of evolution in the past but they did not have the ability to stop it being taught in public schools as was done during the Scopes Trial in Dayton Tennessee in which a science teacher went on trial for teaching about the subject of evolution in a public school 76 Other Christian right organizations supported the teaching of creationism along with evolution in public schools specifically promoting theistic evolution also known as evolutionary creationism in which God is regarded as the originator of the process 72 73 Members of and organizations associated with the Christian right such as the Discovery Institute created and popularized the modern concept of intelligent design which became widely known only with the publication of the book Of Pandas and People in 1989 77 The Discovery Institute through their intelligent design initiative called the Center for Science and Culture has endorsed the teach the controversy approach According to its proponents such an approach would ensure that both the strengths and weaknesses of evolutionary theory were discussed in the curriculum 78 This tactic was criticized by Judge John E Jones III in Kitzmiller v Dover Area School District describing it as at best disingenuous and at worst a canard 79 The overwhelming majority of scientific research both in the United States and elsewhere has concluded that the theory of evolution using the technical definition of the word theory is the only viable explanation of the development of life and an overwhelming majority of biologists strongly support its presentation in public school science classes 80 Outside the United States as well as among American Catholics and Mainline Protestants Christian conservatives have generally come to accept the theory of evolution 81 82 83 84 85 Sexual education Edit Some Christian groups advocate for the removal of sex education literature from public schools 86 for parental opt out of comprehensive sex education or for abstinence only sex education Sam Harris has written that thirty percent of America s sexual education programs are abstinence based and they are ineffective 87 Schooling Edit The Christian right promotes homeschooling and private schooling as a valid alternative to public education for parents who object to the content being taught at school citation needed In recent years the percentage of children being homeschooled has risen from 1 7 of the student population in 1999 to 2 2 in 2003 88 Much of this increase has been attributed to the desire to incorporate Christian teachings into the curriculum 89 In 2003 72 of parents who homeschooled their children cited the ability to provide religious or moral instruction as the reason for removing their children from public schools 90 The Kitzmiller v Dover Area School District case established that creationism cannot be taught in public schools and in response officials have increasingly appropriated public funds for charter schools that teach curricula like Accelerated Christian Education 91 Sunday Sabbatarianism Edit The Christian right is in favour of legislation that maintains and promotes Sunday Sabbatarianism such as Sunday blue laws that forbid shopping and restrict the sale of alcohol on Sundays which is the Lord s Day in mainstream Christianity 18 Role of government Edit Supporters of the Christian right have no one unified stance on the role of government since the movement is primarily one that advocates social conservatism in fact struggles have broken out in state party organizations between supporters of the Christian right and other conservatives 92 93 It promotes conservative interpretations of the Bible as the basis for moral values and enforcing such values by legislation Some members of the Christian right especially Catholics accept the Catholic Church s strong support for labor unions Church and state relations Edit See also Accommodationism The Christian right believes that separation of church and state is not explicit in the American Constitution believing instead that such separation is a creation of what it claims are activist judges in the judicial system 94 95 96 In the United States the Christian right often supports their claims by asserting that the country was founded by Christians as a Christian Nation 97 98 Members of the Christian right take the position that the Establishment Clause bars the federal government from establishing or sponsoring a state church e g the Church of England but does not prevent the government from acknowledging religion The Christian right points out that the term separation of church and state is derived from a letter written by Thomas Jefferson not from the Constitution itself 99 100 101 Furthermore Alliance Defending Freedom ADF takes the view that the concept of separation of church and state has been used by the American Civil Liberties Union and its allies to inhibit public acknowledgment of Christianity and restrict the religious freedoms of Christians 102 Thus Christian right leaders have argued that the Establishment Clause does not prohibit the display of religion in the public sphere Leaders therefore believe that public institutions should be allowed or even required to display the Ten Commandments This interpretation has been repeatedly rejected by the courts which have found that such displays violate the Establishment Clause Public officials though are prohibited from using their authority in which the primary effect is advancing or prohibiting religion according to the Lemon Supreme Court test and there cannot be an excessive entanglement with religion and the government Some such as Bryan Fischer of the American Family Association argue that the First Amendment which specifically restricts Congress applies only to the Congress and not the states This position rejects the incorporation of the Bill of Rights 103 Generally the Christian right supports the presence of religious institutions within government and the public sphere and advocates for fewer restrictions on government funding for religious charities and schools Both Catholics and Protestants according to a 2005 Gallup study have been supportive of school prayer in public schools 73 104 Economics Edit Early American fundamentalists such as John R Rice 105 106 often favored laissez faire economics and were outspoken critics of the New Deal and later the Great Society 105 The contemporary Christian right supports economic conservative policies such as tax cuts and social conservative policies such as child tax credits 107 108 Middle East Edit See also Christian Zionism Many evangelical Protestant supporters of the religious right have strongly supported the state of Israel in recent decades encouraging support for Israel within the United States government 109 Some of them have linked Israel to Biblical prophesies for example Ed McAteer founder of the Moral Majority said I believe that we are seeing prophecy unfold so rapidly and dramatically and wonderfully and without exaggerating makes me breathless 110 This belief an example of dispensationalism arises from the idea that the establishment of Israel is a prerequisite for the Second Coming of Jesus because it represents the Biblically prophesied Gathering of Israel A 2017 poll indicates that this belief is held by 80 of evangelicals and that half of evangelicals consider it an important cause of their support for the state of Israel 111 During the Lebanese Civil War that started in 1975 and ended in 1990 many Christian parties endorsed the right s political viewpoints such as the Christian Lebanese phalanges which is known as the Kataeb Party and later the right s political viewpoints were also endorsed by the Lebanese Armed Forces because their power and influence were threatened by the growing power and influence of the more radical Islamist and left wing movements such as the Shiite Amal Movement and the Progressive Socialist Party in the 1980s Abortion and contraception Edit See also Bioethics and Consistent life ethic Historically large percentages of American Catholics and Evangelical Protestants oppose and have opposed abortion 112 believing that life begins at conception and that abortion is murder Therefore those in the movement have worked toward the overturning of Roe v Wade 1973 and Planned Parenthood v Casey 1992 The Christian right has also supported incremental steps to make abortion less available Such efforts include bans on late term abortion including intact dilation and extraction 113 prohibitions against Medicaid funding and other public funding for elective abortions removal of taxpayer funding for Planned Parenthood and other organizations that provide abortion services legislation requiring parental consent or notification for abortions performed on minors 114 legal protections for unborn victims of violence legal protections for infants born alive following failed abortions and bans on abortifacient medications The Christian right element in the Reagan coalition strongly supported him in 1980 in the belief that he would appoint Supreme Court justices to overturn Roe v Wade They were astonished and dismayed when his first appointment was Sandra Day O Connor whom they feared would tolerate abortion They worked hard to defeat her confirmation but failed 115 The Christian right contends that morning after pills such as Plan B and Ella are possible abortifacients able to interfere with a fertilized egg s implantation in the uterine wall 116 The labeling mandated by the U S Food and Drug Administration FDA for Plan B and Ella state that they may interfere with implantation but according to a June 2012 The New York Times article many scientists believe that they work only by interfering with ovulation and are arguing to have the implantation language removed from product labels The Christian right maintains that the chemical properties of morning after pills make them abortifacients and that the politics of abortion is influencing scientific judgments Jonathan Imbody of the Christian Medical Association says he questions whether ideological considerations are driving these decisions 116 Specifically many Catholic members as well as some conservative Protestant members of the Christian