Voice of America

"VOA" redirects here. For other uses, see Voice of America (disambiguation) and VOA (disambiguation).

For the television series that was known during development as The Voice of America, see The Voice (American TV series).

Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is the state-owned news network and international radio broadcaster of the United States of America. It is the largest^[3] and oldest U.S.-funded international broadcaster.^[4][5] VOA produces digital, TV, and radio content in 48 languages^[6] which it distributes to affiliate stations around the globe. It is primarily viewed by a non-American audience.

Voice of America

Abbreviation	VoA
Founded	February 1, 1942; 81 years ago (1942-02-01)
Type	International broadcaster
Headquarters	Wilbur J. Cohen Federal Building
Location	Washington, D.C., United States
Director	Yolanda López (acting, since January 2021)^[1]
Budget (Fiscal year 2021)	US$252 million^[2]
Staff (2021)	961^[2]
Website	voanews.com

VOA was established in 1942,^[7] and the VOA charter (Public Laws 94-350 and 103–415)^[8] was signed into law in 1976 by President Gerald Ford.

VOA is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and overseen by the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM), an independent agency of the U.S. government.^[9] Funds are appropriated annually under the budget for embassies and consulates. In 2016, VOA broadcast an estimated 1,800 hours of radio and TV programming each week to approximately 236.6 million people worldwide with about 1,050 employees and a taxpayer-funded annual budget of US$218.5 million.^[10][11]

While Voice of America is seen by some foreign listeners as having a positive impact,^[12][13] others consider it to be a form of propaganda and a mouthpiece for the US government.^[14]

Current languages

The Voice of America website had five English language broadcasts as of 2014 (worldwide, Learning English, Cambodia, Zimbabwe and Tibet). Additionally, the VOA website has versions in 47 foreign languages (radio programs are marked with an "R"; TV programs with a "T"):

• Afan Oromo ^R
• Albanian ^{R, T}
• Amharic ^R
• Armenian ^T
• Azerbaijani ^T
• Bambara ^R
• Bangla ^{R, T}
• Bosnian ^T
• Burmese ^{R, T}
• Cantonese ^{R, T}
• Mandarin ^{R, T}
• Dari Persian ^{R, T}
• French ^{R, T}
• Georgian ^R
• Haitian Creole ^R
• Hausa ^R
• Indonesian ^{R, T}
• Khmer ^{R, T}
• Kinyarwanda ^R
• Kirundi ^R
• Korean ^R
• Kurdish ^R
• Lao ^R
• Lingala ^R
• Macedonian ^T
• Ndebele ^R
• Pashto ^T
• Persian ^{R, T}
• Portuguese ^R
• Rohingya ^R
• Russian ^T
• Sango ^R
• Serbian ^T
• Shona ^R
• Sindhi
• Somali ^R
• Spanish ^{R, T}
• Swahili ^R
• Tagalog ^R
• Thai ^R
• Tibetan ^{R, T}
• Tigrinya ^R
• Turkish ^T
• Ukrainian ^T
• Urdu ^{R, T}
• Uzbek ^{R, T}
• Vietnamese ^{R, T}
• Wolof
• English ^{R, T}

The number of languages varies according to the priorities of the United States government and the world situation.^[15][16]

History

American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II

Before World War II, all American shortwave stations were in private hands.^[17] Privately controlled shortwave networks included the National Broadcasting Company's International Network (or White Network), which broadcast in six languages,^[18] the Columbia Broadcasting System's Latin American international network, which consisted of 64 stations located in 18 countries,^[19] the Crosley Broadcasting Corporation in Cincinnati, Ohio, and General Electric which owned and operated WGEO and WGEA, both based in Schenectady, New York, and KGEI in San Francisco, all of which had shortwave transmitters. Experimental programming began in the 1930s, but there were fewer than 12 transmitters in operation.^[20] In 1939, the Federal Communications Commission set the following policy:

A licensee of an international broadcast station shall render only an international broadcast service which will reflect the culture of this country and which will promote international goodwill, understanding and cooperation. Any program solely intended for, and directed to an audience in the continental United States does not meet the requirements for this service.^[21]

This policy was intended to enforce the State Department's Good Neighbor Policy, but some broadcasters felt that it was an attempt to direct censorship.^[22]

