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List of slaves

February 15, 2024

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Slavery is a social-economic system under which people are enslaved: deprived of personal freedom and forced to perform labor or services without compensation. These people are referred to as slaves, or as enslaved people.

This and three other statues of chained slaves, placed at the base of the Monument of the Four Moors at Livorno, Italy, might have been made with actual slaves as models, whose names and circumstances remain unknown

The following is a list of historical people who were enslaved at some point during their lives, in alphabetical order by first name. Several names have been added under the letter representing the person's last name.

A edit

 
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
  • Agathoclia (died c. 230), a martyr and patron saint of the town of Mequinenza in Spain.[13]
  • Ng Akew (died 1880), famous Chinese businesswoman and smuggler, originally a slave.
  • Alam al-Malika (died 1130), enslaved singer who was promoted to become the de facto prime minister, adviser and ruler of the principality of Zubayd, in what is now Yemen.
  • Jehan Alard (fl. 1580), a French Huguenot who served as a galley slave in Italy, condemned by the Inquisition.
  • Alexina Morrison, a fugitive from slavery in Louisiana who claimed to be a kidnapped white girl and sued her master for her freedom on that ground, arousing such popular feeling against him that a mob threatened to lynch him.[14]
  • Alfred "Teen" Blackburn (1842–1951), one of the last living survivors of slavery in the United States who had a clear recollection of it.
  • Alfred Francis Russell (1817–1884), 10th President of Liberia.[15]
  • Alice Clifton (c. 1772–unknown), as an enslaved teenager, she was a defendant in an infanticide trial in 1787.
  • Alick was a man enslaved by John C. Calhoun, Vice President of the United States and a firm upholder of slavery. In 1831, Alick ran away when threatened with a severe whipping. Calhoun wrote to his second cousin and brother-in-law, asking him to keep a lookout for Alick, and if he was taken, to have him "severely whipped" and sent back.[16] When Alick was captured, Calhoun wrote to the captor: "I am glad to hear that Alick has been apprehended and am much obliged to you for paying the expense of apprehending him ... He ran away for no other cause, but to avoid a correction for some misconduct, and as I am desirous to prevent a repetition, I wish you to have him lodged in Jail for one week, to be fed on bread and water and to employ some one for me to give him 30 lashes well laid on, at the end of the time. I hope you will pardon the trouble. I only give it, because I deem it necessary to our proper security to prevent the formation of the habit of running away, and I think it better to punish him before his return home than afterwards.[17] Alick's case got considerable publicity, opponents of slavery regarding it as giving the lie to Calhoun's assertion that slavery was "not a Necessary Evil but a Positive Good" and that slaves get the "kind attention" of their masters.[18]
  • Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (c. 1490–c. 1558), a Spanish explorer who was enslaved by Native Americans on the Gulf Coast of what is now the United States after surviving the collapse of the Narváez expedition in 1527.[19]
  • Al-Khayzuran bint Atta (died 789), an enslaved Yemenite girl who became the wife of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mahdi and mother of both Caliphs Al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid, the most famous of the Abbasids.
  • Alp-Tegin (died 963), a member of the nomadic Turks of Central Asian steppes who was brought as slave when in childhood into the Samanid court at their capital Bukhara and who rose to become a commander of the army of the Samanid Empire in Khorasan. He later became the governor of Ghazna which then fell under the Samanid Empire. Later his son-in-law Sabuktigin would found the Ghaznavid Empire.
  • Amanda America Dickson (1849–1893), the daughter of white Georgian planter David Dickson and Julia Frances Lewis, who was enslaved by Dickson's mother. Although legally enslaved until her emancipation after the American Civil War, Amanda Dickson was raised as her father's favorite and inherited his $500,000 estate after his 1885 death.[20]
 
Aesop in a Hellenistic statue claimed to be him, Art Collection of Villa Albani, Rome
 
Portrait of Andrey Voronikhin. Engraving by V. A. Bobrov from the beginning of the 19th century.
 
Abram Petrovich Gannibal, bust in Petrovskoe, Russia
  • Archibald Grimké (1849–1930), born into slavery, the son of a white father, became an American lawyer, intellectual, journalist, diplomat and community leader.
  • Aristocleia, a woman in ancient Greece described in Against Neaera as the property of Nicarete, who prostituted her c. 340 BC.
  • Arkil, a slave in Anglo-Saxon England freed by Geatflæd "for the love of God and the good of her soul".[11]
  • Arthur Crumpler (c. 1835–1910), escaped slavery in Virginia, second husband of Dr. Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler.
  • Aster Ganno (c.1872–1964), a young Ethiopian woman was rescued by the Italian Navy from a slave ship crossing to Yemen. She went on to translate the Bible into the Oromo language. Also she prepared literacy materials and went on to spend the rest of her life as a school teacher.
  • Augustine Tolton (1854–1897), the first black priest in the United States.[27]
  • Aurelia Philematium, a freedwoman whose tombstone glorifies her marriage with her fellow freedman, Lucius Aurelius Hermia.[28]
 
Portrait of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo by William Hoare (1733)
  • Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (1701–1773), also known as Job ben Solomon, a Muslim of the Bundu state in West Africa who was enslaved for two years in Maryland, freed in 1734, and later wrote memoirs that were published as one of the earliest slave narratives.

B edit

 
Baibars
 
Saint Brigid of Kildare as depicted in Saint Non's chapel, St Davids, Wales
  • Billy, a 7-year-old black boy captured by Creek raiders in 1788; he passed through several hands before being sold at auction in Havana, Spanish Cuba.[31]
  • Billy (born c. 1754), a man who escaped John Tayloe II's plantation and was charged with treason against Virginia during the American Revolutionary War. He was pardoned after arguing that, as a slave, he was not a citizen and thus could not commit treason against a government to which he owed no allegiance.
  • Bissula (fl. 368) enslaved Alemannic woman, and muse of the Roman poet Ausonius.
  • Blaesus and Blaesia, whose late Republican Rome tomb inscription names them as the freedman of Caius and the freedwoman of Aulus.[32]
  • Blandina (c. 162–177), a slave and Christian martyr in Roman Gaul.[33]
  • Boga, a man enslaved in Anglo-Saxon England who, along with all his family, was freed by his owner Æthelgifu's will.[11]
  • Maria Boguslavka (17th century), Ukrainian woman enslaved in a harem, and became a heroine of assisting the escape of 30 Cossacks from slavery.
  • The Bodmin manumissions, a manuscript now in the British Library[34] preserves the names and details of slaves freed in Bodmin (the then-principal town of Cornwall) during the 9th or 10th centuries.[35][36]
  • Booker T. Washington (1856–1915), born into slavery, became an American educator, author and leader of the African-American community after the Civil War.
  • Nathaniel Booth (1826–1901), escaped slavery in Virginia and settled in Lowell, Massachusetts. In 1851, the citizens of Lowell purchased his freedom from slave hunters.
  • John Boston (c. 1832–after 1880) a formerly-enslaved man who represented Darlington County for the South Carolina House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era. He was involved in community endeavors and, as a minister, established the Lamar Colored Methodist Church in 1865. By 1880, he was a farmer.
  • Saint Brigid of Kildare, a major Irish Saint. According to tradition, Brigid was born in the year 451 AD in Faughart,[37] just north of Dundalk[38][39] in County Louth, Ireland. Her mother was Brocca, a Christian Pict slave who had been baptized by Saint Patrick. They name her father as Dubhthach, a chieftain of Leinster.[40] Dubthach's wife forced him to sell Brigid's mother to a druid when she became pregnant. Brigid herself was born into slavery. The child Brigid was said to have performed miracles, including healing and feeding the poor.[41] Around the age of ten, she was returned as a household servant to her father, where her habit of charity led her to donate his belongings to anyone who asked. In two Lives, Dubthach was so annoyed with her that he took her in a chariot to the King of Leinster to sell her. While Dubthach was talking to the king, Brigid gave away his jewelled sword to a beggar to barter it for food to feed his family. The king recognized her holiness and convinced Dubthach to grant his daughter her freedom, after which she started her career as a well-known nun.[42]
  • Brigitta Scherzenfeldt (1698–1733), Swedish memoirist and weaving teacher who was captured during the Great Northern War and lived as a slave in the kingdom of the Kalmyk in Central Asia.
  • Bussa, born a free man in West Africa of possible Igbo descent and was captured by African slave merchants, sold to the British, and transported to Barbados (where slavery had been legal since 1661) in the late 18th century as a slave.[43]

C edit

 
Charlotte Aïssé
 
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha bust at Mersin Naval Museum

D edit

 
Dred Scott, who lost a legal suit for his freedom in the United States Supreme Court in 1857
  • Dabitum, slave in Old Babylonia known for her letter concerning a miscarriage.[53][54]
  • Danae, "the new maidservant of Capito", named in lead curse tablet from Republican Rome, which aimed to destroy Danae.[55]
  • Daniel Bell (c. 1802–1877) who tried for decades to obtain lasting freedom for himself, his wife, and his children. He helped organize what was called "the single largest known escape attempt by enslaved Americans", called the Pearl incident in Washington, D.C., in 1848.
  • Dave Drake (c. 1801–1876), also known as Dave the Potter.
  • David George, a black man who fled a cruel Virginia master and was captured by Creeks and enslaved by Chief Blue Salt.[56]
  • Deborah Squash, with her husband Harvey escaped from George Washington's Mount Vernon, joined the British in New York during the American Revolutionary War, and were evacuated in 1783 as freedmen.[57]
  • Denmark Vesey (c. 1767–1822), an enslaved African-American man and later a freeman who planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States had word of the plans not been leaked.[58]
  • Dido Elizabeth Belle (1761–1804), born into slavery as the natural daughter of Maria Belle, an enslaved African woman in the West Indies, and Sir John Lindsay, a career Royal Navy officer. Lindsay took Belle with him when he returned to England in 1765, entrusting her raising to his uncle William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, and his wife Elizabeth Murray, Countess of Mansfield. The Murrays educated Belle, bringing her up as a free gentlewoman at their Kenwood House, together with their niece, Lady Elizabeth Murray. Belle lived there for 30 years. In his will of 1793, Lord Mansfield confirmed her freedom and provided an outright sum and an annuity to her, making her an heiress.
  • Diego was a formerly-enslaved freedman closely associated with the Elizabethan English navigator Francis Drake. In March 1573, Drake raided Darien (in modern Panama), in which he was greatly aided by Maroons – Africans who had escaped from Spanish slave owners and were glad to help their English enemies. One of them was Diego, who proved a capable ship builder and accompanied Drake back to England. In 1577, when Queen Elizabeth sent Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas – which eventually developed into Drake circumnavigating the world – Diego was once again employed under Drake; his fluency in Spanish and English would make him a useful interpreter when Spaniards or Spanish-speaking Portuguese were captured. He was employed as Drake's servant and was paid wages, just like the rest of the crew. Diego died while Drake's ship was crossing the Pacific, of wounds sustained earlier in the voyage. Drake was saddened at his death, Diego having become a good friend.[59]
  • Diogenes of Sinope (c. 412–323 BCE), Greek philosopher kidnapped by pirates and sold in Corinth.
  • Dincă, half-Roma man enslaved by his father, a Cantacuzino boyar in the 19th-century Danubian Principalities (present-day Romania). Well-educated, working as a cook but not allowed to marry his French mistress and go free, which had led him to murder his lover and kill himself. The affair shocked public opinion and was one of the factors contributing to the abolition of slavery in Romania.[60]
  • Diocletian (244–312), Emperor of Rome, was by some sources born as the slave of Senator Anullinus. By other sources, it was Diocletian's father (whose own name is unknown) who was a slave, and was freed prior to the birth of his son, the future emperor.[61]
  • Dionysius I (? – 1492), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, previously enslaved by the Ottomans after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
  • Dolly Johnson (born late 1820s, died after 1887), African-American woman from Tennessee, enslaved by President Andrew Johnson, later a small small-business owner.[62]
  • Dorota Sitańska (died after 1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[63]
  • Dragut (1485–1565) Ottoman commander, gally slave during his Italian captivity.
  • Dred Scott (c. 1799–1858), an enslaved African-American man in Missouri who sued for his freedom in a nationally publicized trial, Scott v. Sandford, that reached the United States Supreme Court in 1857.
  • Dufe the Old, a man enslaved in Anglo-Saxon England who was freed by his mistress Æthelgifu's will.[64]

E edit

 
Florence, Lady Baker c. 1875. A Romanian enslaved as an orphan, was bought by Samuel Baker, who married her.
  • Ecceard the Smith, a slave in Anglo-Saxon England freed by Geatflæd "for the love of God and the good of her soul".[64]
  • Ecgferð Aldun's daughter, a slave in Anglo-Saxon England freed by Geatflæd "for the love of God and the good of her soul".[64]
  • Edmond Flint, a black person enslaved by the Choctaw Nation who later described it as very like slavery among the whites.[65]
  • Ediþ, an enslaved woman in Anglo-Saxon England who bought her freedom and that of her children.[66]
  • Edward Mozingo, Sr., (c. 1649 – 1712), kidnapped from Africa when about 10 years old, sold into slavery in Jamestown, Virginia. After his owner died, he sued for his freedom and won it. He married an impoverished white woman, Margaret Pierce Bayley (1645–1711) and together they, essentially, founded the Mozingo family line in North America.[67]
  • Elijah Abel (1808–1884), born enslaved in Maryland and believed to have escaped slavery on the Underground Railroad into Canada. He joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in its early days, was among the first blacks to receive its priesthood and the first black person to rise to the ranks of an elder and seventy.
  • Elizabeth Marsh (1735–1785) was an Englishwoman who was captured by corsairs and held in slavery in Morocco.
  • Edith Hern Fossett, a woman enslaved by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, was taught to cook by a French chef and created French cuisine at the White House and at Monticello.
  • Elias Polk (1806–1886), a conservative political activist of the 19th century.
  • Eliezer of Damascus, Abraham's slave and trusted manager of the Patriarch's household in the Hebrew Bible.
  • Elieser was a man enslaved by the family of Paulo de Pina, Portuguese Jews who moved to the Netherlands in 1610 to escape persecution and forced conversion in Portugal. He lived with the family in Amsterdam until his death in 1629 and was buried in the Beth Haim cemetery, oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. He appears to have been set free, either de jure or in practice, and to have been on near equal footing with the family that owned him back in Portugal – indicated by the fact that he attended the funeral of the wife of his master, Sara de Pina, and contributed to that occasion six stuivers, and that he was buried alongside his (former) owners and alongside Jacob Israel Belmonte, the community's richest businessman. Elieser must have been converted to Judaism and widely accepted as Jewish, otherwise he would not have been buried inside the Jewish cemetery; the name "Elieser" was likely bestowed on him at conversion, recalling Eliezer of Damascus. In recent years, Elieser's memory was taken up by members of the Surinamese community in the Netherlands, who erected a statue of him and hold an annual pilgrimage to his grave on what came to be known as Elieser Day.[68]
  • Elisenda de Sant Climent (1220–1275), enslaved during a slave raid on Mallorca and placed in the harem of the emir in Tunis.
  • Eliza Hopewell, a woman enslaved by Confederate spy Isabella Maria Boyd ("Belle Boyd"). In 1862 she aided her owner's espionage activities, carrying messages to the Confederate Army in a hollowed-out watch case.
  • Eliza Moore (1843–1948), one of the last proven African-American former slaves living in the United States.
  • Elizabeth Johnson Forby, mixed-race American woman enslaved by President Andrew Johnson, daughter of Dolly Johnson.[69]
  • Elizabeth Key Grinstead (1630–after 1665), the first woman of African ancestry in the North American colonies to sue for her freedom and win. Key and her infant son, John Grinstead, were freed on July 21, 1656, in the colony of Virginia, based on the fact that her father was an Englishman and that she was a baptized Christian.
  • Elizabeth Freeman (c. 1742 – 1829), known as Bett and later Mum Bett, was among the first enslaved black people in Massachusetts to file a freedom suit and win in court under the 1780 constitution, with a ruling that slavery was illegal.
  • Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley (1818–1907), best known as the personal modiste and confidante of Mary Todd Lincoln, the First Lady of the United States. Keckley wrote and published an autobiography, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868).
  • Ellen Craft (1826–1891), light-skinned wife of William Craft, who escaped with him from Georgia to Philadelphia, by posing as a white woman and her slave, in a case that became famous.
  • Ellen More, an enslaved woman brought to the royal Scottish court
  • Elsey Thompson, a white captive enslaved by a Creek. When trader John O'Reilly attempted to ransom her and Nancy Caffrey, he was told they were not taken captive to be allowed to go back, but to work.[70]
  • Emilia Soares de Patrocinio (1805–1886) was a Brazilian slave, slave owner and businesswoman.
  • Emiline (age 23); Nancy (20); Lewis, brother of Nancy (16); Edward, brother of Emiline (13); Lewis and Edward, sons of Nancy (7); Ann, daughter of Nancy (5); and Amanda, daughter of Emiline (2), were freed in the 1852 Lemmon v. New York court case after they were brought to New York by their Virginia owners.
  • Emily Edmonson (1835–1895), along with her sister Mary, joined an unsuccessful 1848 escape attempt known as the Pearl incident, but Henry Ward Beecher and his church raised the funds to free them.
  • Enrique of Malacca, also known as Henry the Black, slave and interpreter of Ferdinand Magellan and possibly the first man to circumnavigate the globe in Magellan's voyage of 1519–1521.
  • Epictetus (55 – c. 135), ancient Greek stoic philosopher.
  • Epunuel, a native of Chappaquiddick who was taken captive by English explorers in the 1610s with twenty-nine others, and taken to London as a slave.[71]
  • Estevanico (1500–1539), also known as Esteban the Moor. In principle he was a slave of the Portuguese to, later, be a servant of the Spaniards. He was one of only four survivors of the ill-fated Narváez expedition, later a guide in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Gold and possibly the first African person to arrive in what is now Arizona and New Mexico.
  • Eston Hemings (1808–1856), son of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson.
  • Eucharis, a Greek born freedwoman of Roman Licinia, described in her epitaph in the 1st century AD as fourteen when she died, a child actress and a professional dancer.[72]
  • Eunus (died 132 BC), a Roman slave from Apamea in Syria, the leader of the slave uprising in the First Servile War in the Roman province of Sicily. Eunus rose to prominence in the movement through his reputation as a prophet and wonder-worker. He claimed to receive visions and communications from the goddess Atargatis, a prominent goddess in his homeland; he identified her with the Sicilian Demeter. Some of his prophecies were that the rebel slaves would successfully capture the city of Enna and that he would be a king some day.
  • Euphemia (died 520s), Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Justin I, originally a slave.
  • Euphraios, an Athenian slave and banker.[45]
  • Exuperius and Zoe (died 127), 2nd-century Christian martyrs. They were a married couple who were enslaved by a pagan in Pamphylia. They were killed along with their sons, Cyriacus and Theodolus, for refusing to participate in pagan rites when their son was born.[73]

F edit

 
Frederick Douglass, the foremost African-American abolitionist of the 19th century
 
Self-portrait by Fyodor Slavyansky (1850s, Russian museum)

G edit

 
Medical examination photo of Gordon showing his scourged back, widely distributed by abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery
 
Portrait of Gülnuş Sultan

H edit

 
Hurrem Sultan, an Eastern European slave girl bought by Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, who married her.

I edit

 
İbrahim Pasha
 
Ivan Argunov. Self-portrait (late 1750s).

J edit

 
Jean Parisot de Valette
 
St. Josephine Margaret Bakhita, F.D.C.C.

K edit

 
Kösem Sultan (1589–1651), slave concubine like all other inmates of the Imperial Harem
  • King Jaja of Opobo (1821–1891), sold at about the age of 12 into slavery in the Kingdom of Bonny in present-day Nigeria. Proving at an early age his aptitude for business, he not only earned his way out of slavery but also became a rich and powerful merchant prince and the founder of the Opobo city-state, his career eventually ended by the British colonizers whom he tried to defy.
  • Anna Kingsley (1793–1870), enslaved woman and then a planter and slave owner herself.
  • Kunta Kinte (c. 1750 – c. 1822), a character from the 1976 novel Roots: The Saga of an American Family whom author Alex Haley was based on one of his actual ancestors. Kinte was a man of the Mandinka people who grew up in a small village called Juffure in what is now The Gambia and was raised as a Muslim before being captured and enslaved in Virginia.[121] The historical accuracy of Haley's story is disputed.[122]
  • Kizzy Kinte, the daughter of Kunta Kinte.[123] As with her father, the existence of an historical Kizzy Kinte is disputed.
  • John Knox (c. 1514 – 24 November 1572) was a Scottish minister, galley slave in the French galleys, 1547–1549.
  • Kodjo (c. 1803–1833), a Surinamese slave who was burnt alive for starting the 1832 fire in Paramaribo, Dutch Suriname, possibly as an act of resistance.
  • Kösem Sultan (1589–1651), an Ottoman enslaved woman, later extremely powerful as wife, then mother and later grandmother of the Ottoman sultan during the 130-year period known as the Sultanate of Women.