right have campaigned against contraception altogether 117 118 See also Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization The Roberts Court in 2020 This court oversaw the landmark United States Supreme Court case Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization in 2022 119 In May 2022 Politico published a leaked draft majority opinion written by Justice Samuel Alito 120 It would overturn Roe and Casey by nullifying the specific privacy rights in question eliminating federal involvement and leaving the issue to be determined by the states Through a statement made by the Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts the Court confirmed the document s authenticity but said that it was not a final decision or the Justice s final decision which was expected by June or July The decision was issued on June 24 2022 ruling 6 3 to reverse the lower court rulings a more narrow 5 4 ruling overturned Roe and Casey The majority opinion stated that abortion was not a constitutional right and that states should have discretion in regulating abortion The majority opinion written by Alito was substantially similar to the leaked draft Chief Justice Roberts agreed with the judgment upholding the Mississippi law but did not join the majority in the opinion to overturn Roe and Casey Biotechnology Edit Due to the Christian right s views regarding ethics and to an extent due to negative views of eugenics common to most ideologies in North America it has worked for the regulation and restriction of certain applications of biotechnology In particular the Christian right opposes therapeutic and reproductive human cloning championing a 2005 United Nations ban on the practice and human embryonic stem cell research which involves the extraction of one or more cells from a human embryo 19 The Christian right supports research with adult stem cells amniotic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells which do not use cells from human embryos as they view the harvesting of biological material from an embryo lacking the ability to give permission as an assault on a living being The Christian right also opposes euthanasia and in one highly publicized case took an active role in seeking governmental intervention to prevent Terri Schiavo from being deprived of nutrition and hydration Opposition to drugs Edit Further information Woman s Christian Temperance Union and List of anti cannabis organizations The Christian right has historically supported the temperance movement thus supporting causes such as maintaining Sunday blue laws adding alcohol packaging warning messages to bottles and limiting alcohol advertising 16 It has advocated for the prohibition of drugs and has opposed efforts to legalize marijuana 121 Sex and sexuality Edit Main articles Christianity and homosexuality Christianity and transgender people and Same sex marriage in the United States Further information Discrimination in the United States LGBT rights opposition and Public opinion of same sex marriage in the United States The modern roots of the Christian right s views on sexual matters were evident in the years 1950s 1960s a period in which many conservative Christians in the United States viewed sexual promiscuity as not only excessive but in fact as a threat to their ideal vision of the country 20 30 Beginning in the 1970s conservative Christian protests against promiscuity began to surface largely as a reaction to the permissive Sixties and an emerging prominence of sexual rights arising from Roe v Wade and the LGBT rights movement The Christian right proceeded to make sexuality issues a priority political cause 20 28 Anita Bryant organized Save Our Children a widespread campaign to oppose legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in Miami Dade County Florida 122 The group argued that gay people were recruiting or molesting children in order to make them gay 122 Bryant infamously claimed that As a mother I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children therefore they must recruit our children and also claimed that If gays are granted rights next we ll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St Bernards and to nail biters 123 The Bryant campaign achieved success in repealing some city anti discrimination laws and proposed other citizen initiatives such as a failed California ballot question designed to ban gay people or those who supported LGBT rights from holding public teaching jobs Bryant s campaign attracted widespread opposition and boycotts which put her out of business and destroyed her reputation From the late 1970s onwards some conservative Christian organizations such as the Christian Broadcasting Network Focus on the Family Concerned Women for America the American Family Association and the Christian Coalition of America along with right wing Christian hate groups such as the Westboro Baptist Church have been outspoken against LGBT rights 1 2 3 15 Late in 1979 a new religious revival among conservative Evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics ushered in the Republican coalition politically aligned with the Christian right that would reign in the United States between the years 1970s and 1980s becoming another obstacle for the progress of the LGBTQ rights movement 1 2 3 15 During the HIV AIDS epidemic of the 1980s LGBTQ communities were further stigmatized as they became the focus of mass hysteria suffered isolation and marginalization and were targeted with extreme acts of violence 124 The Christian right champions itself as the self appointed conscience of American society During the 1980s the movement was largely dismissed by political pundits and mainstream religious leaders as a collection of buffoonish has beens Later it re emerged better organized and more focused taking firm positions against abortion pornography sexual deviancy and extreme feminism 24 125 4 Beginning around the presidency of Donald Trump Christian conservatives have largely refrained from engaging in debates about sexual morality 126 Influential Christian right organizations at the forefront of the anti gay rights movement in the United States include Focus on the Family Family Research Council and the Family Research Institute 20 15 16 An important stratagem in Christian right anti gay politics is in its rejection of the edicts of a Big Brother state allowing it to profit from a general feeling of discontent and demoralization with government As a result the Christian right has endorsed smaller government restricting its ability to arbitrate in disputes regarding values and traditions In this context gay rights laws have come to symbolize the government s allegedly unconstitutional interference with individual freedom 20 170 171 The central tenets of Focus on the Family and similar organizations such as the Family Research Council emphasise issues such as abortion and the necessity of gender roles A number of organizations including the New Christian Right have in various ways rejected liberal America in favor of the regulation of pornography anti abortion legislation the criminalization of homosexuality and the virtues of faithfulness and loyalty in sexual partnerships according to sociologist Bryan Turner 23 A large number of the Christian right view same sex marriage as a central issue in the culture wars more so than other gay rights issues and even more significantly than abortion 125 57 dubious discuss The legalization of same sex marriage in Massachusetts in 2004 changed the Christian right causing it to put its opposition to these marriages above most other issues It also created previously unknown interracial and ecumenical coalitions and stimulated new electoral activity in pastors and congregations 125 58 Criticism EditCriticisms of the Christian right often come from Christians who believe Jesus message was centered on social responsibility and social justice Theologian Michael Lerner has summarized The unholy alliance of the Political Right and the Religious Right threatens to destroy the America we love It also threatens to generate a revulsion against God and religion by identifying them with militarism ecological irresponsibility fundamentalist antagonism to science and rational thought and insensitivity to the needs of the poor and the powerless 127 Commentators from all sides of the aisle such as Rob Schenck Randall Balmer and Charles M Blow criticized the Christian right for its tolerance and embrace of Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election despite Trump s failure to adhere to any of the principles advocated by the Christian right groups for decades 128 129 Interpretation of Christianity Edit See also Christian left One argument which questions the legitimacy of the Christian right posits that Jesus Christ may be considered a leftist on the modern political spectrum Jesus concern with the poor and feeding the hungry among other things are argued by proponents of Christian leftism to be core attributes of modern day socialism and social justice 130 131 132 However others who contend that while Jesus concern for the poor and hungry is virtuous and that individuals have a moral obligation to help others the relationship between charity and the state should not be construed in the same manner 133 134 According to Frank Newport of Gallup there are fewer Americans today who are both highly religious and liberal than there are Americans who are both highly religious and conservative Newport also noted that 52 of white conservatives identify as highly religious while only 16 of white liberals identify as the same However African Americans the most religious of any major racial or ethnic group in the country are strongly oriented to voting Democratic While observing that African American Democrats are more religious than their white Democrat counterparts Newport further noted however that African American Democrats are much more likely to be ideologically moderate or conservative 135 Some criticize what they see as a politicization of Christianity because they say Jesus transcends political concepts 136 137 Mikhail Gorbachev referred to Jesus as the first Socialist 138 139 Race and diversity