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Brothers of Italy

February 15, 2024

For the Italian national anthem, see Il Canto degli Italiani.
"FdI" redirects here. For other uses, see FDI.

Brothers of Italy (Italian: Fratelli d'Italia,[b] FdI) is a national-conservative[2][3] and right-wing populist[4][5][6][7] political party in Italy, the country's largest after the 2022 Italian general election.[8][9] The party is led by Giorgia Meloni,[10][11] the incumbent Prime Minister of Italy.[12][13] According to observers, Meloni's has been the "most right-wing" republican government, thus since World War II.[14][15][16]

Brothers of Italy
Fratelli d'Italia
AbbreviationFdI
PresidentGiorgia Meloni
CoordinatorGiovanni Donzelli [it]
Founders
Founded21 December 2012; 11 years ago (2012-12-21)
Split fromThe People of Freedom
HeadquartersVia della Scrofa 39, Rome
NewspaperLa Voce del Patriota
Student wingStudent Action
University Action
Youth wingNational Youth
Membership (2021)130,000[1]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
National affiliationCentre-right coalition
European affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party
European Parliament group
Colours  Blue
Chamber of Deputies
118 / 400
Senate[a]
66 / 200
European Parliament
10 / 76
Regional Councils
128 / 896
Conference of Regions
2 / 21
Website
fratelli-italia.it

In December 2012, FdI emerged from a right-wing split within The People of Freedom (PdL) party.[17] The bulk of FdI's membership (including Meloni, who has led the party since 2014), and its symbol, the tricolour flame,[18] hail from the post-fascist National Alliance (AN), which was established in 1995 and merged into PdL in 2009.[19] AN was the successor to the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a neo-fascist party active from 1946 to 1995.[20][21][22][23][24] However, FdI is home also to several former Christian Democrats[25][26] and half of its ministers are not former MSI members.[27][28]

According to Meloni and leading members, FdI is a mainstream conservative party.[29][30] Academics and observers have variously described it as conservative,[31][32] national-conservative, right-wing populist, social-conservative,[33] nationalist,[34][35] neo-fascist,[36][32] post-fascist,[37] nativist[38][39] and anti-immigrant.[4][6] The party espouses a Eurosceptic position,[31][40] while being in favour of Atlanticism.[31][41] While its MEPs were originally affiliated with the European People's Party Group, the party has since been a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, which has been led by Meloni since 2020.[42][43] FdI proposes a "confederal Europe" of nations as opposed to a "federal Europe".[44][45][46]

History

Background and foundation

In November 2012, Ignazio La Russa and Maurizio Gasparri, leaders of the Protagonist Right, a faction within The People of Freedom (PdL), announced their support for Angelino Alfano in the party primary scheduled for December.[47] The subsequent cancellation of the primary was not agreed with by La Russa and many others in the party. On 16 December 2012, Giorgia Meloni, Fabio Rampelli, Guido Crosetto, and Giuseppe Cossiga organised in Rome the Primaries of Ideas,[48] in which they openly criticised Silvio Berlusconi's leadership and any possible prospect of an electoral alliance with Prime Minister Mario Monti, proposed by some leading factions of the party, among them Liberamente, Network Italy, Reformism and Freedom, Liberal Populars, New Italy, and FareItalia.[49][50]

On 17 December 2012, La Russa, one of the three PdL national coordinators, announced he was leaving the party to form the "National Centre-right" (Centrodestra Nazionale), including not just right-wingers but also Christian democrats and liberals from Forza Italia (FI) such as Crosetto and Cossiga.[51] The split from the PdL was agreed with Berlusconi to better represent the Italian right and offer an appealing choice to right-wing voters.[51] Simultaneously, Crosetto and Meloni announced the formation of "Brothers of Italy", whose name was taken from the first line of the Italian national anthem.[52] On 21 December, the two groups, formed mainly by former members of National Alliance such as La Russa, Meloni, Rampelli, Massimo Corsaro, Viviana Beccalossi, and Alfredo Mantica, joined forces as "Brothers of Italy – National Centre-right",[53] usually shortened to Brothers of Italy (FdI). La Russa's followers soon formed their own groups in most regional councils, starting with the Regional Council of Lombardy,[54] and the Senate of the Republic.[55] Carlo Fidanza and Marco Scurria, MEPs in the European People's Party group, also joined the party.[56]

2013 general election and aftermath

In the 2013 Italian general election, the party obtained 2.0% of the vote and won nine seats in the Chamber of Deputies.[57] On 5 March 2013, the party's executive board appointed La Russa president, Crosetto coordinator, and Meloni leader in the Chamber of Deputies. During the 2013 Italian presidential election's fourth ballot on 19 April, FdI decided to support Franco Marini, a Democratic Party (PD) member supported also by PdL and Lega Nord (LN). Following the unsuccessful outcome of the vote, FdI started voting for colonel Sergio De Caprio, known for having arrested Sicilian Mafia boss Salvatore Riina.[58] On 29 April, Meloni announced in the Chamber of Deputies the party's vote of no confidence for Enrico Letta's government, supported by PD, PdL, and Civic Choice.[59]

In September 2013, FdI launched "Workshop for Italy" (Officina per l'Italia, abbr. OpI), a political initiative aimed at broadening the party's base.[60] The newly formed OpI's political committee, led by Cossiga, included, among others, former minister of Foreign Affairs Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata, former members of AN (notably including Gianni Alemanno, Mario Landolfi, Sergio Berlato, Adolfo Urso, and Souad Sbai), former members of FI (including former Socialists like Giulio Tremonti and Antonio Guidi, and former Christian Democrats like Fabio Garagnani), former members of the Union of the Centre (Magdi Allam and Luciano Ciocchetti), and a former member of the LN (Oreste Rossi).[61] Alemanno's Italy First and Urso's FareItalia were to join FdI by February 2014.[62][63]

National Alliance Foundation

 
Giorgia Meloni and Guido Crosetto in 2014

In December 2013, the National Alliance Foundation, the association in charge of administering the assets of the defunct party, authorised FdI, supported by Alemanno and Urso, to use the logo of AN in the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy,[64] despite opposition from the Movement for National Alliance alternative front composed of The Right, Future and Freedom, Tricolour Flame, I the South, and New Alliance,[65] as well as the former members of AN who had joined FI like senators Maurizio Gasparri and Altero Matteoli.[66]

In February 2014, the party organised a primary in which members and supporters agreed to change the party's name to Brothers of Italy – National Alliance, chose the new symbol, including in small AN's one, and re-elected Meloni as president.[67] During the party's first congress in March 2014, FdI ratified the primary's outcomes; the congress also voted for the party to leave the European People's Party Group in the European Parliament and adopt Eurosceptic positions.[68][69] In the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, FdI obtained 3.7% of the vote and no seats, while doing well in Central and Southern Italy, especially in Lazio (5.6%), Umbria (5.4%), Abruzzo (4.7%), and Campania (4.5%), as well as in north-eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia (4.4%).[70]

During an assembly of the association in October 2015, the representatives of FdI, supported by former AN heavyweights who had remained in the PdL, won a decisive vote over a front led by Alemanno, who had left FdI earlier, joined forces with former allies of Gianfranco Fini and wanted to form a larger party, including FdI, which retained the use of AN's name and symbol, while Alemanno announced that he would create a Movement for the United Right.[71][72]

Road to the 2018 general election

In November 2015, it was announced that the party would undergo a new process of enlargement and that a new political committee, named Our Land (TN), would be launched by January 2016. TN would comprise FdI, along with other right-wing politicians, notably including Cossiga (former deputy of FI and founding member of FdI), Alberto Giorgetti (a deputy of FI, who was long a member of AN) and Walter Rizzetto (deputy of Free Alternative, originally elected with the Five Star Movement).[73][74][75] In March 2016, Rizzetto officially joined FdI and it was announced that the party's group in the Chamber would be renamed Brothers of Italy–Our Land.[76][77][78] The name change never happened, but the party's enlargement continued with the switch of two deputies from FI.[79]