L edit

 
Laurens de Graaf
  • Lalla Balqis (1670 – after 1721), an Englishwoman captured and enslaved by Corsairs and included in the harem of the Sultan of Morocco.
  • Lamhatty, a Tawasa Indian captured and enslaved by Creek; he escaped.[124]
  • Lampegia (died after 730), Aquitanian noblewoman, captured by Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi, who in 730 took the Llivia Fortress, executed her spouse Munuza and sent her as a slave to the harem of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in Damascus.[125]
  • La Mulâtresse Solitude (1772–1802), a slave on the island of Guadeloupe freed in 1794 by the abolition of slavery during the French Revolution. She was executed after having fought for freedom when slavery was reintroduced by Napoleon in 1802.
  • Laurens de Graaf (c. 1653–1704), a Dutch pirate, mercenary, and naval officer, enslaved by Spanish slave traders when captured in what is now the Netherlands and transported to the Canary Islands to work on a plantation, prior to 1674.
  • Leo Africanus, (1494–1554), a Moor born in Granada who was taken by his family in 1498 to Morocco when expelled from Spain. As an adult he served on diplomatic missions. Captured by Crusaders while in the Middle East, he was enslaved in Rome and forced to convert to Christianity. He eventually regained his freedom and lived out his life in Tunis.
  • Leofgifu the dairy maid, an enslaved woman in Anglo-Saxon England, named in her manumission.[126]
  • Leoflaed, an enslaved woman in Anglo-Saxon England, whose freedom was bought by a man who described her as a "kinswoman."[127]
  • Leonor de Mendoza, an enslaved woman in colonial Mexico who tried to marry Tomás Ortega, a man enslaved by another master; when her master imprisoned Tomás she appealed to a church court for assistance, which threatened excommunication if he did not free Tomás.[128]
  • Letitia Munson (c. 1820 – after 1882), midwife and formerly enslaved, she was acquitted of performing an illegal abortion in Canada.
  • Lewis Adams (1842–1905), a formerly-enslaved man who co-founded the Tuskegee Institute, now Tuskegee University, in Alabama.
  • Lewis Hayden (1811–1889), African-American man born in Kentucky, later elected to the Massachusetts General Court.[129]
  • Lilliam Williams, a Tennessee settler who was captured by the Creek while pregnant. The Creek adopted her daughter (whom she named Molly and they named Esnahatchee,); they kept the girl when Williams' freedom was arranged.[130]
  • Liol, a Chinese man enslaved by Mongol bannerman Soosar. He was rewarded with semi-independent status, as a separate register dependent. In 1735, his son Fuji tried to claim that he and his brother were in fact Manchus and detached household bannermen, but failed.[131]
  • Lott Cary (c. 1780 – November 10, 1828), born an African-American slave in Virginia, bought his freedom c. 1813, emigrated to Liberia in 1822, where he later served as colonial administrator.[132]
  • Louis Hughes (1832–1913), African-American man who escaped slavery, author, and businessman[133]
  • Lovisa von Burghausen (1698–1733), Swedish writer who published an account of being enslaved in Russia after being taken prisoner during the Great Northern War.
  • Lucius Agermus, freedman of Agrippina the Elder.[134]
  • Lucius Aurelius Hermia, a freedman butcher whose tombstone glorifies his marriage with his fellow freedwoman Aurelia Philematium.[135]
  • Lucius Cancrius Primigenius, a freedman of Clemens in an inscription praising him for breaking spells against the city.[136]
  • Lucius of Campione, who lost a lawsuit in the 8th century over a man Toto's claimed ownership of him.[137]
  • Lucy, the black woman enslaved by John Lang. She was taken captive by the Creek when 12 years old and kept in slavery in Creek territory, where she had slave children and grandchildren.[138]
  • Lucy Ann (Berry) Delaney (1830–1891), formerly-enslaved woman, daughter of Polly Berry.
  • Luís Gama (1830–1882), born free in Brazil, illegally sold into slavery as a child, he regained liberty as an adult and became a lawyer who freed hundreds from slavery without asking for recompense, notably in the Netto Case.
  • Lunsford Lane (1803 – after 1870), an enslaved African-American man and entrepreneur from North Carolina who bought freedom for himself and his family. He also wrote a slave narrative.
  • Lyde, an enslaved woman freed by Roman empress Livia.[139]
  • Lydia, an enslaved woman who was shot and wounded by her captor when she struggled to escape a whipping. The action was ruled legal by the Supreme Court of North Carolina in 1830 (see North Carolina v. Mann).
  • Lydia Carter, the "Little Osage Captive," captured and enslaved among the Cherokee. She was ransomed by Lydia Carter, who made her her namesake. The Osage attempted to reclaim her, but she took ill and died.[140]
  • Lydia Polite, mother of Robert Smalls.

M edit

 
Mikhail Shchepkin
  • Madison Hemings (1805–1877), son of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson.
  • Mae Louise Miller (1943–2014), American woman kept in modern-day slavery (peonage) until 1961.
  • Malik Ambar, born in 1548 as Chapu, a birth-name in Harar, Adal Sultanate in Somalia. He was from the now extinct Maya ethnic group. As a child he was sold in slavery by his parents[141] Mir Qasim Al Baghdadi, one of his slave owners, eventually converted Chapu to Islam and gave him the name Ambar, after recognizing his superior intellectual qualities.[142][143] Malik was brought to India as a slave. While in India he created a mercenary force numbering up to 1500 men. It was based in the Deccan region and was hired by local kings. Malik became a popular Prime Minister of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, showing administrative acumen. He is also regarded as a pioneer in guerilla warfare in the region. He is credited with carrying out a revenue settlement of much of the Deccan, which formed the basis for subsequent settlements. He is a figure of veneration to the Siddis of Gujarat. He humbled the might of the Mughals and Adil Shah of Bijapur and raised the low status of the Nizam Shah.[144][145]
  • La Malinche (c. 1496 or c. 1501 – c. 1529), a Nahua woman given as a slave to Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. She became his personal interpreter, advisor, and mistress during the Spanish conquest of Mexico.
  • Mammy Lou (1804 – after 1918), a formerly-enslaved woman who lived to extreme old age and acted in the 1918 silent film The Glorious Adventure.
  • Manes, a man enslaved by Diogenes of Sinope. He ran away shortly after his owner arrived in Athens, and Diogenes failed to pursue him on the grounds that if Manes could live without him, it would be disgraceful if he could not equally live without Manes.
  • Manjeok, enslaved Korean person and leader of an abortive slave uprising.
  • Manjutakin (died 1007), a Turkish-born enslaved soldier (ghulam) and general of the Fatimids.
  • Mann, either of two men enslaved by Æthelgifu in Anglo-Saxon England and freed by the terms of her will. One was a goldsmith and the other's wife was freed at the same time.[64]
  • Marcos Xiorro, a man enslaved in Puerto Rico who, in 1821, planned a revolt against the sugar plantation owners and the Spanish colonial government. Though the conspiracy was unsuccessful, he became a part of island's folklore.[146]
  • Marcia, mistress of Roman emperor Commodus.
  • Marcius Agrippa (late 2nd and early 3rd century), an enslaved man who was not only freed but eventually elevated to senatorial rank by Roman emperor Macrinus.
  • Marcus Tullius Tiro (c. 103 – 4 BCE), Roman author, slave, and secretary of the Roman politician Cicero, later freed. He invented a long-lasting system of shorthand and wrote books that are now lost.
  • Margaret Garner (1835–1858), an enslaved woman in antebellum America infamous for killing her own daughter rather than see the child returned to slavery.
  • Margaret Himfi (before 1380 – after 1408), a Hungarian noblewoman who was abducted and enslaved by Ottoman marauders in the late 14th century. She later became an enslaved mistress of a wealthy Venetian citizen of Crete, with whom she had two daughters. Margaret returned to Hungary in 1405.
  • Marguerite Duplessis (c. 1718 – after 1740), a Pawnee woman enslaved in Montreal who, in 1740, unsuccessfully sued for her freedom.
  • Maria ter Meetelen (1704 – fl. 1751), Dutch writer of a slave narrative, enslaved by pirates and sold to the Sultan of Morocco. Her 1748 biography is considered to be a valuable witness statement of the life of a former slave.
  • Marie (died 1759), an enslaved Cree woman sentenced to death in Trois-Rivières, New France.
  • Margaret Morgan, involved in the Prigg v. Pennsylvania United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that the federal Fugitive Slave Act precluded a Pennsylvania state law that prohibited blacks from being taken out of Pennsylvania into slavery, and overturned the conviction of Edward Prigg as a result.
  • Marguerite Scypion (c. 1770s – after 1836), an African-Natchez woman born into slavery in St. Louis who sued for and eventually won her freedom.
  • Maria al-Qibtiyya (died 637), also known as "Maria the Copt" (Arabic: مارية القبطية) or, alternatively, Maria Qupthiya, an enslaved Copt who was sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official, to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628, and became Muhammad's wife. She was the mother of Muhammad's son Ibrahim, who died in infancy. Her sister, Sirin, was also sent to Muhammad. Muhammad gave her to his follower Hassan ibn Thabit. Maria never remarried after Muhammad's death in 632, and died five years later.
  • Maria, (died 1716), the leader of a slave rebellion on Curaçao.
  • Maria Perkins, an enslaved woman from Virginia who wrote a letter to her husband in 1852 about their son being sold away.[147]
  • Mariah Bell Winder McGavock Otey Reddick (died 1922), as a girl she was given as a wedding gift to Carrie Winder when she married John McGavock in 1848 in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. Mariah, born enslaved in Mississippi, was taken to Franklin, Tennessee, where she lived for most of the remainder of her life. She was matched with Harvey Otey after his first wife Phebe died. They had several children, including two sets of twins, born into slavery. During the Civil War, she was sent to Montgomery to be far from Union lines and possible freedom. She has been featured in three novels: Widow of the South and Orphan Mother both by Robert Hicks and in a book by her great-grandson William 'Damani' Keene and his wife Carole 'Ife' Keene entitled Clandestine: The Times and Secret Life of Mariah Otey Reddick.[148]
  • Marianna Malińska (died after 1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[149]
  • Marie-Cessette Dumas, a woman enslaved by Marquis Antoine de la Pailleterie, mother of General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, and grandmother of famous author Alexandre Dumas, père.
  • Marie-Josèphe dite Angélique (died 1734), a black Portuguese enslaved woman who was tried and convicted, beaten and hanged for setting fire to her female owner's home, burning much of what is now referred to as Old Montreal.
  • Marie Thérèse Metoyer, a planter, and businesswoman at the colonial Louisiana outpost of Natchitoches after being freed.
  • Mark, Massachusetts man enslaved by Captain John Codman.[150] Mark's body was displayed in chains publicly near Charlestown, Massachusetts for twenty years. The gruesome display of his body was so well known at the time, the site where Mark's body was displayed is mentioned by Paul Revere as a landmark, in his 1798 account of Revere's 1775 midnight ride.[151]
  • Martha Ann Erskine Ricks (1817–1901), an African-American born enslaved in Tennessee, later an Americo-Liberian quilter[152]
  • Marthe Franceschini (1755–1799), an Italian captured and enslaved by Corsairs and included in the harem of the Sultan of Morocco.
  • Mary, mother of George Washington Carver.
  • Mary (died 1838), teenager hanged for the murder of Vienna Brinker, a two-year-old girl she was babysitting
  • Mary Black, one of three enslaved women charged with witchcraft during the Salem witch trials of 1692.
  • Mary Calhoun, white woman and cousin of John C. Calhoun who was kidnapped by Cherokee. She never returned home.[1]
  • Mary Edmonson (1832–1853), along with her sister Emily, joined an unsuccessful 1848 escape attempt known as the Pearl incident, but Henry Ward Beecher and his church raised the funds to free them.
  • Mary Eliza Smith, described in various records as "slave" or "former slave," common-law wife of Michael Morris Healy and mother of his children, including James Augustine Healy, Patrick Francis Healy, Michael A. Healy, and Eliza Healy.
  • Mary Fields (c. 1832–1914): the first African-American female star route mail carrier in the United States.
  • Mary Mildred Williams, Nee Botts (born 1847), the original 'Poster Child' whose image was used to advance the abolitionist cause by propagandising 'White Slavery' in 1855.
  • Mary Prince (c. 1788 – after 1833), the account of her life galvanized the anti-slavery movement in England.
  • The Master of Morton and the eldest son of the Chief of Clan Oliphant, two Scottish nobles who were exiled from Scotland after being implicated in the 1582 Raid of Ruthven. The ship in which they sailed was lost at sea, and it was rumoured that they had been caught by a Dutch ship. The last report was that they were slaves on a Turkish ship in the Mediterranean. A plaque to their memory was raised in the church in Algiers.
  • Masúd, initially purchased as a youth by Khál-i Akbar, an uncle of the Báb, Masúd would serve Bahá'u'lláh in Acre.[153]
  • Matilda McCrear (c. 1857 – 1940), the last surviving victim in the United States of the Transatlantic slave trade. Transported upon the slave ship Clotilda.
  • Mende Nazer (born c. 1982), a Nuba woman captured in Darfur and transported from Sudan to London, where she eventually won refugee status and wrote the memoir Slave: My True Story (2002).
  • Menecrates of Tralles a Greek physician during the 1st century BC.
  • Hans Mergest, a participant in the Crusade of Varna who was captured by the Ottomans in the Battle of Varna (1444) and spent 16 years in captivity. He was the protagonist of a song by minnesinger Michael Beheim.
  • Metaneira, a woman in ancient Greece described in Against Neaera as the property of Nicarete, who prostituted her.
  • Shadrach Minkins (1814–1875), a fugitive from slavery saved by abolitionists at Boston in 1850.
  • Michael Shiner (1805–1880), enslaved laborer, painter entrepreneur, civic leader and diarist at the Washington Navy Yard.
  • Miguel Perez was the Spanish name of a boy of the Yojuane people who was among 149 Yojuane women and children taken captive in 1759 during an attack on their camp by an expedition of Spaniards and Apaches along the Red River in what is now northern Texas.[154] Many of the captives died of smallpox while those who survived were enslaved.[155] The boy was sold to a Spanish soldier who bestowed the Spanish name on him. Perez became an Hispanicized Indian of San Antonio but he continued to maintain contact with the Yojuanes. In 1786, Perez was recruited to convince the Yojuanes and their Tonkawa allies to go to war with the Lipan Apache, which he did successfully.[154]
  • Mikhail Matinsky (1750–1820), Russian serf scientist, dramatist, librettist and opera composer.
  • Michał Rymiński (died after 1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[156]
  • Mikhail Shchepkin (1788–1863), Russian serf actor.
  • Mikhail Shibanov, Russian serf painter active during the 1780s.
  • Mikhail Tikhanov (1789–1862), Russian serf artist.
  • Mina Kolokolnikov (1708?–1775?), Russian serf painter and teacher.
  • Mingo, the 15–16 years old boy enslaved by the Titsworth family in Tennessee, who was captured in 1794 by Creeks in a raid on the house and kept as a slave by them.[157][158]
  • Minerva (Anderson) Breedlove, mother of Madam C.J. Walker.
  • Moses A. Hopkins (1846–1886), African-American diplomat, U.S. minister to Liberia.[159]
  • Hájí Mubárak, purchased at the age of 5 years old by Hájí Mírzá Abú'l-Qásím, the great-grandfather of Shoghi Effendi and brother-in-law of the Báb, Hájí Mubárak was sold to the Báb in 1842 at the age of 19 for fourteen tomans.[160] Hájí Mubárak died at about the age of 40 and is buried in the grounds of the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq.
  • Mustapha Khaznadar (1817–1878), born Georgios Kalkias Stravelakis, a Christian Greek on the island of Chios, captured by Ottoman troops during the 1822 Massacre of Chios, converted to Islam and given the name Mustapha, sold in Constantinople to an envoy of the Husainid Dynasty. He was raised by the family of Mustapha Bey, then by his son Ahmad I Bey[161] while he was still crown prince. Initially, he worked as the prince's private treasurer before becoming Ahmad's state treasurer (khaznadar).[161] He managed to climb to the highest offices of the Tunisian state, married Princess Lalla Kalthoum in 1839 and was promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, made bey in 1840 and then president of the Grand Council from 1862 to 1878.
  • Muyahid ibn Yusuf ibn Ali, 11th-century leader of the Saqaliba (slaves of supposed Slavic origin) in Dénia, Spain (then part of Muslim Al Andalus). Taking advantage of the crumbling of the Caliphate of Córdoba, he and his followers rebelled, freed themselves, seized control of the city and established the Taifa of Dénia, a city-state which at its peak extended its reach as far as the island of Majorca.

N edit

O edit

 
Omar ibn Said, a Senegalese Islamic scholar enslaved in North Carolina for more than 50 years, c. 1850

P edit

 
Portrait of Juan de Pareja by Diego Velázquez (c. 1650)
  • Harriet Evans Paine, (c. 1822–1917), Texas enslaved woman and later oral historian and storyteller.
  • Pallas, secretary to Roman emperor Claudius.
  • Juan de Pareja (1606–1670), man enslaved by Spanish artist Diego Velázquez. Velázquez trained him as a painter and freed him in 1650.
  • Pasion, an enslaved Athenian man and banker.[45] Late in life, he received the rare honor for a freedman of citizenship.[166]
  • Saint Patrick, abducted from Britain, enslaved in Ireland, escaped to Britain, returned to Ireland as a missionary.[167]
  • Patsey (born c. 1830), an enslaved African-American person who lived in the mid-1800s in South Carolina.
  • Paul Jennings (1799–1874), personal servant enslaved by President James Madison during and after his White House years, bought his freedom in 1845 from Daniel Webster. Noted for publishing the first White House memoir, 1865's A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.[168]
  • Paul Smith, a free black who accused the Cherokee headman Doublehead of kidnapping him and forcing him into bondage.[169]
  • Peggy Margaret Titsworth, enslaved at 13 years for three years, after a Creek raid in 1794 on her Tennessee home.[157][170]
  • Pete and Hannah Byrne, freed slaves of the Napoleon Bonaparte Byrne family which traveled from Missouri to California overland (a six-month journey) in 1859, leaving the farm in Missouri and bringing six adults (including Pete & Hannah), the four Byrne children and a herd of cattle and settling in Berkeley, California. Pete and Hannah are considered the first blacks living in Berkeley and among the first African-Americans in California.[171][172]
  • Peter Salem (c. 1750–1816), African American born into slavery in Massachusetts, served as a soldier in the American Revolutionary War
  • Petronia Justa, a woman in Herculaneum who sued her owner claiming to have been born after her mother's emancipation; the records of the lawsuit were preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius.[173]
  • Phaedo of Elis, captured in war, enslaved in Athens and forced into prostitution,[174] became a pupil of Socrates who had him freed, gave his name to one of Plato's dialogues, Phaedo and became a famous philosopher in his own right.
  • Phaedrus (c. 15 BCE – c. 50 CE), Roman fabulist.
 
Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova in a scenic costume for Les mariages samnites by André Ernest Modeste Grétry
  • Phillis, a Massachusetts woman enslaved by Captain John Codman. Convicted in the successful plot to poison her owner as she and her fellow enslaved "found the rigid discipline of their master unendurable",[150] Phillis was burned to death in 1755.
  • Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784?), Colonial American poet, the second published African-American poet and first published African-American woman.
  • Phoebe, an enslaved woman who sued for her freedom in Tennessee, along with her sons Davy and Tom, claiming to be the descendants of an enslaved Indian woman whose sister and other relatives had proven that they were wrongly enslaved.[175]
  • Philocrates, enslaved by 2nd-century BCE Roman reformer Gaius Gracchus. He remained at his master's side when Gracchus was fleeing from his enemies, forsaken by everybody else. Arriving at a grove sacred to the Furies, Philocrates first assisted Gracchus in his suicide before taking his own life, though some rumors held that Philocrates was only killed after he refused to let go of his master's body.
  • Phormion, an enslaved Athenian man and banker.[45] Late in life, he received the rare honor for a freedman of citizenship.[166]
  • Pierre d'Espagnac, sometimes Pierre d'Espagnal (1650–1689) was a French Jesuit missionary, enslaved by the Siamese.
  • Maria Guyomar de Pinha (1664–1728), Siamese royal chef of Japanese-Portuguese ancestry.
  • Pope Pius I, the Bishop of Rome from about 140 to about 154, during the reign of Roman emperor Antoninus Pius. He was the brother of the freedman Hermas and therefore likely to have been a former slave himself, though that is not mentioned explicitly in the scant records of his life.
  • Polly, the subject of the 1820 Indiana Supreme Court case Polly v. Lasselle, which resulted in all slaves held within Indiana to be freed.
  • Polly Berry, also known as Polly Crockett and Polly Wash, won an 1843 freedom suit in St. Louis, Missouri and also gained the freedom of her daughter Lucy Ann Berry.
  • Politoria, the subject of a lead curse tablet in ancient Rome; it was a curse on Clodia Valeria Sophrone, that she should not get Politoria into her power. She appears to have been a slave-courtesan who feared being sent to the brothel.[176]
  • Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova (1768–1803) was a Russian serf actress and soprano opera singer.
  • Primus (1700–1791), enslaved by Daniel Fowle of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Primus operated the press for the New Hampshire Gazette which is the American newspaper in longest continuous print.
  • Prince was the slave of a Choctaw man named Richard Harkins. Angered that his owner failed to give his slaves a Christmas celebration, Prince brutally murdered him and then unceremoniously dumped the body into the river in 1858.[177][178]
  • Prince Estabrook (1741–1830), enslaved by Benjamin Estabrook; fought in the Continental Army and was wounded at the Battle of Lexington and Concord
  • Prince Whipple (1750–1796), enslaved by American General William Whipple
  • Prosper, a slave murdered in 1807 in Virgin Islands by his owner Arthur William Hodge, for which Hodge was tried and executed in 1811, the first (and virtually only) such case ever recorded.
  • A pregnant Thrall whose name is not preserved, who was fleeing for her life in 11th-century Oslo, was given refuge on the boat of Hallvard Vebjørnsson, who tried to shield her but was killed together with her by the attackers' arrows, for which he was canonised and became the patron saint of Oslo.[179]
  • Publilius Syrus (fl. 85 – 43 BCE), a Latin writer best known for his sententiae. He was a Syrian who was brought as a slave to Italy.

Q edit

R edit

  • Rachel, the subject of the 1834 Rachel v. Walker case in the Supreme Court of Missouri which ruled that a U.S. Army officer forfeited his slave if he took the person to territory where slavery is prohibited.[180] This ruling was cited as precedent in 1856 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case before the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • Rachel of Kittery, Maine (died 1695), enslaved woman murdered by her owner whose case set a legal precedent in New England.
  • Rachel Knight (died 1889), initially enslaved by the grandfather of Newton Knight, the well-known Southern Unionist who during the American Civil War defied the Confederacy in the rebellion known as the Free State of Jones. After the war, Rachel was emancipated along with the other slaves. By the mid-1870s, Knight had separated from his wife, Serena, and married Rachel. In this period, Knight's grown son, Mat (from his first wife), married Rachel's grown daughter, Fannie, from a previous union. Knight's daughter, Molly, married Rachel's son, Jeff, making three interracial families in the community. Newton and Rachel Knight had several children before her death in 1889.
  • Rebecca Huger, an enslaved woman who was freed by General Benjamin F. Butler in New Orleans, and described in a Harper's Weekly article as being to all appearance white, and having come to a school for emancipated slaves in Philadelphia.[48]
  • Redoshi (c. 1848 – 1937), also known as Sally Smith, the next-to-last surviving victim in the United States of the Transatlantic slave trade. Transported upon the slave ship Clotilda.
  • Rei Amador, leader of a slave rebellion in 1595 in Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe.[181]
  • Remigio Herrera (c. 1810s – 1905), an enslaved Cuban person who became a revered priest in Regla.
 