Edit The Christian right has tried to recruit social conservatives in the black church 140 Prior to the 2016 United States presidential election African American Republican Ben Carson emerged as a leader of the Christian right 141 Other Christian African Americans who identify with conservatism are Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas 142 rapper Kanye West 143 Alveda King and pastor Tony Evans 144 145 LGBT rights Edit Whilst the Christian right in the United States generally identifies with aspects of LGBT rights opposition other Christian movements argue that the biblical texts only oppose specific types of divergent sexual behaviour such as paederasty i e sexual intercourse between boys and men 146 147 148 149 During the Trump administration there was a growing push who for religious liberty bills aimed to exempt individuals and businesses from anti discrimination laws intended to protect LGBT people if they claimed that their actions were motivated by religious beliefs citation needed Among the most powerful organizations that promoted anti LGBT and anti transgender legislation under the Trump administration is the Alliance Defending Freedom 150 Use of dominionism labeling Edit Some social scientists have used the word dominionism to refer to adherence of dominion theology 151 152 153 as well as to the influence in the broader Christian Right of ideas inspired by Dominion Theology 151 Although such influence particularly of Reconstructionism has been described by many authors 36 154 full adherents to Reconstructionism are few and marginalized among conservative Christians 36 155 156 In the early 1990s sociologist Sara Diamond 157 158 defined dominionism in her PhD dissertation as a movement that while it includes Dominion Theology and Reconstructionism as subsets is much broader in scope extending to much of the Christian Right 159 She was followed by journalists who included Frederick Clarkson 160 161 and Chris Hedges 162 163 164 and others who have stressed the influence of Dominionist ideas on the Christian right 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 The terms dominionist and dominionism are rarely used for self description and their usage has been attacked from right leaning quarters Stanley Kurtz labeled it conspiratorial nonsense political paranoia and guilt by association 175 and decried Hedges vague characterizations that allow him to paint a highly questionable picture of a virtually faceless and nameless Dominionist Christian mass 176 Kurtz also complained about a perceived link between average Christian evangelicals and extremism such as Christian Reconstructionism The notion that conservative Christians want to reinstitute slavery and rule by genocide is not just crazy it s downright dangerous The most disturbing part of the Harper s cover story the one by Chris Hedges was the attempt to link Christian conservatives with Hitler and fascism Once we acknowledge the similarity between conservative Christians and fascists Hedges appears to suggest we can confront Christian evil by setting aside the old polite rules of democracy So wild conspiracy theories and visions of genocide are really excuses for the Left to disregard the rules of democracy and defeat conservative Christians by any means necessary 175 Lisa Miller of Newsweek said that many warnings about dominionism are paranoid and she also said that the word creates a siege mentality in which we need to guard against them 177 Ross Douthat of The New York Times noted that many of the people that writers like Diamond and others describe as dominionists would disavow the label many definitions of dominionism conflate several very different Christian political theologies and there s a lively debate about whether the term is even useful at all 178 According to Joe Carter of First Things the term was coined in the 1980s by Diamond and is never used outside liberal blogs and websites No reputable scholars use the term for it is a meaningless neologism that Diamond concocted for her dissertation 179 while Jeremy Pierce of First Things coined the word dominionismist to describe those who promote the idea that there is a dominionist conspiracy 180 Another criticism has focused on the proper use of the term Berlet wrote that some critics of the Christian Right have stretched the term dominionism past its breaking point 181 and argued that rather than labeling conservatives as extremists it would be better to talk to these people and engage them 182 Sara Diamond wrote that l iberals writing about the Christian Right s take over plans has generally taken the form of conspiracy theory and argued that instead one should analyze the subtle ways that ideas like Dominionism take hold within movements and why 183 Dan Olinger a professor at the fundamentalist Bob Jones University in Greenville South Carolina said We want to be good citizens and participants but we re not really interested in using the iron fist of the law to compel people to do everything Christians should do 184 Bob Marcaurelle interim pastor at Mountain Springs Baptist Church in Piedmont said the Middle Ages were proof enough that Christian ruling groups are almost always corrupted by power When Christianity becomes the government the question is whose Christianity Marcaurelle asked 185 186 Movements outside the United States EditWhile the Christian Right is a strong movement in the United States it also has a presence in Canada Alan Curtis suggests that the American Christian right is a phenomenon that is very hard for Europeans to understand 187 188 Robin Pettitt a professor at Kingston University London states however that like the Christian right in the US Christian Democratic movements in Europe and Latin America are equally driven by the debate over the role of the state and the church in political social and moral life 189 Canada Edit Further information Social conservatism in Canada See also Abortion in Canada Religion has been a key factor in Canadian politics since well before the Canadian Confederation was established in 1867 when the Conservatives were the party of traditionalist Catholics and Anglicans and the Liberals were the party of Protestant dissenters and anti clerical Catholics This pattern largely remained until the mid twentieth century when a new division emerged between the Christian left represented by the Social Gospel philosophy and ecumenicism and the Christian right represented by fundamentalism and biblical literalism The Christian left along with the secular and anti religious left became supporters of the New Democratic Party while the right moved to the Social Credit Party especially in Western Canada and to a lesser extent the Progressive Conservatives The Social Credit Party founded in 1935 represented a major change in Canadian religious politics Until that time fundamentalists had shunned politics as worldly and a distraction from the proper practice of religion However the new party was founded by fundamentalist radio preacher and Bible school teacher William Aberhart or Bible Bill Aberhart mixed his own interpretation of scripture and prophecy with the monetary reform theories of social credit to create a movement that swept across Alberta winning the provincial election of 1935 in a landslide Aberhart and his disciple Ernest Manning then governed the province for the next forty years several times trying to expand into the rest of Canada In 1987 Manning s son Preston Manning founded the new Reform Party of Canada which soon became the main party of the religious right It won majorities of the seats in Western Canada in repeated elections but was unable to break through in Eastern Canada though it became the official opposition from 1997 to 2003 Reform was renamed the Canadian Alliance in 2000 In 2003 the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives merged to create the Conservative Party of Canada led by Stephen Harper a member of the Christian and Missionary Alliance who went on to become prime minister in 2006 The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms introduced by the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 has been controversial within the Christian right in Canada Although this Charter entrenches rights and freedoms such as the freedom of religion that central in the belief systems of the Christian right it has also been interpreted by the Supreme Court of Canada to strike down many laws supported by the Christian right In 1982 the Supreme Court struck down Canada s Lords Day Act which required many stored to be closed on Sundays as an infringement the freedom of conscience and religion Abortion partly decriminalized in 1969 by an act of Parliament was completely decriminalized after the two R v Morgentaler cases in 1988 and in 1993 Parliament attempted to pass a new law governing abortion in 1993 but this legislation failed after a tie vote in the Senate A series of provincial superior court decisions which legalized same sex marriage led the federal government to introduce legislation that legalized same sex marriage in all of Canada Before he took office former Conservative prime minister Stephen Harper stated that he would hold a free vote on the issue 190 and declared the issue closed after it was voted down in the House of Commons in 2006 191 In 2013 the Supreme Court struck down Canada s prostitution law in Canada v Bedford prompting the Stephen Harper government to introduce a new prostitution law fashioned after the Nordic Model In 2015 the Supreme Court struck down Canada s prohibition on euthanasia in Carter v Canada again leading Parliament to pass a new law governing euthanasia The Christian right has been critical of all these judicial decisions and have generally been the greatest advocates for the stringent laws against abortion same sex marriage prostitution and euthanasia though in differing degrees For instance the Christian right in Canada is strongly and vocally organized on the topic of abortion but criticism of same sex marriage is far more seldom citation needed The Caribbean Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa Edit Main article Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America