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Berkeley, California

Berkeley (/ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills. The 2020 census recorded a population of 124,321.

Berkeley, California
City of Berkeley
Looking west over the city from the Berkeley Hills, with San Francisco in the background
Location of Berkeley in Alameda County, California
Berkeley
Location within Alameda County, California
Berkeley
Location within San Francisco Bay Area
Berkeley
Location within the state of California
Berkeley
Location within the United States
Berkeley
Location within North America
Coordinates: 37°52′18″N 122°16′22″W / 37.87167°N 122.27278°W / 37.87167; -122.27278Coordinates: 37°52′18″N 122°16′22″W / 37.87167°N 122.27278°W / 37.87167; -122.27278
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyAlameda
IncorporatedApril 4, 1878[1]
CharteredMarch 5, 1895[2]
Named forGeorge Berkeley
Government
 • TypeCouncil-Manager[2]
 • MayorJesse Arreguín[3]
 • Council members
 by district number[3]
  1. Rashi Kesarwani
  2. Terry Taplin
  3. Ben Bartlett
  4. Kate Harrison
  5. Sophie Hahn
  6. Susan Wengraf
  7. Rigel Robinson
  8. Lori Droste
 • State senatorNancy Skinner (D)[4]
 • Assembly memberTim Grayson (D)[5]
 • U.S. rep.Barbara Lee (D)[6]
Area
 • Total17.66 sq mi (45.73 km2)
 • Land10.43 sq mi (27.02 km2)
 • Water7.22 sq mi (18.71 km2)  40.83%
Elevation171 ft (52 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total124,321
 • Rank
  • 4th in Alameda County
  • 51st in California
 • Density11,917.27/sq mi (4,601.36/km2)
DemonymBerkeleyan
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP Codes[9]
94701–94710, 94712, 94720
Area code510, 341
FIPS code06-06000
GNIS feature IDs1658037, 2409837
WebsiteCityofBerkeley.info

Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California, the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which is managed and operated by the university. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world. Berkeley is considered one of the most socially progressive cities in the United States.

History

Indigenous history

 
This pit in the surface of a rock at Indian Rock Park is typical of those used by the Ohlone people to grind acorns.

The site of today's City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived.[10] Evidence of their existence in the area include pits in rock formations, which they used to grind acorns, and a shellmound, now mostly leveled and covered up, along the shoreline of San Francisco Bay at the mouth of Strawberry Creek. Human remains and skeletons from Native American burials have been unearthed in West Berkeley and on campus alongside Strawberry Creek.[11][12] Other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek.

Spanish and Mexican eras

The first people of European descent (most of whom were of mixed race and born in America[13]) arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776.[14] The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay (the Golden Gate). Luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay (the contra costa, "opposite shore") for a ranch, including that portion that now comprises the City of Berkeley.

 
Berkeley and much of the East Bay was part of Rancho San Antonio, granted to the Peralta family in 1820.

Luis Peralta named his holding "Rancho San Antonio". The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, but hunting and farming were also pursued. Eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peralta's son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, Vicente. No artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names (Vicente, Domingo, and Peralta). However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant.

The Peraltas' Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. However, the advent of U.S. sovereignty after the Mexican–American War, and especially, the Gold Rush, saw the Peraltas' lands quickly encroached on by squatters and diminished by dubious legal proceedings. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes. The rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants (See Kellersberger's Map).

Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County. On March 25, 1853, Alameda County was created from a division of Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area that became Berkeley was then the northern part of the "Oakland Township" subdivision of Alameda County. During this period, "Berkeley" was mostly a mix of open land, farms, and ranches, with a small, though busy, wharf by the bay.

Late 19th century

 
Horses Grazing, Berkeley; painted by artist William Hahn in 1875

In 1866, Oakland's private College of California looked for a new site. It settled on a location north of Oakland along the foot of the Contra Costa Range (later called the Berkeley Hills) astride Strawberry Creek, at an elevation of about 500 feet (150 m) above the bay, commanding a view of the Bay Area and the Pacific Ocean through the Golden Gate.

According to the Centennial Record of the University of California, "In 1866, at Founders' Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. One of them, Frederick Billings, thought of the lines of the Anglo-Irish Anglican Bishop George Berkeley, 'westward the course of empire takes its way,' and suggested that the town and college site be named for the eighteenth-century Anglo-Irish philosopher."[15] The philosopher's name is pronounced BARK-lee, but the city's name, to accommodate American English, is pronounced BERK-lee.[16]

The College of California's College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land. To this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeley's modern street plan. Their plans fell far short of their desires, and they began a collaboration with the State of California that culminated in 1868 with the creation of the public University of California.

 
The Peralta Park Hotel, built by Maurice Curtis in 1889
 
View of Berkeley in 1900

As construction began on the new site, more residences were constructed in the vicinity of the new campus. At the same time, a settlement of residences, saloons, and various industries grew around the wharf area called Ocean View. A horsecar ran from Temescal in Oakland to the university campus along what is now Telegraph Avenue. The first post office opened in 1872.[17]

By the 1870s, the Transcontinental Railroad reached its terminus in Oakland. In 1876, a branch line of the Central Pacific Railroad, the Berkeley Branch Railroad, was laid from a junction with the mainline called Shellmound (now a part of Emeryville) into what is now downtown Berkeley. That same year, the mainline of the transcontinental railroad into Oakland was re-routed, putting the right-of-way along the bay shore through Ocean View.

There was a strong prohibition movement in Berkeley at this time. In 1876, the state enacted the "mile limit law", which forbade sale or public consumption of alcohol within one mile (1.6 km) of the new University of California.[18] Then, in 1899, Berkeley residents voted to make their city an alcohol-free zone. Scientists, scholars and religious leaders spoke vehemently of the dangers of alcohol.[19]

On April 1, 1878, the people of Ocean View and the area around the university campus, together with local farmers, were granted incorporation by the State of California as the Town of Berkeley.[20] The first elected trustees of the town were the slate of Denis Kearney's anti-Chinese Workingman's Party, who were particularly favored in the working-class area of the former Ocean View, now called West Berkeley. During the 1880s Berkeley had segregated housing and anti-Chinese laws.[21] The area near the university became known for a time as East Berkeley.

Due to the influence of the university, the modern age came quickly to Berkeley. Electric lights and the telephone were in use by 1888. Electric streetcars soon replaced the horsecar. A silent film of one of these early streetcars in Berkeley can be seen at the Library of Congress website.[22]

Early 20th century

 
Wheeler Hall, built in 1917, was designed by John Galen Howard.

Berkeley's slow growth ended abruptly with the Great San Francisco earthquake of 1906. The town and other parts of the East Bay escaped serious damage, and thousands of refugees flowed across the Bay. Among them were most of San Francisco's painters and sculptors, who between 1907 and 1911 created one of the largest art colonies west of Chicago. Artist and critic Jennie V. Cannon described the founding of the Berkeley Art Association and the rivalries of competing studios and art clubs.[23]

In 1904, the first hospitals in Berkeley were created: the Alta Bates Sanatorium for women and children, founded by nurse Alta Bates on Walnut Street, and the Roosevelt (later, Herrick) Hospital, founded by Dr. LeRoy Francis Herrick, on the corner of Dwight Way and Milvia Street.[24][25]

In 1908, a statewide referendum that proposed moving the California state capital to Berkeley was defeated by a margin of about 33,000 votes.[26] The city named streets around the proposed capitol grounds for California counties. They bear those names today, a legacy of the failed referendum.

 
The historic Spanish Colonial Revival style Berkeley City Club, designed by famed architect Julia Morgan in 1929

On March 4, 1909, following public referendums, the citizens of Berkeley were granted a new charter by the State of California, and the Town of Berkeley became the City of Berkeley.[27] Rapid growth continued up to the Crash of 1929. The Great Depression hit Berkeley hard, but not as hard as many other places in the U.S., thanks in part to the university.

It is believed that Berkeley is where single-family zoning first originated (in 1916), as an effort to keep minorities out of white neighborhoods.[28][29][30]

On September 17, 1923, a major fire swept down the hills toward the university campus and the downtown section. Around 640 structures burned before a late-afternoon sea breeze stopped its progress, allowing firefighters to put it out.

The next big growth occurred with the advent of World War II, when large numbers of people moved to the Bay Area to work in the many war industries, such as the immense Kaiser Shipyards in nearby Richmond. One who moved out, but played a big role in the outcome of the war, was U.C. professor and Berkeley resident J. Robert Oppenheimer. During the war, an Army base, Camp Ashby, was temporarily sited in Berkeley.

The element berkelium was synthesized utilizing the 60-inch (1.5 m) cyclotron at UC Berkeley, and named in 1949, in recognition of the university, thus placing the city's name in the list of elements.

1940–60s

During the 1940s, many African Americans migrated to Berkeley.[31] In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Berkeley's population as 11.7% black and 84.6% white.[32] 1960s Berkeley protests The postwar years brought moderate growth to the city, as events on the U.C. campus began to build up to the recognizable activism of the sixties. In the 1950s, McCarthyism induced the university to demand a loyalty oath from its professors, many of whom refused to sign the oath on the principle of freedom of thought. In 1960, a U.S. House committee (HUAC) came to San Francisco to investigate the influence of communists in the Bay Area. Their presence was met by protesters, including many from the university. Meanwhile, a number of U.C. students became active in the civil rights movement. Finally, in 1964, the university provoked a massive student protest by banning distribution of political literature on campus. This protest became the Free Speech Movement. As the Vietnam War rapidly escalated in the ensuing years, so did student activism at the university, particularly that organized by the Vietnam Day Committee.

 
The People's Park was created via public occupation during the 1960s Berkeley protests.

Berkeley is strongly identified with the rapid social changes, civic unrest, and political upheaval that characterized the late 1960s.[33] In that period, Berkeley—especially Telegraph Avenue—became a focal point for the hippie movement, which spilled over the Bay from San Francisco. Many hippies were apolitical drop-outs, rather than students, but in the heady atmosphere of Berkeley in 1967–1969 there was considerable overlap between the hippie movement and the radical left. An iconic event in the Berkeley Sixties scene was a conflict over a parcel of university property south of the contiguous campus site that came to be called "People's Park".

The battle over the disposition of People's Park resulted in a month-long occupation of Berkeley by the National Guard on orders of then-Governor Ronald Reagan. In the end, the park remained undeveloped, and remains so today. A spin-off, People's Park Annex, was established at the same time by activist citizens of Berkeley on a strip of land above the Bay Area Rapid Transit subway construction along Hearst Avenue northwest of the U.C. campus. The land had also been intended for development, but was turned over to the city by BART and is now Ohlone Park.

The era of large public protest in Berkeley waned considerably with the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. While the 1960s were the heyday of liberal activism in Berkeley, it remains one of the most overwhelmingly Democratic cities in the United States.

1970s and 1980s

Housing and zoning changes

 
Shattuck Avenue at Center Street in downtown Berkeley, as seen in 1973

The Berkeley population declined in the 1970s, partly due to an exodus to the suburbs. Some moved because of the rising cost of living throughout the Bay Area, and others because of the decline and disappearance of many industries in West Berkeley.

Increasing enrollment at the university led to replacement of older buildings by large apartment buildings, especially in older parts of the city near the university and downtown. Increasing enrollment also led the university to wanting to redevelop certain places of Berkeley, especially Southside, but more specifically People's Park.[34] Preservationists passed the Neighborhood Protection Ordinance in 1973 by ballot measure and the Landmarks Preservation Ordinance in 1974 by City Council. Together, these ordinances brought most new construction to a halt.[35] Facing rising housing costs, residents voted to enact rent control and vacancy control in 1980.[36] Though more far-reaching in their effect than those of some of the other jurisdictions in California that chose to use rent-control where they could, these policies were limited by the Costa-Hawkins Act, a statewide ban on rent control that came into effect in 1995 and limited rent control to multi-family units that were built (or technically buildings that were issued their original certificate of occupation) before the state law came into effect in 1995. For cities such as Berkeley, where rent-control was already in place, the law limited the use of rent-control to units built before the local rent-control law was enacted, i.e. 1980.[37]

Political movements

During the 1970s and 1980s, activists increased their power in local government. This era also saw major developments in Berkeley's environmental and food culture. Berkeley's last Republican mayor, Wallace J. S. Johnson, left office in 1971. Alice Waters opened Chez Panisse in 1971. The first curbside recycling program in the U.S. was started by the Ecology Center in 1973. Styrofoam was banned in 1988.[38]

As the city leaned more and more Democratic, local politics became divided between "Progressives" and "Moderates". 1984 saw the Progressives take the majority for the first time. Nancy Skinner became the first UC Berkeley student elected to City Council. In 1986, in reaction to the 1984 election, a ballot measure switched Berkeley from at-large to district-based elections for city council.[39]

In 1983, Berkeley's Domestic Partner Task Force was established, which in 1984 made policy recommendation to the school board, which passed domestic partner legislation. The legislation became a model for similar measures nationwide.[40]

1990s and 2000s

 
Housing developments in Downtown Berkeley

In 1995, California's Costa–Hawkins Rental Housing Act ended vacancy control, allowing rents to increase when a tenant moved out. Despite a slow down in 2005–2007, median home prices and rents remain dramatically higher than the rest of the nation,[41] fueled by spillover from the San Francisco housing shortage and population growth.

South and West Berkeley underwent gentrification, with some historically Black neighborhoods such as the Adeline Corridor seeing a 50% decline in Black / African American population from 1990 to 2010.[42] In the 1990s, Public Television's Frontline documentary series featured race relations at Berkeley's only public high school, Berkeley High School.[43]

With an economy dominated by the University of California and a high-demand housing market, Berkeley was relatively unaffected by the Great Recession. State budget cuts caused the university to increase the number of out-of-state and international students, with international enrollment, mostly from Asia, rising from 2,785 in 2007 to 5,951 in 2016.[44] Since then, more international restaurants have opened downtown and on Telegraph Avenue, including East Asian chains such as Ippudo and Daiso.

A wave of downtown apartment construction began in 1998.[45]

In 2006, the Berkeley Oak Grove Protest began protesting construction of a new sports center annex to Memorial Stadium at the expense of a grove of oak trees on the UC campus. The protest ended in September 2008 after a lengthy court process.

In 2007–2008, Berkeley received media attention due to demonstrations against a Marine Corps recruiting office in downtown Berkeley and a series of controversial motions by Berkeley's city council regarding opposition to Marine recruiting. (See Berkeley Marine Corps Recruiting Center controversy.)

2010s and 2020s

During the fall of 2010, the Berkeley Student Food Collective opened after many protests on the UC Berkeley campus due to the proposed opening of the fast food chain Panda Express. Students and community members worked together to open a collectively run grocery store right off of the UC Berkeley campus, where the community can buy local, seasonal, humane, and organic foods. The Berkeley Student Food Collective still operates at 2440 Bancroft Way.

On September 18, 2012, Berkeley became what may be the first city in the U.S. to officially proclaim a day recognizing bisexuals September 23, which is known as Celebrate Bisexuality Day.[46]

On September 2, 2014, the city council approved a measure to provide free medical marijuana to low-income patients.[47]

The Measure D soda tax was approved by Berkeley voters on November 4, 2014, the first such tax in the United States.[48]

Protests

In the Fall of 2011, the nationwide Occupy Wall Street movement came to two Berkeley locations: on the campus of the University of California and as an encampment in Civic Center Park.