Portrait of Roustam Raza, the mamluck of Napoleon by Horace Vernet (1810)

S edit

 
Solomon Northup from Twelve Years a Slave
  • Sabuktigin (c. 942 – 997), full name Abu Mansur Sabuktigin, captured and sold into slavery at a young age, rose to become a general and eventually a king and the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire in medieval Iran.
  • Safiye Sultan (c. 1550 – c. 1619), an enslaved Venetian woman who was placed in the harem of the Ottoman sultan Murad III and became the mother of sultan Mehmed III.
  • Salem Poor (1747–1802), an enslaved African-American man who purchased his freedom, and a war hero during the American Revolutionary War.
  • Sally Hemings (1773–1835), a mixed-race woman enslaved by Thomas Jefferson believed by many to have had six children with him, four of whom survived to adulthood.
  • Sally Miller or Salomé Müller (born c. 1814), an enslaved American woman whose freedom suit in Louisiana was based on her claimed status as a free German immigrant and indentured servant.[182]
  • Sally Seymour (died 1824), American pastry chef and restaurateur, an enslaved woman who was manumitted and became a slave owner herself.
  • Salonia the second wife of Cato the Elder
  • Salvius, also known as Tryphon, leader of the 104 BCE slave rebellion in Sicily known as the Second Servile War.
  • Sambo (died 1736), an enslaved boy who arrived at Sunderland Point, near Lancaster, England, around 1736 from the West Indies in the capacity of a servant a ship's captain. He is buried in an unconsecrated grave in a field near the small village of Sunderland Point, Lancashire, England.
  • Sambo, a black captive of Tiger King, a Lower Creek, who told the traveler William Bartram that Sambo was his family property.[183]
  • Samuel Benedict (1792–1854), born an African-American slave, later became free and emigrated to Liberia, where he became a politician and judge.[184]
  • Samuel Green (c. 1802 – 1877), an enslaved man who bought his freedom and freedom for his loved ones, was involved with the Underground Railroad, and was jailed in 1857 for carrying a copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
  • Samuel Ringgold Ward (1817–c. 1866), African-American abolitionist and journalist.[185]
  • Sandy Jenkins, a slave mentioned by Frederick Douglass in his first autobiography.
  • Sanker, the enslaved manservant of Samuel R. Watkins, author of "Co. Aytch" (1882), which recounts Watkins’ life as a soldier in the 1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment.
  • Sara Forbes Bonetta (1843–1880), an Egbado princess of the Yoruba who was orphaned in intertribal warfare, sold into slavery as a child, was rescued by Captain Frederick E. Forbes of the Royal Navy and taken to the United Kingdom where she became a goddaughter to Queen Victoria.
  • Sarah Johnson (1844–1920) whose life at the first president's plantation was published in the book Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon.
  • Satrelanus, from Gaul, sold by Ermedruda to Toto in Milan in 725.[186]
 
Silas Chandler (right) and his owner, Sergeant A.M. Chandler of the 44th Mississippi Infantry Regiment
  • Scipio Africanus (c. 1702 – 1720).
  • Scipio Moorhead, enslaved artist.
  • Scipio Vaughan (c. 1784 – c. 1840), was captured from his homeland in Africa at a young age and sold into slavery in the United States. He became a skilled artisan in Camden, South Carolina; gained his freedom and inspired a movement among some of his descendants.
  • Septimus Clarke (1787–1859), formerly enslaved, he became a successful farmer and community leader in Nova Scotia.
  • Servius Tullius, ancient King of Rome said to have started life enslaved (though this was disputed, among both Romans and modern historians).
  • Seymour Burr (1754/1762–1837), fought for the Continental Army in the American Revolution.
  • Shaghab (died 933), mother and co-ruler of the eighteenth Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir.
  • Silas Chandler (1838–1919), man who accompanied his enslavers in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.[187]
  • Sojourner Truth (c. 1797 – 1883), an abolitionist and women's rights activist.
  • Solomon Bayley (1771–1839), wrote a book in 1825 about his life as a slave.
  • Solomon Northup (1807 – c. 1863),[188][189] a farmer, professional violinist, and free-born black man from New York who was lured to Washington, D.C., where slavery was legal, kidnapped, and sold in the South. He remained enslaved in Louisiana from 1841 until he was rescued and liberated in 1853. Author of Twelve Years a Slave.
  • Solomon Flores, enslaved man from northern Alabama.
  • Sosias the Thracian, an enslaved Athenian man, and later freedman, enslaved by Nicias, who later leased him a thousand slaves for his mining operation.[45]
  • Spartacus (c. 111 – 71 BCE), a gladiator and rebel leader during the Servile Revolt.
 
The Death of Spartacus by Hermann Vogel (1882)
  • Spendius a Campanian who escaped slavery and served as a Carthaginian mercenary during the First Punic War and then as a general in the Mercenary War against Carthage.[190]
  • Stefan Holnicki (died after 1797), Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer, donated to the king of Poland by will and testament.[191]
  • Stephen Bishop (c. 1821 – 1857), an enslaved mixed-race man in Kentucky known for being one of the first explorers and guides of Mammoth Cave.
  • Sue, a black woman enslaved by James Brown, who was captured along with several members of the Brown family and other slaves by Chickamaugas. When the warrior who had captured her threatened another captive, the other captor threatened to kill Sue in retribution.[192] James' son Joseph later kidnapped Sue and her children and grandchildren—eight in all—in retribution for his captivity.[193]
  • Suhayb ar-Rumi (born c. 587), also known as Suhayb ibn Sinan, enslaved in childhood in the Byzantine Empire, escaped as a young man to Mecca and went on to become an esteemed companion of Muhammad and revered member of the early Muslim community.
  • Sumayyah bint Khayyat (550–615), a woman enslaved in Mecca and one of the first seven converts to Islam made by the Prophet Muhammad in his early career. She was tortured and killed by enemies of the new faith, becoming the first Muslim Shahid.
  • Squanto (1585–1622), also known as Tisquantum, a Native American of what is now coastal Massachusetts who was captured by English pirates and sold as a slave. He was later freed and returned to New England, where he met the Pilgrims of the Mayflower in 1621.
  • Subh of Cordoba (940–999), an enslaved concubine of a Caliph and mother and regent of the next Caliph of Cordoba in the 10th century.
  • Suk-bin Choe (1670–1718), consort of Sukjong of Joseon and mother of Yeongjo of Joseon.
  • Surya Devi (died 715), Indian princess, enslaved by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

T edit

 
Taras Shevchenko
 
Tatyana Shlykova
 
Alleged portrait of Terence, from Codex Vaticanus Latinus 3868. Possibly copied from 3rd-century original.
  • Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861): The most prominent Ukrainian poet, artist and illustrator was born in a family of serfs. His artist friends bought his freedom in 1838.
  • Tatyana Shlykova (1773–1863), Russian serf ballerina and opera singer.
  • Thanadelthur (c. 1697–1717), a woman of the Chipewyan Dënesųłı̨ne nation who served as a guide and interpreter for the Hudson's Bay Company.
  • Thomas Fuller, African American man enslaved in Viriginia, renowned for his mathematical abilities.[194]
  • Thomas Pellow (1704–1745), enslaved by Barbary pirates, taken to Morocco the selected and tortured by Ismail Ibn Sharif. Escaped after 23 years and returned home to Cornwall.
  • Thomas Peters (1738–1792), born Thomas Potters, one of the founding fathers of Sierra Leone. Formerly enslaved, he fled North Carolina during the American Revolutionary War. Peters was a Black Loyalist member of the British Black Company of Pioneers, became a sergeant, and settled and married in Nova Scotia. He recruited African settlers in Nova Scotia for the colonization of Sierra Leone and later became a leader in Freetown.
  • Thomas Sims (born 1834), an enslaved African American man who escaped slavery in Georgia to Boston, Massachusetts, only to be recaptured under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and to escape to Boston once more.
  • Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (1762–1806), a French general and father of Alexandre Dumas.
  • Thumal, administrator of justice to the eighteenth Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir.
  • T. Aelius Dionysius, a freedman of the late Roman Empire, who created a stela for himself, his wife, and Aelius Perseus, his fellow freedman, and their freedman and those who came after them.[195]
  • T. Claudius Dionysius, a freedman whose freedwoman wife Claudia Prepontis erected a funerary altar to him. Their clasped hands, depicted on it, show the legitimacy of their marriage, possible only once they obtained their freedom.[49]
  • Terence (c. 195/185 – c. 159 BCE), full name Publius Terentius Afer, Roman playwright and comic poet who wrote before and possibly after his freedom.
  • Tiberius Claudius Narcissus, freedman who was secretary to Roman emperor Claudius in the 1st century.
  • Tituba, a 17th-century Native American woman who was enslaved by Samuel Parris of Danvers, Massachusetts. She was the first person accused of practicing witchcraft during the 1692 Salem witch trials.[196]
  • Tomás Ortega, an enslaved man in colonial Mexico who attempted to marry Leonor de Mendoza, a woman enslaved by another master. When that man imprisoned Tomás, Leonor appealed to a church court for assistance, and it threatened excommunication if he did not free Tomás.[128]
  • Titus Kent (1733–18??), enslaved by the Samuel Kent family in Suffield Connecticut. He was owned by Samuel Kent, who lived 1698–1772; Samuel Kent's 1772 probate recorded that Titus was bequeathed Samuel Kent's son, Elihu Kent. Revolutionary War records indicate that Titus served in different regiments from 1775–1783.
  • Toussaint L'Ouverture (1743–1803), a freedman who led the slave revolt that led to the independence of Haiti.
  • Tula (died 1795), a leader of the Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795.
  • Turgut Reis (1485–1565), also known as Dragut, a well-known admiral of the Ottoman Navy of the 16th century who was captured by the Genoese at Corsica and forced to work as a galley slave for nearly four years. He was finally rescued by his fellow admiral Barbarossa, who laid siege to Genoa and secured Turgut Reis' release for the prodigious ransom of 3,500 gold ducats. Thereupon, Turgut Reis resumed his naval career (which included the enslavement of various other people).
  • Turhan Hatice Sultan (c. 1627 – 4 August 1683) was Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman sultan Ibrahim (reign 1640–1648) and Valide sultan as the mother of Mehmed IV (reign 1648–1687).

U edit

  • Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (1705–1775), also known as James Albert, a freedman turned writer whose autobiography is considered the first published by an African in Britain.
  • Ursula Granger (1738–1800), a woman enslaved by Thomas Jefferson who worked as a cook, dairymaid, laundress, and wet nurse, and has been referred to as the "Queen of Monticello"[197][198]

V edit

 
Vasily Tropinin
 
Vincent de Paul
  • Vasily Tropinin (1776–1857), Russian serf painter.
  • Venture Smith (1729–1805), an African captured as a child and transported to the American colonies as a slave. When an adult, he purchased his freedom and that of his family – his wife Meg and their children Hannah, Solomon and Cuff. His history was documented and published by a schoolteacher, to whom he talked in his old age.
  • The Vestmenn ("West Men" in Old Norse, referring to the Irish) were a group of Irish slaves brought to Iceland by Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson, one of the early Norse settlers there. He treated them badly, and they killed him and escaped to a group of offshore islands. Ingólfur Arnarson, Hjörleifur's blood brother, tracked the escaped slaves and killed them all. Though their individual names are unknown, their memory lives on in Icelandic geography, the islands where they sought refuge being known up to the present as "Vestmannaeyjar": "Islands of the West Men" (i.e. of the Irish).
  • Vincent de Paul (1581–1660), a French priest who is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. He was taken captive by Turkish pirates, sold into slavery, and freed in 1607.[199]
  • Vindicius, an ancient Roman slave who discovered Tarquin's plot to regain power.
  • Vibia Calybeni, a freedwoman of the late Roman Empire who unusually named herself as a madam on her tombstone.[200]
  • Virginia Boyd, an enslaved American woman whose letter to R.C. Ballard, pleading not to be sold with her children among strangers, has been preserved. Ballard had undertaken to have her sold at the request of Judge Samuel Boyd, the children's father, to hide her existence from his family.
  • Violet Ludlow, an American woman sold into slavery several times despite her claims to be a free white woman.[48]
  • Virginia Demetricia (1842–after 1867), an enslaved Aruban known as a heroin of resistance against enslavement.
  • Vitalis, ancient Roman slave. An epigraph describes an enslaved boy, Iucundus, as the son of Gryphus and Vitalis.[81]
  • Volumnia Cytheris, an enslaved and later freedwoman in ancient Rome. An actress and courtesan, her lovers included Brutus, Mark Antony, and Cornelius Gallus; her rejection of Gallus provided the theme for Virgil's tenth Eclogue.[201]

W edit

 
Photograph of Wes Brady, ex-slave, taken in Marshall, Texas, in 1937 as part of the Federal Writers' Project Slave Narrative Collection

X edit

  • Xenon, an enslaved Athenian man and banker.[45]
  • Xing was the primary primary spouse of Gaozong, the brother of Qinzong, Chinese Emperor of the Song Dynasty. In 1127, the capital of Kaifeng was captured by the Jurchen during the Jin–Song Wars, and Xing was among more than 3000 people captured and exiled to Manchuria in what was called the Jingkang Incident. Xing was among The Imperial consorts, concubines, palace women and eunuchs who were captured, and distributed among the Jurchen as slaves.[209] Xing's husband Gaozong, who avoided capture, became the new Emperor and declared Xing Empress in absentia, but was unable to get her free. She remained in captivity where she was coveted by her captors, attempted suicide to escape abuse but failed, and she died in captivity in 1139.[210]

Y edit

  • Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229), an Arab biographer and geographer known for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world. He was sold into slavery in 12th-century Syria and taken to Baghdad, but was provided with a good education and later freed.
  • Yasār, a 7th-century Christian man who had been captured in a campaign of Khalid ibn al-Walid, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. Yasār was taken to Medina and became the slave of Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. He accepted Islam, was manumitted and became his mawlā, thus acquiring the nisbat al-Muṭṭalibī. He had three sons – Mūsā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Isḥāq. His grandson, Ibn Ishaq, became an important early Arab historian.
  • Yasuke, a 16th century African man who travelled to Japan in the service of Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano. Given to Oda Nobunaga, Yasuke became a confident of the daimyō and given official status as a trusted retainer.
  • York (1770–before 1832), an African-American man enslaved by William Clark, who was part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Z edit

 
Zofia Potocka
  • Zalmoxis, a Dacian who was enslaved by Pythagoras on the island of Samos, according to Herodotus. Zalmoxis learned philosophy from his owner and other wise Greeks. Eventually he was liberated, gathered huge wealth and went back to his homeland, where he converted the Thracians to his beliefs, was greatly venerated for his wisdom and in later generations became worshiped as a god.[211]
  • Zayd ibn Haritha (c. 581–629), given to Muhammad's wife Khadijah, freed, adopted, and became known as Zayd ibn Muhammad.
  • Ziryab (789–857), also known as Abul-Hasan Alí Ibn Nafí, a Muslim singer, musician, and polymath known for introducing the crop asparagus to Europe.
  • Zoe, a Christian martyr.
  • Zofia Potocka (1760–1822), a Greek-Ottoman enslaved courtesan who ended up as a Polish countess by marriage.
  • Zumbi (1655–1695), enslaved in Portuguese Brazil, he escaped and joined the Quilombo dos Palmares, the largest ever settlement of escaped slaves in colonial Brazil, becoming its last and most famous leader.
  • Zunairah al-Rumiya (Arabic: زنيرة الرومية, Zaneerah the Roman) (other transliterations include Zaneera, Zannirah, Zanira or in some sources Zinra or Zinnirah) was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad.