In the 2016 Rome municipal election, Meloni ran for mayor with the support of Us with Salvini but in competition with the candidate supported by FI. Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice than FI's candidate, but did not qualify for the run-off, while FdI obtained 12.3%.[80] In the 2017 Sicilian regional election, Nello Musumeci, a conservative close to the party,[81][82] was elected president of Sicily.[83]

During the party's second congress in December 2017, Meloni was re-elected president, the party was renamed simply Brothers of Italy, and a new symbol was unveiled. In the event, FdI welcomed several newcomers, notably including Daniela Santanchè and Bruno Mancuso,[84] respectively from FI and Popular Alternative (AP).[85][86][87] Mancuso became the party's third senator after Stefano Bertacco,[88] as well as Bartolomeo Amidei,[89] had previously switched from FI. Additionally, Crosetto and Urso returned to an active role in the party.[90] Finally, Alessandro Urzì led the Alto Adige in the Heart party into FdI.[91]

 
Meloni (left) with Matteo Salvini (centre) and Silvio Berlusconi (right) at the Quirinal Palace after the 2018 election

2018 general election and aftermath

In the 2018 Italian general election, as part of the centre-right coalition,[92] FdI obtained 4.4% of the vote and won more than three times the seats won in 2013.[93] In November 2018, in the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election in Italy, the party agreed to join the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament,[94][95] opening the way for a pact with other minor conservative parties in Italy, notably including Raffaele Fitto's Direction Italy.[96][97] On 29 October 2019, Raffaele Fitto's party Direction Italy officially merged into FdI,[98] and on 7 December 2019 the National Movement for Sovereignty of Roberto Menia and Gianni Alemanno merged into FdI,[99] In 2020, other minor right-wing parties, such as Gabriella Peluso's Protagonist South and Lorenzo Loiacono's Right Bank, also merged into FdI.[100][101]

Party member Marco Marsilio won 48.0% of the vote in the 2019 Abruzzo regional election and became FdI's first regional president on 10 February.[102] Since governing the region, which ranked as the ninth-worst region by number of deaths per capita during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, critics said undermined access to abortion and privatised health care, FdI has made it harder for migrants to access social housing. Meloni reclaimed this by saying that "Italians first is not just a slogan."[103] For the 2019 European Parliament election, FdI recruited several candidates, including five outgoing MEPs (two of Direction Italy, plus three more recent splinters from FI: Fabrizio Bertot, Stefano Maullu, and Elisabetta Gardini), other former FI politicians (Alfredo Antoniozzi and Monica Stefania Baldi), and sociologist Francesco Alberoni.[104] FdI obtained 6.4% of the vote (10.3% in Calabria, 9.0% in Lazio, 8.9% in Apulia, and 8.4% in Basilicata) and five MEPs.[105][106]

For the 2022 Italian presidential election on 24–29 January, FdI voted Carlo Nordio when all the other main parties proposed a re-election of incumbent president Sergio Mattarella.[107][108][109] In April 2022, the party organised a large convention in Milan, to discuss its political program and start the campaign for the next general election.[110][111]

Road to the 2022 general election

 
FdI volunteers canvassing in Cascina, Tuscany, three days before the 2022 general election; on the right Claudio Borghi Aquilini (League)

Heading into the 2022 Italian general election rising in the polls,[112][113][114] a snap election that was called after the 2022 Italian government crisis,[115][116] it was agreed among the centre-right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would be put forward as the prime minister candidate.[117] As of July 2022, FdI was the first party in the coalition according to opinion polling,[118][119] and she was widely expected to become Prime Minister of Italy if the centre-right coalition obtained an absolute majority in Parliament, which would be the most right-wing government in the history of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[120]

In an attempt to moderate the party to placate fears among those who describe FdI as neo-fascist or far-right,[121] including fears within the European Commission that she could lead Italy towards Hungary under Viktor Orbán,[122] Meloni told the foreign press that Italian fascism is history. As president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, she said she shared the experiences and values of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, Likud in Israel, and the Republican Party in the United States.[123][124]

2022 general election and aftermath

 
Giorgia Meloni at the Quirinal Palace accepting the task of forming a new government

In the run-up to the election, several politicians previously affiliated with Berlusconi's FI joined the FdI electoral lists.[125][126] Notably, they included Giulio Tremonti (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former finance minister),[127] Marcello Pera (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former president of the Senate), Antonio Guidi (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former family and social solidarity minister), Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata (former foreign affairs minister, honorary president of the PRT),[128] Carlo Nordio (former prosecutor, member of the PLI),[129] and Eugenia Roccella (a former Radical and feminist who later turned into a conservative feminist),[130] among others.[131] A general election candidate was sacked after praising Adolf Hitler.[132] While he remained a candidate, FdI removed its symbol from his candidature;[133] he was elected in the single-district constituency of Agrigento, Sicilia with 37.8% of the vote.[134] In one of Rome's single-seat constituencies, Ester Mieli, a former spokesperson of the local Jewish community and granddaughter of a Holocaust survivor,[135] was elected with 37.5% of the vote.[136][137]

In a record-low voter turnout election,[138] exit polls projected that the centre-right coalition would win a majority of seats in the 2022 general election.[30][139][140] Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election with FdI receiving a plurality of seats,[141] and per agreement with the centre-right coalition, which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the next prime minister,[142] she is the favourite to become Prime Minister and would be the country's first woman to hold the office.[143][144] On 13 October, the new parliamentary term started and FdI's La Russa was elected President of the Senate of the Republic;[145] he is the first politician with a neo-fascist background and to come from a post-fascist party to hold the position, which is the second highest-ranking office of the Italian Republic.[146][147][148]

After customary talks among the parties and the president, Sergio Mattarella, as part of the 2022 Italian government formation on 20–21 October,[149][150] Meloni accepted the task of forming a new government and announced the Meloni government, which assumed official functions after each ministers were sworn in on 22 October.[151][152] It was variously described as a shift to the political right,[153] and the first far-right-led coalition, as well as its first far-right leader,[154][155][156] since the Second World War.[157][158] Other than Meloni, the government included 9 FdI ministers, notably including Nordio at Justice, Crosetto at Defense, and Urso at Economic Development.[28] The Meloni government successfully won the confidence votes on 25–26 October with a comfortable majority in both houses of the Italian Parliament.[159][160][161]

During the annual party convention, named after Michael Ende's character Atreju, which took place in December 2023, international guests included British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama, Spanish right-wing leader Santiago Abascal and businessman Elon Musk.[162][163][164]

Ideology and factions

Academics and political commentators have variously described FdI's political position as right-wing,[165][166][167] radical right,[38][168] as well as far-right.[169][170][171] The party has been characterised as conservative,[31][32] national-conservative,[2][172][3][173] right-wing populist,[4][5][6] social-conservative,[33] nationalist,[34][35][174] neo-fascist,[36][32] post-fascist,[37][175][176] nativist[38][39] and anti-immigrant.[4][6] Although FdI rejects the "neo-fascist" label, it has been applied due to the party's history dating back to the Italian Social Movement (MSI),[177] its far-right ties,[178][179][180] its appeal to neo-fascist themes on social media like Facebook,[181] and some party leaders' nostalgia for Italian fascism,[182][183][184][185] including Roman salutes.[186] Some party members have celebrated Benito Mussolini, with fascist memorabilia in some local offices.[187][188][189] Some members of the Mussolini family have run for FdI, such as Rachele Mussolini, granddaughter of Mussolini, for the City Council of Rome, and Caio Giulio Cesare Mussolini, great-grandson of Mussolini, for the 2019 European Parliament election.[190]

In 2019, academic Đorđe Sredanović placed FdI, along with the neo-fascist parties CasaPound (a split from Tricolour Flame, which refused to join the National Alliance) and New Force (FN) from the Terza Posizione tradition, in the post-fascist/neo-fascist categories.[191] In October 2021, FdI distanced itself from FN after they violently assaulted the labour union Italian General Confederation of Labour's headquarters; the party abstained on a parliamentary motion to ban FN while condemning "all totalitarianisms". A December 2021 investigation by Fanpage.it on allegations of money laundering and illicit campaign financing also revealed FdI had ties with neo-Nazis in the Milan party section.[192] Meloni told Corriere della Sera there were no "nostalgic fascists, racists or antisemites in the Brothers of Italy DNA" and that she had always got rid of "ambiguous people",[124] and in other interviews she said there was no place for fascist nostalgia in FdI.[18] Critics have been sceptical, citing Meloni's speeches on immigration and LGBT rights.[124]