During a Black Lives Matter protest on December 6, 2014, police use of tear gas and batons to clear protesters from Telegraph Avenue led to a riot and five consecutive days and nights of protests, marches, and freeway occupations in Berkeley and Oakland.[49] Afterwards, changes were implemented by the Police Department to avoid escalation of violence and to protect bystanders during protests.[50]

During a protest against bigotry and U.S. President Donald Trump in August 2017, anti-fascist protesters grew violent against Trump supporters in attendance. Police intervened, arresting 14 people. Sometimes called "antifa", these anti-fascist activists were clad in all black, while some carried shields and others had masks or bandanas hiding their faces.[51] These protests spanned February to September 2017 (See more at 2017 Berkeley Protests).[52]

In 2019, protesters took up residence in People's Park against tree-chopping and were arrested by police in riot gear. Many activists saw this as the university preparing to develop the park.[53]

Renaming controversy

In January, 2022 the Berkeleyside news platform published an opinion piece calling for the city to be renamed.[54] Daniel O'Connell argued that although city namesake George Berkeley was considered a great philosopher in his time, he owned three enslaved persons and forced them to work on his plantation in Rhode Island. Berkeley argued that slaveholders should baptize their slaves on the grounds that it made them "better slaves". According to O'Connell, "Berkeley's writings express other repugnant ideas, including his proposal to open a missionary school for the purpose of converting the 'American heathen', ... whom Berkeley proposed to kidnap if peaceful methods of separating them from their parents proved unsuccessful. And it is Berkeley's colonialist verse that inspired the naming of our city, and which today is commemorated by Founders' Rock on the university campus: 'Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way'."

Homelessness

The city of Berkeley has historically been a central location for homeless communities in the Bay Area.[55] Since the 1930s, the city of Berkeley has fostered a tradition of political activism.[56] The city has been perceived as a hub for liberal thought and action and it has passed ordinances to oust homeless individuals from Berkeley on multiple occasions.[57] Despite efforts to remove unhoused individuals from the streets and projects to improve social service provision for this demographic, homelessness has continued to be a significant problem in Berkeley.[58]

1960s

A culture of anti-establishment and sociopolitical activism marked the 1960s.[56] The San Francisco Bay Area became a hotspot for hippie counterculture, and Berkeley became a haven for nonconformists and anarchists[56] from all over the United States.[59] Most public discourse around homelessness in Berkeley at this time was centered around the idea of street-living as an expression of counterculture.[55]

During the Free Speech Movement in the Fall of 1964, Berkeley became a hub of civil unrest, with demonstrators and UC Berkeley students sympathizing with the statewide protests for free speech and assembly, as well as revolting against university restrictions against student political activities and organizations established by UC President Clark Kerr in 1959. Many non-student youth and adolescents sought alternative lifestyles and opted for voluntary homelessness during this time.[60][61]

In 1969, People's Park was created and eventually became a haven for "small-time drug dealers, street people, and the homeless".[62] Although the City of Berkeley has moved unhoused individuals from its streets, sometimes even relocating them to an unused landfill, People's Park has remained a safe space for them since its inception.[62] The park has become one of the few relatively safe spaces for homeless individuals to congregate in Berkeley and the greater Bay Area.[62]

1970s

Stereotypes of homeless people as deviant individuals who chose to live vagrant lifestyles continued to color the discourse around street-dwellers in American cities.[55] However, this time period was also characterized by a subtle shift in the perception of unhoused individuals. The public began to realize that homelessness affected not only single men, but also women, children, and entire families.[55] This recognition set the stage for the City of Berkeley's attitude towards homelessness in the next decade.[63]

1980s

Organizations such as Building Opportunities for Self Sufficiency (BOSS) were established in 1971 in response to the needs of individuals with mental illness being released to the streets by state hospital closures.[64]

1990s

In the 1990s, the City of Berkeley faced a substantial increase in the need for emergency housing shelters and saw a rise in the average amount of time individuals spent without stable housing.[57] As housing became a more widespread problem, the general public, Berkeley City Council, and the University of California became increasingly anti-homeless in their opinions.[57] In 1994, Berkeley City Council considered the implementation of a set of anti-homeless laws that the San Francisco Chronicle described as being "among the strictest in the country".[55] These laws prohibited sitting, sleeping and begging in public spaces, and outlawed panhandling from people in a variety of contexts, such as sitting on public benches, buying a newspaper from a rack, or waiting in line for a movie.[55] In February 1995, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sued the city for infringing free speech rights through its proposed anti-panhandling law.[55] In May of that same year, a federal judge ruled that the anti-panhandling law did violate the First Amendment, but left the anti-sitting and sleeping laws untouched.[55]

Following the implementation of these anti-sitting and sleeping ordinances in 1998, Berkeley increased its policing of homeless adults and youth, particularly in the shopping district surrounding Telegraph Avenue.[65] The mayor at that time, Shirley Dean, proposed a plan to increase both social support services for homeless youth and enforcement of anti-encampment laws.[65] Unhoused youth countered this plan with a request for the establishment of the city's first youth shelter, more trash cans, and more frequent cleaning of public bathrooms.[65]

21st century

The City of Berkeley's 2017 annual homeless report and point-in-time count (PIT) estimate that on a given night, 972 people are homeless.[66] Sixty-eight percent (664 people) of these individuals are also unsheltered, living in places not considered suitable for human habitation, such as cars or streets.[66] Long-term homelessness in Berkeley is double the national average, with 27% of the city's homeless population facing chronic homelessness.[66] Chronic homelessness has been on the rise since 2015, and has been largely a consequence of the constrained local housing market.[66] In 2015, rent in Alameda County increased by 25%, while the average household income only grew by 5%.[67] The City of Berkeley's 2017 report also estimated the number of unaccompanied youth in Berkeley at 189 individuals, 19% of the total homeless population in the city. Homeless youth display greater risk of mental health issues, behavioral problems, and substance abuse, than any other homeless age group.[61] Furthermore, homeless youth identifying as LGBTQ+ are exposed to greater rates of physical and sexual abuse, and higher risk for sexually-transmitted diseases, predominantly HIV.[68][69]

The City of Berkeley has seen a consistent rise in the number of chronically homeless individuals over the past 30 years, and has implemented a number of different projects to reduce the number of people living on the streets.[70] In 2008, the City focused its efforts on addressing chronic homelessness. This led to a 48% decline in the number of chronically homeless individuals reported in the 2009 Berkeley PIT.[71] However, the number of "hidden homeless" individuals (those coping with housing insecurity by staying at a friend or relative's residence), increased significantly, likely in response to rising housing costs and costs of living.[71] In 2012, the City considered measures that banned sitting in commercial areas throughout Berkeley.[71] The measure was met with strong public opposition and did not pass. However, the City saw a strong need for it to implement rules addressing encampments and public usage of space as well as assessing the resources needed to assist the unhoused population.[71] In response to these needs the City of Berkeley established the Homeless Task Force, headed by then-Councilmember Jesse Arreguín.[71] Since its formation, the Task Force has proposed a number of different recommendations, from expanding the City Homeless Outreach and Mobile Crisis Teams, to building a short-term transitional shelter for unhoused individuals.[72]

Suitcase Clinic

With the political activism of the UC, Berkeley has historically been vocal about the housing crisis that affects students and locals alike. With the history of homelessness and lack of affordable housing, there have been masses of organizations opening up with the sole mission to help this vulnerable population with not only housing assistance, but other symptoms that derive from homelessness. These organizations have stemmed from church groups, non-profits, even the UC. One of the many UC Berkeley student run programs that focuses on assisting the homeless is the Suitcase Clinic. The Suitcase Clinic was established in the late 1980s by undergraduate and graduate level students to provide direct medical services to the homeless and underrepresented population of Berkeley.[73] Services provided by students have altered over the years to cater to the needs of the homeless population, and now include not only professional medical and dental support, but also health education, foot-washing, child care, a hot meal, and services that promote mental well-being.[74]

Geography

Berkeley is located at 37°52′18″N 122°16′29″W / 37.87167°N 122.27472°W / 37.87167; -122.27472 (37.871775, −122.274603).[75]

 
Satellite map of the San Francisco Bay Area from the U.S. Geological Survey

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city's 17.7-square-mile (46 km2) area includes 10.5 square miles (27 km2) of land and 7.2 square miles (19 km2) (40.83%) water, most of it part of San Francisco Bay.

Berkeley borders the cities of Albany, Oakland, and Emeryville and Contra Costa County, including unincorporated Kensington, as well as San Francisco Bay.

Berkeley lies within telephone area code 510 (until September 2, 1991, Berkeley was part of the 415 telephone code that now covers only San Francisco and Marin counties[76]), and the postal ZIP codes are 94701 through 94710, 94712, and 94720 for the University of California campus.[9]

Geology

Most of Berkeley lies on a rolling sedimentary plain that rises gently from sea level to the base of the Berkeley Hills. East of the Hayward Fault along the base of the hills, elevation increases more rapidly. The highest peak along the ridge line above Berkeley is Grizzly Peak, at an elevation of 1,754 feet (535 m). A number of small creeks run from the hills to the Bay through Berkeley: Cerrito, Codornices, Schoolhouse and Strawberry Creeks are the principal streams. Most of these are largely culverted once they reach the plain west of the hills.

The Berkeley Hills are part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, and run in a northwest–southeast alignment. Exposed in the Berkeley Hills are cherts and shales of the Claremont Formation (equivalent to the Monterey Formation), conglomerate and sandstone of the Orinda Formation and lava flows of the Moraga Volcanics. Of similar age to the Moraga Volcanics (extinct), within the Northbrae neighborhood of Berkeley, are outcroppings of erosion resistant rhyolite. These rhyolite formations can be seen in several city parks and in the yards of a number of private residences. Indian Rock Park in the northeastern part of Berkeley near the Arlington/Marin Circle features a large example.

Earthquakes

Berkeley is traversed by the Hayward Fault Zone, a major branch of the San Andreas Fault to the west. No large earthquake has occurred on the Hayward Fault near Berkeley in historic times (except possibly in 1836), but seismologists warn about the geologic record of large temblors several times in the deeper past. The current assessment is that a Bay Area earthquake of magnitude 6.7 or greater within the next 30 years is likely, with the Hayward Fault having the highest likelihood among faults in the Bay Area of being the epicenter.[77] Moreover, like much of the Bay Area, Berkeley has many areas of some risk to soil liquefaction, with the flat areas closer to the shore at low to high susceptibility.[78]

The 1868 Hayward earthquake did occur on the southern segment of the Hayward Fault[79] in the vicinity of today's city of Hayward. This quake destroyed the county seat of Alameda County then located in San Leandro and it subsequently moved to Oakland. It was strongly felt in San Francisco, causing major damage. It was regarded as the "Great San Francisco earthquake" prior to 1906. It produced a furrow in the ground along the fault line in Berkeley, across the grounds of the new State Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind then under construction, which was noted by one early University of California professor. Although no significant damage was reported to most of the few Berkeley buildings of the time, the 1868 quake did destroy the vulnerable adobe home of Domingo Peralta in north Berkeley.[80]

Today, evidence of the Hayward Fault's "creeping" is visible at various locations in Berkeley. Cracked roadways, sharp jogs in streams, and springs mark the fault's path. However, since it cuts across the base of the hills, the creep is often concealed by or confused with slide activity. Some of the slide activity itself, however, results from movement on the Hayward Fault.

A notorious segment of the Hayward Fault runs lengthwise down the middle of Memorial Stadium at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon on the University of California campus.[81] Photos and measurements show the movement of the fault through the stadium.[82]

Climate

Berkeley has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb in the Köppen climate classification), with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Berkeley's location directly opposite the Golden Gate ensures that typical eastward fog flow blankets the city more often than its neighbors.[83] The summers are cooler than a typical Mediterranean climate thanks to upwelling ocean currents along the California coast. These help produce cool and foggy nights and mornings.

Winter is punctuated with rainstorms of varying ferocity and duration, but also produces stretches of bright sunny days and clear cold nights. It does not normally snow, though occasionally the hilltops get a dusting. Spring and fall are transitional and intermediate, with some rainfall and variable temperature. Summer typically brings night and morning low clouds or fog, followed by sunny, warm days. The warmest and driest months are typically June through September, with the highest temperatures occurring in September. Mid-summer (July–August) is often a bit cooler due to the sea breezes and fog common then.

In a year, there are an average of 2.9 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher, and an average of 0.8 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower. The highest recorded temperature was 107 °F (42 °C) on June 15, 2000, and July 16, 1993, and the lowest recorded temperature was 24 °F (−4 °C) on December 22, 1990.

February is normally the wettest month, averaging 5.21 inches (132 mm) of precipitation. Average annual precipitation is 25.40 inches (645 mm), falling on an average of 63.7 days each year. The most rainfall in one month was 14.49 inches (368 mm) in February 1998. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 6.98 inches (177 mm) on January 4, 1982.[84] As in most of California, the heaviest rainfall years are usually associated with warm water El Niño episodes in the Pacific (e.g., 1982–83; 1997–98), which bring in drenching "pineapple express" storms. In contrast, dry years are often associated with cold Pacific La Niña episodes. Light snow has fallen on rare occasions. Snow has generally fallen every several years on the higher peaks of the Berkeley Hills.[85]

In the late spring and early fall, strong offshore winds of sinking air typically develop, bringing heat and dryness to the area. In the spring, this is not usually a problem as vegetation is still moist from winter rains, but extreme dryness prevails by the fall, creating a danger of wildfires. In September 1923 a major fire swept through the neighborhoods north of the university campus, stopping just short of downtown. (See 1923 Berkeley fire). On October 20, 1991, gusty, hot winds fanned a conflagration along the Berkeley–Oakland border, killing 25 people and injuring 150, as well as destroying 2,449 single-family dwellings and 437 apartment and condominium units. (See 1991 Oakland firestorm)

Climate data for Berkeley, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 78
(26)
81
(27)
87
(31)
95
(35)
101
(38)
107
(42)
99
(37)
104
(40)
106
(41)
99
(37)
86
(30)
78
(26)
107
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 66.7
(19.3)
72.1
(22.3)
77.1
(25.1)
82.0
(27.8)
86.0
(30.0)
90.9
(32.7)
87.1
(30.6)
89.0
(31.7)
91.7
(33.2)
87.6
(30.9)
76.4
(24.7)
66.5
(19.2)
95.6
(35.3)
Average high °F (°C) 58.9
(14.9)
61.6
(16.4)
64.6
(18.1)
67.3
(19.6)
70.0
(21.1)
74.1
(23.4)
74.2
(23.4)
74.7
(23.7)
76.3
(24.6)
73.4
(23.0)
65.2
(18.4)
58.6
(14.8)
68.2
(20.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 51.1
(10.6)
53.0
(11.7)
55.2
(12.9)
57.0
(13.9)
59.7
(15.4)
62.9
(17.2)
63.7
(17.6)
64.4
(18.0)
64.9
(18.3)
62.5
(16.9)
56.1
(13.4)
50.9
(10.5)
58.5
(14.7)
Average low °F (°C) 43.3
(6.3)
44.5
(6.9)
45.9
(7.7)
46.7
(8.2)
49.4
(9.7)
51.7
(10.9)
53.2
(11.8)
54.2
(12.3)
53.6
(12.0)
51.6
(10.9)
46.9
(8.3)
43.2
(6.2)
48.7
(9.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 36.2
(2.3)
37.0
(2.8)
38.8
(3.8)
40.4
(4.7)
44.9
(7.2)
47.7
(8.7)
50.1
(10.1)
51.2
(10.7)
49.4
(9.7)
45.8
(7.7)
40.0
(4.4)
35.6
(2.0)
33.4
(0.8)
Record low °F (°C) 25
(−4)
29
(−2)
33
(1)
28
(−2)
36
(2)
40
(4)
40
(4)
46
(8)
38
(3)
39
(4)
33
(1)
24
(−4)
24
(−4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.84
(123)
5.12
(130)
3.84
(98)
1.83
(46)
0.80
(20)
0.26
(6.6)
0.01
(0.25)
0.05
(1.3)
0.12
(3.0)
1.19
(30)
2.74
(70)
5.32
(135)
26.12
(663)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.3 10.5 9.8 7.0 3.4 1.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 3.2 7.3 11.0 66.6
Source: NOAA[86][87]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18905,101
190013,214159.0%
191040,434206.0%
192056,03638.6%
193082,10946.5%
194085,5474.2%
1950113,80533.0%
1960111,268−2.2%
1970114,0912.5%
1980103,328−9.4%
1990102,724−0.6%
2000102,7430.0%
2010112,5809.6%
2020124,32110.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[88]

2020 census

Berkeley Demographic Profile
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[89][90]
Race Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020
White (NH) 61,539 62,450 54.66% 50.23%
Black or African American (NH) 10,896 9,495 9.68% 7.64%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 228 226 0.20% 0.18%
Asian (NH) 21,499 24,701 19.10% 19.87%
Pacific Islander (NH) 170 253 0.15% 0.20%
Some Other Race (NH) 503 1,109 0.45% 0.89%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 5,536 9,069 4.92% 7.29%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 12,209 17,018 10.84% 13.69%
Total 112,580 124,321 100.00% 100.00%

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race

The 2020 United States Census[91] reported that Berkeley had a population of 124,321. The population density was 11,874 people per square mile of land area (4,584/km2). The racial makeup of Berkeley was 62,450 (50.2%) White, 9,495 (7.6%) Black or African American, 24,701 (19.9%) Asian, 253 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 226 (0.2%) from Native American, 1,109 (0.9%) from other races, and 9,069 (7.2%) multiracial (two or more races). There were 17,018 (13.7%) of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race.