See also edit

References edit

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February 15, 2024
list, slaves, this, dynamic, list, never, able, satisfy, particular, standards, completeness, help, adding, missing, items, with, reliable, sources, slavery, social, economic, system, under, which, people, enslaved, deprived, personal, freedom, forced, perform. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Slavery is a social economic system under which people are enslaved deprived of personal freedom and forced to perform labor or services without compensation These people are referred to as slaves or as enslaved people This and three other statues of chained slaves placed at the base of the Monument of the Four Moors at Livorno Italy might have been made with actual slaves as models whose names and circumstances remain unknownThe following is a list of historical people who were enslaved at some point during their lives in alphabetical order by first name Several names have been added under the letter representing the person s last name Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also ReferencesA editAbdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori 1762 1829 a prince from West Africa and enslaved in the United States for 40 years until President John Quincy Adams freed him Abraham an enslaved black man who carried messages between the frontier and Charles Town during wars with the Cherokee for which he was freed 1 Abram Petrovich Gannibal 1696 1781 adopted by Russian czar Peter the Great governor of Tallinn Reval 1742 1752 general en chef 1759 1762 for building of sea forts and canals in Russia great grandfather of Alexander Pushkin See The Slave in European Art for portraits Absalom Jones 1746 1818 formerly enslaved man who purchased his freedom abolitionist and clergyman first ordained black priest of the Episcopal Church Abu Lu lu a Firuz died 644 Persian craftsman and captive who killed the second Islamic caliph Umar ibn al Khattab r 634 644 Addas Arabic ع د اس an enslaved Christian boy who lived in Taif during the time of Muhammad who was supposedly the first person from the western province of Taif to convert to Islam 2 3 Adriaan de Bruin c 1700 1766 earlier called Tabo Jansz was an enslaved servant in the Dutch Republic who ended up a free man in Hoorn North Holland 4 5 6 He was portrayed by Nicolaas Verkolje Claudia Acte mistress of Roman emperor Nero Adam Brzezinski died after 1797 Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer donated to the king of Poland by will and testament 7 Aelfsige a male cook in Anglo Saxon England property of Wynflaed who left him to her granddaughter Eadgifu in her will 8 9 Aelus Perseus a freedman of the late Roman Empire whom T Aelius Dionysius included by name on a stela for him his wife their freedman and those who came after them 10 Aelstan a man enslaved in Anglo Saxon England freed with his wife and all their children born and unborn by Geatflaed for the love of God and the good of her soul 11 Aesop c 620 564 BCE Greek poet and author or transcriber of Aesop s Fables Afak 12th century an enslaved Kipchak girl who was given by Fakhr al Din Bahramshah ruler of Darband to Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi 1141 1209 She became Ganjavi s wife and the mother of his only son Mohammad Through his poems he expressed his grief at her premature death It is disputed whether Afak meaning Horizon or Snow White 12 was her birth name or a nickname Afanasy Grigoriev 1782 1868 Russian serf and Neoclassical architect Afrosinya 1699 1700 1748 Russian serf possibly a Finnish captive enslaved mistress of Alexei Petrovich Tsarevich of Russia nbsp Alvar Nunez Cabeza de VacaAgathoclia died c 230 a martyr and patron saint of the town of Mequinenza in Spain 13 Ng Akew died 1880 famous Chinese businesswoman and smuggler originally a slave Alam al Malika died 1130 enslaved singer who was promoted to become the de facto prime minister adviser and ruler of the principality of Zubayd in what is now Yemen Jehan Alard fl 1580 a French Huguenot who served as a galley slave in Italy condemned by the Inquisition Alexina Morrison a fugitive from slavery in Louisiana who claimed to be a kidnapped white girl and sued her master for her freedom on that ground arousing such popular feeling against him that a mob threatened to lynch him 14 Alfred Teen Blackburn 1842 1951 one of the last living survivors of slavery in the United States who had a clear recollection of it Alfred Francis Russell 1817 1884 10th President of Liberia 15 Alice Clifton c 1772 unknown as an enslaved teenager she was a defendant in an infanticide trial in 1787 Alick was a man enslaved by John C Calhoun Vice President of the United States and a firm upholder of slavery In 1831 Alick ran away when threatened with a severe whipping Calhoun wrote to his second cousin and brother in law asking him to keep a lookout for Alick and if he was taken to have him severely whipped and sent back 16 When Alick was captured Calhoun wrote to the captor I am glad to hear that Alick has been apprehended and am much obliged to you for paying the expense of apprehending him He ran away for no other cause but to avoid a correction for some misconduct and as I am desirous to prevent a repetition I wish you to have him lodged in Jail for one week to be fed on bread and water and to employ some one for me to give him 30 lashes well laid on at the end of the time I hope you will pardon the trouble I only give it because I deem it necessary to our proper security to prevent the formation of the habit of running away and I think it better to punish him before his return home than afterwards 17 Alick s case got considerable publicity opponents of slavery regarding it as giving the lie to Calhoun s assertion that slavery was not a Necessary Evil but a Positive Good and that slaves get the kind attention of their masters 18 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca c 1490 c 1558 a Spanish explorer who was enslaved by Native Americans on the Gulf Coast of what is now the United States after surviving the collapse of the Narvaez expedition in 1527 19 Al Khayzuran bint Atta died 789 an enslaved Yemenite girl who became the wife of the Abbasid Caliph Al Mahdi and mother of both Caliphs Al Hadi and Harun al Rashid the most famous of the Abbasids Alp Tegin died 963 a member of the nomadic Turks of Central Asian steppes who was brought as slave when in childhood into the Samanid court at their capital Bukhara and who rose to become a commander of the army of the Samanid Empire in Khorasan He later became the governor of Ghazna which then fell under the Samanid Empire Later his son in law Sabuktigin would found the Ghaznavid Empire Amanda America Dickson 1849 1893 the daughter of white Georgian planter David Dickson and Julia Frances Lewis who was enslaved by Dickson s mother Although legally enslaved until her emancipation after the American Civil War Amanda Dickson was raised as her father s favorite and inherited his 500 000 estate after his 1885 death 20 nbsp Aesop in a Hellenistic statue claimed to be him Art Collection of Villa Albani RomeAmmar bin Yasir 570 657 one of the most famous sahaba companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad freed by Abu Bakr Amos Fortune 1710 1801 an African prince who was enslaved in the United States for most of his life A children s book about him Amos Fortune Free Man won the Newbery Medal in 1951 Ana Velazquez mother of Martin de Porres Anarcha Westcott c 1828 unknown a black woman enslaved in the United States who was one of the several enslaved women experimented on by J Marion Sims nbsp Portrait of Andrey Voronikhin Engraving by V A Bobrov from the beginning of the 19th century Andrey Voronikhin 1759 1814 Russian serf architect and painter Andrea Aguyar died 1849 a formerly enslaved freed black man from Uruguay who joined Giuseppe Garibaldi during Italian revolutionary involvement in the Uruguayan Civil War of the 1840s and was killed fighting in defense of the Roman Republic of 1849 Anne Calhoun a white girl and cousin to John C Calhoun who was enslaved from the age of 4 until she was 7 by Cherokees 21 Anna Williams an enslaved woman in Washington D C who successfully sued the United States Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit for her freedom 22 Anna J Cooper 1858 1964 author educator speaker and prominent African American scholar Annice died 1828 executed for the murders of five children Annika Svahn fl 1714 Finnish woman abducted by the Russians during the Great Northern War The daughter of a vicar in Joutseno she became perhaps the best known victim of the abuse suffered by the civilian population in Finland during the Russian occupation Greater Wrath Antarah ibn Shaddad 525 608 pre Islamic Arab born to an enslaved woman freed by his father on the eve of battle also a poet Anteia a woman in ancient Greece described in Against Neaera as the property of Nicarete who prostituted her c 340 BC Anthony Burns 1834 1862 a Baptist preacher who escaped slavery to Boston only to be recaptured due to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 then had his freedom bought by those who opposed his recapture in Boston Antonia Bonnelli 1786 1870 captured and enslaved by the Mikasuki tribe in Florida in 1802 Antonio and Mundy the presumed names of two 16th century African slaves brought by Portuguese owners to Macau They later managed to escape into Ming China A popular legend states that one of them was the first to teach Chinese to an Englishman 23 Anton Guanche 15th century a Guanche from Tenerife captured enslaved and returned to the island Aputsiaq Hoegh sued her oppressor William Daniel for her freedom in Arkansas alleging that her mother had been a kidnapped and enslaved white woman 24 Aqualtune Ezgondidu Mahamud da Silva Santos died 1677 princess of Kongo mother of Ganga Zumba and grandmother of Zumbi dos Palmares She led 10 000 men during the Battle of Mbwila between Kingdom of Kongo and Kingdom of Portugal She was captured by Portuguese forces was brought to Brazil and sold as slave She created the slave settlement of Quilombo dos Palmares with her son Ganga Zumba 25 26 Archer Alexander 1810 1879 the model for the slave in the 1876 Emancipation Memorial sculpture nbsp Abram Petrovich Gannibal bust in Petrovskoe RussiaArchibald Grimke 1849 1930 born into slavery the son of a white father became an American lawyer intellectual journalist diplomat and community leader Aristocleia a woman in ancient Greece described in Against Neaera as the property of Nicarete who prostituted her c 340 BC Arkil a slave in Anglo Saxon England freed by Geatflaed for the love of God and the good of her soul 11 Arthur Crumpler c 1835 1910 escaped slavery in Virginia second husband of Dr Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler Aster Ganno c 1872 1964 a young Ethiopian woman was rescued by the Italian Navy from a slave ship crossing to Yemen She went on to translate the Bible into the Oromo language Also she prepared literacy materials and went on to spend the rest of her life as a school teacher Augustine Tolton 1854 1897 the first black priest in the United States 27 Aurelia Philematium a freedwoman whose tombstone glorifies her marriage with her fellow freedman Lucius Aurelius Hermia 28 nbsp Portrait of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo by William Hoare 1733 Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 1701 1773 also known as Job ben Solomon a Muslim of the Bundu state in West Africa who was enslaved for two years in Maryland freed in 1734 and later wrote memoirs that were published as one of the earliest slave narratives B edit nbsp BaibarsBaibars 1223 1277 also known as Abu al Futuh a Kipchak Turk who became a Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria Florence Baker 6 August 1841 11 March 1916 a Hungarian British explorer sold into slavery in the Ottoman Empire and saved by Samuel Baker whom she later married Harriet Balfour c 1818 1858 Surinam born enslaved woman who was freed in 1841 and moved to Scotland Balthild c 626 680 an Anglo Saxon woman of elite birth who was sold into slavery as a young girl and served in the household of Erchinoald mayor of the palace of Neustria Later she became queen consort by marriage to Clovis II and then regent during the minority of her son Clotaire She abolished the practice of trading Christian slaves and sought the freedom of children sold into slavery She was canonized by Pope Nicholas I about 200 years after her death 29 Bass Reeves 1838 1910 one of the first black Deputy U S Marshals west of the Mississippi River credited with arresting over 3 000 felons as well as shooting and killing fourteen outlaws in self defense Sarah Basset died 1730 enslaved in Bermuda executed in 1730 for the poisoning of three individuals Batteas a black slave sold by Choctaw chief Francimastabe to Benjamin James and later stolen by Robert Welsh 30 Andrew Jackson Beard 1849 1921 inventor emancipated at age 15 by the Emancipation Proclamation Belinda Sutton 1713 179 born in Ghana petitioned for support from her enslaver s estate considered an early reparations case and inspired future activism nbsp Belinda Sutton s petition reprinted Benkos Bioho born into the royal family of the Bissagos Islands who was abducted and enslaved After transportation to Spanish New Granada in South America he managed to escape help many other slaves to escape and established the maroon community of San Basilio de Palenque He was betrayed and hanged Governor Diego Pacheco Tellez Giron Gomez de Sandoval of Cartagena in 1621 but the community he founded survived in freedom and exists up to the present Betty Hemings c 1735 1807 an enslaved mixed race woman in colonial Virginia whom in 1761 became the sex slave of her master planter John Wayles and had six mixed race children with him over a 12 year period including Sally Hemings and James Hemings Beverly Hemings son of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson Henry Bibb 1815 1854 American author and abolitionist who was born a slave After escaping from slavery to British Upper Canada he founded an abolitionist newspaper The Voice of the Fugitive He later returned to the U S and lectured against slavery Big Eyes fl 1540 Wichita woman enslaved by Tejas people before being captured and enslaved by conquistador Juan de Zaldivar Bilichilde died 610 was a queen of Austrasia by marriage to Theudebert II Bilal ibn Ribah 580 640 freed in the 6th century He converted to Islam and was Prophet Muhammad s muezzin Bill Richmond 1763 1829 born in America was freed and became one of England s best known boxers nbsp Saint Brigid of Kildare as depicted in Saint Non s chapel St Davids WalesBilly a 7 year old black boy captured by Creek raiders in 1788 he passed through several hands before being sold at auction in Havana Spanish Cuba 31 Billy born c 1754 a man who escaped John Tayloe II s plantation and was charged with treason against Virginia during the American Revolutionary War He was pardoned after arguing that as a slave he was not a citizen and thus could not commit treason against a government to which he owed no allegiance Bissula fl 368 enslaved Alemannic woman and muse of the Roman poet Ausonius Blaesus and Blaesia whose late Republican Rome tomb inscription names them as the freedman of Caius and the freedwoman of Aulus 32 Blandina c 162 177 a slave and Christian martyr in Roman Gaul 33 Boga a man enslaved in Anglo Saxon England who along with all his family was freed by his owner AEthelgifu s will 11 Maria Boguslavka 17th century Ukrainian woman enslaved in a harem and became a heroine of assisting the escape of 30 Cossacks from slavery The Bodmin manumissions a manuscript now in the British Library 34 preserves the names and details of slaves freed in Bodmin the then principal town of Cornwall during the 9th or 10th centuries 35 36 Booker T Washington 1856 1915 born into slavery became an American educator author and leader of the African American community after the Civil War Nathaniel Booth 1826 1901 escaped slavery in Virginia and settled in Lowell Massachusetts In 1851 the citizens of Lowell purchased his freedom from slave hunters John Boston c 1832 after 1880 a formerly enslaved man who represented Darlington County for the South Carolina House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era He was involved in community endeavors and as a minister established the Lamar Colored Methodist Church in 1865 By 1880 he was a farmer Saint Brigid of Kildare a major Irish Saint According to tradition Brigid was born in the year 451 AD in Faughart 37 just north of Dundalk 38 39 in County Louth Ireland Her mother was Brocca a Christian Pict slave who had been baptized by Saint Patrick They name her father as Dubhthach a chieftain of Leinster 40 Dubthach s wife forced him to sell Brigid s mother to a druid when she became pregnant Brigid herself was born into slavery The child Brigid was said to have performed miracles including healing and feeding the poor 41 Around the age of ten she was returned as a household servant to her father where her habit of charity led her to donate his belongings to anyone who asked In two Lives Dubthach was so annoyed with her that he took her in a chariot to the King of Leinster to sell her While Dubthach was talking to the king Brigid gave away his jewelled sword to a beggar to barter it for food to feed his family The king recognized her holiness and convinced Dubthach to grant his daughter her freedom after which she started her career as a well known nun 42 Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 1698 1733 Swedish memoirist and weaving teacher who was captured during the Great Northern War and lived as a slave in the kingdom of the Kalmyk in Central Asia Bussa born a free man in West Africa of possible Igbo descent and was captured by African slave merchants sold to the British and transported to Barbados where slavery had been legal since 1661 in the late 18th century as a slave 43 C edit nbsp Charlotte Aisse nbsp Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha bust at Mersin Naval MuseumCaenis a formerly enslaved woman and secretary of Antonia Minor mother of the emperor Claudius and the mistress of Roman emperor Vespasian Caesar c 1737 1852 the last slave to be manumited in New York A supercentenarian he may have also been the earliest born person ever photographed while alive in 1851 Caesar Nero Paul c 1741 1823 enslaved as a child in Africa and brought to Exeter New Hampshire he was freed and started a prominent New England family of abolitionists Pope Callixtus I died 223 a formerly enslaved man pope from about 218 to about 223 during the reigns of Roman emperors Heliogabalus and Alexander Severus He was martyred for his Christian faith and is a canonized saint of the Roman Catholic Church 44 Callistratus an Athenian enslaved man and banker 45 Carlota died 1844 led a slave rebellion on Cuba in 1843 1844 Castus an enslaved Gaul and one of the leaders of slave rebellions people during the Third Servile War Cato an enslaved African American man who served as an American Black Patriot spy and courier gathering intelligence with his owner Hercules Mulligan Cato died 1803 an enslaved man in Charleston New York who murdered twelve year old Mary Akins after an attempted rape His confession was published in the murder literature of the time 46 Celia died 1855 a woman convicted and executed for the murder of Robert Newsom her enslaver During the trial John Jameson argued she had killed him in self defense to stop Newsom from raping her Cesar Picton c 1765 1831 enslaved in Senegal worked as a servant in England and later became a wealthy coal merchant Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha 1713 1790 an enslaved Georgian in the Ottoman Empire who rose to be grand vizier Kapudan Pasha and an army commander Cevri Kalfa an enslaved Georgian girl at the sultan s harem in Istanbul who saved Mahmud II s life and was rewarded for her bravery and loyalty by being appointed haznedar usta the chief treasurer of the imperial Harem Charity Folks 1757 1834 African American slave born in Annapolis Maryland released from slavery in 1797 and later became a property owner 47 Charles Ayres Brown enslaved mixed raced man born in Buckingham County Virginia around 1820 or 1821 who was a part of the contraband camp during the American Civil War in Corinth Mississippi He was in Company E He was legally married to Minerva Brown in 1867 and they had six children Charles Deslondes Haitian mulatto tasked with overseeing other slaves on the Andre plantation and leader of the 1811 German Coast Uprising in present day Louisiana He was brutally killed by the militia which put down the slave revolt Charles Taylor an enslaved man freed by General Benjamin F Butler in New Orleans was described in a Harper s Weekly article as appearing white and having come to a school for emancipated slaves in Philadelphia 48 Charlotte Aisse c 1694 13 March 1733 a French letter writer the daughter of a Circassian chief victim of the Ottoman Black Sea slave trade Charlotte Dupuy c 1787 1790 c 1866 also called Lottie filed a freedom suit in 1829 against her enslaver Henry Clay then Secretary of State and lost Chica da Silva c 1732 1796 also known as Xica da Silva Brazilian courtesan who became famous for becoming rich and powerful despite having been born into slavery Chloe Cooley fl 1793 enslaved in Canada her violent treatment and transport to the United States prompted Upper Canada s 1793 Act Against Slavery Christopher Shields born 1774 enslaved by George Washington and kept in slavery at Mount Vernon The location and year in which he died is unknown Christophorus Plato Castanis born 1814 a runaway Greek slave from Chios He came to the United States with Samuel Gridley Howe and John Celivergos Zachos Castanis was a Greek American author and lecturer Claudia Prepontis a Roman freedwoman who erected in the 1st century AD a funerary altar to her freedman husband T Claudius Dionysius their clasped hands depicted on it show the legitimacy of their marriage possible only once they obtained their freedom 49 Clara Brown c 1800 1885 a formerly enslaved Virginian woman who became a community leader philanthropist and aided settlement of former slaves during Colorado s Gold Rush Pope Clement I died 100 the fourth Pope according to Catholic tradition He may have been a freedman of Titus Flavius Clemens 50 Cleon died 132 BC leader in the First Servile War Cole an enslaved woman in Anglo Saxon England freed by Geatflaed for the love of God and the good of her soul 11 Colonel Tye 1753 1780 also known as Titus Cornelius formerly enslaved he became a Black Loyalist soldier and guerrilla leader during the American Revolution Cooper an enslaved black man around 20 years old who fled to the Creek He was captured to be sold to the whites but killed after he wounded a warrior 51 Crixus a Gallic gladiator and military leader in the Third Servile War Cudjoe Lewis c 1840 1935 born Oluale Kossola the third to last surviving victim in the United States of the Transatlantic slave trade Transported upon the slave ship Clotilda Cuffy died 1763 was an Akan man who was captured in his native West Africa taken to work in the plantations of the Dutch colony of Berbice in present day Guyana and in 1763 led a revolt of more than 2 500 slaves against the colonial regime Today he is a national hero in Guyana 52 D edit nbsp Dred Scott who lost a legal suit for his freedom in the United States Supreme Court in 1857Dabitum slave in Old Babylonia known for her letter concerning a miscarriage 53 54 Danae the new maidservant of Capito named in lead curse tablet from Republican Rome which aimed to destroy Danae 55 Daniel Bell c 1802 1877 who tried for decades to obtain lasting freedom for himself his wife and his children He helped organize what was called the single largest known escape attempt by enslaved Americans called the Pearl incident in Washington D C in 1848 Dave Drake c 1801 1876 also known as Dave the Potter David George a black man who fled a cruel Virginia master and was captured by Creeks and enslaved by Chief Blue Salt 56 Deborah Squash with her husband Harvey escaped from George Washington s Mount Vernon joined the British in New York during the American Revolutionary War and were evacuated in 1783 as freedmen 57 Denmark Vesey c 1767 1822 an enslaved African American man and later a freeman who planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States had word of the plans not been leaked 58 Dido Elizabeth Belle 1761 1804 born into slavery as the natural daughter of Maria Belle an enslaved African woman in the West Indies and Sir John Lindsay a career Royal Navy officer Lindsay took Belle with him when he returned to England in 1765 entrusting her raising to his uncle William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield and his wife Elizabeth Murray Countess of Mansfield The Murrays educated Belle bringing her up as a free gentlewoman at their Kenwood House together with their niece Lady Elizabeth Murray Belle lived there for 30 years In his will of 1793 Lord Mansfield confirmed her freedom and provided an outright sum and an annuity to her making her an heiress Diego was a formerly enslaved freedman closely associated with the Elizabethan English navigator Francis Drake In March 1573 Drake raided Darien in modern Panama in which he was greatly aided by Maroons Africans who had escaped from Spanish slave owners and were glad to help their English enemies One of them was Diego who proved a capable ship builder and accompanied Drake back to England In 1577 when Queen Elizabeth sent Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas which eventually developed into Drake circumnavigating the world Diego was once again employed under Drake his fluency in Spanish and English would make him a useful interpreter when Spaniards or Spanish speaking Portuguese were captured He was employed as Drake s servant and was paid wages just like the rest of the crew Diego died while Drake s ship was crossing the Pacific of wounds sustained earlier in the voyage Drake was saddened at his death Diego having become a good friend 59 Diogenes of Sinope c 412 323 BCE Greek philosopher kidnapped by pirates and sold in Corinth Dincă half Roma man enslaved by his father a Cantacuzino boyar in the 19th century Danubian Principalities present day Romania Well educated working