Further information Conservative wave and World Christianity Christian right politics in the Caribbean Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa is strongly connected with the growing propagation of the Evangelical Pentecostal movement in the Global South and Third World countries 192 193 194 195 Roman Catholics in the Caribbean Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa despite being normally socially conservative tend to be more left wing in economics 196 197 due to the traditional teachings of the Catholic social doctrine 195 Evangelical Pentecostal Christians on the other hand are mostly from the neo Pentecostal movement and thus believers in the Prosperity theology that justifies most of their neoliberal economic ideas 192 195 198 199 They are also strongly socially conservative even for Latin American standards 195 Netherlands Edit In the Netherlands Calvinist Protestants have long had their own political parties now called the Reformed Political Party SGP on the right and the ChristianUnion CU in the center For generations they operated their own newspapers and broadcasting association The SGP has about 28 000 members and three out of 150 members of the Dutch parliament s lower house It has always been in opposition to the government 200 Australia Edit The Christian right draws from both Catholics and Protestants in Australia Historically the first Christian right party was the Democratic Labor Party 201 The Democratic Labor Party was formed in 1955 as a split from the Australian Labor Party ALP In Victoria and New South Wales state executive members parliamentarians and branch members associated with the Industrial Groups or B A Santamaria and The Movement and therefore strongly identified with Roman Catholicism were expelled from the party and formed the Democratic Labor Party DLP Later in 1957 a similar split occurred in Queensland with the resulting group subsequently joining the DLP The party also had sitting members from Tasmania and New South Wales at various times though it was much stronger in the former mentioned states The goals of the party were anti communism the decentralization of industry population administration and ownership 202 The party decided in its view that the ALP was filled with communists that it would preference the ruling conservative Liberal and Country parties over the ALP 203 However it was more morally conservative militantly anti communist and socially compassionate than the Liberals The DLP heavily lost ground in the federal election of 1974 that saw its primary vote cut by nearly two thirds and the election of an ALP government The DLP never regained its previous support in subsequent elections and formally disbanded in 1978 but a small group within the party refused to accept this decision and created a small reformed successor party now the Democratic Labour Party Though his party was effectively gone Santamaria and his National Civic Council NCC took a strong diametrically opposed stance to dominant Third Way neoliberal New Right tendencies within both the ALP and Liberal parties throughout the eighties and early nineties The B A Santamaria and the Democratic Labor party produced many alumni who became the base of the Christian right in Australia In Liberal party these were Tony Abbott and Kevin Andrews 201 Outside the Liberal party conservative commentator s such as Greg Sheridan and Gerrard Henderson also had links to Santamaria Within the Australian Labor Party ALP this alumni can be found in the Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association SDA which de affiliated from the ALP with the industrial Groups in the 1950s and then re affiliated in the 1980s 204 The SDA opposed gay marriage and abortion which were some reasons for workers to form another competing union 205 Tony Burke who opposed euthanasia came from the SDA 206 207 Currently the NCC functions as a minority organization within the Christian Right The more Protestant strands of the Christian Right have been far more diverse Fundamentalist Christianity directly inspired Fred Nile and his parties Nile in 1967 68 was assistant director of the Billy Graham Crusade in Sydney The Christian Democratic Party initially known as the Call to Australia party is on the strongly religious conservative end of the Australian political spectrum promoting social conservatism opposing gay rights and abortion 208 It gained 9 1 of the vote in the New South Wales NSW state election of 1981 Its support base has generally been restricted to NSW and Western Australia where it usually gains between 2 4 of votes with its support being minuscule in other states The party started to fall apart in 2019 when the moderate faction member Paul Green lost his seat and when a faction of younger people attempted to dismiss the governing board 209 210 Whilst this failed it opened up a rift between the traditional party factions that led to prolonged legal disputes and the party winding up in 2022 211 Fred Nile would quickly join a new party 212 The Family First Party is a former political party which was linked with Pentecostal Church and other smaller Christian denominations and was also identified with the strongly religious conservative end of the Australian political spectrum It has had one or two members in the SA parliament since 2002 and in 2004 also managed to elect a Victorian senator Its electoral support is small with the largest constituencies being South Australia 4 6 and Victoria around 4 Family First generally receives lower support in national elections than in state elections Family First was merged with the Australian Conservatives Party in 2017 213 Outside of the Catholic links to B A Santamaria and the minor Protestant parties some party members of the Liberal and National Party Coalition and the Australian Labor Party also support some of the values of the Christian right on abortion and gay rights The Australian Christian Lobby argues for opposition to same sex marriage in state and federal politics 214 Other countries Edit In Northern Ireland Ian Paisley led a Protestant fundamentalist party the Democratic Unionist Party which had a considerable influence on the province s culture 215 216 For a time after the 2017 United Kingdom general election the DUP provided confidence and supply to the governing Conservative Party although this agreement provoked concern from socially liberal elements of the party about possible DUP influence on social policy 217 Although there is no evidence this occurred Karen Armstrong has mentioned British evangelical leader Colin Urquhart as advocating positions similar to the Christian Right 218 Some members of the Conservative Party including Jacob Rees Mogg Nadine Dorries Matthew Offord and Peter Bone also support some of the values of the Christian right citation needed In the Philippines due to Spanish colonization and the introduction of the Catholic Church religious conservatism has a strong influence on national policies Some have argued that the U S Christian right may have roots in the Philippines 219 The Swiss Federal Democratic Union is a small conservative Protestant party with about 1 of the vote 220 In Scandinavia the Faroe Island s Centre Party is a bible oriented fundamentalist party with about 4 of the vote However the Norwegian Christian People s Party the Swedish Christian Democrats and Danish Christian Democrats are less religiously orthodox and are similar to mainstream European Christian Democracy In Fiji Sodelpa is a conservative nationalist party which seeks to make Christianity the state religion while the constitution makes Fiji a secular republic Following the 2014 general election Sodelpa is the main opposition party in Parliament In Mexico the interests of the Christian right are represented by different political organisations and civil associations The most notable case is the National Action Party a conservative party aligned with Christian Democratic ideas notably influenced by the Social teaching of the Catholic Church and which has held the presidency of Mexico twice The party s platform states strong opposition to abortion same sex marriage and the legalisation of drugs among many other conservative policies In addition prominent figures in the party have been linked to Catholic Church organisations The evangelical caucus albeit for a relatively short time was represented by the Social Encounter Party and the Solidarity Encounter Party the latter being the successor to the former Both parties were founded by Hugo Eric Flores who according to some sources was an evangelical minister before entering politics Initially statewide for Baja California Social Encounter came to govern that state in coalition with the National Action Party The party would later be officialised as a political party at the federal level Other organisations and associations adhering to the ideals of the Christian right include the Frente Nacional por la Familia the Organizacion del Bien Comun colloquially known as El Yunque and with close ties to the PAN and the Legionaries of Christ a Roman Catholic clerical religious order of priests and candidates for the priesthood established in Mexico In Brazil the evangelical caucus have a great influence at the parliament and in the society in general The bloc promotes strong socially conservative positions like opposition to abortion LGBT rights marijuana legalization sexual and gender education at schools and support to decrease of age of defense of infancy Except for left wing and far left parties with strong social progressive beliefs like Workers Party or Socialism and Liberty Party Christian conservatives can be found in all political parties of Brazil but nevertheless they are more common associated with parties like Social Democratic Party Democratas PSL Social Christian Party Brazilian Republican Party Patriota and in the Party of the Republic In 2016 Marcelo Crivella a licensed pentecostal pastor from the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God won in a runoff the election to mayor of Rio de Janeiro the second biggest city in Brazil with the Brazilian Republican Party making for the first time an evangelical