Earlier demographics

 
Street fair on Telegraph Avenue

From the 2010 United States Census,[92] the racial makeup of Berkeley was 66,996 (59.5%) White, 11,241 (10.0%) Black or African American, 479 (0.4%) Native American, 21,690 (19.3%) Asian (8.4% Chinese, 2.4% Indian, 2.1% Korean, 1.6% Japanese, 1.5% Filipino, 1.0% Vietnamese), 186 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 4,994 (4.4%) from other races, and 6,994 (6.2%) from two or more races. There were 12,209 people (10.8%) of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race. 6.8% of the city's population was of Mexican ancestry.

The Census reported that 99,731 people (88.6% of the population) lived in households, 12,430 (11.0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 419 (0.4%) were institutionalized.

There were 46,029 households, out of which 8,467 (18.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,569 (29.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,855 (8.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,368 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,931 (6.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 961 (2.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 16,904 households (36.7%) were made up of individuals, and 4,578 (9.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17. There were 18,792 families (40.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.81. There were 49,454 housing units at an average density of 2,794.6 per square mile (1,079.0/km2), of which 46,029 were occupied, of which 18,846 (40.9%) were owner-occupied, and 27,183 (59.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.5%. 45,096 people (40.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 54,635 people (48.5%) lived in rental housing units.

 
The historic Berkeley YMCA, b. 1910

The population was spread out, with 13,872 people (12.3%) under the age of 18, 30,295 people (26.9%) aged 18 to 24, 30,231 people (26.9%) aged 25 to 44, 25,006 people (22.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,176 people (11.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males.

According to the 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $60,908, and the median income for a family was $102,976.[93] Males had a median income of $67,476 versus $57,319 for females. The per capita income for the city was $38,896. About 7.2% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Berkeley has a higher-than-average crime rate, particularly property crime,[94] though the crime rate has fallen significantly since 2000.[95]

Transportation

Berkeley is served by Amtrak (Capitol Corridor), AC Transit, BART (Ashby, Downtown Berkeley Station and North Berkeley) and bus shuttles operated by major employers including UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80 and Interstate 580) runs along the bay shoreline. Each day there is an influx of thousands of cars into the city by commuting UC faculty, staff and students, making parking for more than a few hours an expensive proposition.

Berkeley has one of the highest rates of bicycle and pedestrian commuting in the nation. Berkeley is the safest city of its size in California for pedestrians and cyclists, considering the number of injuries per pedestrian and cyclist, rather than per capita.[96]

 
A street closed off into two dead ends by traffic calming barriers. A gap in the middle allows passage of bikes and emergency vehicles.

Berkeley has modified its original grid roadway structure through use of diverters and barriers, moving most traffic out of neighborhoods and onto arterial streets (visitors often find this confusing, because the diverters are not shown on all maps). Berkeley maintains a separate grid of arterial streets for bicycles, called Bicycle Boulevards, with bike lanes and lower amounts of car traffic than the major streets they often parallel.

Berkeley hosts car sharing networks including Uhaul Car Share, Gig Car Share, and Zipcar. Rather than owning (and parking) their own cars, members share a group of cars parked nearby. Web- and telephone-based reservation systems keep track of hours and charges. Several "pods" (points of departure where cars are kept) exist throughout the city, in several downtown locations, at the Ashby and North Berkeley BART stations, and at various other locations in Berkeley (and other cities in the region). Using alternative transportation is encouraged.

Berkeley has had recurring problems with parking meter vandalism. In 1999, over 2,400 Berkeley meters were jammed, smashed, or sawed apart.[97] Starting in 2005 and continuing into 2006, Berkeley began to phase out mechanical meters in favor of more centralized electronic meters.

Transportation history

The first commuter service to San Francisco was provided by the Central Pacific's Berkeley Branch Railroad, a standard gauge steam railroad, which terminated in downtown Berkeley, and connected in Emeryville (at a locale then known as "Shellmound") with trains to the Oakland ferry pier as well as with the Central Pacific main line starting in 1876. The Berkeley Branch line was extended from Shattuck and University to Vine Street ("Berryman's Station") in 1878. Starting in 1882, Berkeley trains ran directly to the Oakland Pier.[98] In the 1880s, Southern Pacific assumed operations of the Berkeley Branch under a lease from its own paper affiliate, the Northern Railway. In 1911, Southern Pacific electrified this line and the several others it constructed in Berkeley, creating its East Bay Electric Lines division. The huge and heavy cars specially built for these lines were called the "Red Trains" or the "Big Red Cars". The Shattuck line was extended and connected with two other Berkeley lines (the Ninth Street Line and the California Street line) at Solano and Colusa (the "Colusa Wye"). At this time, the Northbrae Tunnel and Rose Street Undercrossing were constructed, both of which still exist. (The Rose Street Undercrossing is not accessible to the public, being situated between what is now two backyards.) The fourth Berkeley line was the Ellsworth St. line to the university campus. The last Red Trains ran in July 1941.[99]

The first electric rail service in Berkeley was provided by several small streetcar companies starting in 1891. Most of these were eventually bought up by the Key System of Francis "Borax" Smith who added lines and improved equipment. The Key System's streetcars were operated by its East Bay Street Railways division. Principal lines in Berkeley ran on Euclid, The Arlington, College, Telegraph, Shattuck, San Pablo, University, and Grove (today's Martin Luther King Jr. Way). The last streetcars ran in 1948, replaced by buses.

The first electric commuter interurban-type trains to San Francisco from Berkeley were put in operation by the Key System in 1903, several years before the Southern Pacific electrified its steam commuter lines. Like the SP, Key trains ran to a pier serviced by the Key's own fleet of ferryboats, which also docked at the Ferry Building in San Francisco. After the Bay Bridge was built, the Key trains ran to the Transbay Terminal in San Francisco, sharing tracks on the lower deck of the Bay Bridge with the SP's red trains and the Sacramento Northern Railroad. It was at this time that the Key trains acquired their letter designations, which were later preserved by Key's public successor, AC Transit. Today's F bus is the successor of the F train. Likewise, the E, G and the H. Before the Bridge, these lines were simply the Shattuck Avenue Line, the Claremont Line, the Westbrae Line, and the Sacramento Street Line, respectively.

After the Southern Pacific abandoned transbay service in 1941, the Key System acquired the rights to use its tracks and catenary on Shattuck north of Dwight Way and through the Northbrae Tunnel to The Alameda for the F-train. The SP tracks along Monterey Avenue as far as Colusa had been acquired by the Key System in 1933 for the H-train, but were abandoned in 1941. The Key System trains stopped running in April 1958.[100] On December 15, 1962, the Northbrae Tunnel was opened to auto traffic.[101]

Economy

Top employers

 
Sather Tower (known as the Campanile) at the University of California

According to the city's 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,[102] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer Employees
1 University of California, Berkeley 13,669
2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 3,836
3 Alta Bates Summit Medical Center (part of Sutter Health) 2,040
4 City of Berkeley 1,480
5 Bayer 1,082
6 Berkeley Unified School District 865
7 Kaiser Permanente 771
8 Siemens 678
9 Berkeley Bowl 558
10 Lifelong Medical Care 441

Businesses

Berkeley is the location of a number of nationally prominent businesses, many of which have been pioneers in their areas of operation. Notable businesses include Chez Panisse, birthplace of California cuisine, Peet's Coffee's original store, the Claremont Resort, punk rock haven 924 Gilman, Saul Zaentz's Fantasy Studios, and Caffe Strada. Notable former businesses include pioneer bookseller Cody's Books, The Nature Company, The North Face, Clif Bar energy foods, the Berkeley Co-op, and Caffe Mediterraneum.

Berkeley has relatively few chain stores for a city of its size, due to policies and zoning that promote small businesses[103] and impose limits on the size of certain types of stores.[104]

Places

Major streets

 
View down Telegraph Avenue.
 
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture on Bancroft Way.
  • Shattuck Avenue passes through several neighborhoods from north to south, including the downtown business district in Berkeley. It is named for Francis K. Shattuck, one of Berkeley's earliest influential citizens.
  • University Avenue runs from Berkeley's bayshore and marina in the west to the University of California campus in the east.
  • College Avenue, running from the University of California from the north to Broadway in Oakland in the south close to the foothill, is a relatively quiet street compared with other major streets in Berkeley. It has many nice restaurants and small shops.
  • Ashby Avenue (Highway 13), which also runs from Berkeley's bayshore to the hills, connects with the Warren Freeway and Highway 24 leading to the Caldecott Tunnel, named for a former Berkeley mayor.
  • San Pablo Avenue (Highway 123) runs north–south through West Berkeley, connecting Oakland and Emeryville to the south and Albany to the north.
  • Telegraph Avenue, which runs north–south from the university campus to Oakland, historically the site of much of the hippie culture of Berkeley.
  • Martin Luther King Jr. Way, which until 1984 was called Grove Street, runs north–south a few blocks west of Shattuck Avenue, connecting Oakland and the freeways to the south with the neighborhoods and other communities to the north.
  • Sacramento Street is one of the four streets with a median in Berkeley, running from Hopkins Street from the north to Alcatraz Ave in the south.
  • Solano Avenue, a major street for shopping and restaurants, runs east–west near the north end of Berkeley, continuing into Albany. Since 1974, Solano Avenue has hosted the annual Solano Avenue Stroll and Parade[105] of the twin-cities of Albany and Berkeley, the East Bay's largest street festival.

Freeways

  • The Eastshore Freeway (I-80 and I-580) runs along Berkeley's bayshore with exits at Ashby Avenue, University Avenue and Gilman Street.

Bicycle and pedestrian paths

Neighborhoods

 
The historic Claremont Resort, located in the Claremont district.

Berkeley has a number of distinct neighborhoods. Surrounding the University of California campus are the most densely populated parts of the city. West of the campus is Downtown Berkeley, the city's traditional commercial core; home of the civic center, the city's only public high school, the busiest BART station in Berkeley, as well as a major transfer point for AC Transit buses. South of the campus is Southside, mainly a student ghetto, where much of the university's student housing is located. The busiest stretch of Telegraph Avenue is in this neighborhood. North of the campus is the quieter Northside neighborhood, the location of the Graduate Theological Union.

Farther from the university campus, the influence of the university quickly becomes less visible. Most of Berkeley's neighborhoods are primarily made up of detached houses, often with separate in-law units in the rear, although larger apartment buildings are also common in many neighborhoods. Commercial activities are concentrated along the major avenues and at important intersections and frequently define the neighborhood within which they reside.

In the southeastern corner of the city is the Claremont District, home to the Claremont Hotel. Also in the southeast is the Elmwood District known for its commercial area on College Avenue. West of Elmwood is South Berkeley, known for its weekend flea market at the Ashby Station.

West of (and including) San Pablo Avenue, itself a major commercial and transport corridor, is West Berkeley, the historic commercial center of the city. This neighborhood and area includes the former unincorporated town of Ocean View. West Berkeley contains the remnants of Berkeley's industrial area, much of which has been replaced by retail and office uses, as well as residential live/work loft space, paralleling the decline of manufacturing in the United States. This area abuts the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay and is home to the Berkeley Marina. Also nearby is Berkeley's Aquatic Park, featuring an artificial linear lagoon of San Francisco Bay.

North of downtown is North Berkeley which has its main commercial area nicknamed the "Gourmet Ghetto" because of the concentration of well-known restaurants and other food-related businesses. West of North Berkeley (roughly west of Sacramento and north of Cedar) is Westbrae, a small neighborhood centered on a small commercial area on Gilman Street and through which part of the Ohlone Greenway runs. Meanwhile, further north of North Berkeley are Northbrae, a master-planned subdivision from the early 20th century, and Thousand Oaks. Above these last three neighborhoods, on the western slopes of the Berkeley Hills are the neighborhoods of Cragmont and La Loma Park, notable for their dramatic views, winding streets, and numerous public stairways and paths.

Points of interest

 
Doe Memorial Library, the main library of the University of California, Berkeley Libraries
 
Berkeley and the San Francisco Bay at nightfall, as seen from the Lawrence Hall of Science

Parks and recreation

 
Berkeley Kite Festival, 2016.

The city has many parks, and promotes greenery and the environment. The city has planted trees for years and is a leader in the nationwide effort to re-tree urban areas.[citation needed] Tilden Regional Park, lies east of the city, occupying the upper extent of Wildcat Canyon between the Berkeley Hills and the San Pablo Ridge. The city is also heavily involved in creek restoration and wetlands restoration, including a planned daylighting of Strawberry Creek along Center Street. The Berkeley Marina and East Shore State Park flank its shoreline at San Francisco Bay and organizations like the Urban Creeks Council and Friends of the Five Creeks the former of which is headquartered in Berkeley support the riparian areas in the town and coastlines as well. César Chávez Park, near the Berkeley Marina, was built at the former site of the city dump.

Landmarks and historic districts

 
The historic Shattuck Hotel, built in 1910 in a Mission Revival style.