In regards to social issues, the party opposes euthanasia and abortion. It also has been described as being strictly "anti-gay marriage" and supporting the "traditional family unit".[193] The party collaborates with anti-abortion and anti-LGBTQ+ movements.[194] FdI calls for a zero-tolerance policy on illegal immigration and wants to blockade migrants from reaching Italian ports and boost the birth rate of Italian nationals to ease the need for migrant labour.[195] FdI, frequently described as Eurosceptic,[31][40][196] aims at a "confederal Europe" of sovereign nations as opposed to a "federal Europe",[44][45][46] and wants to "re-discuss" European Union treaties and amend Italy's constitution to give Italian law priority over European law,[195][197] Once in favour of withdrawing from the eurozone,[198][199] the party abandoned the idea.[200][201] Prior to the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the party was in favour of better relations with Russia while maintaining a pro-NATO stance.[31] Since then, it has condemned the invasion and promised to send arms to Ukraine,[202] and Meloni moved the party towards Atlantism.[41][203][204] Besides being a leading member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, FdI has ties with the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, Likud in Israel,[205] and the Republican Party in the United States, where Meloni has been a guest at the CPAC Conference in February 2022.[206]

FdI had several organised internal factions, including a minor liberal-conservative faction,[207] among them:

Alemanno and Poli Bortone left FdI, along with their factions, in December 2014 and April 2015, respectively.[208][209] In December 2019, Alemanno returned through the MNS.[210]

Election results

Main article: Electoral history of Italian parties § Brothers of Italy

Italian Parliament

Election Leader Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic
Votes % Seats +/– Position Votes % Seats +/– Position
2013 Giorgia Meloni 666,035 1.9
9 / 630
 New 8th 590,083 1.9
0 / 315
 New 7th
2018 1,429,550 4.4
32 / 630
   23   5th 1,286,606 4.3
18 / 315
   18   5th
2022 7,302,517 26.0
119 / 400
   87   1st 7,167,136 26.0
66 / 200
   48   1st

European Parliament

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position
2014 Giorgia Meloni 1,004,037 3.7
0 / 73
 New 7th
2019 1,726,189 6.4
6 / 76
   6   5th

Regional councils

Region Election year Votes % Seats +/− Status in legislature
Aosta Valley 2020 Joint list with Forza Italia
0 / 35
   0 No seats
Piedmont 2019 105,410 (5th) 5.5
2 / 51
   1 Majority
Lombardy 2023 725,402 (1st) 25.2
22 / 80
   19 Majority
South Tyrol 2023 16,747 (5th) 6.0
2 / 35
   1
TBD
Trentino 2023 28,714 (3rd) 12.4
5 / 35
   5 Majority
Veneto 2020 196,310 (4th) 9.5
5 / 51
   4 Majority
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2023 71,503 (2nd) 18.1
8 / 49
   6 Majority
Emilia-Romagna 2020 185,796 (3rd) 8.6
3 / 50
   2 Opposition
Liguria 2020 68,062 (4th) 10.9
3 / 50
   2 Majority
Tuscany 2020 219,165 (3rd) 13.5
4 / 41
   3 Opposition
Marche 2020 116,231 (3rd) 18.7
8 / 31
   7 Majority
Umbria 2019 43,443 (3rd) 10.4
2 / 21
   1 Majority
Lazio 2023 519,633 (1st) 33.6
22 / 51
   19 Majority
Abruzzo 2019 38,894 (5th) 6.5
3 / 31
   3 Majority
Molise 2018 6,461 (5th) 4.5
1 / 21
 – Majority
Campania 2020 140,918 (5th) 6.0
4 / 51
   2 Opposition
Apulia 2020 211,693 (2nd) 12.6
7 / 51
   7 Opposition
Basilicata 2019 17,112 (6th) 5.9
1 / 21
 – Majority
Calabria 2021 66,277 (3rd) 8.7
4 / 31
   4 Majority
Sicily 2022 282,345 (1st) 15.1
13 / 70
   10 Majority
Sardinia 2019 33,423 (7th) 4.7
3 / 60
   2 Majority
  1. ^ Three senators sit within the Civics of Italy–Us Moderates group.
  2. ^ Named after the first line of the Italian national anthem.

Leadership

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Sondaggi a picco? Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo. Invece Fratelli d'Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve". La Notizia (in Italian). 6 April 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b Papakostas & Pasamitros 2016, p. 32.
  3. ^ a b Taube, Friedel (30 August 2018). "Women increasingly drawn to right-wing populist parties, study shows". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d "Berlusconi im Wahlkampf" [Berlusconi in the election campaign]. ZDF (in German). 1 February 2018. from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  5. ^ a b Rooduijn, Matthijs; van Kessel, Stijn; Froio, Caterina; Pirro, Andrea; de Lange, Sarah; Halikiopoulou, Daphne; Lewis, Paul; Mudde, Cas; Taggart, Paul (8 April 2019). "The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe". The PopuList. from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d Zulianello, Mattia (April 2020). "Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries". Government and Opposition. 55 (2): 327–347. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21. hdl:11368/3001222. S2CID 200013354.
  7. ^ Baldini, Gianfranco; Tronconi, Filippo; Angelucci, Davide (10 January 2023). "Yet Another Populist Party? Understanding the Rise of Brothers of Italy". South European Society and Politics. 27 (3): 385–405. doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2159625. ISSN 1360-8746. S2CID 255770470.
  8. ^ Winfield, Nicole (26 September 2022). "How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  9. ^ D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole; Zampano, Giada (27 September 2022). "First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  10. ^ Kington, Tom (25 July 2022). "Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy". The Times. Rome. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  11. ^ Kirby, Jen (24 September 2022). "The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere". Vox. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  12. ^ "Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 21 October 2022. from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  13. ^ Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (21 October 2022). "Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  14. ^ Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah (25 September 2022). "Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini". Politico. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  15. ^ Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  16. ^ "Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  17. ^ Roberts, Hannah (3 August 2022). "Italy confronts its fascist past as the right prepares for power". Politico Europe. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  18. ^ a b Roberts, Hannah (10 August 2022). "I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader". Politico Europe. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  19. ^ "Fratelli d'Italia riaccende la 'fiamma'. Nel nuovo logo i simboli di Msi e An" [Brothers of Italy rekindles the 'flame'. In the new logo, the symbols of Msi and An] (in Italian). TGcom24. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  20. ^ [Brothers of Italy: where the Italian right goes] (in Italian). I Mille. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  21. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1 January 2022). "Antifascist after Fascism". First Things (January 2022). Retrieved 28 September 2022. The Movimento Sociale Italiano, a significant minority party, once seemed the best candidate for neofascism, but moderated and mutated continuously to win votes. By the 1990s it had morphed into the Alleanza Nazionale, a relatively standard and anodyne center-right parliamentary group.
  22. ^ Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016, p. 36; Kuhar & Paternotte 2017; Russell 2019.
  23. ^ Carlo, Andrea (20 June 2022). "Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy's next prime minister?". Euronews. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  24. ^ Ciucci, Chiara (13 August 2022). "Dall'Msi a Fratelli d'Italia, passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi: storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni" [From MSI to Brothers of Italy, passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi: the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  25. ^ Fraschilla, Antonio (26 August 2022). "La caccia al centro di Giorgia Meloni per nascondere la "matrice": la rete degli ex Dc in Fratelli d'Italia". L'Espresso (in Italian). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
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  27. ^ FdI is represented in the Meloni government by Prime Minister Meloni and nine ministers, five of whom were never MSI members: Carlo Nordio (a former prosecutor and a former Liberal), Guido Crosetto (a former Christian Democrat), Daniela Santanchè (who entered politics with AN), Raffaele Fitto (a former Christian Democrat) and Eugenia Roccella (a former Radical, more recently affiliated with Catholic movements).
  28. ^ a b Gagliardi, Andrea (21 October 2022). "Nasce il governo Meloni: ecco chi sono tutti i ministri". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  29. ^ "Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise". Reuters. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
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Bibliography