bloc member mayor of a big city in Brazil In 2018 Jair Bolsonaro was elected president with massive support of conservative Catholics Charismatics Evangelicals and Pentecostals Another candidate Cabo Daciolo from Patriota attracted much attention from media and public in general despite a lower votation Both had a right wing populist Christian Nationalist program but Bolsonaro was near to a national conservative and economic liberal one contrasting with an Ultranationalist theocratic and protectionist style of Daciolo In Poland the Roman Catholic national conservative party Law and Justice can be considered to be a party of the Christian right 221 In Hungary the ruling national conservative party Fidesz can also be considered to be a party of the Christian right Viktor Orban is known for his use of conservative Christian values against immigration and the rise of Islam in Europe 222 223 The Christian right has a strong position in several Conservative parties worldwide although many members of these parties would also paradoxically strongly oppose such views citation needed Associated minor political parties EditSome minor political parties have formed as vehicles for Christian right activists Australian Christians Australia Christian Democratic Party Australia Christian Party of Austria Austria We Believe Bolivia Alliance for Brazil Brazil Patriota Brazil Christian Heritage Party Canada National Restoration Party Costa Rica Christian Democratic People s Party Hungary Kataeb Party Lebanon Christian Liberal Party South Korea Christian Values Party Sweden Federal Democratic Union Switzerland Reformed Political Party Netherlands Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path Nicaragua The Christians Norway Law and Justice Poland Alliance for the Union of Romanians Romania Christian Party United Kingdom Indian National Christian Party India Christian Liberty Party United States American Solidarity Party United States 224 Constitution Party United States 225 Prohibition Party United States Democratic Unionist Party United Kingdom Traditional Unionist Voice United Kingdom Christian Conservative Party a political party in Norway Conservative Christian Party BPF a political party in Belarus Groups Edit Roman Catholic Church social moral and cultural issues Traditionalist Catholicism Southern Baptist Convention Assemblies of God Presbyterian Church in America Lutheran Church Missouri Synod Continuing Anglicans Conservative evangelicalism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day SaintsSee also Edit Christianity portal Conservatism portalAlliance Defending Freedom American Center for Law amp Justice Bible Belt United States Bible Belt Netherlands Catholic Church and Nazi Germany Catholic Church and Nazi Germany during World War II Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Chalcedon Foundation Christian fascism Christian fundamentalism Christian Identity Christian nationalism Christian terrorism Christianity and violence Christian values Christian Zionism Clerical fascism Dominion theology Family values Liberty Institute Manhattan Declaration A Call of Christian Conscience National Catholicism Radical right United States Radical right Europe Religion and authoritarianism Theoconservatism Traditionalist Catholicism Traditionalist conservatism UstaseReferences Edit a b c d Gannon Thomas M July September 1981 The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions Paris Editions de l EHESS 26 52 1 69 83 doi 10 3406 assr 1981 2226 ISSN 0335 5985 JSTOR 30125411 a b c d Miller Steven P 2014 Left Right Born Again The Age of Evangelicalism America s Born Again Years New York Oxford University Press pp 32 59 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199777952 003 0003 ISBN 9780199777952 LCCN 2013037929 OCLC 881502753 a b c d Durham Martin 2000 The rise of the right The Christian Right the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism Manchester and New York Manchester University Press pp 1 23 ISBN 9780719054860 Sociology understanding a diverse society Margaret L Andersen Howard Francis Taylor Cengage Learning 2005 ISBN 978 0 534 61716 5 ISBN 978 0 534 61716 5 a b c Deckman Melissa Marie 2004 School Board Battles The Christian Right in Local Politics Washington D C Georgetown University Press p 48 ISBN 9781589010017 Retrieved April 10 2014 More than half of all Christian right candidates attend evangelical Protestant churches which are more theologically liberal A relatively large number of Christian Right candidates 24 percent are Catholics however when asked to describe themselves as either progressive liberal or traditional conservative Catholics 88 percent of these Christian right candidates place themselves in the traditional category a b Schweber Howard February 24 2012 The Catholicization of the American Right The Huffington Post Retrieved February 24 2012 In the past two decades the American religious Right has become increasingly Catholic I mean that both literally and metaphorically Literally Catholic writers have emerged as intellectual leaders of the religious right in universities the punditocracy the press and the courts promoting an agenda that at its most theoretical involves a reclamation of the natural law tradition of Thomas Aquinas and at its most practical involves appeals to the kind of common sense everybody knows or it just is arguments that have characterized opposition to same sex marriage Meanwhile in the realm of actual politics Catholic politicians have emerged as leading figures in the religious conservative movement a b Melissa Marie Deckman 2004 School Board Battles the Christian right in Local Politics Georgetown University Press Indeed such significant Christian Right leaders such as Pat Buchanan and Paul Weyrich are conservative Catholics Smith David Whitten Burr Elizabeth Geraldine 2007 Understanding World Religions A Road Map for Justice and Peace Rowman amp Littlefield p 106 ISBN 9780742550551 a b Palmer Randall Winner Lauren F 2005 2002 Protestants and Homosexuality Protestantism in America Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series New York Columbia University Press pp 149 178 ISBN 9780231111317 LCCN 2002023859 a b c Content Pages of the Encyclopedia of Religion and Social Science Archived from the original on March 3 2016 a b Williams 2010 pp 1 2 Trollinger William October 8 2019 Fundamentalism turns 100 a landmark for the Christian Right The Conversation ISSN 2201 5639 Archived from the original on May 7 2022 Retrieved July 3 2022 a b Green John C Silk Mark Spring 2005 Why Moral Values Did Count Religion in the News Archived from the original on January 23 2018 a b Edis Taner August 2020 Is There A Political Argument For Teaching Evolution Marburg Journal of Religion University of Marburg 22 2 1 26 doi 10 17192 mjr 2020 22 8304 ISSN 1612 2941 Retrieved July 20 2022 a b c d e McKeegan Michele Fall 1993 The politics of abortion A historical perspective Women s Health Issues Elsevier on behalf of the Jacobs Institute of Women s Health 3 3 127 131 doi 10 1016 S1049 3867 05 80245 2 ISSN 1878 4321 PMID 8274866 S2CID 36048222 a b c d Rozell Mark J Green John Clifford Jelen Ted G Rozell Mark J Wilcox Clyde 2003 The Christian Right in American Politics Marching to the Millennium Georgetown University Press p 258 ISBN 978 0 87840 393 6 The temperance movement is the clearly identifiable origin of the contemporary Christian Right in Maine The Maine Christian Civic League MCCL the principal Christian Right group in the state began as a temperance organization in a b Zubovich Gene July 17 2018 The Christian Nationalism of Donald Trump Religion and Politics Washington University in St Louis a b c Bowers Paige February 22 2009 Will the Recession Doom the Last Sunday Blue Laws Time Retrieved October 6 2020 Those states Georgia Connecticut Texas Alabama and Minnesota enjoy overwhelming voter support for an extra day of sales but face opposition from members of the Christian right who say that selling on Sunday undermines safety and tears apart families a b U M 6 new stem cell lines available for research Associated Press June 14 2012 permanent dead link a b c d e Herman Didi 1997 The Antigay Agenda Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right Chicago IL University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 32764 8 Retrieved September 20 2012 di Mauro Diane Joffe Carole March 1 2007 The religious right and the reshaping of sexual policy An examination of reproductive rights and sexuality education Sexuality Research amp Social Policy 4 1 67 92 doi 10 1525 srsp 2007 4 1 67 ISSN 1553 6610 S2CID 19893992 Bouma Gary D September 5 2018 Young people want sex education and religion shouldn t get in the way The Conversation Retrieved January 6 2022 a b Petersen David L 2005 Genesis and Family Values Journal of Biblical Literature 124 1 5 23 doi 10 2307 30040988 JSTOR 30040988 a b Kaplan George R May 1994 Shotgun Wedding Notes on Public Education s Encounter with the New Christian Right Phi Delta Kappan 75 9 Grant Wacker The Christian Right The Twentieth Century Divining America Religion in American History National Humanities Center Sarah Pulliam Phrase Religious Right Misused Conservatives Say Christianity Today Web only February 12 2009 Joireman Sandra F 2009 Anabaptism and the State An Uneasy Coexistence In Joireman Sandra F ed Church State and Citizen Christian Approaches to Political Engagement Oxford and New York Oxford University Press pp 73 91 ISBN 978 0 19 537845 0 LCCN 2008038533 S2CID 153268965 Archived from the original on November 25 2020 Retrieved February 26 2022 Dr Timothy Keller at the March 2013 Faith Angle Forum Ethics amp Public Policy Center Retrieved January 19 2023 Dreher Rod July 24 2014 What Is Traditional Christianity Anyway The American Conservative Retrieved January 19 2023 a b Boston Robert 2010 Why the Religious Right Is Wrong About Separation of Church and State Prometheus Books p 103 ISBN 9781615924103 Miller Patricia December 12 2016 Meet the New Christian Right Same as the Old Christian Right Religion Dispatches Archived from the original on February 3 2017 Retrieved February 2 2017 Ellis Blake A An Alternative Politics