165 buildings in Berkeley are designated as local landmarks or local structures of merit. Of these, 49 are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, including:

Historic districts listed in the National Register of Historic Places:

  • George C. Edwards Stadium – Located at intersection of Bancroft Way and Fulton Street on University of California, Berkeley campus (80 acres (32 ha), 3 buildings, 4 structures, 3 objects; added 1993).
  • Site of the Clark Kerr Campus, UC Berkeley – until 1980, this location housed the State Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, also known as The California Schools for the Deaf and Blind – Bounded by Dwight Way, the city line, Derby Street, and Warring Street (500 acres (2.0 km2), 20 buildings; added 1982). The school was closed in 1980 and the Clark Kerr Campus was opened in 1986.

See List of Berkeley Landmarks, Structures of Merit, and Historic Districts

Arts and culture

 
The Campanile and Sather Gate on the UC Berkeley campus

Berkeley is home to the Chilean-American community's La Peña Cultural Center, the largest cultural center for this community in the United States. The Freight and Salvage is the oldest established full-time folk and traditional music venue west of the Mississippi River.[108]

Additionally, Berkeley is home to the off-broadway theater Berkeley Repertory Theater, commonly known as "Berkeley Rep". The Berkeley Repertory Theater consists of two stages, a school, and has received a Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theatre.[109] The historic Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA) is operated by UC Berkeley, and was moved to downtown Berkeley in January 2016. It offers many exhibitions and screenings of historic films, as well as outreach programs within the community.[110]

Annual events

  • Jewish Music Festival[111] – March
  • Cal Day, University of California, Berkeley Open House[112] – April
  • Berkeley Arts Festival[113] – April and May
  • Himalayan Fair[114] – May
  • The Berkeley Juneteenth Festival – Adeline/Alcatraz Corridor – June
  • Berkeley Kite Festival[115] – July
  • Berkeley Juggling and Unicycling Festival[116] – July or August
  • The Solano Avenue Stroll[117]Solano Avenue, Berkeley and Albany – September
  • The Bay Area Book Festival[118] – Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park and throughout Downtown Berkeley – May

Education

Colleges and universities

University of California, Berkeley's main campus is in the city limits.

The Graduate Theological Union, a consortium of eight independent theological schools, is located a block north of the University of California Berkeley's main campus. The Graduate Theological Union has the largest number of students and faculty of any religious studies doctoral program in the United States.[119] In addition to more theological schools, Zaytuna College, a newly established Muslim liberal arts college, has taken 'Holy Hill' as its new home. The Institute of Buddhist Studies has been located in Berkeley since 1966. Wright Institute, a psychology graduate school, is located in Berkeley. Berkeley City College is a community college in the Peralta Community College District.

Primary and secondary schools

The Berkeley Unified School District operates public schools.

The first public school in Berkeley was the Ocean View School, now the site of the Berkeley Adult School located at Virginia Street and San Pablo Avenue. The public schools today are administered by the Berkeley Unified School District. In the 1960s, Berkeley was one of the earliest US cities to voluntarily desegregate, utilizing a system of buses, still in use. The district has eleven elementary schools and one public high school, Berkeley High School (BHS). Established in 1880, BHS currently has over 3,000 students. The Berkeley High campus was designated a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places on January 7, 2008.[120] Saint Mary's College High School, a Catholic school, also has its street address in Berkeley, although most of the grounds and buildings are actually in neighboring Albany. Berkeley has 11 public elementary schools and three middle schools.

The East Bay campus of the German International School of Silicon Valley (GISSV) formerly occupied the Hillside Campus, Berkeley, California; it opened there in 2012.[121] In December 2016, the GISSV closed the building, due to unmet seismic retrofit needs.[122]

There is also the Bay Area Technology School, the only school in the whole Bay Area to offer a technology- and science-based curriculum, with connections to leading universities.

Berkeley also houses Zaytuna College, the first accredited Muslim, liberal-arts college in the United States.

Public libraries

Berkeley Public Library serves as the municipal library. University of California, Berkeley Libraries operates the University of California Berkeley libraries.

Government

 
Mayor Jesse Arreguín and other elected officials and staffers on the steps of City Hall

Berkeley has a council–manager government.[2] The mayor is elected at-large for a four-year term and is the ceremonial head of the city and the chair of the city council. The Berkeley City Council is composed of the mayor and eight council members elected by district who each serve four-year terms. Districts 2, 3, 5 and 6 hold their elections in years divisible by four while Districts 1, 4, 7 and 8 hold theirs in even-numbered years not divisible by four. The city council appoints a city manager, who is the chief executive of the city. Additionally, the city voters directly elect an independent city auditor, school board, and rent stabilization board. Most city officials, including council members, are elected using instant-runoff voting since November 2010. The current council members and auditor are Jesse Arreguín (Mayor), Rashi Kesarwani (district 1), Terry Taplin (district 2), Ben Bartlett (district 3), Kate Harrison (district 4), Sophie Hahn (district 5), Susan Wengraf (district 6), Rigel Robinson (district 7), Lori Droste (district 8), and Jenny Wong (city auditor)[3]

 
The historic Berkeley Main Post Office, built 1914-15.

Kriss Worthington, elected in 1996 to represent District 7, was the first openly LGBT man elected to Berkeley City Council. Lori Droste, elected in 2014 to represent District 8, is the first openly LGBT woman elected to Berkeley City Council. Jenny Wong, elected in 2018, is the first Asian American City Auditor in Berkeley.

Nancy Skinner remains the only student to have served on the City Council, elected in 1984 as a graduate student. Today, most of the university housing is located in District 7 (although Foothill and Clark Kerr are in Districts 6 and 8, respectively). Districts 4 and 7 are majority-student. The City of Berkeley in 2014 passed a redistricting measure to create the nation's first student supermajority district[123] in District 7, which in 2018 elected Rigel Robinson, a 22-year-old UC Berkeley graduate and the youngest Councilmember in the city's history.

The city's Public Health Division is one of four municipally-operated public health agencies in California (the other three being Long Beach, Pasadena, and Vernon). Though it is part of the city government, it qualifies for the same state funds as a county public health department.[124]

Berkeley is also part of Alameda County, for which the Government of Alameda County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, California law, and the Charter of the County of Alameda.[125] The county government provides countywide services, such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, and social services. The county's health department does not cover the city. The county government is primarily composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, other elected offices including the Sheriff/Coroner, the District Attorney, Assessor, Auditor-Controller/County Clerk/Recorder, and Treasurer/Tax Collector, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator.

In addition to the Berkeley Unified School District (which is coterminous with the city), Berkeley is also part of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART), the Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit), the East Bay Regional Park District, the East Bay Municipal Utility District, and the Peralta Community College District.[126]

Politics

 
The historic Old City Hall.

Berkeley has been a Democratic stronghold in presidential elections since 1960, becoming one of the most Democratic cities in the country. The last Republican presidential candidate to receive at least one-quarter of the vote in Berkeley was Richard Nixon in 1968. Consistent with Berkeley's reputation as a strongly liberal and/or progressive city, in the 2016 presidential election more votes were won by Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein than by Republican candidate Donald Trump.[127] In the 2020 Presidential election, Joe Biden received 93.8% of the vote while Donald Trump received 4.0% of the vote.[128]

 
Berkeley Civic Center.

However, at the local level, Republicans dominated Berkeley city politics into the 1970s, with Republicans holding the mayor's office for all but eight years from 1919 to 1971, with Wallace J.S. Johnson being the last Republican mayor.[129] (See also: List of mayors of Berkeley, California)

According to the California Secretary of State, as of August 30, 2021, Berkeley has 75,390 registered voters. Of those, 56,740 (75.26%) are registered Democrats, 1,910 (2.53%) are registered Republicans, 14,106 (18.71%) have declined to state a political party affiliation, and 2,634 (3.49%) are registered with a third party.[130]

Berkeley became the first city in the United States to pass a sanctuary resolution on November 8, 1971.[131]

Media

 
The UC Theatre, b. 1917

The city had a daily newspaper, the Berkeley Gazette, which was founded c. 1877 and folded in 1984.[132] The Berkeley Barb published counter-culture news from 1965 to 1980. Current media include The Daily Californian, the student newspaper of UC Berkeley, the Berkeley Times, and local online-only publications Berkeleyside, the Berkeley Daily Planet, and The Berkeley Scanner.

Notable people

Notable individuals who were born in and/or have lived in Berkeley include Steve Wozniak, scientists J. Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest Lawrence, actors Ben Affleck and Andy Samberg, Major League Baseball broadcaster Matt Vasgersian, Billie Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Green Day, Adam Duritz of Counting Crows, rapper Lil B, author Michael Chabon, entertainment and real estate mogul Herbie Herbert, and EDM producer KSHMR, and university presidents Blake R. Van Leer and Darryll Pines.

Sister cities

Berkeley has 17 sister cities:[133]

Sister City Year Established
Sakai, Osaka, Japan 1966
Edda people, Imo State, Nigeria 1982
San Antonio Los Ranchos, El Salvador 1983
Haidian District, Beijing, China 1985
Gao, Mali 1985
Mathopestad, South Africa 1986
León, Nicaragua 1986
Brits, South Africa 1986
Jena, Thuringia, Germany 1989
Yondó, Colombia 1990
Dmitrov, Moscow Oblast, Russia 1991
Uma Bawang, Borneo, Malaysia[134] 1991
Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia 1992
Yurok Tribe, California, United States 1993
Blackfeet Nation, Montana, United States 2000
Palma Soriano, Cuba 2002
Gongju, South Korea 2018

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Further reading

  • Exactly Opposite the Golden Gate, edited by Phil McCardle. Berkeley Historical Society, 1983
  • Berkeley: The Life and Spirit of a Remarkable Town, Ellen Weis, photographs by Kiran Singh. Berkeley: Frog, Ltd. 2004 ISBN 1-58394-093-6
  • Berkeley Inside/Out, Don Pitcher, history sections by Malcolm Margolin. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 1989 ISBN 0-930588-33-9
  • A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, by Dave Eggers.

External links

  • Official website
  • "Berkeley, a city of Alameda county, California, U.S.A." . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  • Berkeley Daily Gazette, Google news archive. —PDFs of 8,057 issues, dating from 1911 to 1946.
  • Finding Aid to City of Berkeley Records, The Bancroft Library
  • The Suitcase Clinic — Free clinic providing services to low-income and unhoused Berkeley residents
  • U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Berkeley, California