as a cook but not allowed to marry his French mistress and go free which had led him to murder his lover and kill himself The affair shocked public opinion and was one of the factors contributing to the abolition of slavery in Romania 60 Diocletian 244 312 Emperor of Rome was by some sources born as the slave of Senator Anullinus By other sources it was Diocletian s father whose own name is unknown who was a slave and was freed prior to the birth of his son the future emperor 61 Dionysius I 1492 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople previously enslaved by the Ottomans after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 Dolly Johnson born late 1820s died after 1887 African American woman from Tennessee enslaved by President Andrew Johnson later a small small business owner 62 Dorota Sitanska died after 1797 Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer donated to the king of Poland by will and testament 63 Dragut 1485 1565 Ottoman commander gally slave during his Italian captivity Dred Scott c 1799 1858 an enslaved African American man in Missouri who sued for his freedom in a nationally publicized trial Scott v Sandford that reached the United States Supreme Court in 1857 Dufe the Old a man enslaved in Anglo Saxon England who was freed by his mistress AEthelgifu s will 64 E edit nbsp Florence Lady Baker c 1875 A Romanian enslaved as an orphan was bought by Samuel Baker who married her Ecceard the Smith a slave in Anglo Saxon England freed by Geatflaed for the love of God and the good of her soul 64 Ecgferd Aldun s daughter a slave in Anglo Saxon England freed by Geatflaed for the love of God and the good of her soul 64 Edmond Flint a black person enslaved by the Choctaw Nation who later described it as very like slavery among the whites 65 Edith an enslaved woman in Anglo Saxon England who bought her freedom and that of her children 66 Edward Mozingo Sr c 1649 1712 kidnapped from Africa when about 10 years old sold into slavery in Jamestown Virginia After his owner died he sued for his freedom and won it He married an impoverished white woman Margaret Pierce Bayley 1645 1711 and together they essentially founded the Mozingo family line in North America 67 Elijah Abel 1808 1884 born enslaved in Maryland and believed to have escaped slavery on the Underground Railroad into Canada He joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in its early days was among the first blacks to receive its priesthood and the first black person to rise to the ranks of an elder and seventy Elizabeth Marsh 1735 1785 was an Englishwoman who was captured by corsairs and held in slavery in Morocco Edith Hern Fossett a woman enslaved by U S President Thomas Jefferson was taught to cook by a French chef and created French cuisine at the White House and at Monticello Elias Polk 1806 1886 a conservative political activist of the 19th century Eliezer of Damascus Abraham s slave and trusted manager of the Patriarch s household in the Hebrew Bible Elieser was a man enslaved by the family of Paulo de Pina Portuguese Jews who moved to the Netherlands in 1610 to escape persecution and forced conversion in Portugal He lived with the family in Amsterdam until his death in 1629 and was buried in the Beth Haim cemetery oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands He appears to have been set free either de jure or in practice and to have been on near equal footing with the family that owned him back in Portugal indicated by the fact that he attended the funeral of the wife of his master Sara de Pina and contributed to that occasion six stuivers and that he was buried alongside his former owners and alongside Jacob Israel Belmonte the community s richest businessman Elieser must have been converted to Judaism and widely accepted as Jewish otherwise he would not have been buried inside the Jewish cemetery the name Elieser was likely bestowed on him at conversion recalling Eliezer of Damascus In recent years Elieser s memory was taken up by members of the Surinamese community in the Netherlands who erected a statue of him and hold an annual pilgrimage to his grave on what came to be known as Elieser Day 68 Elisenda de Sant Climent 1220 1275 enslaved during a slave raid on Mallorca and placed in the harem of the emir in Tunis Eliza Hopewell a woman enslaved by Confederate spy Isabella Maria Boyd Belle Boyd In 1862 she aided her owner s espionage activities carrying messages to the Confederate Army in a hollowed out watch case Eliza Moore 1843 1948 one of the last proven African American former slaves living in the United States Elizabeth Johnson Forby mixed race American woman enslaved by President Andrew Johnson daughter of Dolly Johnson 69 Elizabeth Key Grinstead 1630 after 1665 the first woman of African ancestry in the North American colonies to sue for her freedom and win Key and her infant son John Grinstead were freed on July 21 1656 in the colony of Virginia based on the fact that her father was an Englishman and that she was a baptized Christian Elizabeth Freeman c 1742 1829 known as Bett and later Mum Bett was among the first enslaved black people in Massachusetts to file a freedom suit and win in court under the 1780 constitution with a ruling that slavery was illegal Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley 1818 1907 best known as the personal modiste and confidante of Mary Todd Lincoln the First Lady of the United States Keckley wrote and published an autobiography Behind the Scenes Or Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House 1868 Ellen Craft 1826 1891 light skinned wife of William Craft who escaped with him from Georgia to Philadelphia by posing as a white woman and her slave in a case that became famous Ellen More an enslaved woman brought to the royal Scottish court Elsey Thompson a white captive enslaved by a Creek When trader John O Reilly attempted to ransom her and Nancy Caffrey he was told they were not taken captive to be allowed to go back but to work 70 Emilia Soares de Patrocinio 1805 1886 was a Brazilian slave slave owner and businesswoman Emiline age 23 Nancy 20 Lewis brother of Nancy 16 Edward brother of Emiline 13 Lewis and Edward sons of Nancy 7 Ann daughter of Nancy 5 and Amanda daughter of Emiline 2 were freed in the 1852 Lemmon v New York court case after they were brought to New York by their Virginia owners Emily Edmonson 1835 1895 along with her sister Mary joined an unsuccessful 1848 escape attempt known as the Pearl incident but Henry Ward Beecher and his church raised the funds to free them Enrique of Malacca also known as Henry the Black slave and interpreter of Ferdinand Magellan and possibly the first man to circumnavigate the globe in Magellan s voyage of 1519 1521 Epictetus 55 c 135 ancient Greek stoic philosopher Epunuel a native of Chappaquiddick who was taken captive by English explorers in the 1610s with twenty nine others and taken to London as a slave 71 Estevanico 1500 1539 also known as Esteban the Moor In principle he was a slave of the Portuguese to later be a servant of the Spaniards He was one of only four survivors of the ill fated Narvaez expedition later a guide in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Gold and possibly the first African person to arrive in what is now Arizona and New Mexico Eston Hemings 1808 1856 son of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson Eucharis a Greek born freedwoman of Roman Licinia described in her epitaph in the 1st century AD as fourteen when she died a child actress and a professional dancer 72 Eunus died 132 BC a Roman slave from Apamea in Syria the leader of the slave uprising in the First Servile War in the Roman province of Sicily Eunus rose to prominence in the movement through his reputation as a prophet and wonder worker He claimed to receive visions and communications from the goddess Atargatis a prominent goddess in his homeland he identified her with the Sicilian Demeter Some of his prophecies were that the rebel slaves would successfully capture the city of Enna and that he would be a king some day Euphemia died 520s Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Justin I originally a slave Euphraios an Athenian slave and banker 45 Exuperius and Zoe died 127 2nd century Christian martyrs They were a married couple who were enslaved by a pagan in Pamphylia They were killed along with their sons Cyriacus and Theodolus for refusing to participate in pagan rites when their son was born 73 F edit nbsp Frederick Douglass the foremost African American abolitionist of the 19th century nbsp Self portrait by Fyodor Slavyansky 1850s Russian museum Fabia Arete Ancient Roman actress and freedwoman who is referred to as an elite actress or archimima who enjoyed a highly successful career and likely belonged to the minority of female actors to perform speaking parts 74 Felicitas died 203 Christian martyr and saint 75 Fiddih enslaved by the Bab when she was no older than 7 years of age Fiddih served the Bab s wife Khadijih Bagum 76 Fiddih would die the same night as her owner 77 Florence Johnson Smith mixed race American woman enslaved by President Andrew Johnson daughter of Dolly Johnson 69 Fountain Hughes 1848 1957 interviewed in June 1949 about his life by the Library of Congress as part of the Federal Writers Project Francis Bok born 1979 Dinka slave from South Sudan now an abolitionist and author in the United States Francis Jackson born 1815 to 1820 born free he was kidnapped in 1850 and sold into slavery and was finally freed in 1855 with the resolution of Francis Jackson v John W Deshazer Francis James Grimke 1850 1937 minister Francisco Menendez a man enslaved in South Carolina who escaped to Spanish Florida where he served in the Spanish militia leading the garrison established in 1738 at Fort Mose This site was the first legal free black community in what is now the United States Francois Mackandal died 1758 Haitian Maroon leader Frederick Douglass 1818 1895 born into slavery in Maryland and escaped to the Northeast in 1838 where he became an internationally renowned abolitionist writer speaker and diplomat French John a French fur trader captured by the Cherokee and enslaved by Old Hop apparently making no effort for his freedom for many years until he ran away when the British offered to buy him 78 C Furius Cresimus ancient Roman As a freedman he produced such crops from his small farm that he was accused of witching away other people s crops but when he produced his agricultural implements in court he was acquitted Pliny the Elder recounts his tale as evidence that hard work is what counts in farming 79 Fyodor Slavyansky 1817 1876 Russian serf painter G edit nbsp Medical examination photo of Gordon showing his scourged back widely distributed by abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery nbsp Portrait of Gulnus SultanGabriel Prosser 1776 1800 leader of Virginia slave revolt Galeria Lysistrate 2nd century mistress of Roman emperor Antoninus Pius Ganga Zumba or Ganazumba c 1630 1678 a descendant of an unknown king of Kongo who escaped slavery in colonial Brazil and became the first leader of the runaway slave settlement of Quilombo dos Palmares Gannicus an enslaved Celt and one of the leaders of rebel slaves during the Third Servile War Garafilia Mohalbi 1817 1830 a Greek slave rescued by an American merchant and brought to Boston She died young and inspired a huge art movement Genghis Khan c 1162 1227 captured after a raid and enslaved by the Taichiud George Africanus 1763 1834 an enslaved African man from Sierra Leone who became a successful entrepreneur in Nottingham George Edward Doney 1758 1809 Gambian man enslaved by William Capell 4th Earl of Essex George Colvocoresses 1816 1872 from Chios Greece who came to the United States and became a Captain in the U S Navy was briefly enslaved as a child Colvos Passage is named after him George Freeman Bragg 1863 1940 born into slavery in North Carolina and later became a leading Episcopal priest and social activist George Lewis 1794 1811 also known as Slave George was an enslaved man murdered in Kentucky on the night of December 15 16 1811 George Moses Horton 1797 1884 the first African American author first book of poetry published in North Carolina George Sanders a black person enslaved by the Cherokee who described his enslavers as kind and providing clothes and food 65 George Washington Carver c 1864 1943 an African American scientist botanist educator and inventor known for encouraging cultivation of alternative crops to cotton such as sweet potatoes and peanuts in the South born into slavery in Missouri and freed as a young child following the American Civil War George W Hayes 1847 1933 a court crier and politician in Ohio of mixed African American and Native American heritage enslaved early in his life Geronimo de Aguilar 1489 1531 a Franciscan friar shipwrecked on the Yucatan Peninsula in 1511 and captured and enslaved by Mayans Giles father of George Washington Carver Glaumur enslaved by the outlaw Grettir in early medieval Iceland protagonist of Grettis saga Glaumur is mentioned as loyally sharing Grettir s long exile on the lonely island of Drangey off the northern tip of Iceland though in the circumstances described in the saga he could have easily escaped Gosala a sixth century BC ascetic teacher of ancient India a contemporary and rival of Gautama Buddha was said to have been born into slavery and became a naked ascetic after fleeing from his irate captor who managed to grab hold of Gosala s garment and disrobe him as he fled Gonzalo Guerrero died 1536 a sailor from Palos Spain who shipwrecked along the Yucatan Peninsula in 1511 and was enslaved by the local Maya Gordon also known as Whipped Peter an enslaved African American man who escaped to a Union Army camp from a plantation near Baton Rouge Louisiana in 1863 The images of Gordon s scourged back taken during a medical examination were published in Harper s Weekly and provided Northerners visual evidence of the brutality of slavery They inspired many free blacks to enlist in the Union Army 80 Gryphus Ancient Roman slave The epigraph of the enslaved boy Iucundus describes him as the son of Gryphus and Vitalis 81 Gulnus Sultan 1642 6 November 1715 was Haseki Sultan of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and Valide sultan to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III Gudridur Simonardottir 1598 1682 Icelandic woman taken captive by North African slavers Barbary Pirates Gustav Badin died 1822 servant at the royal Swedish court originally a Danish slave H edit nbsp Hurrem Sultan an Eastern European slave girl bought by Ottoman sultan Suleyman the Magnificent who married her Hababah concubine of Caliph Yazid II Hagar biblical figure belonging to Sarah Hanna an enslaved woman in Virginia and grandmother of Jackey Wright who sued for her freedom in Hudgins v Wright 1806 on the grounds that three generations descended from Butterwood Nan who was an American Indian not African The Virginia Supreme Court affirmed a lower court decision by George Wythe that because of Jackey s and Hanna s appearance as mixed Indian and European she was entitled to the presumption of freedom given the limited nature of Indian slavery St George Tucker and Spencer Roane said that as most Africans had been imported as slaves and blacks descended from enslaved mothers a black person would not have the same presumption of freedom 82 83 Hannah Bond born 1830s pen name Hannah Crafts 84 wrote The Bondwoman s Narrative after gaining her freedom Possibly the first novel by an African American woman it is the only known novel written by a woman fugitive from slavery Hark Olufs 1708 1754 Danish sailor was captured by Algerian pirates Sold to the Bey of Constantine he became Commander in Chief of the Bey s cavalry He was released in 1735 Harriet Hemings 1801 after 1822 daughter of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson Harriet Jacobs 1813 1897 author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Harriet Powers 1837 1910 American folk artist and quilter Harriet Tubman c 1822 1913 nicknamed Moses because of her efforts in helping other American slaves escape through the Underground Railroad Harry the plaintiff in the 1818 Harry v Decker amp Hopkins decision by the Supreme Court of Mississippi the first among U S southern states to free a person from slavery solely on the basis of prior residence in a free territory Harry Washington died 1800 also known as Henry Washington was enslaved by George Washington 85 Transported as a slave to America he was bought by Washington in 1763 to work on a project for draining the Great Dismal Swamp 86 Hafsa Sultan died March 1534 was the wife of Selim I and the first valid sultan of the Ottoman Empire as the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent Her background is disputed but some historians hold that she was a slave Helen Gloag 1750 1790 of Muthill Perthshire Scotland became the Empress of Morocco as the harem slave of Morocco s sultan 87 Henry Highland Garnet 1815 1882 born an African American slave in Maryland escaped slavery in 1824 and became an abolitionist and educator 88 Hercules born c 1755 head cook enslaved by George Washington at Washington s plantation Mount Vernon He escaped and gained his freedom in 1797 but his wife Alice and his three children remained enslaved Helvius Successus freed slave and father of Roman emperor Pertinax Hermas author of the text The Shepherd of Hermas and brother of Pope Pius I Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda born in Cartagena was enslaved at the age of 13 when the ship bearing him to Spain for education sank off Florida A Calusa chief enslaved him and used him as a translator until he was ransomed at 30 89 Horace King 1807 1885 American architect engineer and bridge builder was born into slavery on a South Carolina plantation Humasah Sultan fl 1647 1672 was the wife of Sultan Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire Hurrem Sultan c 1502 15 April 1558 also known as Roxelana an Eastern European girl was captured by slave traders and sold to the Imperial Harem becoming the chief consort and legal wife of the Ottoman sultan Suleyman the Magnificent Halime Sultan c 1570 after 1623 was Valide Sultan and de facto co ruler of the Ottoman Empire Handan Sultan c 1568 9 November 1605 was Valide Sultan and de facto regent of the Ottoman EmpireI edit nbsp Ibrahim Pasha nbsp Ivan Argunov Self portrait late 1750s Ibrahim Pasha c 1495 1536 Suleiman the Magnificent s first appointed Grand Vizier Greek by birth at the age of six he was sold as a slave to the Ottoman palace for future sultans where he befriended Suleiman who was the same age Icelus Marcianus a slave and later freedman of Roman emperor Galba in the 1st century CE He was one of three men said to completely control the emperor increasing Galba s unpopularity 90 Ida B Wells 1862 1931 prominent African American activist born into slavery who in later life campaigned against and succeeded in abolishing lynching In 1909 she co founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP Imma a Northumbrian aristocrat who was knocked unconscious in battle and later pretended to have been a peasant so that his captors would not kill him His manners and bearing soon betrayed him and he was sold into slavery 91 Isabel de Solis fl 1485 enslaved Castilian concubine of Abu l Hasan Ali Sultan of Granada 92 Isabella Gibbons 1826 1890 became a schoolteacher in Virginia after her liberation in 1865 Isfandiyar an enslaved servant in Baha u llah s house in Tehran 93 Isfandiyar died in Mazandaran 94 95 Israel Jefferson c 1800 after 1873 known as Israel Gillette before 1844 was born into slavery at Monticello the estate of Thomas Jefferson and worked as a domestic servant close to Jefferson for years Isthmias a woman in ancient Greece described in Against Neaera as the property of Nicarete who prostituted her Iucundus boy in Ancient Roman described in his epitaph as the slave of Livia the wife of Drusus Caesar the son of Gryphus and Vitalis It states he was seized and murdered by a witch and warns parents to guard their children to prevent such a fate 81 Ivan Bolotnikov 1565 1608 a fugitive kholop enslaved in Russia and leader of the Bolotnikov rebellion in 1606 1607 Ivan Argunov 1729 1802 Russian serf painter one of the founders of the Russian school of portrait painting J edit nbsp Jean Parisot de Valette nbsp St Josephine Margaret Bakhita F D C C Jack Gladstone leader of the Demerara rebellion of 1823 Jackey Wright an enslaved American woman who sued for and won her freedom in the famous 1806 Virginia case of Hudgins v Wright The opinion of the Virginia Supreme Court relied on Wright appearing white and Native American whereas the lower court under George Wythe had tried to establish a presumption of freedom for all people regardless of race James Armistead Lafayette 1760 1830 an enslaved African American man who served the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War as a double agent James Baugh an enslaved American who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his maternal grandmother had been an Indian 96 James Hemings 1765 1801 mixed race American man enslaved and later freed by Thomas Jefferson He was the older brother of Sally Hemings and a half sibling of Jefferson s wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson through their father John Wayles James Leander Cathcart 1767 1843 a diplomat and sailor notable for his narrative of eleven years of enslavement in Algiers and for his diplomatic accomplishments while in slavery James Poovey born c 1769 a Philadelphian who was enslaved from birth and achieved manumission through non violent disobedience James M Priest 1819 1883 6th Vice President of Liberia born into slavery in Kentucky James Somersett or Somerset a man enslaved in colonial America whose escape while in England in 1771 supported by notable British abolitionists led to the milestone legal case Somerset v Stewart which effectively ended slavery in Britain though not in its colonies James W C Pennington c 1807 1870 African American writer and abolitionist 97 Jan Ernst Matzeliger 1852 1889 a Surinamese American inventor in shoe manufacturing Jane Johnson 1814 or 1827 1872 gained freedom on July 18 1855 with her two young sons while in Philadelphia with her owner and his family She was aided by William Still and Passmore Williamson abolitionists of the Pennsylvania Anti Slavery Society and its Vigilance Committee Jean Amilcar c 1781 1793 the Senegalese foster son of Marie Antoinette Jean Jacques Dessalines 1758 1806 leader of the Haitian Revolution and first leader of independent Haiti Jean Marteilhe 1684 1777 French Huguenot slave narrator he served as a galley slave Jean Saint Malo died 1784 leader of runaway slaves maroon colony in Spanish Louisiana and namesake of Saint Malo Louisiana Jean Parisot de Valette 1495 1568 a knight of the Order of Saint John was captured and made a galley slave in 1541 by Barbary pirates under the command of Turgut Reis He was freed after about a year and later became Grandmaster of the Order Jeffrey Hudson 1619 c 1682 an English courtier who spent 25 years enslaved in North Africa Jehu Grant c 1752 1840 Revolutionary War veteran Jermain Wesley Loguen 1813 1872 an African American man who escaped slavery and became an abolitionist a bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and the author of a slave narrative Jerry see William Henry Jim Cuff or Jim Crow was a crippled enslaved African man variously claimed to have resided in St Louis Cincinnati or Pittsburgh 98 99 whose song and dance supposedly inspired the blackface song and dance Jump Jim Crow by white comedian Thomas D Rice The great popularity of Rice s creation soon led to Jim Crow becoming a pejorative name for blacks and later to the name being used for the segregationist Jim Crow Laws a highly unfair posthumous memory of the original crippled slave Jim Henson an African man who escaped slavery and published his memoirs Broken Shackles in Canada Joana da Gama c 1520 1586 a Portuguese maid of honor and writer Joe a man enslaved by William B Travis one of the Texian commanders in the Battle of Alamo After the Texian defeat Mexican General Santa Anna spared Joe hoping to convince other slaves in Texas to support the Mexican government over the Texian rebellion 100 Afterwards Joe together with some other survivors were sent to Gonzales and encouraged to relate the events of the battle and to inform the remainder of the Texian forces that Santa Anna s army was unbeatable John Axouch 1087 1150 a Seljuk Turk captured as a child by the Byzantine Empire freed and raised in the imperial household as the companion of future emperor John II Komnenos and on his accession given command of the empire s armies and remaining the emperor s only close personal friend and confidant John Lit Fleming born into slavery in Virginia but later moved to Edmundson Arkansas with his parents and siblings He would then move to Memphis Tennessee and was part owner of the newspaper Memphis Free Speech with activist Ida B Wells Barnett John Munroe Brazealle along with his mother the subjects of Hinds v Brazealle 1838 a case in the Supreme Court of Mississippi which denied the legality and inheritance rights in Mississippi of deeds of manumission executed by Elisha Brazealle a Mississippi resident in Ohio to free the pair John Brown c 1810 1876 escaped and wrote of conditions in the Deep South of the United States John Casor the first to be enslaved as the result of a civil case in the Thirteen Colonies Virginia Colony 1655 John Ezzidio c 1810 1872 enslaved Nigerian man who became a successful Sierra Leonese politician and businessman John Jea born 1773 enslaved African American man best known for his 1811 autobiography The Life History and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea the African Preacher John Joyce born into slavery in Maryland served in the United States Navy held a variety of jobs after and murdered a shopkeeper Sarah Cross his life and crime recounted in the murder literature of his day 101 John R Jewitt 1783 1821 an English armourer who spent three years as a captive of Maquinna of the Nuu chah nulth Nootka people on the Pacific coast of what is now Canada John Punch fl 1630s living 1640 an enslaved African man in the Virginia Colony in the 17th century 102 103 In July 1640 the Virginia Governor s Council sentenced him to