Texas Baptists and the Rise of the Christian Right 1975 1985 The Southwestern Historical Quarterly vol 112 no 4 2009 pp 361 86 JSTOR website Retrieved 5 May 2023 Cook Kimberly J Powell Chris 2003 Christianity and Punitive Mentalities A Qualitative Study Crime Law and Social Change 39 1 69 89 doi 10 1023 A 1022487430900 S2CID 142654351 a b c Republican Party Platforms Republican Party Platform of 1980 Archived from the original on December 19 2013 Retrieved December 19 2013 a b Jerome Himmelstein p 97 Spiritual Warfare The Politics of the Religious Right p 49 50 Sara Diamond South End Press Boston MA a b c d Martin William 1996 With God on Our Side The Rise of the Religious Right in America New York Broadway Books ISBN 978 0 553 06745 3 Williams 2010 p 3 Merriman Scott A Religion and the Law in America An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO 2007 Print In 1956 the United States changed its motto to In God We Trust in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism Williams 2010 p 5 Joel D Aberbach Gillian Peele Crisis of Conservatism The Republican Party the Conservative Movement and American Politics After Bush Oxford University Press Kristin E Heyer Mark J Rozell Michael A Genovese Catholics and Politics the Dynamic Tension between Faith and Power Georgetown University Press To summarize in the Republican Party many Catholic activists held conservative positions on key issues emphasized by Christian Right leaders and they said that they supported the political activities of some Christian Right candidates Perlstein Rick 2008 Nixonland The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America Simon and Schuster p 164 ISBN 978 0743243025 a b Reinhard David 1983 The Republican Right since 1945 Lexington KY University Press of Kentucky p 245 ISBN 978 0813114842 a b c Rozell Mark J Wilcox Clyde 1997 God at the Grass Roots 1996 The Christian Right in the American Elections Rowman amp Littlefield p 117 ISBN 9780847686117 Initially the abortion issue dominated the agenda of conservative Christians But as political context changed more issues were included Euthanasia the rights of homosexuals pornography sex education in schools charter and home schools and gambling have become issues of concern to the pro family movement Linda Wertheimer June 23 2006 Evangelical Religious Right Has Distorted the Faith NPR Archived from the original on February 2 2007 Retrieved January 31 2019 Layman Geoffrey C Green John C 2006 Wars and Rumors of Wars The Contexts of Cultural Conflict in American Political Behavior British Journal of Political Science 36 1 61 89 doi 10 1017 S0007123406000044 S2CID 144870729 a b c d Elaine Woo December 19 2008 Paul Weyrich religious conservative and ex president of Heritage Foundation dies at 66 Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on April 9 2015 Retrieved January 29 2015 Sara Diamond 1995 Roads to Dominion New York Guilford Press ISBN 978 0 89862 864 7 a b c Rossi Melissa May 29 2007 What Every American Should Know About Who s Really Running America Penguin ISBN 9781440621031 via Google Books Smidt Corwin E Penning James M 1997 Sojourners in the Wilderness The Christian Right in Comparative Perspective Rowman amp Littlefield p 51 ISBN 9780847686452 Perhaps the most prominent example of this was when the Archdiocese of New York joined forces with the Christian Coalition during the New York City school board elections in 1993 and allowed the distribution of Christian Coalition voter guides in Catholic parishes Micklethwait and Wooldridge The Right Nation 2005 111 Micklethwait and Wooldridge The Right Nation 2005 187 Dr Dobson I Cannot and Will Not Vote for McCain CitizenLink Archived from the original on March 12 2008 Retrieved December 26 2011 Moen Matthew C 1996 The Evolving Politics of the Christian Right PS Political Science and Politics 29 3 461 464 doi 10 1017 S104909650004508X JSTOR 420824 Charities Churches and Politics Internal Revenue Service Archived from the 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Jessica Smith Gregory A November 9 2016 How the faithful voted A preliminary 2016 analysis Pew Research Center Retrieved June 12 2019 Lovett Ian November 9 2016 Evangelicals Back Donald Trump in Record Numbers Despite Earlier Doubts The Wall Street Journal Retrieved June 12 2019 Rosin God s Harvard 2007 61 62 Haberman Aaron 2005 Into the Wilderness Ronald Reagan Bob Jones University and the Political Education of the Christian Right The Historian 67 2 234 253 doi 10 1111 j 1540 6563 2005 00111 x S2CID 143885519 Askin Steve February 1 1994 A new Rite conservative Catholic organizations and their allies Catholics for a Free Choice a b Anderson John September 19 2014 Conservative Christian Politics in Russia and the United States Routledge p 164 ISBN 9781317606635 Some Christian Right leaders established their own institutions such as Pat Robertson s Regents University and Jerry Falwell s Liberty University a b Diamond S 2000 Not by Politics Alone The Enduring Influence of the Christian right New York Guildford Press The Christian Coalition of America America s Leading Grassroots Organization Defending Our Godly Heritage The Christian Coalition of America 2006 lt http www cc org gt Spring Joel Political Agendas for Education From the Religious Right to the Green Party Second Edition Mahwah New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2002 a b Ciment James March 26 2015 Postwar America An Encyclopedia of Social Political Cultural and Economic History Routledge p 513 ISBN 9781317462354 Throughout the twentieth century many evangelicals accepted theistic evolution Some Christian right organizations supported the teaching of creationism along with evolution in public schools a b c Wilson J Matthew October 22 2007 From Pews to Polling Places Faith and Politics in the American Religious Mosaic Georgetown University Press p 178 ISBN 9781589013261 Among Catholics and Latinos who practice other religious traditions more than seven in ten support having organized prayer in public 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evolution is compatible with Christianity The Telegraph Archived from the original on January 12 2022 Our views The Church of England Jonathan Wynne Jones Religious Affairs Correspondent September 13 2008 Charles Darwin to receive apology from the Church of England for rejecting evolution The Telegraph Archived from the original on January 12 2022 Christianity in Evolution Archived from the original on February 24 2015 Retrieved February 24 2015 See Is the School House the Proper Place to Teach Raw Sex 1968 Also Janice M Irvine 2004 Talk about Sex The Battles Over Sex Education in the United States University of California Press p 74 ISBN 978 0 520 24329 3 Gilbert Herdt June 1 2009 Moral Panics Sex Panics Fear and the Fight Over Sexual Rights NYU Press ISBN 978 0 8147 3723 1 Irvine Janice M 2006 Emotional scripts of sex panics Sexuality Research and Social Policy 3 3 82 94 doi 10 1525 srsp 2006 3 3 82 ISSN 1868 9884 S2CID 144221306 Daniel Wallis October 30 2014 Arizona school board 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Christian Coalition and party activists more interested in fiscal policy foreign policy or simply winning office The Christian Right The Twentieth Century Divining America Religion in American History TeacherServe National Humanities Center Nationalhumanitiescenter org Retrieved December 26 2011 Pat Robertson The First Amendment PatRobertson com Jefferson s Letter to the Danbury Baptists Library of Congress Retrieved December 26 2011 ThinkExist com Quotations James Madison quotes Thinkexist com Retrieved December 26 2011 House Resolution 888 United States House of Representatives Bill Text 110th Congress 2007 2008 THOMAS Library of Congress December 18 2007 Archived from the original on October 14 2008 Retrieved January 25 2008 A Nonbeliever America is not founded upon Christianity but the Enlightenment Freethought mbdojo com Retrieved December 26 2011 Watkins Shanea The Mythical Wall of Separation How a Misused Metaphor Changed Church State Law Policy and Discourse The Heritage 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religion in a way that made it very clear what side of any political issue he believed God was on God had been very clearly opposed to the New Deal socialism of Franklin Roosevelt and God was equally opposed to the Great Society socialism of Lyndon Baines Johnson Andrew Himes The Sword of the Lord The Roots of Fundamentalism in an American Family Chiara Press 2011 ISBN 1453843752 p 271 Nathan Andrew Finn The Development of Baptist Fundamentalism in the South 1940 1980 ProQuest 2007 ISBN 0549371435 p 204 Christian Coalition of America Archived from the original on October 9 2004 Retrieved March 17 2008 Christian Coalition of America webarchive loc gov Archived from the original on October 9 2004 Retrieved March 4 2019 Stephen Spector Evangelicals and Israel the story of American Christian Zionism 2008 pp 23 49 Jan G Linn What s Wrong With The Christian Right 2004 p 27 Bump Philip May 14 2017 Half of evangelicals support Israel because they believe it is important for fulfilling end times prophecy The Washington Post Religious Landscape Study Pew Research Center s Religion amp Public Life Project Retrieved June 27 2022 Partial Birth Abortion Act of 2003 108th United States Congress 1st session Allen Wants Parents Notified Daily Press Archived May 11 2013 at the Wayback Machine Articles dailypress com April 9 1994 Retrieved on August 24 2013 Prudence Flowers A Prolife Disaster The Reagan Administration and the Nomination of Sandra Day O Connor Journal of Contemporary History 53 2 2018 391 414 a b Belluck Pam June 6 2012 Abortion Qualms on Morning After Pill May Be Unfounded The New York Times Marcotte Amanda January 6 2014 Catholic Groups Trying to Eliminate Coverage of Contraception No Matter Who Pays The latest court challenges to the birth control benefit show how much the fight against the contraception mandate is really about the Christian right trying to establish an employer s right to control your private sex life Rewire Retrieved February 2 2017 Shorto Russell May 7 2006 Contra Contraception