berkeley, california, berkeley, ɜːr, burk, city, eastern, shore, francisco, northern, alameda, county, california, united, states, named, after, 18th, century, anglo, irish, bishop, philosopher, george, berkeley, borders, cities, oakland, emeryville, south, ci. Berkeley ˈ b ɜːr k l i BURK lee is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County California United States It is named after the 18th century Anglo Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills The 2020 census recorded a population of 124 321 Berkeley CaliforniaCityCity of BerkeleyLooking west over the city from the Berkeley Hills with San Francisco in the backgroundSealLocation of Berkeley in Alameda County CaliforniaBerkeleyLocation within Alameda County CaliforniaShow map of Oakland CaliforniaBerkeleyLocation within San Francisco Bay AreaShow map of San Francisco Bay AreaBerkeleyLocation within the state of CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaBerkeleyLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesBerkeleyLocation within North AmericaShow map of North AmericaCoordinates 37 52 18 N 122 16 22 W 37 87167 N 122 27278 W 37 87167 122 27278 Coordinates 37 52 18 N 122 16 22 W 37 87167 N 122 27278 W 37 87167 122 27278CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyAlamedaIncorporatedApril 4 1878 1 CharteredMarch 5 1895 2 Named forGeorge BerkeleyGovernment TypeCouncil Manager 2 MayorJesse Arreguin 3 Council members by district number 3 Rashi Kesarwani Terry Taplin Ben Bartlett Kate Harrison Sophie Hahn Susan Wengraf Rigel Robinson Lori Droste State senatorNancy Skinner D 4 Assembly memberTim Grayson D 5 U S rep Barbara Lee D 6 Area 7 Total17 66 sq mi 45 73 km2 Land10 43 sq mi 27 02 km2 Water7 22 sq mi 18 71 km2 40 83 Elevation 8 171 ft 52 m Population 2020 Total124 321 Rank4th in Alameda County51st in California Density11 917 27 sq mi 4 601 36 km2 DemonymBerkeleyanTime zoneUTC 8 Pacific Summer DST UTC 7 PDT ZIP Codes 9 94701 94710 94712 94720Area code510 341FIPS code06 06000GNIS feature IDs1658037 2409837WebsiteCityofBerkeley infoBerkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory which is managed and operated by the university It also has the Graduate Theological Union one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world Berkeley is considered one of the most socially progressive cities in the United States Contents 1 History 1 1 Indigenous history 1 2 Spanish and Mexican eras 1 3 Late 19th century 1 4 Early 20th century 1 5 1940 60s 1 6 1970s and 1980s 1 6 1 Housing and zoning changes 1 6 2 Political movements 1 7 1990s and 2000s 1 8 2010s and 2020s 1 8 1 Protests 1 8 2 Renaming controversy 1 9 Homelessness 1 9 1 1960s 1 9 2 1970s 1 9 3 1980s 1 9 4 1990s 1 9 5 21st century 1 9 5 1 Suitcase Clinic 2 Geography 2 1 Geology 2 1 1 Earthquakes 2 2 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 2020 census 3 2 Earlier demographics 4 Transportation 4 1 Transportation history 5 Economy 5 1 Top employers 5 2 Businesses 6 Places 6 1 Major streets 6 2 Freeways 6 3 Bicycle and pedestrian paths 6 4 Neighborhoods 6 5 Points of interest 7 Parks and recreation 7 1 Landmarks and historic districts 8 Arts and culture 8 1 Annual events 9 Education 9 1 Colleges and universities 9 2 Primary and secondary schools 9 3 Public libraries 10 Government 11 Politics 12 Media 13 Notable people 14 Sister cities 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksHistory EditIndigenous history Edit This pit in the surface of a rock at Indian Rock Park is typical of those used by the Ohlone people to grind acorns The site of today s City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived 10 Evidence of their existence in the area include pits in rock formations which they used to grind acorns and a shellmound now mostly leveled and covered up along the shoreline of San Francisco Bay at the mouth of Strawberry Creek Human remains and skeletons from Native American burials have been unearthed in West Berkeley and on campus alongside Strawberry Creek 11 12 Other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building near the upper course of the creek Spanish and Mexican eras Edit The first people of European descent most of whom were of mixed race and born in America 13 arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776 14 The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay the Golden Gate Luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio For his services to the King of Spain he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay the contra costa opposite shore for a ranch including that portion that now comprises the City of Berkeley Berkeley and much of the East Bay was part of Rancho San Antonio granted to the Peralta family in 1820 Luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides but hunting and farming were also pursued Eventually Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peralta s son Domingo with a little in the portion that went to another son Vicente No artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches but their names survive in Berkeley street names Vicente Domingo and Peralta However legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant The Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence However the advent of U S sovereignty after the Mexican American War and especially the Gold Rush saw the Peraltas lands quickly encroached on by squatters and diminished by dubious legal proceedings The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes The rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants See Kellersberger s Map Politically the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County On March 25 1853 Alameda County was created from a division of Contra Costa County as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County The area that became Berkeley was then the northern part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County During this period Berkeley was mostly a mix of open land farms and ranches with a small though busy wharf by the bay Late 19th century Edit Horses Grazing Berkeley painted by artist William Hahn in 1875 In 1866 Oakland s private College of California looked for a new site It settled on a location north of Oakland along the foot of the Contra Costa Range later called the Berkeley Hills astride Strawberry Creek at an elevation of about 500 feet 150 m above the bay commanding a view of the Bay Area and the Pacific Ocean through the Golden Gate According to the Centennial Record of the University of California In 1866 at Founders Rock a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate One of them Frederick Billings thought of the lines of the Anglo Irish Anglican Bishop George Berkeley westward the course of empire takes its way and suggested that the town and college site be named for the eighteenth century Anglo Irish philosopher 15 The philosopher s name is pronounced BARK lee but the city s name to accommodate American English is pronounced BERK lee 16 The College of California s College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land To this end they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeley s modern street plan Their plans fell far short of their desires and they began a collaboration with the State of California that culminated in 1868 with the creation of the public University of California The Peralta Park Hotel built by Maurice Curtis in 1889 View of Berkeley in 1900 As construction began on the new site more residences were constructed in the vicinity of the new campus At the same time a settlement of residences saloons and various industries grew around the wharf area called Ocean View A horsecar ran from Temescal in Oakland to the university campus along what is now Telegraph Avenue The first post office opened in 1872 17 By the 1870s the Transcontinental Railroad reached its terminus in Oakland In 1876 a branch line of the Central Pacific Railroad the Berkeley Branch Railroad was laid from a junction with the mainline called Shellmound now a part of Emeryville into what is now downtown Berkeley That same year the mainline of the transcontinental railroad into Oakland was re routed putting the right of way along the bay shore through Ocean View There was a strong prohibition movement in Berkeley at this time In 1876 the state enacted the mile limit law which forbade sale or public consumption of alcohol within one mile 1 6 km of the new University of California 18 Then in 1899 Berkeley residents voted to make their city an alcohol free zone Scientists scholars and religious leaders spoke vehemently of the dangers of alcohol 19 On April 1 1878 the people of Ocean View and the area around the university campus together with local farmers were granted incorporation by the State of California as the Town of Berkeley 20 The first elected trustees of the town were the slate of Denis Kearney s anti Chinese Workingman s Party who were particularly favored in the working class area of the former Ocean View now called West Berkeley During the 1880s Berkeley had segregated housing and anti Chinese laws 21 The area near the university became known for a time as East Berkeley Due to the influence of the university the modern age came quickly to Berkeley Electric lights and the telephone were in use by 1888 Electric streetcars soon replaced the horsecar A silent film of one of these early streetcars in Berkeley can be seen at the Library of Congress website 22 Early 20th century Edit Wheeler Hall built in 1917 was designed by John Galen Howard Berkeley s slow growth ended abruptly with the Great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 The town and other parts of the East Bay escaped serious damage and thousands of refugees flowed across the Bay Among them were most of San Francisco s painters and sculptors who between 1907 and 1911 created one of the largest art colonies west of Chicago Artist and critic Jennie V Cannon described the founding of the Berkeley Art Association and the rivalries of competing studios and art clubs 23 In 1904 the first hospitals in Berkeley were created the Alta Bates Sanatorium for women and children founded by nurse Alta Bates on Walnut Street and the Roosevelt later Herrick Hospital founded by Dr LeRoy Francis Herrick on the corner of Dwight Way and Milvia Street 24 25 In 1908 a statewide referendum that proposed moving the California state capital to Berkeley was defeated by a margin of about 33 000 votes 26 The city named streets around the proposed capitol grounds for California counties They bear those names today a legacy of the failed referendum The historic Spanish Colonial Revival style Berkeley City Club designed by famed architect Julia Morgan in 1929 On March 4 1909 following public referendums the citizens of Berkeley were granted a new charter by the State of California and the Town of Berkeley became the City of Berkeley 27 Rapid growth continued up to the Crash of 1929 The Great Depression hit Berkeley hard but not as hard as many other places in the U S thanks in part to the university It is believed that Berkeley is where single family zoning first originated in 1916 as an effort to keep minorities out of white neighborhoods 28 29 30 On September 17 1923 a major fire swept down the hills toward the university campus and the downtown section Around 640 structures burned before a late afternoon sea breeze stopped its progress allowing firefighters to put it out The next big growth occurred with the advent of World War II when large numbers of people moved to the Bay Area to work in the many war industries such as the immense Kaiser Shipyards in nearby Richmond One who moved out but played a big role in the outcome of the war was U C professor and Berkeley resident J Robert Oppenheimer During the war an Army base Camp Ashby was temporarily sited in Berkeley The element berkelium was synthesized utilizing the 60 inch 1 5 m cyclotron at UC Berkeley and named in 1949 in recognition of the university thus placing the city s name in the list of elements 1940 60s Edit The Mission Revival style South Berkeley Community Church b 1943 During the 1940s many African Americans migrated to Berkeley 31 In 1950 the Census Bureau reported Berkeley s population as 11 7 black and 84 6 white 32 1960s Berkeley protests The postwar years brought moderate growth to the city as events on the U C campus began to build up to the recognizable activism of the sixties In the 1950s McCarthyism induced the university to demand a loyalty oath from its professors many of whom refused to sign the oath on the principle of freedom of thought In 1960 a U S House committee HUAC came to San Francisco to investigate the influence of communists in the Bay Area Their presence was met by protesters including many from the university Meanwhile a number of U C students became active in the civil rights movement Finally in 1964 the university provoked a massive student protest by banning distribution of political literature on campus This protest became the Free Speech Movement As the Vietnam War rapidly escalated in the ensuing years so did student activism at the university particularly that organized by the Vietnam Day Committee See also 1960s Berkeley protests The People s Park was created via public occupation during the 1960s Berkeley protests Berkeley is strongly identified with the rapid social changes civic unrest and political upheaval that characterized the late 1960s 33 In that period Berkeley especially Telegraph Avenue became a focal point for the hippie movement which spilled over the Bay from San Francisco Many hippies were apolitical drop outs rather than students but in the heady atmosphere of Berkeley in 1967 1969 there was considerable overlap between the hippie movement and the radical left An iconic event in the Berkeley Sixties scene was a conflict over a parcel of university property south of the contiguous campus site that came to be called People s Park The battle over the disposition of People s Park resulted in a month long occupation of Berkeley by the National Guard on orders of then Governor Ronald Reagan In the end the park remained undeveloped and remains so today A spin off People s Park Annex was established at the same time by activist citizens of Berkeley on a strip of land above the Bay Area Rapid Transit subway construction along Hearst Avenue northwest of the U C campus The land had also been intended for development but was turned over to the city by BART and is now Ohlone Park The era of large public protest in Berkeley waned considerably with the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 While the 1960s were the heyday of liberal activism in Berkeley it remains one of the most overwhelmingly Democratic cities in the United States 1970s and 1980s Edit Housing and zoning changes Edit Shattuck Avenue at Center Street in downtown Berkeley as seen in 1973 The Berkeley population declined in the 1970s partly due to an exodus to the suburbs Some moved because of the rising cost of living throughout the Bay Area and others because of the decline and disappearance of many industries in West Berkeley Increasing enrollment at the university led to replacement of older buildings by large apartment buildings especially in older parts of the city near the university and downtown Increasing enrollment also led the university to wanting to redevelop certain places of Berkeley especially Southside but more specifically People s Park 34 Preservationists passed the Neighborhood Protection Ordinance in 1973 by ballot measure and the Landmarks Preservation Ordinance in 1974 by City Council Together these ordinances brought most new construction to a halt 35 Facing rising housing costs residents voted to enact rent control and vacancy control in 1980 36 Though more far reaching in their effect than those of some of the other jurisdictions in California that chose to use rent control where they could these policies were limited by the Costa Hawkins Act a statewide ban on rent control that came into effect in 1995 and limited rent control to multi family units that were built or technically buildings that were issued their original certificate of occupation before the state law came into effect in 1995 For cities such as Berkeley where rent control was already in place the law limited the use of rent control to units built before the local rent control law was enacted i e 1980 37 Political movements Edit During the 1970s and 1980s activists increased their power in local government This era also saw major developments in Berkeley s environmental and food culture Berkeley s last Republican mayor Wallace J S Johnson left office in 1971 Alice Waters opened Chez Panisse in 1971 The first curbside recycling program in the U S was started by the Ecology Center in 1973 Styrofoam was banned in 1988 38 As the city leaned more and more Democratic local politics became divided between Progressives and Moderates 1984 saw the Progressives take the majority for the first time Nancy Skinner became the first UC Berkeley student elected to City Council In 1986 in reaction to the 1984 election a ballot measure switched Berkeley from at large to district based elections for city council 39 In 1983 Berkeley s Domestic Partner Task Force was established which in 1984 made policy recommendation to the school board which passed domestic partner legislation The legislation became a model for similar measures nationwide 40 1990s and 2000s Edit Housing developments in Downtown Berkeley In 1995 California s Costa Hawkins Rental Housing Act ended vacancy control allowing rents to increase when a tenant moved out Despite a slow down in 2005 2007 median home prices and rents remain dramatically higher than the rest of the nation 41 fueled by spillover from the San Francisco housing shortage and population growth South and West Berkeley underwent gentrification with some historically Black neighborhoods such as the Adeline Corridor seeing a 50 decline in Black African American population from 1990 to 2010 42 In the 1990s Public Television s Frontline documentary series featured race relations at Berkeley s only public high school Berkeley High School 43 With an economy dominated by the University of California and a high demand housing market Berkeley was relatively unaffected by the Great Recession State budget cuts caused the university to increase the number of out of state and international students with international enrollment mostly from Asia rising from 2 785 in 2007 to 5 951 in 2016 44 Since then more international restaurants have opened downtown and on Telegraph Avenue including East Asian chains such as Ippudo and Daiso A wave of downtown apartment construction began in 1998 45 In 2006 the Berkeley Oak Grove Protest began protesting construction of a new sports center annex to Memorial Stadium at the expense of a grove of oak trees on the UC campus The protest ended in September 2008 after a lengthy court process In 2007 2008 Berkeley received media attention due to demonstrations against a Marine Corps recruiting office in downtown Berkeley and a series of controversial motions by Berkeley s city council regarding opposition to Marine recruiting See Berkeley Marine Corps Recruiting Center controversy 2010s and 2020s Edit During the fall of 2010 the Berkeley Student Food Collective opened after many protests on the UC Berkeley campus due to the proposed opening of the fast food chain Panda Express Students and community members worked together to open a collectively run grocery store right off of the UC Berkeley campus where the community can buy local seasonal humane and organic foods The Berkeley Student Food Collective still operates at 2440 Bancroft Way On September 18 2012 Berkeley became what may be the first city in the U S to officially proclaim a day recognizing bisexuals September 23 which is known as Celebrate Bisexuality Day 46 On September 2 2014 the city council approved a measure to provide free medical marijuana to low income patients 47 The Measure D soda tax was approved