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External links

  • Official website (in Italian)

February 15, 2024
brothers, italy, italian, national, anthem, canto, degli, italiani, redirects, here, other, uses, italian, fratelli, italia, national, conservative, right, wing, populist, political, party, italy, country, largest, after, 2022, italian, general, election, part. For the Italian national anthem see Il Canto degli Italiani FdI redirects here For other uses see FDI Brothers of Italy Italian Fratelli d Italia b FdI is a national conservative 2 3 and right wing populist 4 5 6 7 political party in Italy the country s largest after the 2022 Italian general election 8 9 The party is led by Giorgia Meloni 10 11 the incumbent Prime Minister of Italy 12 13 According to observers Meloni s has been the most right wing republican government thus since World War II 14 15 16 Brothers of Italy Fratelli d ItaliaAbbreviationFdIPresidentGiorgia MeloniCoordinatorGiovanni Donzelli it FoundersGiorgia MeloniIgnazio La RussaGuido CrosettoFounded21 December 2012 11 years ago 2012 12 21 Split fromThe People of FreedomHeadquartersVia della Scrofa 39 RomeNewspaperLa Voce del PatriotaStudent wingStudent ActionUniversity ActionYouth wingNational YouthMembership 2021 130 000 1 IdeologyNational conservatismRight wing populismNeo fascismPolitical positionRight wing to far rightNational affiliationCentre right coalitionEuropean affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists PartyEuropean Parliament groupEPP Group until 2014 ECR Group since 2019 Colours BlueChamber of Deputies118 400Senate a 66 200European Parliament10 76Regional Councils128 896Conference of Regions2 21Websitefratelli italia wbr itPolitics of ItalyPolitical partiesElectionsIn December 2012 FdI emerged from a right wing split within The People of Freedom PdL party 17 The bulk of FdI s membership including Meloni who has led the party since 2014 and its symbol the tricolour flame 18 hail from the post fascist National Alliance AN which was established in 1995 and merged into PdL in 2009 19 AN was the successor to the Italian Social Movement MSI a neo fascist party active from 1946 to 1995 20 21 22 23 24 However FdI is home also to several former Christian Democrats 25 26 and half of its ministers are not former MSI members 27 28 According to Meloni and leading members FdI is a mainstream conservative party 29 30 Academics and observers have variously described it as conservative 31 32 national conservative right wing populist social conservative 33 nationalist 34 35 neo fascist 36 32 post fascist 37 nativist 38 39 and anti immigrant 4 6 The party espouses a Eurosceptic position 31 40 while being in favour of Atlanticism 31 41 While its MEPs were originally affiliated with the European People s Party Group the party has since been a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party which has been led by Meloni since 2020 42 43 FdI proposes a confederal Europe of nations as opposed to a federal Europe 44 45 46 Contents 1 History 1 1 Background and foundation 1 2 2013 general election and aftermath 1 3 National Alliance Foundation 1 4 Road to the 2018 general election 1 5 2018 general election and aftermath 1 6 Road to the 2022 general election 1 7 2022 general election and aftermath 2 Ideology and factions 3 Election results 3 1 Italian Parliament 3 2 European Parliament 3 3 Regional councils 4 Leadership 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksHistoryBackground and foundation In November 2012 Ignazio La Russa and Maurizio Gasparri leaders of the Protagonist Right a faction within The People of Freedom PdL announced their support for Angelino Alfano in the party primary scheduled for December 47 The subsequent cancellation of the primary was not agreed with by La Russa and many others in the party On 16 December 2012 Giorgia Meloni Fabio Rampelli Guido Crosetto and Giuseppe Cossiga organised in Rome the Primaries of Ideas 48 in which they openly criticised Silvio Berlusconi s leadership and any possible prospect of an electoral alliance with Prime Minister Mario Monti proposed by some leading factions of the party among them Liberamente Network Italy Reformism and Freedom Liberal Populars New Italy and FareItalia 49 50 On 17 December 2012 La Russa one of the three PdL national coordinators announced he was leaving the party to form the National Centre right Centrodestra Nazionale including not just right wingers but also Christian democrats and liberals from Forza Italia FI such as Crosetto and Cossiga 51 The split from the PdL was agreed with Berlusconi to better represent the Italian right and offer an appealing choice to right wing voters 51 Simultaneously Crosetto and Meloni announced the formation of Brothers of Italy whose name was taken from the first line of the Italian national anthem 52 On 21 December the two groups formed mainly by former members of National Alliance such as La Russa Meloni Rampelli Massimo Corsaro Viviana Beccalossi and Alfredo Mantica joined forces as Brothers of Italy National Centre right 53 usually shortened to Brothers of Italy FdI La Russa s followers soon formed their own groups in most regional councils starting with the Regional Council of Lombardy 54 and the Senate of the Republic 55 Carlo Fidanza and Marco Scurria MEPs in the European People s Party group also joined the party 56 2013 general election and aftermath In the 2013 Italian general election the party obtained 2 0 of the vote and won nine seats in the Chamber of Deputies 57 On 5 March 2013 the party s executive board appointed La Russa president Crosetto coordinator and Meloni leader in the Chamber of Deputies During the 2013 Italian presidential election s fourth ballot on 19 April FdI decided to support Franco Marini a Democratic Party PD member supported also by PdL and Lega Nord LN Following the unsuccessful outcome of the vote FdI started voting for colonel Sergio De Caprio known for having arrested Sicilian Mafia boss Salvatore Riina 58 On 29 April Meloni announced in the Chamber of Deputies the party s vote of no confidence for Enrico Letta s government supported by PD PdL and Civic Choice 59 In September 2013 FdI launched Workshop for Italy Officina per l Italia abbr OpI a political initiative aimed at broadening the party s base 60 The newly formed OpI s political committee led by Cossiga included among others former minister of Foreign Affairs Giulio Terzi di Sant Agata former members of AN notably including Gianni Alemanno Mario Landolfi Sergio Berlato Adolfo Urso and Souad Sbai former members of FI including former Socialists like Giulio Tremonti and Antonio Guidi and former Christian Democrats like Fabio Garagnani former members of the Union of the Centre Magdi Allam and Luciano Ciocchetti and a former member of the LN Oreste Rossi 61 Alemanno s Italy First and Urso s FareItalia were to join FdI by February 2014 62 63 National Alliance Foundation nbsp Giorgia Meloni and Guido Crosetto in 2014In December 2013 the National Alliance Foundation the association in charge of administering the assets of the defunct party authorised FdI supported by Alemanno and Urso to use the logo of AN in the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy 64 despite opposition from the Movement for National Alliance alternative front composed of The Right Future and Freedom Tricolour Flame I the South and New Alliance 65 as well as the former members of AN who had joined FI like senators Maurizio Gasparri and Altero Matteoli 66 In February 2014 the party organised a primary in which members and supporters agreed to change the party s name to Brothers of Italy National Alliance chose the new symbol including in small AN s one and re elected Meloni as president 67 During the party s first congress in March 2014 FdI ratified the primary s outcomes the congress also voted for the party to leave the European People s Party Group in the European Parliament and adopt Eurosceptic positions 68 69 In the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy FdI obtained 3 7 of the vote and no seats while doing well in Central and Southern Italy especially in Lazio 5 6 Umbria 5 4 Abruzzo 4 7 and Campania 4 5 as well as in north eastern Friuli Venezia Giulia 4 4 70 During an assembly of the association in October 2015 the representatives of FdI supported by former AN heavyweights who had remained in the PdL won a decisive vote over a front led by Alemanno who had left FdI earlier joined forces with former allies of Gianfranco Fini and wanted to form a larger party including FdI which retained the use of AN s name and symbol while Alemanno announced that he would create a Movement for the United Right 71 72 Road to the 2018 general election In November 2015 it was announced that the party would undergo a new process of