Shortwave signals to Latin America were regarded as vital to counter Nazi propaganda around 1940.^[20] Initially, the Office of Coordination of Information sent releases to each station, but this was seen as an inefficient means of transmitting news.^[17] The director of Latin American relations at the Columbia Broadcasting System was Edmund A. Chester, and he supervised the development of CBS's extensive "La Cadena de las Americas" radio network to improve broadcasting to South America during the 1940s.^[23]

Also included among the cultural diplomacy programming on the Columbia Broadcasting System was the musical show Viva America (1942-1949) which featured the Pan American Orchestra and the artistry of several noted musicians from both North and South America, including Alfredo Antonini, Juan Arvizu, Eva Garza, Elsa Miranda, Nestor Mesta Chaires, Miguel Sandoval, John Serry Sr., and Terig Tucci.^[24][25][26] By 1945, broadcasts of the show were carried by 114 stations on CBS's "La Cadena de las Americas" network in 20 Latin American nations. These broadcasts proved to be highly successful in supporting President Franklin Roosevelt's policy of Pan-Americanism throughout South America during World War II.^[27]

World War II

Even before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government's Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI, in Washington) had already begun providing war news and commentary to the commercial American shortwave radio stations for use on a voluntary basis through its Foreign Information Service (FIS, in New York) headed by playwright Robert E. Sherwood, who served as president Roosevelt's speech writer and information advisor.^[28] Direct programming began a week after the United States’ entry into World War II in December 1941, with the first broadcast from the San Francisco office of the FIS via General Electric's KGEI transmitting to the Philippines in English (other languages followed). The next step was to broadcast to Germany, which was called Stimmen aus Amerika ("Voices from America") and was transmitted on February 1, 1942. It was introduced by "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" and included the pledge: "Today, and every day from now on, we will be with you from America to talk about the war... The news may be good or bad for us – We will always tell you the truth."^[29] Roosevelt approved this broadcast, which then-Colonel William J. Donovan (COI) and Sherwood (FIS) had recommended to him. It was Sherwood who actually coined the term "The Voice of America" to describe the shortwave network that began its transmissions on February 1, from 270 Madison Avenue in New York City.

The Office of War Information, when organized in the middle of 1942, officially took over VOA's operations. VOA reached an agreement with the British Broadcasting Corporation to share medium-wave transmitters in Britain, and expanded into Tunis in North Africa and Palermo and Bari, Italy, as the Allies captured these territories. The OWI also set up the American Broadcasting Station in Europe.^[30] Asian transmissions started with one transmitter in California in 1941; services were expanded by adding transmitters in Hawaii and, after recapture, the Philippines.^[31]

By the end of the war, VOA had 39 transmitters and provided service in 40 languages.^[31] Programming was broadcast from production centers in New York and San Francisco, with more than 1,000 programs originating from New York. Programming consisted of music, news, commentary, and relays of U.S. domestic programming, in addition to specialized VOA programming.^[32]

About half of VOA's services, including the Arabic service, were discontinued in 1945.^[33] In late 1945, VOA was transferred to the Department of State.

Cold War

The VOA ramped up its operations during the Cold War, which also increased its influence.^{[citation needed]} Foy Kohler, the director of VOA during the Cold War, strongly believed that the VOA was serving its purpose, which he identified as aiding in the fight against communism.^[34] He argued that the numbers of listeners they were getting such as 194,000 regular listeners in Sweden, and 2.1 million regular listeners in France, was an indication of a positive impact. As further evidence, he noted that the VOA received 30,000 letters a month from listeners all over the world, and hundreds of thousands of requests for broadcasting schedules.^[35] There was an analysis done of some of those letters sent in 1952 and 1953 while Kohler was still director. The study found that letter writing could be an indicator of successful, actionable persuasion. It was also found that broadcasts in different countries were having different effects. In one country, regular listeners adopted and practiced American values presented by the broadcast. Age was also a factor: younger and older audiences tended to like different types of programs no matter the country.^[36] Kohler used all of this as evidence to claim that the VOA helped to grow and strengthen the free world. It also influenced the UN in their decision to condemn communist actions in Korea, and was a major factor in the decline of communism in the "free world, including key countries such as Italy and France.^[34] In Italy, the VOA did not just bring an end to communism, but it caused the country to Americanize.^[37] The VOA also had an impact behind the Iron Curtain. Practically all defectors during Kohler's time claimed the VOA helped in their decision to defect. Another indication of impact, according to Kohler, was the Soviet response. Kohler argued that the Soviets responded because the VOA was having an impact. Based on Soviet responses, it can be presumed that the most effective programs were ones that compared the lives of those behind and outside the iron curtain, questions on the practice of slave labor, as well as lies and errors in Stalin's version of Marxism.^[34]