by Berkeley voters on November 4 2014 the first such tax in the United States 48 Protests Edit In the Fall of 2011 the nationwide Occupy Wall Street movement came to two Berkeley locations on the campus of the University of California and as an encampment in Civic Center Park During a Black Lives Matter protest on December 6 2014 police use of tear gas and batons to clear protesters from Telegraph Avenue led to a riot and five consecutive days and nights of protests marches and freeway occupations in Berkeley and Oakland 49 Afterwards changes were implemented by the Police Department to avoid escalation of violence and to protect bystanders during protests 50 During a protest against bigotry and U S President Donald Trump in August 2017 anti fascist protesters grew violent against Trump supporters in attendance Police intervened arresting 14 people Sometimes called antifa these anti fascist activists were clad in all black while some carried shields and others had masks or bandanas hiding their faces 51 These protests spanned February to September 2017 See more at 2017 Berkeley Protests 52 In 2019 protesters took up residence in People s Park against tree chopping and were arrested by police in riot gear Many activists saw this as the university preparing to develop the park 53 Renaming controversy Edit In January 2022 the Berkeleyside news platform published an opinion piece calling for the city to be renamed 54 Daniel O Connell argued that although city namesake George Berkeley was considered a great philosopher in his time he owned three enslaved persons and forced them to work on his plantation in Rhode Island Berkeley argued that slaveholders should baptize their slaves on the grounds that it made them better slaves According to O Connell Berkeley s writings express other repugnant ideas including his proposal to open a missionary school for the purpose of converting the American heathen whom Berkeley proposed to kidnap if peaceful methods of separating them from their parents proved unsuccessful And it is Berkeley s colonialist verse that inspired the naming of our city and which today is commemorated by Founders Rock on the university campus Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way Homelessness Edit The city of Berkeley has historically been a central location for homeless communities in the Bay Area 55 Since the 1930s the city of Berkeley has fostered a tradition of political activism 56 The city has been perceived as a hub for liberal thought and action and it has passed ordinances to oust homeless individuals from Berkeley on multiple occasions 57 Despite efforts to remove unhoused individuals from the streets and projects to improve social service provision for this demographic homelessness has continued to be a significant problem in Berkeley 58 1960s Edit A culture of anti establishment and sociopolitical activism marked the 1960s 56 The San Francisco Bay Area became a hotspot for hippie counterculture and Berkeley became a haven for nonconformists and anarchists 56 from all over the United States 59 Most public discourse around homelessness in Berkeley at this time was centered around the idea of street living as an expression of counterculture 55 During the Free Speech Movement in the Fall of 1964 Berkeley became a hub of civil unrest with demonstrators and UC Berkeley students sympathizing with the statewide protests for free speech and assembly as well as revolting against university restrictions against student political activities and organizations established by UC President Clark Kerr in 1959 Many non student youth and adolescents sought alternative lifestyles and opted for voluntary homelessness during this time 60 61 In 1969 People s Park was created and eventually became a haven for small time drug dealers street people and the homeless 62 Although the City of Berkeley has moved unhoused individuals from its streets sometimes even relocating them to an unused landfill People s Park has remained a safe space for them since its inception 62 The park has become one of the few relatively safe spaces for homeless individuals to congregate in Berkeley and the greater Bay Area 62 1970s Edit Stereotypes of homeless people as deviant individuals who chose to live vagrant lifestyles continued to color the discourse around street dwellers in American cities 55 However this time period was also characterized by a subtle shift in the perception of unhoused individuals The public began to realize that homelessness affected not only single men but also women children and entire families 55 This recognition set the stage for the City of Berkeley s attitude towards homelessness in the next decade 63 1980s Edit Organizations such as Building Opportunities for Self Sufficiency BOSS were established in 1971 in response to the needs of individuals with mental illness being released to the streets by state hospital closures 64 1990s Edit In the 1990s the City of Berkeley faced a substantial increase in the need for emergency housing shelters and saw a rise in the average amount of time individuals spent without stable housing 57 As housing became a more widespread problem the general public Berkeley City Council and the University of California became increasingly anti homeless in their opinions 57 In 1994 Berkeley City Council considered the implementation of a set of anti homeless laws that the San Francisco Chronicle described as being among the strictest in the country 55 These laws prohibited sitting sleeping and begging in public spaces and outlawed panhandling from people in a variety of contexts such as sitting on public benches buying a newspaper from a rack or waiting in line for a movie 55 In February 1995 the American Civil Liberties Union ACLU sued the city for infringing free speech rights through its proposed anti panhandling law 55 In May of that same year a federal judge ruled that the anti panhandling law did violate the First Amendment but left the anti sitting and sleeping laws untouched 55 Following the implementation of these anti sitting and sleeping ordinances in 1998 Berkeley increased its policing of homeless adults and youth particularly in the shopping district surrounding Telegraph Avenue 65 The mayor at that time Shirley Dean proposed a plan to increase both social support services for homeless youth and enforcement of anti encampment laws 65 Unhoused youth countered this plan with a request for the establishment of the city s first youth shelter more trash cans and more frequent cleaning of public bathrooms 65 21st century Edit The City of Berkeley s 2017 annual homeless report and point in time count PIT estimate that on a given night 972 people are homeless 66 Sixty eight percent 664 people of these individuals are also unsheltered living in places not considered suitable for human habitation such as cars or streets 66 Long term homelessness in Berkeley is double the national average with 27 of the city s homeless population facing chronic homelessness 66 Chronic homelessness has been on the rise since 2015 and has been largely a consequence of the constrained local housing market 66 In 2015 rent in Alameda County increased by 25 while the average household income only grew by 5 67 The City of Berkeley s 2017 report also estimated the number of unaccompanied youth in Berkeley at 189 individuals 19 of the total homeless population in the city Homeless youth display greater risk of mental health issues behavioral problems and substance abuse than any other homeless age group 61 Furthermore homeless youth identifying as LGBTQ are exposed to greater rates of physical and sexual abuse and higher risk for sexually transmitted diseases predominantly HIV 68 69 The City of Berkeley has seen a consistent rise in the number of chronically homeless individuals over the past 30 years and has implemented a number of different projects to reduce the number of people living on the streets 70 In 2008 the City focused its efforts on addressing chronic homelessness This led to a 48 decline in the number of chronically homeless individuals reported in the 2009 Berkeley PIT 71 However the number of hidden homeless individuals those coping with housing insecurity by staying at a friend or relative s residence increased significantly likely in response to rising housing costs and costs of living 71 In 2012 the City considered measures that banned sitting in commercial areas throughout Berkeley 71 The measure was met with strong public opposition and did not pass However the City saw a strong need for it to implement rules addressing encampments and public usage of space as well as assessing the resources needed to assist the unhoused population 71 In response to these needs the City of Berkeley established the Homeless Task Force headed by then Councilmember Jesse Arreguin 71 Since its formation the Task Force has proposed a number of different recommendations from expanding the City Homeless Outreach and Mobile Crisis Teams to building a short term transitional shelter for unhoused individuals 72 Suitcase Clinic Edit With the political activism of the UC Berkeley has historically been vocal about the housing crisis that affects students and locals alike With the history of homelessness and lack of affordable housing there have been masses of organizations opening up with the sole mission to help this vulnerable population with not only housing assistance but other symptoms that derive from homelessness These organizations have stemmed from church groups non profits even the UC One of the many UC Berkeley student run programs that focuses on assisting the homeless is the Suitcase Clinic The Suitcase Clinic was established in the late 1980s by undergraduate and graduate level students to provide direct medical services to the homeless and underrepresented population of Berkeley 73 Services provided by students have altered over the years to cater to the needs of the homeless population and now include not only professional medical and dental support but also health education foot washing child care a hot meal and services that promote mental well being 74 Geography EditBerkeley is located at 37 52 18 N 122 16 29 W 37 87167 N 122 27472 W 37 87167 122 27472 37 871775 122 274603 75 Satellite map of the San Francisco Bay Area from the U S Geological Survey According to the United States Census Bureau the city s 17 7 square mile 46 km2 area includes 10 5 square miles 27 km2 of land and 7 2 square miles 19 km2 40 83 water most of it part of San Francisco Bay Berkeley borders the cities of Albany Oakland and Emeryville and Contra Costa County including unincorporated Kensington as well as San Francisco Bay Berkeley lies within telephone area code 510 until September 2 1991 Berkeley was part of the 415 telephone code that now covers only San Francisco and Marin counties 76 and the postal ZIP codes are 94701 through 94710 94712 and 94720 for the University of California campus 9 Geology Edit Most of Berkeley lies on a rolling sedimentary plain that rises gently from sea level to the base of the Berkeley Hills East of the Hayward Fault along the base of the hills elevation increases more rapidly The highest peak along the ridge line above Berkeley is Grizzly Peak at an elevation of 1 754 feet 535 m A number of small creeks run from the hills to the Bay through Berkeley Cerrito Codornices Schoolhouse and Strawberry Creeks are the principal streams Most of these are largely culverted once they reach the plain west of the hills The Berkeley Hills are part of the Pacific Coast Ranges and run in a northwest southeast alignment Exposed in the Berkeley Hills are cherts and shales of the Claremont Formation equivalent to the Monterey Formation conglomerate and sandstone of the Orinda Formation and lava flows of the Moraga Volcanics Of similar age to the Moraga Volcanics extinct within the Northbrae neighborhood of Berkeley are outcroppings of erosion resistant rhyolite These rhyolite formations can be seen in several city parks and in the yards of a number of private residences Indian Rock Park in the northeastern part of Berkeley near the Arlington Marin Circle features a large example Earthquakes Edit Berkeley is traversed by the Hayward Fault Zone a major branch of the San Andreas Fault to the west No large earthquake has occurred on the Hayward Fault near Berkeley in historic times except possibly in 1836 but seismologists warn about the geologic record of large temblors several times in the deeper past The current assessment is that a Bay Area earthquake of magnitude 6 7 or greater within the next 30 years is likely with the Hayward Fault having the highest likelihood among faults in the Bay Area of being the epicenter 77 Moreover like much of the Bay Area Berkeley has many areas of some risk to soil liquefaction with the flat areas closer to the shore at low to high susceptibility 78 The 1868 Hayward earthquake did occur on the southern segment of the Hayward Fault 79 in the vicinity of today s city of Hayward This quake destroyed the county seat of Alameda County then located in San Leandro and it subsequently moved to Oakland It was strongly felt in San Francisco causing major damage It was regarded as the Great San Francisco earthquake prior to 1906 It produced a furrow in the ground along the fault line in Berkeley across the grounds of the new State Asylum for the Deaf Dumb and Blind then under construction which was noted by one early University of California professor Although no significant damage was reported to most of the few Berkeley buildings of the time the 1868 quake did destroy the vulnerable adobe home of Domingo Peralta in north Berkeley 80 Today evidence of the Hayward Fault s creeping is visible at various locations in Berkeley Cracked roadways sharp jogs in streams and springs mark the fault s path However since it cuts across the base of the hills the creep is often concealed by or confused with slide activity Some of the slide activity itself however results from movement on the Hayward Fault A notorious segment of the Hayward Fault runs lengthwise down the middle of Memorial Stadium at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon on the University of California campus 81 Photos and measurements show the movement of the fault through the stadium 82 Climate Edit Berkeley has a warm summer Mediterranean climate Csb in the Koppen climate classification with warm dry summers and cool wet winters Berkeley s location directly opposite the Golden Gate ensures that typical eastward fog flow blankets the city more often than its neighbors 83 The summers are cooler than a typical Mediterranean climate thanks to upwelling ocean currents along the California coast These help produce cool and foggy nights and mornings Winter is punctuated with rainstorms of varying ferocity and duration but also produces stretches of bright sunny days and clear cold nights It does not normally snow though occasionally the hilltops get a dusting Spring and fall are transitional and intermediate with some rainfall and variable temperature Summer typically brings night and morning low clouds or fog followed by sunny warm days The warmest and driest months are typically June through September with the highest temperatures occurring in September Mid summer July August is often a bit cooler due to the sea breezes and fog common then In a year there are an average of 2 9 days with highs of 90 F 32 C or higher and an average of 0 8 days with lows of 32 F 0 C or lower The highest recorded temperature was 107 F 42 C on June 15 2000 and July 16 1993 and the lowest recorded temperature was 24 F 4 C on December 22 1990 February is normally the wettest month averaging 5 21 inches 132 mm of precipitation Average annual precipitation is 25 40 inches 645 mm falling on an average of 63 7 days each year The most rainfall in one month was 14 49 inches 368 mm in February 1998 The most rainfall in 24 hours was 6 98 inches 177 mm on January 4 1982 84 As in most of California the heaviest rainfall years are usually associated with warm water El Nino episodes in the Pacific e g 1982 83 1997 98 which bring in drenching pineapple express storms In contrast dry years are often associated with cold Pacific La Nina episodes Light snow has fallen on rare occasions Snow has generally fallen every several years on the higher peaks of the Berkeley Hills 85 In the late spring and early fall strong offshore winds of sinking air typically develop bringing heat and dryness to the area In the spring this is not usually a problem as vegetation is still moist from winter rains but extreme dryness prevails by the fall creating a danger of wildfires In September 1923 a major fire swept through the neighborhoods north of the university campus stopping just short of downtown See 1923 Berkeley fire On October 20 1991 gusty hot winds fanned a conflagration along the Berkeley Oakland border killing 25 people and injuring 150 as well as destroying 2 449 single family dwellings and 437 apartment and condominium units See 1991 Oakland firestorm Climate data for Berkeley California 1991 2020 normals extremes 1893 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 78 26 81 27 87 31 95 35 101 38 107 42 99 37 104 40 106 41 99 37 86 30 78 26 107 42 Mean maximum F C 66 7 19 3 72 1 22 3 77 1 25 1 82 0 27 8 86 0 30 0 90 9 32 7 87 1 30 6 89 0 31 7 91 7 33 2 87 6 30 9 76 4 24 7 66 5 19 2 95 6 35 3 Average high F C 58 9 14 9 61 6 16 4 64 6 18 1 67 3 19 6 70 0 21 1 74 1 23 4 74 2 23 4 74 7 23 7 76 3 24 6 73 4 23 0 65 2 18 4 58 6 14 8 68 2 20 1 Daily mean F C 51 1 10 6 53 0 11 7 55 2 12 9 57 0 13 9 59 7 15 4 62 9 17 2 63 7 17 6 64 4 18 0 64 9 18 3 62 5 16 9 56 1 13 4 50 9 10 5 58 5 14 7 Average low F C 43 3 6 3 44 5 6 9 45 9 7 7 46 7 8 2 49 4 9 7 51 7 10 9 53 2 11 8 54 2 12 3 53 6 12 0 51 6 10 9 46 9 8 3 43 2 6 2 48 7 9 3 Mean minimum F C 36 2 2 3 37 0 2 8 38 8 3 8 40 4 4 7 44 9 7 2 47 7 8 7 50 1 10 1 51 2 10 7 49 4 9 7 45 8 7 7 40 0 4 4 35 6 2 0 33 4 0 8 Record low F C 25 4 29 2 33 1 28 2 36 2 40 4 40 4 46 8 38 3 39 4 33 1 24 4 24 4 Average precipitation inches mm 4 84 123 5 12 130 3 84 98 1 83 46 0 80 20 0 26 6 6 0 01 0 25 0 05 1 3 0 12 3 0 1 19 30 2 74 70 5 32 135 26 12 663 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 11 3 10 5 9 8 7 0 3 4 1 2 0 3 0 6 1 0 3 2 7 3 11 0 66 6Source NOAA 86 87 Demographics EditHistorical population CensusPop Note 18905 101 190013 214159 0 191040 434206 0 192056 03638 6 193082 10946 5 194085 5474 2 1950113 80533 0 1960111 268 2 2 1970114 0912 5 1980103 328 9 4 1990102 724 0 6 2000102 7430 0 2010112 5809 6 2020124 32110 4 U S Decennial Census 88 2020 census Edit Berkeley Demographic Profile NH Non Hispanic 89 90 Race Pop 2010 Pop 2020 2010 2020White NH 61 539 62 450 54 66 50 23 Black or African American NH 10 896 9 495 9 68 7 64 Native American or Alaska Native NH 228 226 0 20 0 18 Asian NH 21 499 24 701 19 10 19 87 Pacific Islander NH 170 253 0 15 0 20 Some Other Race NH 503 1 109 0 45 0 89 Mixed Race Multi Racial NH 5 536 9 069 4 92 7 29 Hispanic or Latino any race 12 209 17 018 10 84 13 69 Total 112 580 124 321 100 00 100 00 Note the US Census treats Hispanic Latino as an ethnic category This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category Hispanics Latinos can be of any raceThe 2020 United States Census 91 reported that Berkeley had a population of 124 321 The population density was 11 874 people per square mile of land area 4 584 km2 The racial makeup of Berkeley was 62 450 50 2 White 9 495 7 6 Black or African American 24 701 19 9 Asian 253 0 2 Pacific Islander 226 0 2 from Native American 1 109 0 9 from other races and 9 069 7 2 multiracial two or more races There were 17 018 13 7 of Hispanic or Latino ancestry of any race Earlier demographics Edit Street fair on Telegraph Avenue From the 2010 United States Census 92 the racial makeup of Berkeley was 66 996 59 5 White 11 241 10 0 Black or African American 479 0 4 Native American 21 690 19 3 Asian 8 4 Chinese 2 4 Indian 2 1 Korean 1 6 Japanese 1 5 Filipino 1 0 Vietnamese 186 0 2 Pacific Islander 4 994 4 4 from other