enlargement and that a new political committee named Our Land TN would be launched by January 2016 TN would comprise FdI along with other right wing politicians notably including Cossiga former deputy of FI and founding member of FdI Alberto Giorgetti a deputy of FI who was long a member of AN and Walter Rizzetto deputy of Free Alternative originally elected with the Five Star Movement 73 74 75 In March 2016 Rizzetto officially joined FdI and it was announced that the party s group in the Chamber would be renamed Brothers of Italy Our Land 76 77 78 The name change never happened but the party s enlargement continued with the switch of two deputies from FI 79 In the 2016 Rome municipal election Meloni ran for mayor with the support of Us with Salvini but in competition with the candidate supported by FI Meloni won 20 6 of the vote almost twice than FI s candidate but did not qualify for the run off while FdI obtained 12 3 80 In the 2017 Sicilian regional election Nello Musumeci a conservative close to the party 81 82 was elected president of Sicily 83 During the party s second congress in December 2017 Meloni was re elected president the party was renamed simply Brothers of Italy and a new symbol was unveiled In the event FdI welcomed several newcomers notably including Daniela Santanche and Bruno Mancuso 84 respectively from FI and Popular Alternative AP 85 86 87 Mancuso became the party s third senator after Stefano Bertacco 88 as well as Bartolomeo Amidei 89 had previously switched from FI Additionally Crosetto and Urso returned to an active role in the party 90 Finally Alessandro Urzi led the Alto Adige in the Heart party into FdI 91 nbsp Meloni left with Matteo Salvini centre and Silvio Berlusconi right at the Quirinal Palace after the 2018 election2018 general election and aftermath In the 2018 Italian general election as part of the centre right coalition 92 FdI obtained 4 4 of the vote and won more than three times the seats won in 2013 93 In November 2018 in the run up to the 2019 European Parliament election in Italy the party agreed to join the European Conservatives and Reformists ECR group in the European Parliament 94 95 opening the way for a pact with other minor conservative parties in Italy notably including Raffaele Fitto s Direction Italy 96 97 On 29 October 2019 Raffaele Fitto s party Direction Italy officially merged into FdI 98 and on 7 December 2019 the National Movement for Sovereignty of Roberto Menia and Gianni Alemanno merged into FdI 99 In 2020 other minor right wing parties such as Gabriella Peluso s Protagonist South and Lorenzo Loiacono s Right Bank also merged into FdI 100 101 Party member Marco Marsilio won 48 0 of the vote in the 2019 Abruzzo regional election and became FdI s first regional president on 10 February 102 Since governing the region which ranked as the ninth worst region by number of deaths per capita during the COVID 19 pandemic in Italy critics said undermined access to abortion and privatised health care FdI has made it harder for migrants to access social housing Meloni reclaimed this by saying that Italians first is not just a slogan 103 For the 2019 European Parliament election FdI recruited several candidates including five outgoing MEPs two of Direction Italy plus three more recent splinters from FI Fabrizio Bertot Stefano Maullu and Elisabetta Gardini other former FI politicians Alfredo Antoniozzi and Monica Stefania Baldi and sociologist Francesco Alberoni 104 FdI obtained 6 4 of the vote 10 3 in Calabria 9 0 in Lazio 8 9 in Apulia and 8 4 in Basilicata and five MEPs 105 106 For the 2022 Italian presidential election on 24 29 January FdI voted Carlo Nordio when all the other main parties proposed a re election of incumbent president Sergio Mattarella 107 108 109 In April 2022 the party organised a large convention in Milan to discuss its political program and start the campaign for the next general election 110 111 Road to the 2022 general election nbsp FdI volunteers canvassing in Cascina Tuscany three days before the 2022 general election on the right Claudio Borghi Aquilini League Heading into the 2022 Italian general election rising in the polls 112 113 114 a snap election that was called after the 2022 Italian government crisis 115 116 it was agreed among the centre right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would be put forward as the prime minister candidate 117 As of July 2022 FdI was the first party in the coalition according to opinion polling 118 119 and she was widely expected to become Prime Minister of Italy if the centre right coalition obtained an absolute majority in Parliament which would be the most right wing government in the history of the Italian Republic according to some academics 120 In an attempt to moderate the party to placate fears among those who describe FdI as neo fascist or far right 121 including fears within the European Commission that she could lead Italy towards Hungary under Viktor Orban 122 Meloni told the foreign press that Italian fascism is history As president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party she said she shared the experiences and values of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom Likud in Israel and the Republican Party in the United States 123 124 2022 general election and aftermath nbsp Giorgia Meloni at the Quirinal Palace accepting the task of forming a new governmentIn the run up to the election several politicians previously affiliated with Berlusconi s FI joined the FdI electoral lists 125 126 Notably they included Giulio Tremonti ex PSI and ex FI former finance minister 127 Marcello Pera ex PSI and ex FI former president of the Senate Antonio Guidi ex PSI and ex FI former family and social solidarity minister Giulio Terzi di Sant Agata former foreign affairs minister honorary president of the PRT 128 Carlo Nordio former prosecutor member of the PLI 129 and Eugenia Roccella a former Radical and feminist who later turned into a conservative feminist 130 among others 131 A general election candidate was sacked after praising Adolf Hitler 132 While he remained a candidate FdI removed its symbol from his candidature 133 he was elected in the single district constituency of Agrigento Sicilia with 37 8 of the vote 134 In one of Rome s single seat constituencies Ester Mieli a former spokesperson of the local Jewish community and granddaughter of a Holocaust survivor 135 was elected with 37 5 of the vote 136 137 In a record low voter turnout election 138 exit polls projected that the centre right coalition would win a majority of seats in the 2022 general election 30 139 140 Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election with FdI receiving a plurality of seats 141 and per agreement with the centre right coalition which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the next prime minister 142 she is the favourite to become Prime Minister and would be the country s first woman to hold the office 143 144 On 13 October the new parliamentary term started and FdI s La Russa was elected President of the Senate of the Republic 145 he is the first politician with a neo fascist background and to come from a post fascist party to hold the position which is the second highest ranking office of the Italian Republic 146 147 148 After customary talks among the parties and the president Sergio Mattarella as part of the 2022 Italian government formation on 20 21 October 149 150 Meloni accepted the task of forming a new government and announced the Meloni government which assumed official functions after each ministers were sworn in on 22 October 151 152 It was variously described as a shift to the political right 153 and the first far right led coalition as well as its first far right leader 154 155 156 since the Second World War 157 158 Other than Meloni the government included 9 FdI ministers notably including Nordio at Justice Crosetto at Defense and Urso at Economic Development 28 The Meloni government successfully won the confidence votes on 25 26 October with a comfortable majority in both houses of the Italian Parliament 159 160 161 During the annual party convention named after Michael Ende s character Atreju which took place in December 2023 international guests included British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama Spanish right wing leader Santiago Abascal and businessman Elon Musk 162 163 164 Ideology and factionsAcademics and political commentators have variously described FdI s political position as right wing 165 166 167 radical right 38 168 as well as far right 169 170 171 The party has been characterised as conservative 31 32 national conservative 2 172 3 173 right wing populist 4 5 6 social conservative 33 nationalist 34 35 174 neo fascist 36 32 post fascist 37 175 176 nativist 38 39 and anti immigrant 