serve for the remainder of his life as punishment for running away to Maryland Many historians consider Punch the first official slave in the English colonies 104 and his case as the first legal sanctioning of lifelong slavery in the Chesapeake 102 Historians also consider this to be one of the first legal distinctions between Europeans and Africans made in the colony 105 and a key milestone in the development of the institution of slavery in the United States 106 John S Jacobs 1815 1873 born into slavery in North Carolina escaped became an abolitionist speaker and author of a slave memoir Brother of famed author Harriet Jacobs John Smith 1580 1631 English soldier sailor and author best known for his role in the survival of the Jamestown colony in Virginia Smith was captured by the Crimean Tatars in 1602 while fighting in Wallachia and enslaved by the Ottoman Empire but escaped and returned to England by 1604 As Smith described it we all sold for slaves like beasts in a market place 107 Jordan Anderson 1825 1907 best known for a letter sent to his former oppressor master in response to the latter s request that Jordan return to his service Jordan Winston Early 1814 after 1894 was an American Methodist multiracial preacher who was the subject of a book about his life as a slave John White an enslaved black boy who was captured by Creeks in 1797 and escaped back to New Orleans where he was returned to slavery by Spanish officials 108 John Ystumllyn also known as Jac Du or Jack Black an 18th century Welsh gardener and the first well recorded Black person of North Wales 109 110 Jonathan Strong the subject of one of the earliest legal cases relating to slavery in Britain 111 112 113 Jose Antonio Aponte leader of the Aponte conspiracy Joseph important figure in the Old Testament and the Quran Joseph Antonio Emidy 1775 1835 violinist and composer born in Africa died in Cornwall Joseph Cinque 1814 1879 also known as Sengbe Pieh leader of a slave rebellion on the slave ship La Amistad and defendant in the subsequent Supreme Court case United States v Amistad in 1839 Joseph Jackson Fuller 1825 1908 one of the earliest slaves to be freed in Jamaica initially under the partial freedoms of the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act Joseph Knight successfully sought his freedom through a legal suit in Scotland in 1777 a case which established that Scots law would not uphold the institution of slavery Josephine Bakhita c 1869 1947 Sudanese born Roman Catholic Canossian nun and saint Joshua Glover fugitive from slavery aided by abolitionists at Racine Wisconsin in 1854 Juan Francisco Manzano c 1797 1854 Cuban poet 114 Juan Gros a free black soldier captured near Pensacola by an Upper Creek who sold him to a white trader who sold him to Mitasuki chief Kinache from whom Spaniards ransomed him 115 Juan Latino called el negro Juan Latino from Ethiopia brought to Spain as a child received an education and rose to be professor of Latin at the University of Granada in 16th century Spain Juan Ortiz a young Andalusian nobleman enslaved by Chief Ucita in Florida to avenge injuries he suffered at the hands of the expedition Ortiz belonged to 116 Julia Chinn an octoroon enslaved woman and common law wife of Richard Mentor Johnson ninth Vice President of the United States Julia Frances Lewis mother of Amanda American Dickson by the son of her owner 117 Juliana a Guarani woman from present day Paraguay famous for killing her Spanish enslaver between 1538 and 1542 and urging other indigenous women to do the same 118 119 Julius Soubise 1754 25 August 1798 was a freed Afro Caribbean slave who became a well known fop in late eighteenth century Britain Julius Zoilos enslaved by Julius Caesar After obtaining his freedom he rose to prominence in his home city of Aphrodisias after Caesar s death 120 Jupiter Hammon 1711 before 1806 in 1761 became the first African American writer to be published in the present day United States Born into slavery Hammon was never emancipated He is considered one of the founders of African American literature K edit nbsp Kosem Sultan 1589 1651 slave concubine like all other inmates of the Imperial HaremKing Jaja of Opobo 1821 1891 sold at about the age of 12 into slavery in the Kingdom of Bonny in present day Nigeria Proving at an early age his aptitude for business he not only earned his way out of slavery but also became a rich and powerful merchant prince and the founder of the Opobo city state his career eventually ended by the British colonizers whom he tried to defy Anna Kingsley 1793 1870 enslaved woman and then a planter and slave owner herself Kunta Kinte c 1750 c 1822 a character from the 1976 novel Roots The Saga of an American Family whom author Alex Haley was based on one of his actual ancestors Kinte was a man of the Mandinka people who grew up in a small village called Juffure in what is now The Gambia and was raised as a Muslim before being captured and enslaved in Virginia 121 The historical accuracy of Haley s story is disputed 122 Kizzy Kinte the daughter of Kunta Kinte 123 As with her father the existence of an historical Kizzy Kinte is disputed John Knox c 1514 24 November 1572 was a Scottish minister galley slave in the French galleys 1547 1549 Kodjo c 1803 1833 a Surinamese slave who was burnt alive for starting the 1832 fire in Paramaribo Dutch Suriname possibly as an act of resistance Kosem Sultan 1589 1651 an Ottoman enslaved woman later extremely powerful as wife then mother and later grandmother of the Ottoman sultan during the 130 year period known as the Sultanate of Women L edit nbsp Laurens de GraafLalla Balqis 1670 after 1721 an Englishwoman captured and enslaved by Corsairs and included in the harem of the Sultan of Morocco Lamhatty a Tawasa Indian captured and enslaved by Creek he escaped 124 Lampegia died after 730 Aquitanian noblewoman captured by Abd al Rahman ibn Abd Allah al Ghafiqi who in 730 took the Llivia Fortress executed her spouse Munuza and sent her as a slave to the harem of Hisham ibn Abd al Malik in Damascus 125 La Mulatresse Solitude 1772 1802 a slave on the island of Guadeloupe freed in 1794 by the abolition of slavery during the French Revolution She was executed after having fought for freedom when slavery was reintroduced by Napoleon in 1802 Laurens de Graaf c 1653 1704 a Dutch pirate mercenary and naval officer enslaved by Spanish slave traders when captured in what is now the Netherlands and transported to the Canary Islands to work on a plantation prior to 1674 Leo Africanus 1494 1554 a Moor born in Granada who was taken by his family in 1498 to Morocco when expelled from Spain As an adult he served on diplomatic missions Captured by Crusaders while in the Middle East he was enslaved in Rome and forced to convert to Christianity He eventually regained his freedom and lived out his life in Tunis Leofgifu the dairy maid an enslaved woman in Anglo Saxon England named in her manumission 126 Leoflaed an enslaved woman in Anglo Saxon England whose freedom was bought by a man who described her as a kinswoman 127 Leonor de Mendoza an enslaved woman in colonial Mexico who tried to marry Tomas Ortega a man enslaved by another master when her master imprisoned Tomas she appealed to a church court for assistance which threatened excommunication if he did not free Tomas 128 Letitia Munson c 1820 after 1882 midwife and formerly enslaved she was acquitted of performing an illegal abortion in Canada Lewis Adams 1842 1905 a formerly enslaved man who co founded the Tuskegee Institute now Tuskegee University in Alabama Lewis Hayden 1811 1889 African American man born in Kentucky later elected to the Massachusetts General Court 129 Lilliam Williams a Tennessee settler who was captured by the Creek while pregnant The Creek adopted her daughter whom she named Molly and they named Esnahatchee they kept the girl when Williams freedom was arranged 130 Liol a Chinese man enslaved by Mongol bannerman Soosar He was rewarded with semi independent status as a separate register dependent In 1735 his son Fuji tried to claim that he and his brother were in fact Manchus and detached household bannermen but failed 131 Lott Cary c 1780 November 10 1828 born an African American slave in Virginia bought his freedom c 1813 emigrated to Liberia in 1822 where he later served as colonial administrator 132 Louis Hughes 1832 1913 African American man who escaped slavery author and businessman 133 Lovisa von Burghausen 1698 1733 Swedish writer who published an account of being enslaved in Russia after being taken prisoner during the Great Northern War Lucius Agermus freedman of Agrippina the Elder 134 Lucius Aurelius Hermia a freedman butcher whose tombstone glorifies his marriage with his fellow freedwoman Aurelia Philematium 135 Lucius Cancrius Primigenius a freedman of Clemens in an inscription praising him for breaking spells against the city 136 Lucius of Campione who lost a lawsuit in the 8th century over a man Toto s claimed ownership of him 137 Lucy the black woman enslaved by John Lang She was taken captive by the Creek when 12 years old and kept in slavery in Creek territory where she had slave children and grandchildren 138 Lucy Ann Berry Delaney 1830 1891 formerly enslaved woman daughter of Polly Berry Luis Gama 1830 1882 born free in Brazil illegally sold into slavery as a child he regained liberty as an adult and became a lawyer who freed hundreds from slavery without asking for recompense notably in the Netto Case Lunsford Lane 1803 after 1870 an enslaved African American man and entrepreneur from North Carolina who bought freedom for himself and his family He also wrote a slave narrative Lyde an enslaved woman freed by Roman empress Livia 139 Lydia an enslaved woman who was shot and wounded by her captor when she struggled to escape a whipping The action was ruled legal by the Supreme Court of North Carolina in 1830 see North Carolina v Mann Lydia Carter the Little Osage Captive captured and enslaved among the Cherokee She was ransomed by Lydia Carter who made her her namesake The Osage attempted to reclaim her but she took ill and died 140 Lydia Polite mother of Robert Smalls M edit nbsp Mikhail ShchepkinMadison Hemings 1805 1877 son of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson Mae Louise Miller 1943 2014 American woman kept in modern day slavery peonage until 1961 Malik Ambar born in 1548 as Chapu a birth name in Harar Adal Sultanate in Somalia He was from the now extinct Maya ethnic group As a child he was sold in slavery by his parents 141 Mir Qasim Al Baghdadi one of his slave owners eventually converted Chapu to Islam and gave him the name Ambar after recognizing his superior intellectual qualities 142 143 Malik was brought to India as a slave While in India he created a mercenary force numbering up to 1500 men It was based in the Deccan region and was hired by local kings Malik became a popular Prime Minister of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate showing administrative acumen He is also regarded as a pioneer in guerilla warfare in the region He is credited with carrying out a revenue settlement of much of the Deccan which formed the basis for subsequent settlements He is a figure of veneration to the Siddis of Gujarat He humbled the might of the Mughals and Adil Shah of Bijapur and raised the low status of the Nizam Shah 144 145 La Malinche c 1496 or c 1501 c 1529 a Nahua woman given as a slave to Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes She became his personal interpreter advisor and mistress during the Spanish conquest of Mexico Mammy Lou 1804 after 1918 a formerly enslaved woman who lived to extreme old age and acted in the 1918 silent film The Glorious Adventure Manes a man enslaved by Diogenes of Sinope He ran away shortly after his owner arrived in Athens and Diogenes failed to pursue him on the grounds that if Manes could live without him it would be disgraceful if he could not equally live without Manes Manjeok enslaved Korean person and leader of an abortive slave uprising Manjutakin died 1007 a Turkish born enslaved soldier ghulam and general of the Fatimids Mann either of two men enslaved by AEthelgifu in Anglo Saxon England and freed by the terms of her will One was a goldsmith and the other s wife was freed at the same time 64 Marcos Xiorro a man enslaved in Puerto Rico who in 1821 planned a revolt against the sugar plantation owners and the Spanish colonial government Though the conspiracy was unsuccessful he became a part of island s folklore 146 Marcia mistress of Roman emperor Commodus Marcius Agrippa late 2nd and early 3rd century an enslaved man who was not only freed but eventually elevated to senatorial rank by Roman emperor Macrinus Marcus Tullius Tiro c 103 4 BCE Roman author slave and secretary of the Roman politician Cicero later freed He invented a long lasting system of shorthand and wrote books that are now lost Margaret Garner 1835 1858 an enslaved woman in antebellum America infamous for killing her own daughter rather than see the child returned to slavery Margaret Himfi before 1380 after 1408 a Hungarian noblewoman who was abducted and enslaved by Ottoman marauders in the late 14th century She later became an enslaved mistress of a wealthy Venetian citizen of Crete with whom she had two daughters Margaret returned to Hungary in 1405 Marguerite Duplessis c 1718 after 1740 a Pawnee woman enslaved in Montreal who in 1740 unsuccessfully sued for her freedom Maria ter Meetelen 1704 fl 1751 Dutch writer of a slave narrative enslaved by pirates and sold to the Sultan of Morocco Her 1748 biography is considered to be a valuable witness statement of the life of a former slave Marie died 1759 an enslaved Cree woman sentenced to death in Trois Rivieres New France Margaret Morgan involved in the Prigg v Pennsylvania United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that the federal Fugitive Slave Act precluded a Pennsylvania state law that prohibited blacks from being taken out of Pennsylvania into slavery and overturned the conviction of Edward Prigg as a result Marguerite Scypion c 1770s after 1836 an African Natchez woman born into slavery in St Louis who sued for and eventually won her freedom Maria al Qibtiyya died 637 also known as Maria the Copt Arabic مارية القبطية or alternatively Maria Qupthiya an enslaved Copt who was sent as a gift from Muqawqis a Byzantine official to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 and became Muhammad s wife She was the mother of Muhammad s son Ibrahim who died in infancy Her sister Sirin was also sent to Muhammad Muhammad gave her to his follower Hassan ibn Thabit Maria never remarried after Muhammad s death in 632 and died five years later Maria died 1716 the leader of a slave rebellion on Curacao Maria Perkins an enslaved woman from Virginia who wrote a letter to her husband in 1852 about their son being sold away 147 Mariah Bell Winder McGavock Otey Reddick died 1922 as a girl she was given as a wedding gift to Carrie Winder when she married John McGavock in 1848 in Terrebonne Parish Louisiana Mariah born enslaved in Mississippi was taken to Franklin Tennessee where she lived for most of the remainder of her life She was matched with Harvey Otey after his first wife Phebe died They had several children including two sets of twins born into slavery During the Civil War she was sent to Montgomery to be far from Union lines and possible freedom She has been featured in three novels Widow of the South and Orphan Mother both by Robert Hicks and in a book by her great grandson William Damani Keene and his wife Carole Ife Keene entitled Clandestine The Times and Secret Life of Mariah Otey Reddick 148 Marianna Malinska died after 1797 Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer donated to the king of Poland by will and testament 149 Marie Cessette Dumas a woman enslaved by Marquis Antoine de la Pailleterie mother of General Thomas Alexandre Dumas and grandmother of famous author Alexandre Dumas pere Marie Josephe dite Angelique died 1734 a black Portuguese enslaved woman who was tried and convicted beaten and hanged for setting fire to her female owner s home burning much of what is now referred to as Old Montreal Marie Therese Metoyer a planter and businesswoman at the colonial Louisiana outpost of Natchitoches after being freed Mark Massachusetts man enslaved by Captain John Codman 150 Mark s body was displayed in chains publicly near Charlestown Massachusetts for twenty years The gruesome display of his body was so well known at the time the site where Mark s body was displayed is mentioned by Paul Revere as a landmark in his 1798 account of Revere s 1775 midnight ride 151 Martha Ann Erskine Ricks 1817 1901 an African American born enslaved in Tennessee later an Americo Liberian quilter 152 Marthe Franceschini 1755 1799 an Italian captured and enslaved by Corsairs and included in the harem of the Sultan of Morocco Mary mother of George Washington Carver Mary died 1838 teenager hanged for the murder of Vienna Brinker a two year old girl she was babysitting Mary Black one of three enslaved women charged with witchcraft during the Salem witch trials of 1692 Mary Calhoun white woman and cousin of John C Calhoun who was kidnapped by Cherokee She never returned home 1 Mary Edmonson 1832 1853 along with her sister Emily joined an unsuccessful 1848 escape attempt known as the Pearl incident but Henry Ward Beecher and his church raised the funds to free them Mary Eliza Smith described in various records as slave or former slave common law wife of Michael Morris Healy and mother of his children including James Augustine Healy Patrick Francis Healy Michael A Healy and Eliza Healy Mary Fields c 1832 1914 the first African American female star route mail carrier in the United States Mary Mildred Williams Nee Botts born 1847 the original Poster Child whose image was used to advance the abolitionist cause by propagandising White Slavery in 1855 Mary Prince c 1788 after 1833 the account of her life galvanized the anti slavery movement in England The Master of Morton and the eldest son of the Chief of Clan Oliphant two Scottish nobles who were exiled from Scotland after being implicated in the 1582 Raid of Ruthven The ship in which they sailed was lost at sea and it was rumoured that they had been caught by a Dutch ship The last report was that they were slaves on a Turkish ship in the Mediterranean A plaque to their memory was raised in the church in Algiers Masud initially purchased as a youth by Khal i Akbar an uncle of the Bab Masud would serve Baha u llah in Acre 153 Matilda McCrear c 1857 1940 the last surviving victim in the United States of the Transatlantic slave trade Transported upon the slave ship Clotilda Mende Nazer born c 1982 a Nuba woman captured in Darfur and transported from Sudan to London where she eventually won refugee status and wrote the memoir Slave My True Story 2002 Menecrates of Tralles a Greek physician during the 1st century BC Hans Mergest a participant in the Crusade of Varna who was captured by the Ottomans in the Battle of Varna 1444 and spent 16 years in captivity He was the protagonist of a song by minnesinger Michael Beheim Metaneira a woman in ancient Greece described in Against Neaera as the property of Nicarete who prostituted her Shadrach Minkins 1814 1875 a fugitive from slavery saved by abolitionists at Boston in 1850 Michael Shiner 1805 1880 enslaved laborer painter entrepreneur civic leader and diarist at the Washington Navy Yard Miguel Perez was the Spanish name of a boy of the Yojuane people who was among 149 Yojuane women and children taken captive in 1759 during an attack on their camp by an expedition of Spaniards and Apaches along the Red River in what is now northern Texas 154 Many of the captives died of smallpox while those who survived were enslaved 155 The boy was sold to a Spanish soldier who bestowed the Spanish name on him Perez became an Hispanicized Indian of San Antonio but he continued to maintain contact with the Yojuanes In 1786 Perez was recruited to convince the Yojuanes and their Tonkawa allies to go to war with the Lipan Apache which he did successfully 154 Mikhail Matinsky 1750 1820 Russian serf scientist dramatist librettist and opera composer Michal Ryminski died after 1797 Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer donated to the king of Poland by will and testament 156 Mikhail Shchepkin 1788 1863 Russian serf actor Mikhail Shibanov Russian serf painter active during the 1780s Mikhail Tikhanov 1789 1862 Russian serf artist Mina Kolokolnikov 1708 1775 Russian serf painter and teacher Mingo the 15 16 years old boy enslaved by the Titsworth family in Tennessee who was captured in 1794 by Creeks in a raid on the house and kept as a slave by them 157 158 Minerva Anderson Breedlove mother of Madam C J Walker Moses A Hopkins 1846 1886 African American diplomat U S minister to Liberia 159 Haji Mubarak purchased at the age of 5 years old by Haji Mirza Abu l Qasim the great grandfather of Shoghi Effendi and brother in law of the Bab Haji Mubarak was sold to the Bab in 1842 at the age of 19 for fourteen tomans 160 Haji Mubarak died at about the age of 40 and is buried in the grounds of the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala Iraq Mustapha Khaznadar 1817 1878 born Georgios Kalkias Stravelakis a Christian Greek on the island of Chios captured by Ottoman troops during the 1822 Massacre of Chios converted to Islam and given the name Mustapha sold in Constantinople to an envoy of the Husainid Dynasty He was raised by the family of Mustapha Bey then by his son Ahmad I Bey 161 while he was still crown prince Initially he worked as the prince s private treasurer before becoming Ahmad s state treasurer khaznadar 161 He managed to climb to the highest offices of the Tunisian state married Princess Lalla Kalthoum in 1839 and was promoted to lieutenant general of the army made bey in 1840 and then president of the Grand Council from 1862 to 1878 Muyahid ibn Yusuf ibn Ali 11th century leader of the Saqaliba slaves of supposed Slavic origin in Denia Spain then part of Muslim Al Andalus Taking advantage of the crumbling of the Caliphate of Cordoba he and his followers rebelled freed themselves seized control of the city and established the Taifa of Denia a city state which at its peak extended its reach as far as the island of Majorca N editNafisa al Bayda Egyptian investor and diplomat referred to as a white slave originally bought as a slave concubine Nancy otherwise called Ann the plaintiff in the 1799 New Brunswick habeas corpus suit R v Jones nancy brown Nancy Caffrey a white captive enslaved by a Creek When trader John O Reilly attempted to ransom her and Elsey Thompson he was told they were not taken captive to be allowed to go back but to work 70 Nanny of the Maroons also known as Granny Nanny and Queen Nanny Jamaican Maroons leader Nat Turner 1800 1831 escaped and led revolt in Southampton County Virginia 58 Nathan McMillian who as a freedman sued for the admission of his children to a local Croatan Indian school on the grounds that it was for all non white children and that his children had Croatan blood on their mother s side 162 Neaera a formerly enslaved woman and prostitute whom the Athenian Stephanus married against the law c 340 BC according to a speech of Demosthenes 163 Nero Hawley 1742 1817 a formerly enslaved freeperson who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and was buried in Trumbull Connecticut Newport Gardner 1746 1826 a formerly enslaved freeperson in colonial Newport Rhode Island Ng Akew died 1880 a Tanka enslaved woman in British Hong Kong famed for a piracy scandal Nicarete a woman in ancient Greece described in Against Neaera the freedwoman of Charisius the Elean and the wife of his cook Hippias and as owning and prostituting several women c 340 BC Saint Nino c 280 c 332 a 4th century Roman woman from Constantinople who is greatly venerated for having brought Christianity to Georgia By some of the accounts of her life she originally came to Georgia as a slave kidnapped from her homeland Afife Nurbanu Sultan c 1525 1583 nee Cecilia Venier Baffo an enslaved Venetian noblewoman who became the most favored wife of Ottoman sultan Selim II and the highly influential mother of sultan Murad III O edit nbsp Omar ibn Said a Senegalese Islamic scholar enslaved in North Carolina for more than 50 years c 1850Oenomaus a Gallic gladiator and one of the leaders of rebellious slaves during the Third Servile War Olaudah Equiano c 1745 1797 also known as Gustavus Vassa a prominent African British author and figure in the abolitionist cause whose birthplace is heavily contested Omar ibn Said 1770 1864 a writer and Islamic scholar from Senegal who was enslaved and transported to the United States in 1807 where he spent the rest of his life enslaved Onesimus a slave of Philemon of Colossae who ran away and having met St Paul was converted by him Paul sent him back to the Christian Philemon with a letter which is the Epistle to Philemon Ignatius of Antioch mentions an Onesimus as Bishop of Ephesus in the early 2nd century but it is not certain that these are the same men Onesimus a slave in colonial Boston who was instrumental in spreading knowledge about inoculation against smallpox Onesimos Nesib c 1856 21 June 1931 an Ethiopian bought out of slavery by Swedish missionaries when he was a boy He went on to work with another former slave Aster Ganno to translate the Bible into the Oromo language Oney Judge 1773 1848 enslaved by the family of Martha Washington and then by the First Lady herself Judge worked at Mount Vernon and elsewhere as a personal servant to Martha Washington until she escaped in 1796 to Portsmouth New Hampshire Ottobah Cugoano also known as John Stuart c 1757 after 1791 was an abolitionist political activist and natural rights philosopher 164 165 from West Africa who was active in Britain Owen Fitzpen an English merchant who was taken captive by Barbary pirates in 1620 and subsequently escaped Owen Breedlove father of Madam C J Walker P edit nbsp Portrait of Juan de Pareja by Diego Velazquez c 1650 Harriet Evans Paine c 1822 1917 Texas enslaved woman and later oral historian and storyteller Pallas secretary to Roman emperor Claudius Juan de Pareja 1606 1670 man enslaved by Spanish artist Diego Velazquez Velazquez trained him as a painter and freed him in 1650 Pasion an enslaved Athenian man and banker 45 Late in life he received the rare honor for a