The New York Times Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization Ballotpedia Retrieved June 27 2022 Exclusive Supreme Court has voted to overturn abortion rights draft opinion shows POLITICO May 2 2022 Retrieved June 27 2022 Rainey Clint January 4 2013 Is the Religious Right s Powerful Opposition to Drugs Finally Fading Slate Retrieved October 6 2020 a b Fetner Tina August 2001 Working Anita Bryant The Impact of Christian Anti Gay Activism on Lesbian and Gay Movement Claims Social Problems Oxford and New York Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social Problems 48 3 411 428 doi 10 1525 sp 2001 48 3 411 hdl 11375 21175 ISSN 1533 8533 S2CID 144876642 Bryant Anita Green Bob 1978 At Any Cost Grand Rapids Michigan US Fleming H Revell ISBN 9780800709402 Westengard Laura 2019 Monstrosity Melancholia Cannibalism and HIV AIDS Gothic Queer Culture Marginalized Communities and the Ghosts of Insidious Trauma Lincoln Nebraska University of Nebraska Press pp 99 103 ISBN 978 1 4962 0204 8 LCCN 2018057900 a b c Green Hohn 2006 Green John C Rozell Mark J Wilcox Clyde eds THE VALUES CAMPAIGN The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections Washington D C Georgetown University Press ISBN 978 1589011083 Douthat Ross et al The Let s Just Ban Everything Edition Political Gabfest Slate February 15 2018 Slate Start listening at 37 00 Lerner Michael 2006 The Left Hand of God book Harper Collins p 1 ISBN 978 0 06084247 5 Posner Sarah Amazing Disgrace New Republic March 20 2017 November 16 2017 Blow Charles M Moore Trump and the Right s New Religion The New York Times November 16 2017 November 16 2016 Johnson Paul 2005 Right wing rightist A Political Glossary Auburn University Archived from the original on August 19 2014 Retrieved October 23 2014 Bobbio Norberto and Allan Cameron Left and Right The Significance of a Political Distinction University of Chicago Press 1997 p 51 62 ISBN 978 0 226 06246 4 J E Goldthorpe An Introduction to Sociology Cambridge England UK Oakleigh Melbourne Australia New York City USA p 156 ISBN 0 521 24545 1 Petersen David L 2005 Genesis and Family Values Journal of Biblical Literature 124 1 Paul Edward Gottfried Conservatism in America Making Sense of the American Right p 13 The Religious Left Has a Numbers Problem by Frank Newport Gallup June 4 2019 retrieved May 5 2020 Stephen J Nichols Jesus Made in America A Cultural History from the Puritans to The Passion of the Christ pp 204 209 Westmont IL 2008 Shermer Michael July 21 2010 Was Jesus a Conservative or a Liberal Michael Shermer Skeptic True Slant Archived from the original on October 4 2012 Retrieved December 26 2011 Biography of Mikhail Gorbachev National Cold War Exhibition Trustees of the Royal Air Force Museum Retrieved August 10 2012 Olasky Marvin February 1 1994 The Tragedy of American Compassion Regnery Publishing ISBN 9780895267252 Retrieved March 3 2019 via Google Books Boyarin Daniel Itzkovitz Daniel Pellegrini Ann June 19 2012 Queer Theory and the Jewish Question Columbia University Press p 85 ISBN 9780231508957 Miller Patricia December 12 2016 Meet the New Christian Right Same as The Old Christian Right Religion Dispatches Retrieved May 17 2018 Star Parker February 3 2020 Faith Freed Clarence Thomas From Hate The National Interest Retrieved April 18 2020 Kevin D Williamson November 7 2019 The Gospel According to Kanye National Review Retrieved April 18 2020 Christine A Scheller May 31 2012 Talking Politics with Dr Tony Evans UrbanFaith com Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved April 18 2020 Evans God would never have endorsed what the culture is allowing regarding same sex marriage Interviewer Doesn t the combination of limited government and social conservatism just land you in the Republican party Evans No it doesn t because I believe that we have conservative blue dog Democrats who would hold to non abortion who would hold to the definition of a family as a man and a woman and who would at least hold to a smaller government than now exists Emily Belz October 5 2012 Vote your priorities World Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved April 18 2020 Evans makes clear he isn t endorsing anyone or any party but he s clear in his criticism of President Obama s positions on abortion and the family I will always prioritize the right to life Spending is totally out of control because government s doing more than it was designed to do The Bible makes no provision for the redefinition of marriage and the family other than the one that is prescribed in the Bible by God and Jesus to be between a man and a woman It is an illegitimate issue to accept or promote from a Christian standpoint Why TCPC Advocates Equal Rights for Gay and Lesbian People Archived from the original on February 12 2012 Equality for Gays and Lesbians December 1 2005 Archived from the original on September 19 2008 Bible amp Homosexuality Home Page Archived February 24 2015 at the Wayback Machine Pflagdetroit org December 11 1998 Retrieved on August 24 2013 Mundy David How Can Someone Be A Christian And A Homosexual Whosoever Archived from the original on April 21 2009 Alliance Defending Freedom Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved June 29 2021 a b Barron Bruce 1992 Heaven on Earth The Social amp Political Agendas of Dominion Theology Grand Rapids Mich Zondervan ISBN 0 310 53611 1 Davis Derek H and Hankins Barry 2003 New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America Baylor University Press Davidson Carl Harris Jerry 2006 Globalisation theocracy and the new fascism the US Right s rise to power Race and Class 47 3 47 67 doi 10 1177 0306396806061086 S2CID 143793920 Berlet Chip and Matthew N Lyons 2000 Right Wing Populism in America Too Close for Comfort New York Guilford Press Diamond Sara 1998 Not by Politics Alone The Enduring Influence of the Christian Right New York Guilford Press p 213 Ortiz Chris 2007 Gary North on D James Kennedy Archived October 11 2009 at the Wayback Machine Chalcedon Blog September 6 2007 Diamond Sara 1995 Roads to Dominion Right Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States New York Guilford Press ISBN 0 89862 864 4 Diamond Sara 1989 Spiritual Warfare The Politics of the Christian Right Boston South End Press In her early work Diamond sometimes used the term dominion theology to refer to this broader movement rather than to the specific theological system of Reconstructionism Clarkson Frederick 1994 Christian Reconstructionism Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence The Public Eye 8 Nos 1 amp 2 March June 1994 Clarkson Frederick 1997 Eternal Hostility The Struggle Between Theocracy and Democracy Monroe Maine Common Courage ISBN 1 56751 088 4 The Christian Right and the Rise of American Fascism By Chris Hedges Archived May 11 2008 at the Wayback Machine TheocracyWatch Hedges Chris May 2005 Feeling the hate with the National Religious Broadcasters Harper s Magazine Retrieved April 11 2007 Hedges Chris American Fascists The Christian Right and the War on America Free Press 2006 Goldberg Michelle 2006 Kingdom Coming The Rise of Christian Nationalism New York W W Norton ISBN 0 393 06094 2 10 ISBN 978 0 393 06094 2 13 Phillips Kevin 2006 American Theocracy The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion Oil and Borrowed Money in the 21st century ISBN 0 670 03486 X McCarraher Eugene 2006 Empire Falls Commonweal 133 9 May 5 2006 Yurica Katherine 2004 The Despoiling of America published February 11 2004 Archived September 28 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 3 2007 And also published in Toward a New Political Humanism edited by Barry F Seidman and Neil J Murphy Prometheus Books New York 2004 Yurica Katherine 2004 Blood Guilty Churches Archived September 30 2009 at the Wayback Machine January 19 2005 Retrieved October 6 2007 Yurica Katherine 2005 Yurica Responds to Stanley Kurtz Attack Archived September 28 2007 at the Wayback Machine May 23 2005 Retrieved October 6 2007 Maddox Marion 2005 God under Howard The Rise of the Religious Right in Australian Politics Allen amp Unwin Rudin James 2006 The Baptizing of America The Religious Right s Plans for the Rest of Us New York Thunder s Mouth Press Harris Sam 2007 God s dupes Los Angeles Times March 15 2007 Retrieved October 8 2007 The Rise of the Religious Right in the Republican Party Archived September 12 2008 at the Wayback Machine TheocracyWatch Last updated December 2005 URL accessed May 8 2006 a b Stanley Kurtz May 2 2005 Dominionist Domination The Left runs with a wild theory National Review Online Retrieved October 6 2007 Stanley Kurtz April 28 2005 Scary Stuff National Review Online Retrieved October 6 2007 Miller Lisa 2011 Dominionism beliefs among conservative Christians overblown Newsweek Published August 18 2011 Retrieved September 8 2011 Douthat Ross 2011 The New Yorker and Francis Schaeffer The New York Times Published August 29 2011 Retrieved September 11 2011 Carter Joe 2011 A Journalism Lesson for the New Yorker First Things Published August 10 2011 Retrieved August 19 2011 Pierce Jeremy 2011 Dominionismists First Things Published August 14 2011 Retrieved September 8 2011 Berlet Chip 2005 The Christian Right Dominionism and Theocracy Archived September 18 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 25 2007 Ellis Henican A spiritual olive branch for the far right faithful Archived October 6 2008 at the Wayback Machine Newsday May 1 2005 Reposted at YuricaReport com Retrieved September 23 2006 Diamond Sara 1995 Dominion Theology Z Magazine February 1995 Pastors Christian government not Jesus cause Anderson Independent Mail February 10 2007 Archived from the original on March 14 2012 Retrieved December 26 2011 Pastors don t embrace movement The State permanent dead link Pastors fret Christian group might be a threat StarNewsOnline com Curtis Patriotism Democracy and Common Sense 2005 p 126 Geiko Muller Fahrenholz America s battle for God a European Christian looks at civil religion 2007 p xviii Pettitt Robin T June 24 2014 Contemporary Party Politics Palgrave Macmillan p 66 ISBN 9781137412645 Again parties mobilised on religious grounds most notable in the form of Christian