4 6 Although FdI rejects the neo fascist label it has been applied due to the party s history dating back to the Italian Social Movement MSI 177 its far right ties 178 179 180 its appeal to neo fascist themes on social media like Facebook 181 and some party leaders nostalgia for Italian fascism 182 183 184 185 including Roman salutes 186 Some party members have celebrated Benito Mussolini with fascist memorabilia in some local offices 187 188 189 Some members of the Mussolini family have run for FdI such as Rachele Mussolini granddaughter of Mussolini for the City Council of Rome and Caio Giulio Cesare Mussolini great grandson of Mussolini for the 2019 European Parliament election 190 In 2019 academic Đorđe Sredanovic placed FdI along with the neo fascist parties CasaPound a split from Tricolour Flame which refused to join the National Alliance and New Force FN from the Terza Posizione tradition in the post fascist neo fascist categories 191 In October 2021 FdI distanced itself from FN after they violently assaulted the labour union Italian General Confederation of Labour s headquarters the party abstained on a parliamentary motion to ban FN while condemning all totalitarianisms A December 2021 investigation by Fanpage it on allegations of money laundering and illicit campaign financing also revealed FdI had ties with neo Nazis in the Milan party section 192 Meloni told Corriere della Sera there were no nostalgic fascists racists or antisemites in the Brothers of Italy DNA and that she had always got rid of ambiguous people 124 and in other interviews she said there was no place for fascist nostalgia in FdI 18 Critics have been sceptical citing Meloni s speeches on immigration and LGBT rights 124 In regards to social issues the party opposes euthanasia and abortion It also has been described as being strictly anti gay marriage and supporting the traditional family unit 193 The party collaborates with anti abortion and anti LGBTQ movements 194 FdI calls for a zero tolerance policy on illegal immigration and wants to blockade migrants from reaching Italian ports and boost the birth rate of Italian nationals to ease the need for migrant labour 195 FdI frequently described as Eurosceptic 31 40 196 aims at a confederal Europe of sovereign nations as opposed to a federal Europe 44 45 46 and wants to re discuss European Union treaties and amend Italy s constitution to give Italian law priority over European law 195 197 Once in favour of withdrawing from the eurozone 198 199 the party abandoned the idea 200 201 Prior to the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the party was in favour of better relations with Russia while maintaining a pro NATO stance 31 Since then it has condemned the invasion and promised to send arms to Ukraine 202 and Meloni moved the party towards Atlantism 41 203 204 Besides being a leading member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party FdI has ties with the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom Likud in Israel 205 and the Republican Party in the United States where Meloni has been a guest at the CPAC Conference in February 2022 206 FdI had several organised internal factions including a minor liberal conservative faction 207 among them Italy First Prima l Italia PI national conservative led by Gianni Alemanno until 2015 later joined National Action FareItalia FI lit Make Italy liberal conservative led by Adolfo Urso I Love Italy Io Amo l Italia IAI social conservative led by Magdi Allam until 2015 I the South Io Sud IS national conservative and centrist led by Adriana Poli Bortone until 2015 later joined Forza Italia National Movement for Sovereignty Movimento Nazionale per la Sovranita MNS national conservative led by Gianni Alemanno Direction Italy Direzione Italia DI liberal conservative led by Raffaele FittoAlemanno and Poli Bortone left FdI along with their factions in December 2014 and April 2015 respectively 208 209 In December 2019 Alemanno returned through the MNS 210 Election resultsMain article Electoral history of Italian parties Brothers of Italy Italian Parliament Election Leader Chamber of Deputies Senate of the RepublicVotes Seats Position Votes Seats Position2013 Giorgia Meloni 666 035 1 9 9 630 New 8th 590 083 1 9 0 315 New 7th2018 1 429 550 4 4 32 630 nbsp 23 nbsp 5th 1 286 606 4 3 18 315 nbsp 18 nbsp 5th2022 7 302 517 26 0 119 400 nbsp 87 nbsp 1st 7 167 136 26 0 66 200 nbsp 48 nbsp 1stEuropean Parliament Election Leader Votes Seats Position2014 Giorgia Meloni 1 004 037 3 7 0 73 New 7th2019 1 726 189 6 4 6 76 nbsp 6 nbsp 5thRegional councils Region Election year Votes Seats Status in legislatureAosta Valley 2020 Joint list with Forza Italia 0 35 nbsp 0 No seatsPiedmont 2019 105 410 5th 5 5 2 51 nbsp 1 MajorityLombardy 2023 725 402 1st 25 2 22 80 nbsp 19 MajoritySouth Tyrol 2023 16 747 5th 6 0 2 35 nbsp 1 TBDTrentino 2023 28 714 3rd 12 4 5 35 nbsp 5 MajorityVeneto 2020 196 310 4th 9 5 5 51 nbsp 4 MajorityFriuli Venezia Giulia 2023 71 503 2nd 18 1 8 49 nbsp 6 MajorityEmilia Romagna 2020 185 796 3rd 8 6 3 50 nbsp 2 OppositionLiguria 2020 68 062 4th 10 9 3 50 nbsp 2 MajorityTuscany 2020 219 165 3rd 13 5 4 41 nbsp 3 OppositionMarche 2020 116 231 3rd 18 7 8 31 nbsp 7 MajorityUmbria 2019 43 443 3rd 10 4 2 21 nbsp 1 MajorityLazio 2023 519 633 1st 33 6 22 51 nbsp 19 MajorityAbruzzo 2019 38 894 5th 6 5 3 31 nbsp 3 MajorityMolise 2018 6 461 5th 4 5 1 21 MajorityCampania 2020 140 918 5th 6 0 4 51 nbsp 2 OppositionApulia 2020 211 693 2nd 12 6 7 51 nbsp 7 OppositionBasilicata 2019 17 112 6th 5 9 1 21 MajorityCalabria 2021 66 277 3rd 8 7 4 31 nbsp 4 MajoritySicily 2022 282 345 1st 15 1 13 70 nbsp 10 MajoritySardinia 2019 33 423 7th 4 7 3 60 nbsp 2 Majority Three senators sit within the Civics of Italy Us Moderates group Named after the first line of the Italian national anthem LeadershipPresident Giorgia Meloni Ignazio La Russa Guido Crosetto 2012 2013 Ignazio La Russa 2013 2014 Giorgia Meloni 2014 present Coordinator Guido Crosetto 2013 2014 Giovanni Donzelli 2015 2017 Guido Crosetto 2018 2019 Giovanni Donzelli 2022 present Head of Political Secretariat Arianna Meloni 2023 present Administrative Secretary treasurer Pierfrancesco Gamba 2013 2014 Pasquale Maietta 2014 Marco Marsilio 2014 2018 Roberto Carlo Mele 2018 present Coordinator of the Political Committee of Workshop for Italy Giuseppe Cossiga 2013 2014 President of the National Assembly Ignazio La Russa 2014 present Coordinator of the National Board Edmondo Cirielli 2018 present Leader in the Chamber of Deputies Giorgia Meloni 2013 2014 Fabio Rampelli 2014 2018 Francesco Lollobrigida 2018 2022 Tommaso Foti 2022 present Leader in the Senate Maria Alessandra Gallone 2012 2013 Stefano Bertacco 2017 2018 Luca Ciriani 2018 2022 Lucio Malan 2022 present Leader in the European Parliament Carlo Fidanza 2019 present See alsoList of political parties in ItalyNotesReferences Sondaggi a picco Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo Invece Fratelli d Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve La Notizia in Italian 6 April 2021 Retrieved 15 August 2022 a b Papakostas amp Pasamitros 2016 p 32 a b Taube Friedel 30 August 2018 Women increasingly drawn to right wing populist parties study shows Deutsche Welle Retrieved 22 May 2020 a b c d Berlusconi im Wahlkampf Berlusconi in the election campaign ZDF in German 1 February 2018 Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 15 August 2022 a b Rooduijn Matthijs van Kessel Stijn Froio Caterina Pirro Andrea de Lange Sarah Halikiopoulou Daphne Lewis Paul Mudde Cas Taggart Paul 8 April 2019 The PopuList An Overview of Populist Far Right Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe The PopuList Archived from the original on 2 October 2022 Retrieved 5 October 2022 a b c d Zulianello Mattia April 2020 Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe From State of the Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries Government and Opposition 55 2 327 347 doi 10 1017 gov 2019 21 hdl 11368 3001222 S2CID 200013354 Baldini Gianfranco Tronconi Filippo Angelucci Davide 10 January 2023 Yet Another Populist Party Understanding the Rise of Brothers of Italy South European Society and Politics 27 3 385 405 doi 10 1080 13608746 2022 2159625 ISSN 1360 8746 S2CID 255770470 Winfield Nicole 26 September 2022 How a party of neo fascist roots won big in Italy AP News Associated Press Retrieved 30 September 2022 D Emilio Frances Winfield Nicole Zampano Giada 27 September 2022 First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government AP News Associated Press Retrieved 30 September 2022 Kington Tom 25 July 2022 Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni the rightwinger who would rule Italy The Times Rome Retrieved 1 September 2022 Kirby Jen 24 September 2022 The far right is having a