freedman of citizenship 166 Saint Patrick abducted from Britain enslaved in Ireland escaped to Britain returned to Ireland as a missionary 167 Patsey born c 1830 an enslaved African American person who lived in the mid 1800s in South Carolina Paul Jennings 1799 1874 personal servant enslaved by President James Madison during and after his White House years bought his freedom in 1845 from Daniel Webster Noted for publishing the first White House memoir 1865 s A Colored Man s Reminiscences of James Madison 168 Paul Smith a free black who accused the Cherokee headman Doublehead of kidnapping him and forcing him into bondage 169 Peggy Margaret Titsworth enslaved at 13 years for three years after a Creek raid in 1794 on her Tennessee home 157 170 Pete and Hannah Byrne freed slaves of the Napoleon Bonaparte Byrne family which traveled from Missouri to California overland a six month journey in 1859 leaving the farm in Missouri and bringing six adults including Pete amp Hannah the four Byrne children and a herd of cattle and settling in Berkeley California Pete and Hannah are considered the first blacks living in Berkeley and among the first African Americans in California 171 172 Peter Salem c 1750 1816 African American born into slavery in Massachusetts served as a soldier in the American Revolutionary War Petronia Justa a woman in Herculaneum who sued her owner claiming to have been born after her mother s emancipation the records of the lawsuit were preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius 173 Phaedo of Elis captured in war enslaved in Athens and forced into prostitution 174 became a pupil of Socrates who had him freed gave his name to one of Plato s dialogues Phaedo and became a famous philosopher in his own right Phaedrus c 15 BCE c 50 CE Roman fabulist nbsp Praskovia Kovalyova Zhemchugova in a scenic costume for Les mariages samnites by Andre Ernest Modeste GretryPhillis a Massachusetts woman enslaved by Captain John Codman Convicted in the successful plot to poison her owner as she and her fellow enslaved found the rigid discipline of their master unendurable 150 Phillis was burned to death in 1755 Phillis Wheatley 1753 1784 Colonial American poet the second published African American poet and first published African American woman Phoebe an enslaved woman who sued for her freedom in Tennessee along with her sons Davy and Tom claiming to be the descendants of an enslaved Indian woman whose sister and other relatives had proven that they were wrongly enslaved 175 Philocrates enslaved by 2nd century BCE Roman reformer Gaius Gracchus He remained at his master s side when Gracchus was fleeing from his enemies forsaken by everybody else Arriving at a grove sacred to the Furies Philocrates first assisted Gracchus in his suicide before taking his own life though some rumors held that Philocrates was only killed after he refused to let go of his master s body Phormion an enslaved Athenian man and banker 45 Late in life he received the rare honor for a freedman of citizenship 166 Pierre d Espagnac sometimes Pierre d Espagnal 1650 1689 was a French Jesuit missionary enslaved by the Siamese Maria Guyomar de Pinha 1664 1728 Siamese royal chef of Japanese Portuguese ancestry Pope Pius I the Bishop of Rome from about 140 to about 154 during the reign of Roman emperor Antoninus Pius He was the brother of the freedman Hermas and therefore likely to have been a former slave himself though that is not mentioned explicitly in the scant records of his life Polly the subject of the 1820 Indiana Supreme Court case Polly v Lasselle which resulted in all slaves held within Indiana to be freed Polly Berry also known as Polly Crockett and Polly Wash won an 1843 freedom suit in St Louis Missouri and also gained the freedom of her daughter Lucy Ann Berry Politoria the subject of a lead curse tablet in ancient Rome it was a curse on Clodia Valeria Sophrone that she should not get Politoria into her power She appears to have been a slave courtesan who feared being sent to the brothel 176 Praskovia Kovalyova Zhemchugova 1768 1803 was a Russian serf actress and soprano opera singer Primus 1700 1791 enslaved by Daniel Fowle of Portsmouth New Hampshire Primus operated the press for the New Hampshire Gazette which is the American newspaper in longest continuous print Prince was the slave of a Choctaw man named Richard Harkins Angered that his owner failed to give his slaves a Christmas celebration Prince brutally murdered him and then unceremoniously dumped the body into the river in 1858 177 178 Prince Estabrook 1741 1830 enslaved by Benjamin Estabrook fought in the Continental Army and was wounded at the Battle of Lexington and Concord Prince Whipple 1750 1796 enslaved by American General William Whipple Prosper a slave murdered in 1807 in Virgin Islands by his owner Arthur William Hodge for which Hodge was tried and executed in 1811 the first and virtually only such case ever recorded A pregnant Thrall whose name is not preserved who was fleeing for her life in 11th century Oslo was given refuge on the boat of Hallvard Vebjornsson who tried to shield her but was killed together with her by the attackers arrows for which he was canonised and became the patron saint of Oslo 179 Publilius Syrus fl 85 43 BCE a Latin writer best known for his sententiae He was a Syrian who was brought as a slave to Italy Q editQuamina Gladstone father of Jack Gladstone and implicated in the Demerara rebellion of 1823 Quassi van Timotebo or Kwasimukamba 1692 1787 Surinamese slave freedman and Maroon hunter in Dutch Surinam His name is given to the plant genus Quassia Quock Walker also known as Kwaku or Quok Walker sued for and won his freedom in 1781 in a case citing language in the new Massachusetts Constitution 1780 that declared all men to be born free and equal Qutb ud din Aybak or Qutbuddin Aibak 1150 1210 a formerly enslaved Turk became a soldier the first of the Sultans of Delhi founder of India s slave dynasty R editRachel the subject of the 1834 Rachel v Walker case in the Supreme Court of Missouri which ruled that a U S Army officer forfeited his slave if he took the person to territory where slavery is prohibited 180 This ruling was cited as precedent in 1856 in the Dred Scott v Sandford case before the Supreme Court of the United States Rachel of Kittery Maine died 1695 enslaved woman murdered by her owner whose case set a legal precedent in New England Rachel Knight died 1889 initially enslaved by the grandfather of Newton Knight the well known Southern Unionist who during the American Civil War defied the Confederacy in the rebellion known as the Free State of Jones After the war Rachel was emancipated along with the other slaves By the mid 1870s Knight had separated from his wife Serena and married Rachel In this period Knight s grown son Mat from his first wife married Rachel s grown daughter Fannie from a previous union Knight s daughter Molly married Rachel s son Jeff making three interracial families in the community Newton and Rachel Knight had several children before her death in 1889 Rebecca Huger an enslaved woman who was freed by General Benjamin F Butler in New Orleans and described in a Harper s Weekly article as being to all appearance white and having come to a school for emancipated slaves in Philadelphia 48 Redoshi c 1848 1937 also known as Sally Smith the next to last surviving victim in the United States of the Transatlantic slave trade Transported upon the slave ship Clotilda Rei Amador leader of a slave rebellion in 1595 in Portuguese Sao Tome and Principe 181 Remigio Herrera c 1810s 1905 an enslaved Cuban person who became a revered priest in Regla nbsp Portrait of Roustam Raza the mamluck of Napoleon by Horace Vernet 1810 Juana Ramirez 1790 1856 rebel soldier and heroine of the Venezuelan War of Independence Richard Preston c 1791 1861 escaped slavery to become a religious leader and abolitionist in Nova Scotia Pleasant Richardson escaped slavery and became a Union soldier and property owner in Fincastle Virginia Robert Blake earned the Medal of Honor as a sailor during the American Civil War after becoming a contraband i e a slave freed by Unionist forces and enlisting Robert Drury 1687 between 1743 and 1750 an English sailor who was shipwrecked on the island of Madagascar in 1702 and remained enslaved there until 1717 Robert J Patterson 1809 1884 escaped slavery in Virginia to become a restaurateur in Saint John New Brunswick Robert Smalls 1839 1915 stole a Confederate ship and led a boatload of slaves to freedom causing the Union to allow blacks to enlist later served as a member of the U S House of Representatives for South Carolina s 5th congressional district Robin and Polly Holmes the plaintiffs in the 1853 Holmes v Ford court case in the Oregon Territory that freed their children The decision re affirmed that slavery was illegal in the territory as outlined in the Organic Laws of Oregon that were continued once the region became a U S territory Rosina Downs an enslaved woman who was freed by General Benjamin F Butler in New Orleans and described in a Harper s Weekly article as being to all appearance white and having come to a school for emancipated slaves in Philadelphia 48 Roustam Raza 1783 1845 Napoleon Bonaparte s Armenian bodyguard Samson Rowlie Chief Eunuch and Treasurer of Algiers Roxelana see Hurrem SultanS edit nbsp Solomon Northup from Twelve Years a SlaveSabuktigin c 942 997 full name Abu Mansur Sabuktigin captured and sold into slavery at a young age rose to become a general and eventually a king and the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire in medieval Iran Safiye Sultan c 1550 c 1619 an enslaved Venetian woman who was placed in the harem of the Ottoman sultan Murad III and became the mother of sultan Mehmed III Salem Poor 1747 1802 an enslaved African American man who purchased his freedom and a war hero during the American Revolutionary War Sally Hemings 1773 1835 a mixed race woman enslaved by Thomas Jefferson believed by many to have had six children with him four of whom survived to adulthood Sally Miller or Salome Muller born c 1814 an enslaved American woman whose freedom suit in Louisiana was based on her claimed status as a free German immigrant and indentured servant 182 Sally Seymour died 1824 American pastry chef and restaurateur an enslaved woman who was manumitted and became a slave owner herself Salonia the second wife of Cato the Elder Salvius also known as Tryphon leader of the 104 BCE slave rebellion in Sicily known as the Second Servile War Sambo died 1736 an enslaved boy who arrived at Sunderland Point near Lancaster England around 1736 from the West Indies in the capacity of a servant a ship s captain He is buried in an unconsecrated grave in a field near the small village of Sunderland Point Lancashire England Sambo a black captive of Tiger King a Lower Creek who told the traveler William Bartram that Sambo was his family property 183 Samuel Benedict 1792 1854 born an African American slave later became free and emigrated to Liberia where he became a politician and judge 184 Samuel Green c 1802 1877 an enslaved man who bought his freedom and freedom for his loved ones was involved with the Underground Railroad and was jailed in 1857 for carrying a copy of Uncle Tom s Cabin Samuel Ringgold Ward 1817 c 1866 African American abolitionist and journalist 185 Sandy Jenkins a slave mentioned by Frederick Douglass in his first autobiography Sanker the enslaved manservant of Samuel R Watkins author of Co Aytch 1882 which recounts Watkins life as a soldier in the 1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment Sara Forbes Bonetta 1843 1880 an Egbado princess of the Yoruba who was orphaned in intertribal warfare sold into slavery as a child was rescued by Captain Frederick E Forbes of the Royal Navy and taken to the United Kingdom where she became a goddaughter to Queen Victoria Sarah Johnson 1844 1920 whose life at the first president s plantation was published in the book Sarah Johnson s Mount Vernon Satrelanus from Gaul sold by Ermedruda to Toto in Milan in 725 186 nbsp Silas Chandler right and his owner Sergeant A M Chandler of the 44th Mississippi Infantry RegimentScipio Africanus c 1702 1720 Scipio Moorhead enslaved artist Scipio Vaughan c 1784 c 1840 was captured from his homeland in Africa at a young age and sold into slavery in the United States He became a skilled artisan in Camden South Carolina gained his freedom and inspired a movement among some of his descendants Septimus Clarke 1787 1859 formerly enslaved he became a successful farmer and community leader in Nova Scotia Servius Tullius ancient King of Rome said to have started life enslaved though this was disputed among both Romans and modern historians Seymour Burr 1754 1762 1837 fought for the Continental Army in the American Revolution Shaghab died 933 mother and co ruler of the eighteenth Abbasid Caliph al Muqtadir Silas Chandler 1838 1919 man who accompanied his enslavers in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War 187 Sojourner Truth c 1797 1883 an abolitionist and women s rights activist Solomon Bayley 1771 1839 wrote a book in 1825 about his life as a slave Solomon Northup 1807 c 1863 188 189 a farmer professional violinist and free born black man from New York who was lured to Washington D C where slavery was legal kidnapped and sold in the South He remained enslaved in Louisiana from 1841 until he was rescued and liberated in 1853 Author of Twelve Years a Slave Solomon Flores enslaved man from northern Alabama Sosias the Thracian an enslaved Athenian man and later freedman enslaved by Nicias who later leased him a thousand slaves for his mining operation 45 Spartacus c 111 71 BCE a gladiator and rebel leader during the Servile Revolt nbsp The Death of Spartacus by Hermann Vogel 1882 Spendius a Campanian who escaped slavery and served as a Carthaginian mercenary during the First Punic War and then as a general in the Mercenary War against Carthage 190 Stefan Holnicki died after 1797 Polish serf and Royal Ballet Dancer donated to the king of Poland by will and testament 191 Stephen Bishop c 1821 1857 an enslaved mixed race man in Kentucky known for being one of the first explorers and guides of Mammoth Cave Sue a black woman enslaved by James Brown who was captured along with several members of the Brown family and other slaves by Chickamaugas When the warrior who had captured her threatened another captive the other captor threatened to kill Sue in retribution 192 James son Joseph later kidnapped Sue and her children and grandchildren eight in all in retribution for his captivity 193 Suhayb ar Rumi born c 587 also known as Suhayb ibn Sinan enslaved in childhood in the Byzantine Empire escaped as a young man to Mecca and went on to become an esteemed companion of Muhammad and revered member of the early Muslim community Sumayyah bint Khayyat 550 615 a woman enslaved in Mecca and one of the first seven converts to Islam made by the Prophet Muhammad in his early career She was tortured and killed by enemies of the new faith becoming the first Muslim Shahid Squanto 1585 1622 also known as Tisquantum a Native American of what is now coastal Massachusetts who was captured by English pirates and sold as a slave He was later freed and returned to New England where he met the Pilgrims of the Mayflower in 1621 Subh of Cordoba 940 999 an enslaved concubine of a Caliph and mother and regent of the next Caliph of Cordoba in the 10th century Suk bin Choe 1670 1718 consort of Sukjong of Joseon and mother of Yeongjo of Joseon Surya Devi died 715 Indian princess enslaved by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al Malik T edit nbsp Taras Shevchenko nbsp Tatyana Shlykova nbsp Alleged portrait of Terence from Codex Vaticanus Latinus 3868 Possibly copied from 3rd century original Taras Shevchenko 1814 1861 The most prominent Ukrainian poet artist and illustrator was born in a family of serfs His artist friends bought his freedom in 1838 Tatyana Shlykova 1773 1863 Russian serf ballerina and opera singer Thanadelthur c 1697 1717 a woman of the Chipewyan Denesuli ne nation who served as a guide and interpreter for the Hudson s Bay Company Thomas Fuller African American man enslaved in Viriginia renowned for his mathematical abilities 194 Thomas Pellow 1704 1745 enslaved by Barbary pirates taken to Morocco the selected and tortured by Ismail Ibn Sharif Escaped after 23 years and returned home to Cornwall Thomas Peters 1738 1792 born Thomas Potters one of the founding fathers of Sierra Leone Formerly enslaved he fled North Carolina during the American Revolutionary War Peters was a Black Loyalist member of the British Black Company of Pioneers became a sergeant and settled and married in Nova Scotia He recruited African settlers in Nova Scotia for the colonization of Sierra Leone and later became a leader in Freetown Thomas Sims born 1834 an enslaved African American man who escaped slavery in Georgia to Boston Massachusetts only to be recaptured under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and to escape to Boston once more Thomas Alexandre Dumas 1762 1806 a French general and father of Alexandre Dumas Thumal administrator of justice to the eighteenth Abbasid Caliph al Muqtadir T Aelius Dionysius a freedman of the late Roman Empire who created a stela for himself his wife and Aelius Perseus his fellow freedman and their freedman and those who came after them 195 T Claudius Dionysius a freedman whose freedwoman wife Claudia Prepontis erected a funerary altar to him Their clasped hands depicted on it show the legitimacy of their marriage possible only once they obtained their freedom 49 Terence c 195 185 c 159 BCE full name Publius Terentius Afer Roman playwright and comic poet who wrote before and possibly after his freedom Tiberius Claudius Narcissus freedman who was secretary to Roman emperor Claudius in the 1st century Tituba a 17th century Native American woman who was enslaved by Samuel Parris of Danvers Massachusetts She was the first person accused of practicing witchcraft during the 1692 Salem witch trials 196 Tomas Ortega an enslaved man in colonial Mexico who attempted to marry Leonor de Mendoza a woman enslaved by another master When that man imprisoned Tomas Leonor appealed to a church court for assistance and it threatened excommunication if he did not free Tomas 128 Titus Kent 1733 18 enslaved by the Samuel Kent family in Suffield Connecticut He was owned by Samuel Kent who lived 1698 1772 Samuel Kent s 1772 probate recorded that Titus was bequeathed Samuel Kent s son Elihu Kent Revolutionary War records indicate that Titus served in different regiments from 1775 1783 Toussaint L Ouverture 1743 1803 a freedman who led the slave revolt that led to the independence of Haiti Tula died 1795 a leader of the Curacao Slave Revolt of 1795 Turgut Reis 1485 1565 also known as Dragut a well known admiral of the Ottoman Navy of the 16th century who was captured by the Genoese at Corsica and forced to work as a galley slave for nearly four years He was finally rescued by his fellow admiral Barbarossa who laid siege to Genoa and secured Turgut Reis release for the prodigious ransom of 3 500 gold ducats Thereupon Turgut Reis resumed his naval career which included the enslavement of various other people Turhan Hatice Sultan c 1627 4 August 1683 was Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman sultan Ibrahim reign 1640 1648 and Valide sultan as the mother of Mehmed IV reign 1648 1687 U editUkawsaw Gronniosaw 1705 1775 also known as James Albert a freedman turned writer whose autobiography is considered the first published by an African in Britain Ursula Granger 1738 1800 a woman enslaved by Thomas Jefferson who worked as a cook dairymaid laundress and wet nurse and has been referred to as the Queen of Monticello 197 198 V edit nbsp Vasily Tropinin nbsp Vincent de PaulVasily Tropinin 1776 1857 Russian serf painter Venture Smith 1729 1805 an African captured as a child and transported to the American colonies as a slave When an adult he purchased his freedom and that of his family his wife Meg and their children Hannah Solomon and Cuff His history was documented and published by a schoolteacher to whom he talked in his old age The Vestmenn West Men in Old Norse referring to the Irish were a group of Irish slaves brought to Iceland by Hjorleifr Hrodmarsson one of the early Norse settlers there He treated them badly and they killed him and escaped to a group of offshore islands Ingolfur Arnarson Hjorleifur s blood brother tracked the escaped slaves and killed them all Though their individual names are unknown their memory lives on in Icelandic geography the islands where they sought refuge being known up to the present as Vestmannaeyjar Islands of the West Men i e of the Irish Vincent de Paul 1581 1660 a French priest who is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church He was taken captive by Turkish pirates sold into slavery and freed in 1607 199 Vindicius an ancient Roman slave who discovered Tarquin s plot to regain power Vibia Calybeni a freedwoman of the late Roman Empire who unusually named herself as a madam on her tombstone 200 Virginia Boyd an enslaved American woman whose letter to R C Ballard pleading not to be sold with her children among strangers has been preserved Ballard had undertaken to have her sold at the request of Judge Samuel Boyd the children s father to hide her existence from his family Violet Ludlow an American woman sold into slavery several times despite her claims to be a free white woman 48 Virginia Demetricia 1842 after 1867 an enslaved Aruban known as a heroin of resistance against enslavement Vitalis ancient Roman slave An epigraph describes an enslaved boy Iucundus as the son of Gryphus and Vitalis 81 Volumnia Cytheris an enslaved and later freedwoman in ancient Rome An actress and courtesan her lovers included Brutus Mark Antony and Cornelius Gallus her rejection of Gallus provided the theme for Virgil s tenth Eclogue 201 W edit nbsp Photograph of Wes Brady ex slave taken in Marshall Texas in 1937 as part of the Federal Writers Project Slave Narrative CollectionWes Brady born 1849 of Marshall Texas was included in the Federal Writers Project Slave Narrative Collection West Ford c 1784 1863 enslaved by George Washington and served as caretaker at Mount Vernon Claimed to be Washington s biological son William Ansah Sessarakoo c 1736 1770 African prince who became a victim of the transatlantic slave trade was freed and then became a slave trader himself William Beverly Nash 1822 1888 a North Carolina state senator William Ellison 1790 1861 an enslaved man of mixed race who after gaining his freedom became a slaveholder himself producing cotton William Gardner born 1759 a man enslaved by James Madison who Madison sold into indentured servitude for seven years before becoming emancipated and working as a merchant s agent William 1824 1900 and Ellen Craft 1826 1891 a married enslaved couple from Macon Georgia whose daring escape to the North in 1848 made them among the most famous fugitives from slavery in the country William Harvey Carney 1840 1908 a soldier during the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor after his escape from slavery William Henry nicknamed Jerry a man who escaped slavery in Missouri but was arrested in Syracuse New York in 1851 before being rescued by abolitionists from being extradited under the Fugitive Slave Law William A Jackson man enslaved by Jefferson Davis who fled in 1861 with considerable detailed military intelligence about Confederate forces William Andrew Johnson mixed race American man enslaved by President Andrew Johnson son of Dolly Johnson 69 William D Gibbons 1825 1886 enslaved domestic servant became African Baptist minister after emancipation William Dorsey Swann 1860 1925 born a slave in Maryland later became an LGBT activist and the first known person to self identify as a drag queen 202 William Jones was an enslaved man who was acquired by Ulysses S Grant from his father in law in 1858 Jones was thirty five years old at the time 203 204 Although Grant was not an abolitionist he was not considered a slavery man and could not bring himself to force a slave to do work 205 In March 1859 Grant freed William by a manumission deed potentially worth at least 1 000 when Grant needed the money 206 207 The case of William Jones received much attention from historians and is used in debates on Grant s attitude to slavery William Lee 1750 1828 a man enslaved by George Washington who served as his personal servant with him during the American Revolutionary War and was the only person freed from slavery by Washington s will William Okeley Englishman enslaved by Algerian pirates William Wells Brown c 1814 1884 African American writer escaped from slavery 1834 208 Wilson Chinn African American featuring in an 1863 photograph as branded slave Wulfstan a man enslaved in Anglo Saxon England and his two sons and stepdaughter They were freed by his mistress AEthelgifu s will 64 Wu Rui 吳瑞 a 15th century enslaved eunuch in what is now Vietnam He was the youngest of thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang whose ship was blown off course and who were subsequently enslaved by the Le dynasty As recorded in the Ming Shi lu his companions were made agricultural laborers while Wu Rui was castrated and became an attendant at the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long After years of service he was promoted at the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam A soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace Wyatt Lee c 1822 1863 the first husband of Dr Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler He escaped slavery in Virginia X editXenon an enslaved Athenian man and banker 45 Xing was the primary primary spouse of Gaozong the brother of Qinzong Chinese Emperor of the Song Dynasty In 1127 the capital of Kaifeng was captured by the Jurchen during the Jin Song Wars and Xing was among more than 3000 people captured and exiled to Manchuria in what was called the Jingkang Incident Xing was among The Imperial consorts concubines palace women and eunuchs who were captured and distributed among the Jurchen as slaves 209 Xing s husband Gaozong who avoided capture became the new Emperor and declared Xing Empress in absentia but was unable to get her free She remained in captivity where she was coveted by her captors attempted suicide to escape abuse