races and 6 994 6 2 from two or more races There were 12 209 people 10 8 of Hispanic or Latino ancestry of any race 6 8 of the city s population was of Mexican ancestry The Census reported that 99 731 people 88 6 of the population lived in households 12 430 11 0 lived in non institutionalized group quarters and 419 0 4 were institutionalized There were 46 029 households out of which 8 467 18 4 had children under the age of 18 living in them 13 569 29 5 were opposite sex married couples living together 3 855 8 4 had a female householder with no husband present 1 368 3 0 had a male householder with no wife present There were 2 931 6 4 unmarried opposite sex partnerships and 961 2 1 same sex married couples or partnerships 16 904 households 36 7 were made up of individuals and 4 578 9 9 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 17 There were 18 792 families 40 8 of all households the average family size was 2 81 There were 49 454 housing units at an average density of 2 794 6 per square mile 1 079 0 km2 of which 46 029 were occupied of which 18 846 40 9 were owner occupied and 27 183 59 1 were occupied by renters The homeowner vacancy rate was 1 0 the rental vacancy rate was 4 5 45 096 people 40 1 of the population lived in owner occupied housing units and 54 635 people 48 5 lived in rental housing units The historic Berkeley YMCA b 1910 The population was spread out with 13 872 people 12 3 under the age of 18 30 295 people 26 9 aged 18 to 24 30 231 people 26 9 aged 25 to 44 25 006 people 22 2 aged 45 to 64 and 13 176 people 11 7 who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 31 0 years For every 100 females there were 95 6 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94 2 males According to the 2011 American Community Survey 5 Year estimate the median income for a household in the city was 60 908 and the median income for a family was 102 976 93 Males had a median income of 67 476 versus 57 319 for females The per capita income for the city was 38 896 About 7 2 of families and 18 3 of the population were below the poverty line including 13 2 of those under age 18 and 9 2 of those age 65 or over Berkeley has a higher than average crime rate particularly property crime 94 though the crime rate has fallen significantly since 2000 95 Transportation EditBerkeley is served by Amtrak Capitol Corridor AC Transit BART Ashby Downtown Berkeley Station and North Berkeley and bus shuttles operated by major employers including UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The Eastshore Freeway Interstate 80 and Interstate 580 runs along the bay shoreline Each day there is an influx of thousands of cars into the city by commuting UC faculty staff and students making parking for more than a few hours an expensive proposition Berkeley has one of the highest rates of bicycle and pedestrian commuting in the nation Berkeley is the safest city of its size in California for pedestrians and cyclists considering the number of injuries per pedestrian and cyclist rather than per capita 96 A street closed off into two dead ends by traffic calming barriers A gap in the middle allows passage of bikes and emergency vehicles Berkeley has modified its original grid roadway structure through use of diverters and barriers moving most traffic out of neighborhoods and onto arterial streets visitors often find this confusing because the diverters are not shown on all maps Berkeley maintains a separate grid of arterial streets for bicycles called Bicycle Boulevards with bike lanes and lower amounts of car traffic than the major streets they often parallel Berkeley hosts car sharing networks including Uhaul Car Share Gig Car Share and Zipcar Rather than owning and parking their own cars members share a group of cars parked nearby Web and telephone based reservation systems keep track of hours and charges Several pods points of departure where cars are kept exist throughout the city in several downtown locations at the Ashby and North Berkeley BART stations and at various other locations in Berkeley and other cities in the region Using alternative transportation is encouraged Berkeley has had recurring problems with parking meter vandalism In 1999 over 2 400 Berkeley meters were jammed smashed or sawed apart 97 Starting in 2005 and continuing into 2006 Berkeley began to phase out mechanical meters in favor of more centralized electronic meters Transportation history Edit The first commuter service to San Francisco was provided by the Central Pacific s Berkeley Branch Railroad a standard gauge steam railroad which terminated in downtown Berkeley and connected in Emeryville at a locale then known as Shellmound with trains to the Oakland ferry pier as well as with the Central Pacific main line starting in 1876 The Berkeley Branch line was extended from Shattuck and University to Vine Street Berryman s Station in 1878 Starting in 1882 Berkeley trains ran directly to the Oakland Pier 98 In the 1880s Southern Pacific assumed operations of the Berkeley Branch under a lease from its own paper affiliate the Northern Railway In 1911 Southern Pacific electrified this line and the several others it constructed in Berkeley creating its East Bay Electric Lines division The huge and heavy cars specially built for these lines were called the Red Trains or the Big Red Cars The Shattuck line was extended and connected with two other Berkeley lines the Ninth Street Line and the California Street line at Solano and Colusa the Colusa Wye At this time the Northbrae Tunnel and Rose Street Undercrossing were constructed both of which still exist The Rose Street Undercrossing is not accessible to the public being situated between what is now two backyards The fourth Berkeley line was the Ellsworth St line to the university campus The last Red Trains ran in July 1941 99 The first electric rail service in Berkeley was provided by several small streetcar companies starting in 1891 Most of these were eventually bought up by the Key System of Francis Borax Smith who added lines and improved equipment The Key System s streetcars were operated by its East Bay Street Railways division Principal lines in Berkeley ran on Euclid The Arlington College Telegraph Shattuck San Pablo University and Grove today s Martin Luther King Jr Way The last streetcars ran in 1948 replaced by buses The first electric commuter interurban type trains to San Francisco from Berkeley were put in operation by the Key System in 1903 several years before the Southern Pacific electrified its steam commuter lines Like the SP Key trains ran to a pier serviced by the Key s own fleet of ferryboats which also docked at the Ferry Building in San Francisco After the Bay Bridge was built the Key trains ran to the Transbay Terminal in San Francisco sharing tracks on the lower deck of the Bay Bridge with the SP s red trains and the Sacramento Northern Railroad It was at this time that the Key trains acquired their letter designations which were later preserved by Key s public successor AC Transit Today s F bus is the successor of the F train Likewise the E G and the H Before the Bridge these lines were simply the Shattuck Avenue Line the Claremont Line the Westbrae Line and the Sacramento Street Line respectively After the Southern Pacific abandoned transbay service in 1941 the Key System acquired the rights to use its tracks and catenary on Shattuck north of Dwight Way and through the Northbrae Tunnel to The Alameda for the F train The SP tracks along Monterey Avenue as far as Colusa had been acquired by the Key System in 1933 for the H train but were abandoned in 1941 The Key System trains stopped running in April 1958 100 On December 15 1962 the Northbrae Tunnel was opened to auto traffic 101 Economy EditTop employers Edit Sather Tower known as the Campanile at the University of California According to the city s 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report 102 the top employers in the city are Employer Employees1 University of California Berkeley 13 6692 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 3 8363 Alta Bates Summit Medical Center part of Sutter Health 2 0404 City of Berkeley 1 4805 Bayer 1 0826 Berkeley Unified School District 8657 Kaiser Permanente 7718 Siemens 6789 Berkeley Bowl 55810 Lifelong Medical Care 441Businesses Edit Main article List of companies based in Berkeley California Berkeley is the location of a number of nationally prominent businesses many of which have been pioneers in their areas of operation Notable businesses include Chez Panisse birthplace of California cuisine Peet s Coffee s original store the Claremont Resort punk rock haven 924 Gilman Saul Zaentz s Fantasy Studios and Caffe Strada Notable former businesses include pioneer bookseller Cody s Books The Nature Company The North Face Clif Bar energy foods the Berkeley Co op and Caffe Mediterraneum Berkeley has relatively few chain stores for a city of its size due to policies and zoning that promote small businesses 103 and impose limits on the size of certain types of stores 104 Places EditMajor streets Edit View down Telegraph Avenue Spanish Colonial Revival architecture on Bancroft Way Shattuck Avenue passes through several neighborhoods from north to south including the downtown business district in Berkeley It is named for Francis K Shattuck one of Berkeley s earliest influential citizens University Avenue runs from Berkeley s bayshore and marina in the west to the University of California campus in the east College Avenue running from the University of California from the north to Broadway in Oakland in the south close to the foothill is a relatively quiet street compared with other major streets in Berkeley It has many nice restaurants and small shops Ashby Avenue Highway 13 which also runs from Berkeley s bayshore to the hills connects with the Warren Freeway and Highway 24 leading to the Caldecott Tunnel named for a former Berkeley mayor San Pablo Avenue Highway 123 runs north south through West Berkeley connecting Oakland and Emeryville to the south and Albany to the north Telegraph Avenue which runs north south from the university campus to Oakland historically the site of much of the hippie culture of Berkeley Martin Luther King Jr Way which until 1984 was called Grove Street runs north south a few blocks west of Shattuck Avenue connecting Oakland and the freeways to the south with the neighborhoods and other communities to the north Sacramento Street is one of the four streets with a median in Berkeley running from Hopkins Street from the north to Alcatraz Ave in the south Solano Avenue a major street for shopping and restaurants runs east west near the north end of Berkeley continuing into Albany Since 1974 Solano Avenue has hosted the annual Solano Avenue Stroll and Parade 105 of the twin cities of Albany and Berkeley the East Bay s largest street festival Freeways Edit The Eastshore Freeway I 80 and I 580 runs along Berkeley s bayshore with exits at Ashby Avenue University Avenue and Gilman Street Bicycle and pedestrian paths Edit Ohlone Greenway San Francisco Bay Trail Berkeley I 80 bridge opened in 2002 an arch suspension bridge spanning Interstate 80 for bicycles and pedestrians only giving access from the city at the foot of Addison Street to the San Francisco Bay Trail the Eastshore State Park and the Berkeley Marina Berkeley s Network of Historic Pathways Berkeley has a network of historic pathways that link the winding neighborhoods found in the hills and offer panoramic lookouts over the East Bay A complete guide to the pathways may be found at Berkeley Path Wanderers Association website 106 Neighborhoods Edit See also List of Berkeley neighborhoods The historic Claremont Resort located in the Claremont district Berkeley has a number of distinct neighborhoods Surrounding the University of California campus are the most densely populated parts of the city West of the campus is Downtown Berkeley the city s traditional commercial core home of the civic center the city s only public high school the busiest BART station in Berkeley as well as a major transfer point for AC Transit buses South of the campus is Southside mainly a student ghetto where much of the university s student housing is located The busiest stretch of Telegraph Avenue is in this neighborhood North of the campus is the quieter Northside neighborhood the location of the Graduate Theological Union Farther from the university campus the influence of the university quickly becomes less visible Most of Berkeley s neighborhoods are primarily made up of detached houses often with separate in law units in the rear although larger apartment buildings are also common in many neighborhoods Commercial activities are concentrated along the major avenues and at important intersections and frequently define the neighborhood within which they reside In the southeastern corner of the city is the Claremont District home to the Claremont Hotel Also in the southeast is the Elmwood District known for its commercial area on College Avenue West of Elmwood is South Berkeley known for its weekend flea market at the Ashby Station West of and including San Pablo Avenue itself a major commercial and transport corridor is West Berkeley the historic commercial center of the city This neighborhood and area includes the former unincorporated town of Ocean View West Berkeley contains the remnants of Berkeley s industrial area much of which has been replaced by retail and office uses as well as residential live work loft space paralleling the decline of manufacturing in the United States This area abuts the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay and is home to the Berkeley Marina Also nearby is Berkeley s Aquatic Park featuring an artificial linear lagoon of San Francisco Bay North of downtown is North Berkeley which has its main commercial area nicknamed the Gourmet Ghetto because of the concentration of well known restaurants and other food related businesses West of North Berkeley roughly west of Sacramento and north of Cedar is Westbrae a small neighborhood centered on a small commercial area on Gilman Street and through which part of the Ohlone Greenway runs Meanwhile further north of North Berkeley are Northbrae a master planned subdivision from the early 20th century and Thousand Oaks Above these last three neighborhoods on the western slopes of the Berkeley Hills are the neighborhoods of Cragmont and La Loma Park notable for their dramatic views winding streets and numerous public stairways and paths Points of interest Edit Doe Memorial Library the main library of the University of California Berkeley Libraries Berkeley and the San Francisco Bay at nightfall as seen from the Lawrence Hall of Science Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive Berkeley Free Clinic a free clinic operating since 1969 Berkeley High School Berkeley History Center 1931 Center St Berkeley Marina Berkeley Public Library Shattuck Avenue at Kittredge Street Berkeley Repertory Theatre Berkeley Rose Garden Cloyne Court Hotel a member of the Berkeley Student Cooperative The Edible Schoolyard is a one acre garden at Martin Luther King Middle School Berkeley Hearst Greek Theatre home of the annual Berkeley Jazz Festival Indian Rock Park Judah L Magnes Museum Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Hall of Science Regional Parks Botanic Garden Telegraph Avenue and People s Park both known as centers of the counterculture of the 1960s Tilden Regional Park University of California Berkeley The Campanile Sather Tower in the University of California Berkeley campus University of California Botanical GardenParks and recreation Edit Berkeley Kite Festival 2016 The city has many parks and promotes greenery and the environment The city has planted trees for years and is a leader in the nationwide effort to re tree urban areas citation needed Tilden Regional Park lies east of the city occupying the upper extent of Wildcat Canyon between the Berkeley Hills and the San Pablo Ridge The city is also heavily involved in creek restoration and wetlands restoration including a planned daylighting of Strawberry Creek along Center Street The Berkeley Marina and East Shore State Park flank its shoreline at San Francisco Bay and organizations like the Urban Creeks Council and Friends of the Five Creeks the former of which is headquartered in Berkeley support the riparian areas in the town and coastlines as well Cesar Chavez Park near the Berkeley Marina was built at the former site of the city dump Landmarks and historic districts Edit The historic Shattuck Hotel built in 1910 in a Mission Revival style 165 buildings in Berkeley are designated as local landmarks or local structures of merit Of these 49 are listed in the National Register of Historic Places including Berkeley High School the city s only public high school and the Berkeley Community Theatre which is on its campus 107 Berkeley Women s City Club now Berkeley City Club Julia Morgan 1929 30 First Church of Christ Scientist Bernard Maybeck 1910 St John s Presbyterian Church Julia Morgan 1910 now the Berkeley Playhouse Studio Building architect not recorded built for Frederick H Dakin 1905 Thorsen House Sigma Phi Society of the Thorsen House Charles Sumner Greene amp Henry Mather Greene 1908 10 Historic districts listed in the National Register of Historic Places George C Edwards Stadium Located at intersection of Bancroft Way and Fulton Street on University of California Berkeley campus 80 acres 32 ha 3 buildings 4 structures 3 objects added 1993 Site of the Clark Kerr Campus UC Berkeley until 1980 this location housed the State Asylum for the Deaf Dumb and Blind also known as The California Schools for the Deaf and Blind Bounded by Dwight Way the city line Derby Street and Warring Street 500 acres 2 0 km2 20 buildings added 1982 The school was closed in 1980 and the Clark Kerr Campus was opened in 1986 See List of Berkeley Landmarks Structures of Merit and Historic DistrictsArts and culture Edit The Campanile and Sather Gate on the UC Berkeley campus Berkeley is home to the Chilean American community s La Pena Cultural Center the largest cultural center for this community in the United States The Freight and Salvage is the oldest established full time folk and traditional music venue west of the Mississippi River 108 Additionally Berkeley is home to the off broadway theater Berkeley Repertory Theater commonly known as Berkeley Rep The Berkeley Repertory Theater consists of two stages a school and has received a Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theatre 109 The historic Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive BAMPFA is operated by UC Berkeley and was moved to downtown Berkeley in January 2016 It offers many exhibitions and screenings of historic films as well as outreach programs within the community 110 Annual events Edit Jewish Music Festival 111 March Cal Day University of California Berkeley Open House 112 April Berkeley Arts Festival 113 April and May Himalayan Fair 114 May The Berkeley Juneteenth Festival Adeline Alcatraz Corridor June Berkeley Kite Festival 115 July Berkeley Juggling and Unicycling Festival 116 July or August The Solano Avenue Stroll 117 Solano Avenue Berkeley and Albany September The Bay Area Book Festival 118 Martin Luther King Jr Civic Center Park and throughout Downtown Berkeley MayEducation Edit Campus of the University of California Berkeley Colleges and universities Edit University of California Berkeley s main campus is in the city limits The Graduate Theological Union a consortium of eight independent theological schools is located a block north of the University of California Berkeley s main campus The Graduate Theological Union has the largest number of students and faculty of any religious studies doctoral program in the United States 119 In addition to more theological schools Zaytuna College a newly established Muslim liberal arts college has taken Holy Hill as its new home The Institute of Buddhist Studies has been located in Berkeley since 1966 Wright Institute a psychology