moment in Europe Actually everywhere Vox Retrieved 5 October 2022 Far right Meloni set to become Italy s first woman PM France 24 Agence France Presse 21 October 2022 Archived from the original on 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Harlan Chico Pitrelli Stefano 21 October 2022 Meloni sworn in as Italy s first female prime minister The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on 21 October 2022 Retrieved 22 October 2022 Leali Giorgio Roberts Hannah 25 September 2022 Italy on track to elect most right wing government since Mussolini Politico Retrieved 27 September 2022 Braithwaite Sharon DiDonato Valentina Fox Kara Mortensen Antonia Nadeau Barbie Latza Ruotolo Nicola 26 September 2022 Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy s most far right prime minister since Mussolini CNN Retrieved 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party once seemed the best candidate for neofascism but moderated and mutated continuously to win votes By the 1990s it had morphed into the Alleanza Nazionale a relatively standard and anodyne center right parliamentary group Benveniste Campani amp Lazaridis 2016 p 36 Kuhar amp Paternotte 2017 Russell 2019 Carlo Andrea 20 June 2022 Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy s next prime minister Euronews Retrieved 21 July 2022 Ciucci Chiara 13 August 2022 Dall Msi a Fratelli d Italia passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni From MSI to Brothers of Italy passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni Il Fatto Quotidiano in Italian Retrieved 14 August 2022 Fraschilla Antonio 26 August 2022 La caccia al centro di Giorgia Meloni per nascondere la matrice la rete degli ex Dc in Fratelli d Italia L Espresso in Italian Retrieved 1 February 2023 Rotondi Gianfranco 10 August 2022 Democristiani per Meloni Rotondi spiega perche vota per Fratelli d Italia HuffPost in Italian Retrieved 1 February 2023 FdI is represented in the Meloni government by Prime Minister Meloni and nine ministers five of whom were never MSI members Carlo Nordio a former prosecutor and a former Liberal Guido Crosetto a former Christian Democrat Daniela Santanche who entered politics with AN Raffaele Fitto a former Christian Democrat and Eugenia Roccella a former Radical more recently affiliated with Catholic movements a b Gagliardi Andrea 21 October 2022 Nasce il governo Meloni ecco chi sono tutti i ministri Il Sole 24 Ore in Italian Retrieved 26 October 2022 Italy s frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise Reuters 20 September 2022 Retrieved 24 December 2022 a b Amante Angelo Balmer Crispian 25 September 2022 Italy s right wing led by Meloni wins election exit polls say Reuters Retrieved 24 December 2022 a b c d e f European Election Watch Italy Center for Strategic and International Studies 4 March 2018 Retrieved 5 November 2021 a b c d Ceccarini Luigi Newell James L 2019 Introduction The Paradoxical Election In Newell James L Ceccarini Luigi eds The Italian General Election of 2018 Italy in Uncharted Territory Springer International Publishing p 5 ISBN 978 3 03 013617 8 a b Pirro Andrea L P 2022 Performing during the Coronavirus Crisis The Italian Populist Radical Right between National Opposition and Subnational Government Government and Opposition Cambridge University Press 1 17 doi 10 1017 gov 2022 28 hdl 11585 925615 S2CID 251291312 a b Johnson Miles 5 June 2020 Giorgia Meloni emerges as challenger to Salvini on Italian right Financial Times Retrieved 5 November 2021 a b Lavanga Claudio Smith Alexander 11 August 2019 Italy s Salvini calls for elections raises possibility of far right rule NBC News Retrieved 15 March 2020 a b Mammone 2015 Benveniste Campani amp Lazaridis 2016 p 36 Campani amp Lazaridis 2016 p 45 Kuhar amp Paternotte 2017 Jones amp Pilat 2020 Bosworth 2021 a b Brothers of Italy the far right party on the cusp of power France 24 Agence France Press 24 July 2022 Retrieved 25 July 2022 the post fascist Brothers of Italy looks set to do well in Italian elections on September 25 a b c Dona Alessia 31 August 2022 The rise of the Radical Right in Italy the case of Fratelli d Italia Journal of Modern Italian Studies 27 5 775 794 doi 10 1080 1354571X 2022 2113216 hdl 11572 352744 S2CID 251987503 a b Kirby Paul 26 September 2022 Giorgia Meloni Italy s far right wins election and vows to govern for all BBC News Retrieved 21 October 2022 a b Bailo Francesco 2020 Online Communities and Crowds in the Rise of the Five Star Movement e book ed Cham Switzerland p 102 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 45508 8 ISBN 978 3 030 45508 8 OCLC 1194944908 S2CID 226694989 Retrieved 15 August 2022 via Google Books a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b Vitale Giovanna 25 March 2022 FdI Giorgia l atlantista le metamorfosi di Meloni La Repubblica in Italian Retrieved 6 October 2022 Steven Martin Szczerbiak Aleks 6 May 2022 Conservatism and Eurorealism in the European Parliament the European Conservatives and Reformists under the leadership of Poland s Law and Justice PDF European Politics and Society 24 5 585 602 doi 10 1080 23745118 2022 2065725 ISSN 2374 5118 S2CID 248600333 Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera Nessuna svolta autoritaria la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni Meloni s signal to the foreign press No authoritarian turning point the Italian right has consigned fascism to history for decades Il Fatto Quotidiano in Italian 10 August 2022 Retrieved 14 August 2022 a b UE Meloni Conservatori europei ribadiscono impegno per costruire Europa delle nazioni fondata su un modello confederale EU Meloni European conservatives reaffirm their commitment to build a Europe of nations based on a 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Hitler Abbiamo dovuto prendere le distanze ma tranquilli sospensione vale solo per 2 3 giorni Poi si dimette dal partito Fdi the audio of the suspended candidate for pro Hitler posts We had to distance ourselves but don t worry suspension is only valid for 2 3 days Then he resigns from the party Il Fatto Quotidiano in Italian 20 September 2022 Retrieved 25 September 2022 Candido Alessia 26 September 2022 Eletto il candidato che inneggiava a Hitler Calogero Pisano la spunta ad Agrigento The candidate who praised Hitler has been elected Calogero Pisano wins in Agrigento La Repubblica in Italian Retrieved 26 September 2022 Giannoni Alberto 28 September 2022 Cosi Ester nipote di un deportato a Auschwitz ha strappato il collegio alla dem Cirinna Il Giornale in Italian Retrieved 22 October 2022 Somekh Simone 30 September 2022 Italian Jews worry and wait as Giorgia Meloni far right leader prepares to take power Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved 22 October 2022 Italian elections made news on the Jewish media Pagine Ebraiche International 3 October 2022 Retrieved 22 October 2022 Proiezioni FdI primo partito Calano M5s Lega e Forza Italia Pd al 19 Terzo polo al 7 Projections FdI first party Calano M5s Lega and Forza Italia Pd at 19 Third pole at 7 in Italian RAI 26 September 2022 Retrieved 26 September 2022 Speciale Elezioni 2022 di RaiNews RaiNews Election Special 2022 in Italian RAI 25 September 2022 Retrieved 25 September 2022 Italy s far right set to win election exit polls BBC 25 September 2022 Archived from the original on 25 September 2022 Retrieved 25 September 2022 Italy elections Giorgia Meloni s right wing alliance ahead BBC News Retrieved 20 October 2022 Balmer Crispian 20 September 2022 Italy s conservative alliance in lockstep ready to govern says Meloni Reuters Retrieved 20 October 2022 Italy voters shift sharply reward Meloni s far right party AP News 25 September 2022 Retrieved 20 October 2022 Italy s far right Meloni begins tricky government talks France 24 Agence France Press 27 September 2022 Retrieved 20 October 2022 La Russa elected Senate Speaker ANSA 13 October 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Far right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker France 24 Agence France Press 13 October 2022 Retrieved 20 October 2022 Who is the far right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker The Local Italy 13 October 2022 Retrieved 20 October 2022 Giuffrida Angela 13 October 2022 Brothers of Italy politician who collects fascist relics elected senate speaker The Guardian Retrieved 20 October 2022 Il governo Meloni giurera domani mattina al Quirinale The Meloni government will be sworn in tomorrow morning at the Quirinale in Italian RAI 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Nuovo governo le news Meloni accetta l incarico domani alle 10 il giuramento New government the news Meloni accepts the assignment tomorrow at 10 the oath Sky TG24 in Italian 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Il governo