but failed and she died in captivity in 1139 210 Y editYaqut al Hamawi 1179 1229 an Arab biographer and geographer known for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world He was sold into slavery in 12th century Syria and taken to Baghdad but was provided with a good education and later freed Yasar a 7th century Christian man who had been captured in a campaign of Khalid ibn al Walid a companion of the Prophet Muhammad Yasar was taken to Medina and became the slave of Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manaf ibn Quṣayy He accepted Islam was manumitted and became his mawla thus acquiring the nisbat al Muṭṭalibi He had three sons Musa ʿAbd al Raḥman and Isḥaq His grandson Ibn Ishaq became an important early Arab historian Yasuke a 16th century African man who travelled to Japan in the service of Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano Given to Oda Nobunaga Yasuke became a confident of the daimyō and given official status as a trusted retainer York 1770 before 1832 an African American man enslaved by William Clark who was part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Z edit nbsp Zofia PotockaZalmoxis a Dacian who was enslaved by Pythagoras on the island of Samos according to Herodotus Zalmoxis learned philosophy from his owner and other wise Greeks Eventually he was liberated gathered huge wealth and went back to his homeland where he converted the Thracians to his beliefs was greatly venerated for his wisdom and in later generations became worshiped as a god 211 Zayd ibn Haritha c 581 629 given to Muhammad s wife Khadijah freed adopted and became known as Zayd ibn Muhammad Ziryab 789 857 also known as Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Nafi a Muslim singer musician and polymath known for introducing the crop asparagus to Europe Zoe a Christian martyr Zofia Potocka 1760 1822 a Greek Ottoman enslaved courtesan who ended up as a Polish countess by marriage Zumbi 1655 1695 enslaved in Portuguese Brazil he escaped and joined the Quilombo dos Palmares the largest ever settlement of escaped slaves in colonial Brazil becoming its last and most famous leader Zunairah al Rumiya Arabic زنيرة الرومية Zaneerah the Roman other transliterations include Zaneera Zannirah Zanira or in some sources Zinra or Zinnirah was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad See also edit nbsp Biography portal nbsp Business portalList of the last surviving American slaves List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon George Washington s plantation List of slave owners Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 1926 Slavery Convention an international treaty 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery Comfort women sex slaves in WWII Human trafficking Involuntary servitude International Slavery Museum U S National Museum of African American History and Culture Slave trade Slave Trade Acts Slavery in the United StatesReferences edit a b Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 141 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 An unpleasant welcome in Taa if Archived November 27 2010 at the Wayback Machine What is the divine purpose for sending prophets Archived from the original on February 26 2012 Retrieved August 7 2009 Bruin Jan de 2013 Twee West Friese slaven PDF Oud Hoorn in Dutch 35 2 59 63 Haarnack Carl Hondius Dienke March 25 2012 Swart in Nederland Buku Bibliotheca Surinamica Retrieved April 18 2014 Kooijmans L 1985 De elite in een Hollandse stad Hoorn 1700 1780 Den Haag De Bataafsche Leeuw pp 182 83 ISBN 90 6707 092 0 Bernacki Teatr Mamontowicz Lojek Szkola Tyzenhauza s 53 54 70 86 89 92 Wierzbicka Szesc studiow Muzyka 1969 nr 2 J Prosnak Christine Fell Women in Anglo Saxon England and the Impact of 1066 p 49 ISBN 0 7141 8057 2 Charter S 1539 at the Electronic Sawyer Elaine Fantham Helene Peet Foley Natalie Boymel Kampen Sarah B Pomeroy H A Shapiro Women in the Classical World p 370 ISBN 0 19 509862 5 a b c d Fell Women in Anglo Saxon England p 97 Rypka J November 11 2013 History of Iranian Literature Springer ISBN 9789401034791 St Agathoclia Catholic Saints Gross 2008 What Blood Won t Tell p 1 A Durable Memento Portraits by Augustus Washington African American Daguerreotypist exhibit National Portrait Gallery Smithsonian Institution Letter to James Edward Calhoun August 27 1831 Correspondence of John C Calhoun Historical Manuscripts Commission 1899 p 301 Letter to Armistead Burt of September 1 1831 Correspondence of John C Calhoun Historical Manuscripts Commission 1899 pp 301 02 Calhoun John C 1837 Slavery a Positive Good via Wikisource Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 39 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country pp 201 202 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country pp 140 1 Case Overview Ann Williams Ann Maria Williams Tobias Williams amp John Williams v George Miller amp George Miller Jr earlywashingtondc org Retrieved December 23 2022 Timothy Hugh Barrett 1989 Singular listlessness a short history of Chinese books and British scholars Wellsweep p 33 ISBN 0 948454 04 0 Retrieved November 4 2011 This man who as far as we know was the first interpreter to try to impart a knowledge of Chinese to Englishman was one of a number of black slaves from Macao who managed to escape into Chinese territory2 Presumably Antonio and Mundy the University of Michigan Ariela J Gross 2008 What Blood Won t Tell A History of Race on Trial in America p 31 ISBN 978 0 674 03130 2 Who was Aqualtune Maria Aparecida Schumaher Erico teixeira Vital Brazil Dicionario Mulheres do Brasil de 1500 ate a atualidade ISBN 9788571105737 Augustine Tolton From slavery to being the first black priest Catholic Church Fantham et al Women in the Classical World pp 319 20 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Fournet Pierre August 1907 St Bathilde In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 2 New York Robert Appleton Company Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 185 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 168 Fantham et al Women in the Classical World p 268 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Kirsch Johan Peter 1907 St Blandina In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 2 New York Robert Appleton Company British Library Add MS 9381 Jones Heather Rose 2001 Cornish and Other Personal Names from the 10th Century Bodmin Manumissions Retrieved May 18 2017 Gospel book with added Cornish records of manumissions The Bodmin Gospels or St Petroc Gospels The British Library Retrieved May 18 2017 Joyce P W The Wonders of Ireland 1911 Story of St Brigid St Brigid s GNS Glasnevin Following Brigid s Way The Irish Catholic May 18 2023 Bethu Brigte Wallace Martin A Little Book of Celtic Saints Belfast Appletree Press 1995 ISBN 0 86281 456 1 p 13 St Brigit of Ireland Monastic Matrix Williams Emily Allen 2004 The Critical Response to Kamau Brathwaite Praeger Publishers p 235 ISBN 0 275 97957 1 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chapman Henry Palmer 1908 Pope Callistus I In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 3 New York Robert Appleton Company a b c d e f Yvon Garlan Slavery in Ancient Greece p 67 ISBN 0 8014 9504 0 Karen Halttunen Murder Most Foul p 175 ISBN 0 674 58855 X Millward Jessica Charity Folks Lost Royalty and the Bishop Family of Maryland and New York Journal of African American History 98 no 1 Winter 2013 24 47 a b c d Tenzer Lawrence R October 2001 White Slaves The Multiracial Activist Archived from the original on November 9 2011 a b Elaine Fantham Helene Peet Foley Natalie Boymel Kampen Sarah B Pomeroy H A Shapiro Women in the Classical World pp 320 1 ISBN 0 19 509862 5 Grieve Alexander James Robinson Joseph Armitage 1911 Clement I In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 482 483 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 196 David Granger 1992 Guyana coins El Dorado 2 20 22 Archived from the original on June 26 2008 Retrieved July 6 2008 Stol Marten 2000 Birth in Babylonia and the Bible Its Mediterranean Setting Groningen Styx Publications pp 28 29 ISBN 90 72371 89 5 Bertman Stephen 2005 Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia OUP USA p 178 ISBN 978 0 19 518364 1 Elaine Fantham Helene Peet Foley Natalie Boymel Kampen Sarah B Pomeroy H A Shapiro Women in the Classical World p 268 ISBN 0 19 509862 5 Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 133 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Exhibit Slavery in New York New York Historical Society October 7 2005 March 26 2006 Retrieved February 11 2008 a b Digital Library on American Slavery dlas uncg edu Retrieved December 30 2021 Kaufmann Miranda August 31 2018 The Untold Story of How an Escaped Slave Helped Sir Francis Drake Circumnavigate the Globe History Retrieved May 12 2020 see Demandt Alexander Goltz Andreas Schlange Schoningen Heinrich 2004 Diokletian und die Tetrarchie Aspekte einer Zeitenwende Walter de Gruyter ISBN 9783110182309 n a December 16 1886 Andy Johnson s Home His Old Home and His Grave and How They Look The Old Tailorshop in Which He Formerly Worked The Iowa State Register Morning ed Des Moines p 8 Retrieved May 9 2023 via Newspapers com Bernacki Teatr Mamontowicz Lojek Szkola Tyzenhauza s 53 54 70 86 89 92 Wierzbicka Szesc studiow Muzyka 1969 nr 2 J Prosnak a b c d e Christine Fell Women in Anglo Saxon England and the Impact of 1066 p 97 ISBN 0 7141 8057 2 a b Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 197 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Christine Fell Women in Anglo Saxon England and the impact of 1066 p 86 ISBN 0 7141 8057 2 The Fiddler on Pantico Run An African Warrior His White Descendants A Search for Family ISBN 978 1 4516 2748 0 Slave s 400 year old grave in Dutch Jewish cemetery now a Black pilgrimage site by Cnaan Lipshiz Times of Israel 6 February 2021 a b c Fling Sarah 2021 The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson WHHA en US Retrieved July 6 2023 a b Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 130 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Daniel K Richter Facing East from Indian Country p 243 ISBN 0 674 00638 0 Elaine Fantham Helene Peet Foley Natalie Boymel Kampen Sarah B Pomeroy H A Shapiro Women in the Classical World p 270 ISBN 0 19 509862 5 Catholic Online E Togo Salmon Conference E Togo Salmon Conference 1993 Mcmaster University Roman Theater and Society E Togo Salmon Papers I Kirsch Johan Peter Sts Felicitas and Perpetua Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 6 Afnan Abul Qasim 1999 Black Pearls Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha u llah Kalimat Press p 21 ISBN 1 890688 03 7 Afnan Abul Qasim 1999 Black Pearls Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha u llah Kalimat Press p 26 ISBN 1 890688 03 7 Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America pp 147 8 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Daniel Odgen Magic Witchcraft and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds p 277 ISBN 978 0 19 538520 5 Goodyear III Frank H Photography changes the way we record and respond to social issues Smithsonian Institution a b c Daniel Odgen Magic Witchcraft and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds p 119 ISBN 978 0 19 538520 5 See also Ariela J Gross What Blood Won t Tell A History of Race on Trial in America pp 23 4 ISBN 978 0 674 03130 2 See also Robert M Cover Justice Accused Antislavery and the Judicial Process New Haven and London Yale University Press 1975 pp 51 55 Bosman Julie September 18 2013 Professor Says He Has Solved a Mystery Over a Slave s Novel The New York Times Black Loyalist Archived from the original on May 24 2010 Retrieved May 2 2014 BlackPast org Lowson Stephen May 29 2009 Day of history to unfold in Muthill museum Strathearn Herald Retrieved June 23 2009 Henry Highland Garnet New York Historical Society Retrieved June 10 2022 Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America pp 38 9 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Cornelius Tacitus The History Book I chapter 13 www perseus tufts edu Retrieved August 11 2021 Chris Wickham The Inheritance of Rome p 195 ISBN 978 0 14 311742 1 Laurence Vidal Los Amantes de Granada Ed EDHASA 2006 359 pages ISBN 978 8 43501742 8 Afnan Abul Qasim 1999 Black Pearls Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha u llah Kalimat Press p 27 ISBN 1 890688 03 7 Afnan Abul Qasim 1999 Black Pearls Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha u llah Kalimat Press p 30 ISBN 1 890688 03 7 Abdu l Baha 1982 Promulgation of Universal Peace Talks Delivered by Abdu l Baha during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912 Bahai Publishing Trust 2nd Edition p 426 ISBN 978 0877431725 Ariela J Gross What Blood Won t Tell A History of Race on Trial in America pp 24 5 ISBN 978 0 674 03130 2 James W C Pennington 1807 1870 The Fugitive Blacksmith Summary Documenting the American South University of North Carolina Retrieved September 29 2023 An Old Actor s Memories What Mt Edmon S Conner Recalls About His Career PDF The New York Times June 5 1881 p 10 Retrieved March 10 2010 Hutton Michael June December 1889 The Negro on the Stage Harper s Magazine Harper s Magazine Co 79 131 145 Retrieved March 10 2010 Mary Deborah Petite 1836 Facts about the Alamo and the Texas War for Independence ISBN 978 1 882810 35 2 Savas Publishing Company Mason City IA 1999 p 128 Karen Halttunen Murder Most Foul p 44 ISBN 0 674 58855 X a b John Donoghue 2010 Out of the Land of Bondage The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition The American Historical Review 115 4 Archived from the original on September 1 2016 Paul Finkelman 1985 Slavery in the Courtroom An Annotated Bibliography of American Cases Library of Congress ISBN 9781886363489 Coates Rodney D 2003 Law and the Cultural Production of Race and Racialized Systems of Oppression PDF American Behavioral Scientist 47 3 329 351 doi 10 1177 0002764203256190 S2CID 146357699 Tom Costa 2011 Runaway Slaves and Servants in Colonial Virginia Encyclopedia Virginia Paul Finkelman 1985 Slavery in the Courtroom An Annotated Bibliography of American Cases Library of Congress p 3 Soldier of Furtune John Smith before Jamestown Archived from the original on January 17 2009 Retrieved February 4 2009 Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 200 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 YSTUMLLYN JOHN Jack Black d 1786 gardener and land steward Dictionary of Welsh Biography biography wales Retrieved September 18 2021 Green Andrew October 10 2019 Ystumllyn John d 1786 gardener Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 odnb 9780198614128 013 112797 ISBN 978 0 19 861412 8 retrieved September 18 2021 Hochschild Adam 2006 Bury the Chains Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire s Slaves Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 44 ISBN 978 0 618 61907 8 Gilmore John 2007 Strong Jonathan c 1748 1773 The Oxford Companion to Black British History Oxford University Press ISBN 9780192804396 Chater Kathleen October 4 2012 Strong Jonathan c 1747 1773 de facto freed slave Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 100415 Subscription or UK public library membership required Juan Francisco Manzano Slave Narratives The MoAD Salon MoAD Museum of the African Diaspora www moadsf org Archived from the original on September 25 2007 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country pp 184 85 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country pp 35 36 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 201 Colman Gutierrez Andres December 5 2020 En busca de la India Juliana Ultima Hora in Spanish Asuncion Retrieved December 12 2021 Schvartzman Gabriela September 19 2020 Relatos sobre la India Juliana Entre la construccion de la memoria y la ficcion historica Periodico E a in Spanish Asuncion Atycom Retrieved December 12 2021 Berry Joanne Matyszak Philip 2008 Lives of the Romans Thames amp Hudson pp 116 117 ISBN 9780500771709 Haley Alex August 17 1976 Roots The Saga of an American Family Doubleday p 704 ISBN 0 385 03787 2 OCLC 2188350 Wright Donald R 1981 Uprooting Kunta Kinte On the Perils of Relying on Encyclopedic Informants History in Africa 8 205 217 doi 10 2307 3171516 JSTOR 3171516 S2CID 162425305 Andrews William L Foster Frances Smith Harris Truder February 15 2001 Kinta Kunta In Berger Roger A ed The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature Oxford University Press p 250 ISBN 9780198031758 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 67 David Nicolle Graham Turner Poitiers AD 732 Charles Martel Turns the Islamic Tide Osprey Publishing 2008 ISBN 978 1 84603 230 1 Fell Women in Anglo Saxon England p 47 Fell Women in Anglo Saxon England p 86 a b Patricia Seed To Love Honor and Obey in Colonial Mexico Conflicts over Marriage Choice 1574 1821 p 82 ISBN 0 8047 2159 9 Lewis Hayden National Park Service Retrieved November 3 2023 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 149 Mark C Elliott The Manchu Way p 330 ISBN 0 8047 4684 2 Lott Cary ca 1780 1828 Virginia Humanities Retrieved June 10 2022 Louis Hughes American Literature Retrieved July 3 2020 Daniel Odgen Magic Witchcraft and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds p 166 ISBN 978 0 19 538520 5 Fantham et al Women in the Classical World pp 319 20 Daniel Ogden Binding Spells p 70 Witchcraft and Magic in Europe Ancient Greece and Rome edited by Bengt Ankarloo and Stuart Clark ISBN 0 8122 1705 5 Chris Wickham The Inheritance of Rome pp 203 4 ISBN 978 0 14 311742 1 Snyder Slavery in Indian Country p 182 Sarah B Pomeroy Goddesses Whores Wives and Slaves p 198 ISBN 0 8052 1030 X Snyder Slavery in Indian Country pp 174 5 Military Manpower Armies and Warfare in South Asia Routledge October 6 2015 ISBN 9781317321279 Slavery amp South Asian History Chatterjee Indrani Eaton Richard Maxwell Bloomington Indiana University Press 2006 ISBN 978 0 253 11671 0 OCLC 191950586 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Tourism Potential in Aurangabad With Ajanta Ellora Daulatabad Fort Bharatiya Kala Prakashan 1999 p 6 ISBN 9788186050446 Maciszewski Amelia Winter Spring 2005 From Africa to India Music of the Sidis and the Indian Ocean Diaspora review Asian Music 36 1 132 135 doi 10 1353 amu 2005 0008 S2CID 191611760 Michell George amp Mark Zebrowski Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates The New Cambridge History of India Vol I 7 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1999 ISBN 0 521 56321 6 p 11 12 Slave revolts in Puerto Rico conspiracies and uprisings 1795 1873 by Guillermo A Baralt Markus Wiener Publishers ISBN 978 1 55876 463 7 My Master Has Sold Albert to a Trader Maria Perkins Writes to Her Husband 1852 History Matters George Mason University Retrieved April 21 2017 Welcome Akwaaba CLANDESTINE LIFE Retrieved December 30 2021 Bernacki Teatr Mamontowicz Lojek Szkola Tyzenhauza s 53 54 70 86 89 92 Wierzbicka Szesc studiow Muzyka 1969 nr 2 J Prosnak a b Mark and Phillis Executions Burned at the Stake and Gibbeted in Puritan Massachusetts www celebrateboston com Retrieved December 30 2021 Letter from Paul Revere to Jeremy Belknap circa 1798 Massachusetts Historical Society Dale Penny July 7 2017 A quilt fit for a queen BBC News Afnan Abul Qasim 1999 Black Pearls Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha u llah Kalimat Press p 35 ISBN 1 890688 03 7 a b John Storms Brewed p 699 Barr Peace Came in the Form p 189 Bernacki Teatr Mamontowicz Lojek Szkola Tyzenhauza s 53 54 70 86 89 92 Wierzbicka Szesc studiow Muzyka 1969 nr 2 J Prosnak a b Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America pp 133 4 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Re Nancy Titsworth 1800 Livin Genealogy com genealogy com Retrieved May 13 2019 Talmage T De Witt ed July 1885 The Rev Moses A Hopkins A M Frank Leslie s Sunday Magazine New York Frank Leslie s Publishing House 18 1 556 Afnan Abul Qasim 1999 Black Pearls Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha u llah Kalimat Press p 5 ISBN 1 890688 03 7 a b Association of Muslim Social Scientists International Institute of Islamic Thought 2008 The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences Vol 25 American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences p 56 OCLC 60626498 Ariela J Gross What Blood Won t Tell A History of Race on Trial in America p 120 ISBN 978 0 674 03130 2 Elaine Fantham Helene Peet Foley Natalie Boymel Kampen Sarah B Pomeroy H A Shapiro Women in the Classical World pp 114 5 ISBN 0 19 509862 5 Bogues Anthony 2003 Black Heretics Black Prophets Radical Political Intellectuals New York Routledge pp 25 46 Dahl Adam November 21 2019 Creolizing Natural Liberty Transnational Obligation in the Thought of Ottobah Cugoano The Journal of Politics 82 3 908 920 doi 10 1086 707400 ISSN 0022 3816 S2CID 212865739 a b Yvon Garlan Slavery in Ancient Greece p 83 ISBN 0 8014 9504 0 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Moran Patrick Francis 1911 St Patrick In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 11 New York Robert Appleton Company Swarns Rachel L August 15 2009 Madison and the White House Through the Memoir of a Slave The New York Times retrieved August 24 2009 Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 189 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Re Nancy Titsworth 1800 Livin Genealogy com genealogy com Retrieved May 13 2019 Pettitt George A Berkeley The Town and Gown of It P 34 37 Wollenberg Charles 2002 Berkeley A City in History berkeleypubliclibrary org Archived from the original on September 11 2015 Retrieved November 6 2015 Berkeley s black heritage goes back to the arrival of Pete and Hannah Byrne in 1859 but the African American population remained small for the rest of the nineteenth century Sarah B Pomeroy Goddesses Whores Wives and Slaves p 197 ISBN 0 8052 1030 X Diogenes Laertius ii 105 Ariela J Gross What Blood Won t Tell A History of Race on Trial in America pp 25 6 ISBN 978 0 674 03130 2 Daniel Ogden Binding Spells pp 67 8 Witchcraft and Magic in Europe Ancient Greece and Rome edited by Bengt Ankarloo and Stuart Clark ISBN 0 8122 1705 5 Black Slaves Indian Masters Slavery Emancipation and Citizenship in the Native American South by Barbara Krauthamer 2013 Not Even Past notevenpast org March 26 2014 Retrieved May 6 2019 Jeltz Wyatt F 1948 The Relations of Negroes and Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians The Journal of Negro History 33 1 24 37 doi 10 2307 2714985 ISSN 0022 2992 JSTOR 2714985 S2CID 149472463 Hallvard Den Hellige utdypning Store norske leksikon Timeline of Missouri s African American History Missouri State Archives Missouri Digital History accessed 18 February 2011 Medeiros oscar January 4 2021 Sao Tome e Principe recorda o Rei Amador Voice of America Retrieved August 9 2022 in Portuguese Ariela J Gross What Blood Won t Tell A History of Race on Trial in America p 59 ISBN 978 0 674 03130 2 Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 129 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Burrowes Carl Patrick 1989 Black Christian Republicans Delegates to the 1847 Liberian Constitutional Convention Liberian Studies Journal 14 2 67 Retrieved June 10 2022 Biography Ward Samuel Ringgold Dictionary of Canadian Biography Volume IX 1861 1870 Retrieved September 29 2023 Chris Wickham The Inheritance of Rome p 204 ISBN 978 0 14 311742 1 Coddington Ronald S September 24 2013 A Slave s Service in the Confederate Army The New York Times Opinionator Blog Chisholm Hugh 1911 Solomon Northup Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Nelson Emmanuel Sampath 2002 Solomon Northup 1808 1863 In Marsden Elizabeth ed African American Autobiographers A Sourcebook Greenwood Publishing Group p 290 ISBN 9780313314094 Richard Miles Carthage Must Be Destroyed The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization p 203 ISBN 9780143121299 Bernacki Teatr Mamontowicz Lojek Szkola Tyzenhauza s 53 54 70 86 89 92 Wierzbicka Szesc studiow Muzyka 1969 nr 2 J Prosnak Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 153 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 Christina Snyder Slavery in Indian Country The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America p 154 ISBN 978 0 674 04890 4 O Connor John J Robertson Edmund F Thomas Fuller MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive University of St Andrews Elaine Fantham Helene Peet Foley Natalie Boymel Kampen Sarah B Pomeroy H A Shapiro Women in the Classical World pp 369 70 ISBN 0 19 509862 5 Breslaw E G 1996 Tituba Reluctant Witch of Salem Devilish Indians and Puritan Fantasies New York New York University Press ISBN 0814713076 Gordon Reed Annette August 25 2009 The Hemingses of Monticello An American Family W W Norton amp Company p 569 ISBN 978 0 393 33776 1 Slavery and French Cuisine in Jefferson s Working White House WHHA en US Retrieved December 19 2022 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Degert Antoine 1912 St Vincent de Paul In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 15 New York Robert Appleton Company Elaine Fantham Helene Peet Foley Natalie Boymel Kampen Sarah B Pomeroy H A Shapiro Women in the Classical World p 380 ISBN 0 19 509862 5 Sarah B Pomeroy Goddesses Whores Wives and Slaves pp 198 9 ISBN 0 8052 1030 X Lily Wakefield February 1 2020 Researcher says first self described drag queen was a formerly enslaved man who reigned over a secret world of drag balls in the 1800s PinkNews Archived from the original on February 2 2020 Retrieved March 9 2023 Smith Jean Edward 2001 Grant New York Simon amp Schuster pp 94 95 ISBN 0 684 84927 5 White Ronald C 2016 American Ulysses A Life of Ulysses S Grant Random House Publishing Group p 130 ISBN 978 1 5883 6992 5 Brands H W 2012 The Man Who Saved the Union Ulysses S Grant in War and Peace Doubleday pp 86 87 ISBN 978 0 385 53241 9 Smith 2001 pp 94 95 White 2016 p 130 McFeely William S 1981 Grant A Biography Norton p 69 ISBN 0 393 01372 3 The Works of William Wells Brown Oxford University Press Archived from the original on May 22 2011 Retrieved September 29 2023 Patricia Buckley Ebrey Emperor Huizong Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Daniel Odgen Magic Witchcraft and Ghosts In The Greek and Roman Worlds p 11 ISBN 978 0 19 538520 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of 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