graduate school is located in Berkeley Berkeley City College is a community college in the Peralta Community College District Primary and secondary schools Edit Berkeley High School The Berkeley Unified School District operates public schools The first public school in Berkeley was the Ocean View School now the site of the Berkeley Adult School located at Virginia Street and San Pablo Avenue The public schools today are administered by the Berkeley Unified School District In the 1960s Berkeley was one of the earliest US cities to voluntarily desegregate utilizing a system of buses still in use The district has eleven elementary schools and one public high school Berkeley High School BHS Established in 1880 BHS currently has over 3 000 students The Berkeley High campus was designated a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places on January 7 2008 120 Saint Mary s College High School a Catholic school also has its street address in Berkeley although most of the grounds and buildings are actually in neighboring Albany Berkeley has 11 public elementary schools and three middle schools Pacific School of Religion The East Bay campus of the German International School of Silicon Valley GISSV formerly occupied the Hillside Campus Berkeley California it opened there in 2012 121 In December 2016 the GISSV closed the building due to unmet seismic retrofit needs 122 There is also the Bay Area Technology School the only school in the whole Bay Area to offer a technology and science based curriculum with connections to leading universities Berkeley also houses Zaytuna College the first accredited Muslim liberal arts college in the United States Public libraries Edit Berkeley Public Library serves as the municipal library University of California Berkeley Libraries operates the University of California Berkeley libraries Government EditSee also List of mayors of Berkeley and Government of Alameda County California Mayor Jesse Arreguin and other elected officials and staffers on the steps of City Hall Berkeley has a council manager government 2 The mayor is elected at large for a four year term and is the ceremonial head of the city and the chair of the city council The Berkeley City Council is composed of the mayor and eight council members elected by district who each serve four year terms Districts 2 3 5 and 6 hold their elections in years divisible by four while Districts 1 4 7 and 8 hold theirs in even numbered years not divisible by four The city council appoints a city manager who is the chief executive of the city Additionally the city voters directly elect an independent city auditor school board and rent stabilization board Most city officials including council members are elected using instant runoff voting since November 2010 The current council members and auditor are Jesse Arreguin Mayor Rashi Kesarwani district 1 Terry Taplin district 2 Ben Bartlett district 3 Kate Harrison district 4 Sophie Hahn district 5 Susan Wengraf district 6 Rigel Robinson district 7 Lori Droste district 8 and Jenny Wong city auditor 3 The historic Berkeley Main Post Office built 1914 15 Kriss Worthington elected in 1996 to represent District 7 was the first openly LGBT man elected to Berkeley City Council Lori Droste elected in 2014 to represent District 8 is the first openly LGBT woman elected to Berkeley City Council Jenny Wong elected in 2018 is the first Asian American City Auditor in Berkeley Nancy Skinner remains the only student to have served on the City Council elected in 1984 as a graduate student Today most of the university housing is located in District 7 although Foothill and Clark Kerr are in Districts 6 and 8 respectively Districts 4 and 7 are majority student The City of Berkeley in 2014 passed a redistricting measure to create the nation s first student supermajority district 123 in District 7 which in 2018 elected Rigel Robinson a 22 year old UC Berkeley graduate and the youngest Councilmember in the city s history The city s Public Health Division is one of four municipally operated public health agencies in California the other three being Long Beach Pasadena and Vernon Though it is part of the city government it qualifies for the same state funds as a county public health department 124 Berkeley is also part of Alameda County for which the Government of Alameda County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution California law and the Charter of the County of Alameda 125 The county government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration law enforcement jails vital records property records tax collection and social services The county s health department does not cover the city The county government is primarily composed of the elected five member Board of Supervisors other elected offices including the Sheriff Coroner the District Attorney Assessor Auditor Controller County Clerk Recorder and Treasurer Tax Collector and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator In addition to the Berkeley Unified School District which is coterminous with the city Berkeley is also part of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District BART the Alameda Contra Costa Transit District AC Transit the East Bay Regional Park District the East Bay Municipal Utility District and the Peralta Community College District 126 Politics Edit The historic Old City Hall Berkeley has been a Democratic stronghold in presidential elections since 1960 becoming one of the most Democratic cities in the country The last Republican presidential candidate to receive at least one quarter of the vote in Berkeley was Richard Nixon in 1968 Consistent with Berkeley s reputation as a strongly liberal and or progressive city in the 2016 presidential election more votes were won by Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein than by Republican candidate Donald Trump 127 In the 2020 Presidential election Joe Biden received 93 8 of the vote while Donald Trump received 4 0 of the vote 128 Berkeley Civic Center However at the local level Republicans dominated Berkeley city politics into the 1970s with Republicans holding the mayor s office for all but eight years from 1919 to 1971 with Wallace J S Johnson being the last Republican mayor 129 See also List of mayors of Berkeley California According to the California Secretary of State as of August 30 2021 Berkeley has 75 390 registered voters Of those 56 740 75 26 are registered Democrats 1 910 2 53 are registered Republicans 14 106 18 71 have declined to state a political party affiliation and 2 634 3 49 are registered with a third party 130 Berkeley became the first city in the United States to pass a sanctuary resolution on November 8 1971 131 Media Edit The UC Theatre b 1917 The city had a daily newspaper the Berkeley Gazette which was founded c 1877 and folded in 1984 132 The Berkeley Barb published counter culture news from 1965 to 1980 Current media include The Daily Californian the student newspaper of UC Berkeley the Berkeley Times and local online only publications Berkeleyside the Berkeley Daily Planet and The Berkeley Scanner Notable people EditMain articles List of people from Berkeley California and List of Berkeley High School Berkeley California people Notable individuals who were born in and or have lived in Berkeley include Steve Wozniak scientists J Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest Lawrence actors Ben Affleck and Andy Samberg Major League Baseball broadcaster Matt Vasgersian Billie Joe Armstrong lead singer of Green Day Adam Duritz of Counting Crows rapper Lil B author Michael Chabon entertainment and real estate mogul Herbie Herbert and EDM producer KSHMR and university presidents Blake R Van Leer and Darryll Pines Sister cities EditBerkeley has 17 sister cities 133 Sister City Year EstablishedSakai Osaka Japan 1966Edda people Imo State Nigeria 1982San Antonio Los Ranchos El Salvador 1983Haidian District Beijing China 1985Gao Mali 1985Mathopestad South Africa 1986Leon Nicaragua 1986Brits South Africa 1986Jena Thuringia Germany 1989Yondo Colombia 1990Dmitrov Moscow Oblast Russia 1991Uma Bawang Borneo Malaysia 134 1991Ulan Ude Buryatia Russia 1992Yurok Tribe California United States 1993Blackfeet Nation Montana United States 2000Palma Soriano Cuba 2002Gongju South Korea 2018References Edit California Cities by Incorporation Date California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions Archived from the original Word on November 3 2014 Retrieved March 27 2013 a b c Structure of Berkeley Government City Clerk City of Berkeley Archived from the original on June 23 2016 Retrieved June 13 2016 a b c Elected Officials Home City of Berkeley Retrieved December 8 2016 Senators State of California Retrieved March 18 2013 Members Assembly State of 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2012 Jennie V Cannon The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies Vol 1 Oakland Calif East Bay Heritage Project pp 72 105 ISBN 9781467545679 An online facsimile of the entire text of Vol 1 is posted on the Traditional Fine Arts Organization website Archived April 29 2016 at the Wayback Machine Pettitt George Albert 1973 Berkeley the Town and Gown of it Howell North Books p 106 ISBN 978 0 8310 7101 1 Downtown Berkeley Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey PDF City of Berkeley City of Berkeley August 2007 Archived from the original PDF on May 24 2017 Retrieved January 14 2017 Exactly Opposite the Golden Gate edited by Phil McCardle published 1983 by the Berkeley Historical Society p 251 Statutes of California 1907 9 p 1208 PDF Archived from the original PDF on December 4 2019 Retrieved November 28 2019 Hansen Louis March 1 2021 Is this the end of single family zoning in the Bay Area San Jose Berkeley other cities consider sweeping changes San Jose Mercury News Single family zoning a form of exclusionary zoning traces its roots in the U S to Berkeley in 1916 when city leaders sought to segregate white homeowners from apartment complexes rented by minority residents It s become the default policy in cities and suburbs across the country Ruggiero Angela February 24 2021 Berkeley to end single family residential zoning citing racist ties San Jose Mercury News Berkeley is thought to be the birthplace of single family residential zoning it began in the Elmwood neighborhood in 1916 where it forbade the construction of anything other than one home per lot That has historically made it difficult for people of color or those with lower incomes to purchase or lease property in sought after neighborhoods city officials said Even after racial discrimination such as redlining refusing home loans to those in low income neighborhoods was outlawed it continued in the form of single family zoning he said Baldassari Erin Solomon Molly October 5 2020 The Racist History of Single Family Home Zoning NPR Archived from the original on November 14 2020 Where Did Single Family Zoning Get Its Start In none other than true blue Berkeley California The progressive Bay Area enclave was the first city in the country to implement single family zoning It adopted the zoning rule for the Elmwood neighborhood in 1916 making it illegal to build anything other than one home on one lot in the neighborhood Berkeley A City in History Archived January 2 2014 at the Wayback Machine Berkeley Public Library California Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places Earliest Census to 1990 U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on August 12 2012 Shattuck Avenue Commercial Corridor Historic Context and Survey City of Berkeley Retrieved October 5 2017 Mitchell Don 1992 Iconography and locational conflict from the underside Free speech People s Park and the politics of homelessness in Berkeley California Political Geography 11 2 152 169 doi 10 1016 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Commission and comprises two volumes and an atlas It contains a discussion of the 1868 Hayward Fault earthquake and its effects and includes a number of photos taken by Lawson himself of damage in Berkeley caused by the 1906 quake The report is available from the USGS 1906 Earthquake References Earthquake usgs gov Rademacher Horst The California Memorial Stadium Haywardfaultucberkeley pressbooks com Rademacher Horst June 6 2017 The Hayward Fault at the Campus of the University of California Berkeley A Guide to a Brief Walking Tour PDF Berkeley Seismological Laboratory pp 17 21 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Jane Houston Jones San Francisco Weather Weird and Wacky SJAA Ephemeris July 2001 Ephemeris sjaa net July 19 2007 Retrieved November 12 2013 Climatography of the United States No 20 1971 2000 PDF Cdo ncdc noaa gov Archived from the original PDF on July 25 2013 Retrieved January 21 2015 Western Regional Climate Center Web site NOWData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved June 17 2022 Summary of Monthly Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved January 4 2023 Quick Facts with 2020 Decennial Census data Census gov Retrieved August 12 2020 P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2020 DEC Redistricting Data PL 94 171 Berkeley California United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 19 2022 P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2010 DEC Redistricting Data PL 94 171 Berkeley California United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 19 2022 2020 Quick Facts Search CA Berkeley city U S Census Bureau Retrieved August 12 2020 2010 Census Interactive Population Search CA Berkeley city U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on October 11 2014 Retrieved July 12 2014 2007 2011 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates Factfinder2 census gov Archived from the original on February 12 2020 Berkeley CA crime rates and statistics NeighborhoodScout neighborhoodscout com Retrieved August 25 2015 Crime in Berkeley California CA murders rapes robberies assaults burglaries thefts auto thefts arson law enforcement employees police officers crime map city data com Retrieved August 25 2015 Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety in Berkeley Archived April 23 2010 at the Wayback Machine City of Berkeley Chicanery tops meters in Berkeley San Francisco Chronicle Berkeley Gazette January 22 1903 Ford Robert S 1977 Red Trains in the East Bay The History of the Southern Pacific Transbay Train and Ferry System Interurbans Specials Vol 65 Glendale California Interurban Press ISBN 978 0 916374 27 3 Demoro Harre W 1985 The Key Route Transbay Commuting by Train and Ferry Part 1 Interurbans Specials Vol 95 Glendale California Interurban Press ISBN 978 0 916374 66 2 California Highways and Public Works March April 1963 pp 61 64 PDF Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Year Ended June 30 2021 PDF City of Berkeley p 352 Archived from the original PDF on January 7 2022 Retrieved January 1 2022 Economic Development and Employment Element General Plan City of Berkeley Archived from the original on April 19 2017 Retrieved April 19 2017 Massara G Haley June 18 2014 Berkeley City Council moves to limit abundance of large drugstores Daily Californian Retrieved April 19 2017 Solano Avenue Stroll Street Festival amp Parade Berkeley Albany Solano Avenue Association Solanoavenueassn org Archived from the original on May 7 2020 Retrieved May 22 2020 Berkeley Path Wanderers Association Berkeleypaths org Retrieved January 21 2015 Berkeley High Berkeleyheritage com Retrieved November 12 2013 Addison St Freight and Salvage Aug09 City of Berkeley CA Archived December 9 2012 at the Wayback Machine Ci berkeley ca us Retrieved on July 15 2013 About Berkeley Rep Who we are Berkeleyrep org Archived from the original on July 17 2017 Retrieved July 26 2017 Mission and History BAMPFA jewishmusicfestival org jewishmusicfestival org Archived from the original on January 25 2014 Retrieved January 27 2014 UC Berkeley Cal Day 2013 Share Berkeley edu Archived from the original on December 8 2015 Retrieved January 27 2014 berkeleyartsfestival com berkeleyartsfestival com Archived from the original on February 14 2014 Retrieved January 27 2014 himalayanfair net himalayanfair net Archived from the original on January 20 2014 Retrieved January 27 2014 Berkeley Kite Festival website Highlinekites com July 28 2013 Retrieved November 12 2013 2011 Berkeley Juggling amp Unicycle Festival Berkeleyjuggling org Retrieved January 27 2014 Solano Avenue Stroll website Solanoavenueassn org November 6 2007 Retrieved November 12 2013 Home Bay Area Book Festival National Research Council US Committee on an Assessment of Research Doctorate Programs Ostriker J P Kuh C V Voytuk J A 2011 A Data Based Assessment of Research Doctorate Programs in the United States Nap edu doi 10 17226 12994 ISBN 978 0 309 16030 8 PMID 22379653 S2CID 60574333 Berkeley Daily Planet January 22 24 2008 Taylor Tracey November 13 2012 German School opens on historic Berkeley campus Berkeleyside Retrieved March 21 2017 Taylor Tracey December 7 2016 Future uncertain for Berkeley school due to unsafe building Berkeleyside Retrieved February 16 2017 Berkeley City Council s historic offer Take a seat Cal August 22 2013 Archived from the original on December 17 2018 Retrieved December 17 2018 Kassabian Sara April 15 2020 Berkeley is unusual in having its own public health division How does that work during a pandemic Berkeleyside Archived from the original on April 29 2020 Retrieved May 9 2020 California Government Code 23004 Alameda County District Lookup Search Acgov org Archived from the original on February 9 2019 Retrieved February 9 2019 How Berkeley Voted Clinton 90 4 Trump 3 2 Category Page One from The Berkeley Daily Planet Berkeleydailyplanet com Archived from the original on October 26 2019 Retrieved October 14 2019 November 3 2020 General Election Supplement to the Statement of Vote PDF Elections cdn sos ca gov Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved February 21 2022 Snapp Martin November 24 2008 Martin Snapp The last Republican mayor of Berkeley Martinsnapp blogspot com Report of Registration as of August 30 2021 Registration by Political Subdivision by County PDF Elections cdn sos ca gov Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved February 21 2022 Berkeley Is The Original Sanctuary City Archived September 4 2019 at the Wayback Machine East Bay Express February 14 2017 Berkeley Gazette folds after 107 years UPI March 11 1984 Retrieved November 29 2020 City of Berkeley Sister Cities City of Berkeley Archived from the original on May 5 2017 Retrieved October 16 2019 Berkeley s Borneo Project Aims to Restore Lands by Teaching Mapping By MATTHEW ARTZ The Berkeley Daily Planet Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved February 7 2014 Further reading EditExactly Opposite the Golden Gate edited by Phil McCardle Berkeley Historical Society 1983 Berkeley The Life and Spirit of a Remarkable Town Ellen Weis photographs by Kiran Singh Berkeley Frog Ltd 2004 ISBN 1 58394 093 6 Berkeley Inside Out Don Pitcher history sections by Malcolm Margolin Berkeley Heyday Books 1989 ISBN 0 930588 33 9 A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius by Dave Eggers External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berkeley California Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Berkeley California Official website Berkeley a city of Alameda county California U S A Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Berkeley Daily Gazette Google news archive PDFs of 8 057 issues dating from 1911 to 1946 Berkeley Historical Society website Finding Aid to City of Berkeley Records The Bancroft Library The Suitcase Clinic Free clinic providing services to low income and unhoused Berkeley residents U S Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System Berkeley California Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Berkeley California amp oldid 1145326667, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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