Democratic parties found in for example Germany but also sometimes to a lesser extent in much of the rest of Europe Christian Democratic parties are also found in Chile and Mexico It could be argued that the rise of the Christian right in the United States and its increased strength in the Republican Party is an example of this cleavage at work The Christian right in the United States is equally driven by the debate over the role of the state and the church in political social and moral life Harper reopens same sex marriage debate CBC TV November 30 2005 Retrieved February 29 2008 Harper declares same sex marriage issue closed CTV December 7 2006 Archived from the original on January 6 2007 Retrieved February 29 2008 a b Freston Paul 2008 The Changing Face of Christian Proselytization New Actors from the Global South In Hackett Rosalind I J ed Proselytization Revisited Rights Talk Free Markets and Culture Wars 1st ed New York and London Routledge pp 109 138 ISBN 9781845532284 LCCN 2007046731 Robbins Joel October 2004 Brenneis Don Strier Karen B eds The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity Annual Review of Anthropology Annual Reviews 33 117 143 doi 10 1146 annurev anthro 32 061002 093421 ISSN 1545 4290 JSTOR 25064848 S2CID 145722188 Corrales Javier January 17 2018 A Perfect Marriage Evangelicals and Conservatives in Latin America The New York Times Retrieved June 2 2018 a b c d Lissardy Gerardo La fuerza politica mas nueva como los evangelicos emergen en el mapa de poder en America Latina BBC Retrieved June 2 2018 Young Julia March 31 2013 The Church in Latin America Commonweal Retrieved June 2 2018 Christianity and Conflict in Latin America Pew Research Center April 6 2006 Retrieved June 2 2018 Haynes Naomi March 2012 Pentecostalism and the morality of money Prosperity inequality and religious sociality on the Zambian Copperbelt PDF Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Wiley Blackwell on behalf of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18 1 123 139 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9655 2011 01734 x ISSN 1467 9655 JSTOR 41350810 S2CID 142926682 Archived PDF from the original on July 18 2018 Retrieved November 25 2021 Smith Daniel J March 2021 The Pentecostal prosperity gospel in Nigeria Paradoxes of corruption and inequality Journal of Modern African Studies Cambridge Cambridge University Press 59 1 103 122 doi 10 1017 S0022278X2000066X ISSN 1469 7777 LCCN 2001 227388 OCLC 48535892 PMC 10312994 PMID 37398918 S2CID 232223673 Alan J Day Political parties of the world 2002 p 343 a b Robinson Geoffrey April 12 2018 Why the Australian Christian right has weak political appeal The Conversation Retrieved September 14 2022 Mackerras N R M 1958 Why the DLP Exists Australian Institute of Policy and Science 30 4 30 34 via JSTOR Parliament of Australia 2022 The Democratic Labor Party an overview www aph gov au Retrieved September 14 2022 Schneiders Royce Millar Ben May 1 2015 Why is the union that represents supermarket workers stopping gay marriage The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved September 14 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Retail and Fast Food Workers Union SDA Facts Retail and Fast Food Workers Union Archived from the original on September 14 2022 Retrieved September 14 2022 Denton lashes out at Catholic force blocking euthanasia laws ABC News August 10 2016 Retrieved September 14 2022 Parliament of Australia Hon Tony Burke MP www aph gov au Retrieved September 14 2022 Fred Nile Fred Nile Autobiography Sydney Strand Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 876825 79 0 Sandeman John August 9 2019 CDP crisis meeting for Fred Nile s party Eternity News www eternitynews com au Retrieved September 14 2022 Lim Anne July 16 2019 Christian Democrats regrets they have a few Eternity News www eternitynews com au Retrieved September 14 2022 Sandeman John March 1 2022 Winding up order issued for Christian Democratic party Eternity News www eternitynews com au Retrieved September 14 2022 Sandeman John May 19 2022 Fred Nile joins a new party and introduces an Aboriginal rights bill Eternity News www eternitynews com au Retrieved September 14 2022 Bernardi s Australian Conservatives to merge with Family First ABC News April 25 2017 Retrieved September 14 2022 Christianity and the LNP Brisbane Times February 8 2012 Andrew Vincent Modern Political Ideologies John Wiley amp Sons 2009 ISBN 1405154950 p 325 Richard P Davis Mirror Hate the Convergent Ideology of Northern Ireland paramilitaries 1966 1992 Dartmouth 1994 ISBN 1855215586 p 80 Kentish Ben June 10 2017 Conservative LGBT activists raise fears over DUP s appalling record on gay rights The Independent Archived from the original on June 26 2017 Retrieved June 11 2017 Karen Armstrong A History of God the 4000 year quest of Judaism Christianity and Islam Ballantine Books 1994 p 390 Nadal Kevin 2011 Filipino American Psychology A Handbook of Theory Research and Clinical Practice John Wiley amp Sons p 42 ISBN 9781118019771 Retrieved August 22 2014 Alan J Day Political parties of the world 2002 p 449 Coman Julian October 5 2019 Family faith flag the religious right and the battle for Poland s soul The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Walker Shaun July 14 2019 Orban deploys Christianity with a twist to tighten grip in Hungary The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Wylesol Sarah Posner George March 15 2019 Is Authoritarian Europe Becoming the New Hope of the Religious Right Vice An Interview with David Frost and Kirk Morrison Christian Democracy Retrieved June 23 2016 There is a growing movement of people who adhere to Catholic Social Teaching and because of that find that they cannot find a home with either of the two major political parties in the United States Their answer has been to form a political party based on Christian democratic principles The name they have chosen is American Solidarity Party Kirk you have an article that will go into the first issue of Christian Democracy along with this interview Christian democracy has been described as conservative on social issues and liberal on economic issues Constitution Party National Platform Constitution Party com 2012 Retrieved September 15 2012 Further reading Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Christian right Boston Rob 2000 Close Encounters with the Religious Right Journeys into the Twilight Zone of Religion and Politics Prometheus Books ISBN 978 1 57392 797 0 Boyd James H Politics and the Christian Voter Brown Ruth Murray 2002 For a Christian America A History of the Religious Right Amherst NY Prometheus Books ISBN 978 1 573 92973 8 Bruns Roger A 2002 Preacher Billy Sunday and Big Time American Evangelism University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 07075 4 Compton John W 2020 The End of Empathy Why White Protestants Stopped Loving Their Neighbors Oxford University Press Diamond Sara 1995 Roads to Dominion Right Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States New York Guilford ISBN 0 89862 864 4 Dowland Seth Family Values and the Rise of the Christian Right University of Pennsylvania Press 2015 Gloege Timothy 2015 Guaranteed Pure The Moody Bible Institute Business and the Making of Modern Evangelicalism The University of North Carolina Press ISBN 1469621010 Green John C James L Guth and Kevin Hill 1993 Faith and Election The Christian right in Congressional Campaigns 1978 1988 The Journal of Politics 55 1 February 80 91 Green John C The Christian Right and the 1994 Elections A View from the States PS Political Science and Politics Vol 28 No 1 Mar 1995 pp 5 8 in JSTOR Himmelstein Jerome L 1990 To The Right The Transformation of American Conservatism University of California Press Kruse Kevin M One Nation Under God How Corporate America Invented Christian America Basic Books 2015 ISBN 0465049494 Marsden George Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism Marsh Charles Wayward Christian Soldiers Freeing the Gospel from Political Captivity New York Oxford University Press 2007 Martin William 1996 With God on Our Side The Rise of the Religious Right in America New York Broadway Books ISBN 0 7679 2257 3 Micklethwait John Wooldridge Adrian 2004 The Right Nation Conservative Power in America New York City Penguin Books ISBN 978 1 59420 020 5 Noll Mark 1989 Religion and American Politics From the Colonial Period to the 1980s Noll Mark and Rawlyk George Amazing Grace Evangelicalism in Australia Canada Britain Canada and the United States Montreal McGill Queens University Press 1994 ISBN 0 7735 1214 4 O Donnell Jonathon September 2020 Stausberg Michael Engler Steven eds The deliverance of the administrative state Deep state conspiracism charismatic demonology and the post truth politics of American Christian nationalism Religion Taylor amp Francis 50 4 696 719 doi 10 1080 0048721X 2020 1810817 ISSN 1096 1151 S2CID 222094116 Preston Andrew Bruce J Schulman and Julian E Zelizer eds Faithful Republic Religion and Politics in Modern America University of Pennsylvania Press 2015 viii 213 pp Essays by scholars Ribuffo Leo P 1983 The Old Christian right The Protestant Far Right from the Great Depression to the Cold War Philadelphia Temple University Press ISBN 0 87722 598 2 Shields Jon A Framing the Christian Right How Progressives and Post War Liberals Constructed the Religious Right Journal of Church and State 53 Autumn 2011 635 55 Smith Jeremy Adam 2007 Living in the Gap The Ideal and Reality of the Christian Right Family The Public Eye Winter 2007 08 Wald Kenneth 2003 Religion and Politics in the United States Wilcox Clyde Onward Christian Soldiers The Religious Right in American Politics survey by two neutral scholars Williams Daniel K 2010 God s Own Party The Making of the Christian Right Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 534084 6 Wills Garry 1990 Under God Religion and American Politics New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 671 65705 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christian right amp oldid 1165799022, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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