Meloni giura oggi al Quirinale The Meloni government swears today at the Quirinale in Italian RAI 21 October 2022 Archived from the original on 21 October 2022 Retrieved 22 October 2022 Updated as of 22 October 2022 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint postscript link Nuovo governo le news Alle 10 il giuramento di Giorgia Meloni e dei ministri New government the news At 10 the oath of Giorgia Meloni and the ministers Sky TG24 in Italian 21 October 2022 Archived from the original on 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Updated as of 22 October 2022 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint postscript link Amante Angelo Weir Keith 21 October 2022 Meloni takes charge as PM as Italy swings to the right Reuters Archived from the original on 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Kirby Paul 21 October 2022 Italy Meloni Far right leader agrees to form government BBC News Retrieved 21 October 2022 Horowitz Jason 21 October 2022 Giorgia Meloni Gets Go Ahead for New Italian Government The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Italy Meloni Far right leader agrees to form government The Local 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Presidential palace says Giorgia Meloni forms government giving Italy first far right led coalition since World War II ABC News Associated Press 21 October 2022 Archived from the original on 22 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Far right Meloni set to become Italy s first woman PM France 24 Agence France Presse 21 October 2022 Archived from the original on 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Cipolla Alessandro Imparato Rosaria 25 October 2022 Meloni alla Camera diretta video voto di fiducia al governo cosa ha detto nella replica la presidente del Consiglio Meloni in the Chamber live video vote of confidence in the government what the prime minister said in response Money in Italian Archived from the original on 26 October 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Il Senato vota la fiducia al governo Meloni 115 si 79 no e 5 astenuti The Senate votes for confidence in the Meloni government 115 yes 79 no and 5 abstentions in Italian Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata 26 October 2022 Archived from the original on 26 October 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Governo Meloni le ultime notizie Fiducia in Senato per l esecutivo 115 si e 79 no Meloni government the latest news Confidence in the Senate for the executive 115 yes and 79 no Sky TG24 in Italian Archived from the original on 26 October 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Elon Musk ad Atreju Meloni Dialogo su intelligenza artificiale 16 December 2023 Atreju Meloni arriva alla kermesse FdI per l intervento di Edi Rama Elon Musk con il figlio in braccio Rishi Sunak sui migranti cita la Thatcher Applicare suo radicalismo 16 December 2023 Atreju 2023 standing ovation per Meloni Rama Accordo sui migranti non viola Costituzione Musk Fate piu figli Schlein No coi nostalgici del fascismo 16 December 2023 Osborne Samuel 6 March 2018 Italy election What was the result and what is the Five Star Movement The Independent Retrieved 28 January 2020 Di Giorgio Massimiliano Jones Gavin 13 May 2018 Italy s 5 Star League talks progress PM may be in sight Reuters Archived from the original on 13 May 2018 Retrieved 28 January 2020 Edwards Catherine 11 September 2017 An introduction to Italy s small political parties The Local Italy Retrieved 28 January 2020 Pirro Andrea L P Taggart Paul 2021 European populism before the pandemic ideology Euroscepticism electoral performance and government participation of 63 parties in 30 countries Italian Political Science Review Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 51 3 281 304 doi 10 1017 ipo 2021 13 ISSN 0048 8402 S2CID 234854028 Roberts Hannah 17 July 2022 Italian right wing parties reject coalition partner as government heads toward collapse Politico Retrieved 24 December 2022 Sylvers Eric 15 November 2017 Italy s Far Right Flexes Campaign Muscle The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 28 January 2020 Ghiglione Davide Politi James 10 February 2018 Meloni takes Italian far right back to 1930s roots Financial Times Retrieved 28 January 2020 Augusto Gnisci Margherita Asterope Risa Casapulla Maria D Agostino Gaetano Perillo 2022 Threat to Face and Equivocation in Televised Interviews of Italy s Politicians For and Against the 2016 Constitutional Referendum In Ofer Feldman ed Adversarial Political Interviewing Worldwide Perspectives During Polarized Times Springer Nature p 89 ISBN 9789811905766 Segatti Paolo Poletti Monica Vezzoni Cristiano 3 July 2015 Renzi s Honeymoon Effect The 2014 European Election in Italy South European Society and Politics 20 3 311 331 doi 10 1080 13608746 2015 1075709 ISSN 1360 8746 S2CID 154823691 Farro Antimo Luigi Maddanu Simone 2021 Popular Populism and New Collective Actions Restless Cities on the Edge Cham Springer International Publishing pp 185 219 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 91323 6 7 ISBN 978 3 030 91322 9 S2CID 246344283 retrieved 25 December 2022 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Impact of Populism on European Institutions and Civil Society Discourses Practices and Policies Springer Nature p 71 ISBN 978 3 0307 3411 4 Retrieved 15 August 2022 via Google Books De Feo Fabrizio 9 March 2014 Fratelli d Italia attacca Ci vuole il coraggio di dire addio all euro Brothers of Italy attacks It takes the courage to say goodbye to the euro Il Giornale in Italian Retrieved 15 August 2022 Giorgia Meloni batte moneta Ad Atreju niente euro Giorgia Meloni beats money No euro in Atreju Libero Quotidiano in Italian 22 September 2015 Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 Retrieved 15 August 2022 Brexit si teme effetto domino Ecco gli euroscettici d Europa Brexit domino effect is feared Here are the Eurosceptics of Europe RAI News in Italian 24 June 2016 Retrieved 11 August 2022 Le giravolte di Meloni sull euro e il sogno impossibile di un altra Ue Meloni s twists and turns on the euro and the impossible dream of another EU La Stampa in Italian 26 July 2022 Retrieved 11 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Italian Retrieved 6 October 2022 Crosetto il gigante liberale che non ha peli sulla lingua Il Giornale in Italian 22 October 2012 Retrieved 5 November 2021 Lopapa Carmelo 10 December 2014 Meloni Alemanno ha sbagliato non da solo Candidarmi io Se me lo chiedono La Repubblica in Italian Retrieved 11 August 2022 Poli Bortone sospesa da Fratelli d Italia e candidata di Forza Italia L ex ministro Mi fanno ridere La Repubblica in Italian 16 May 2015 Retrieved 11 August 2022 Il Movimento di Alemanno aderisce a Fratelli d Italia Brindisi Oggi in Italian 10 December 2019 Retrieved 11 August 2022 BibliographyBenveniste Annie Campani Giovanna Lazaridis Gabriella 2016 The Rise of the Far Right in Europe Populist Shifts and Othering Springer ISBN 978 1 1375 5679 0 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books Bosworth R J B 2021 Mussolini and the Eclipse of Italian Fascism From Dictatorship to Populism Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 3002 5582 9 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books Campani Giovanna Lazaridis Gabriella 2016 Understanding the Populist Shift Othering in a Europe in Crisis Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 3173 2606 9 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books Jones Kay Bea Pilat Stephanie 2020 The Routledge Companion to Italian Fascist Architecture Reception and Legacy Routledge ISBN 978 1 0000 6144 4 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books Kuhar Roman Paternotte David 2017 Anti Gender Campaigns in Europe Mobilizing against Equality Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 7866 0001 1 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books Mammone Andrea 2015 Transnational Neofascism in France and Italy Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 1070 3091 6 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books Papakostas Nikolaos Pasamitros Nikolaos 2016 EU Beyond the Crisis A Debate on Sustainable Integrationism Columbia University Press ISBN 978 3 8382 6848 4 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books Russell Eric Louis 2019 The Discursive Ecology of Homophobia Unravelling Anti LGBTQ Speech on the European Far Right Multilingual Matters ISBN 978 1 7889 2347 7 Retrieved 5 November 2021 via Google Books External linksOfficial website in Italian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brothers of Italy amp oldid 1206695127, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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