In 1947, VOA started broadcasting to the Soviet citizens in Russia under the pretext of countering "more harmful instances of Soviet propaganda directed against American leaders and policies" on the part of the internal Soviet Russian-language media, according to John B. Whitton's treatise, Cold War Propaganda.^[38] The Soviet Union responded by initiating electronic jamming of VOA broadcasts on April 24, 1949.^[38]

Charles W. Thayer headed VOA in 1948–49.^[39] Over the next few years, the U.S. government debated the best role of Voice of America. The decision was made to use VOA broadcasts as a part of its foreign policy to fight the propaganda of the Soviet Union and other countries.

The Arabic service resumed on January 1, 1950, with a half-hour program. This program grew to 14.5 hours daily during the Suez Crisis of 1956, and was six hours a day by 1958.^[33] Between 1952 and 1960, Voice of America used a converted U.S. Coast Guard cutter Courier as a first mobile broadcasting ship.^[40]

Control of VOA passed from the State Department to the U.S. Information Agency when the latter was established in 1953^[33] to transmit worldwide, including to the countries behind the Iron Curtain and to the People's Republic of China. From 1955 until 2003, VOA broadcast American jazz on the Voice of America Jazz Hour. Hosted for most of that period by Willis Conover, the program had 30 million listeners at its peak. A program aimed at South Africa in 1956 broadcast two hours nightly, and special programs such as The Newport Jazz Festival were also transmitted. This was done in association with tours by U.S. musicians, such as Dizzy Gillespie, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington, sponsored by the State Department.^[41] From August 1952 through May 1953, Billy Brown, a high school senior in Westchester County, New York, had a Monday night program in which he shared everyday happenings in Yorktown Heights, New York. Brown's program ended due to its popularity: his "chatty narratives" attracted so much fan mail, VOA couldn't afford the $500 a month in clerical and postage costs required to respond to listeners' letters.^[42] During 1953, VOA personnel were subjected to McCarthyist policies, where VOA was accused by Senator Joseph McCarthy, Roy Cohn, and Gerard David Schine of intentionally planning to build weak transmitting stations to sabotage VOA broadcasts. However, the charges were dropped after one month of court hearings in February and March 1953.^[43]

Somewhere around 1954, VOA's headquarters were moved from New York to Washington D.C. The arrival of cheap, low-cost transistors enabled the significant growth of shortwave radio listeners. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, VOA's broadcasts were deemed controversial, as Hungarian refugees and revolutionaries thought that VOA served as a medium and insinuated the possible arrival of the Western aid.^[44]

Throughout the Cold War, many of the targeted countries' governments sponsored jamming of VOA broadcasts, which sometimes led critics to question the broadcasts' actual impact. For example, in 1956, Polish People's Republic stopped jamming VOA transmissions,^[45] but People's Republic of Bulgaria continued to jam the signal through the 1970s. Chinese language VOA broadcasts were jammed beginning in 1956 and extending through 1976.^[46] However, after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union, interviews with participants in anti-Soviet movements verified the effectiveness of VOA broadcasts in transmitting information to socialist societies.^[47] The People's Republic of China diligently jams VOA broadcasts.^[48] Cuba has also been reported to interfere with VOA satellite transmissions to Iran from its Russian-built transmission site at Bejucal.^[49] David Jackson, former director of Voice of America, noted: "The North Korean government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."^[50]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, VOA covered some of the era's most important news, including Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech^[51] and Neil Armstrong's 1969 first walk on the Moon, which drew an audience estimated at between 615 and 750 million people. In 1973, due to the detente policies in the Cold War, Soviet jamming of the VOA ceased.^{[citation needed]}

In the early 1980s, VOA began a $1.3 billion rebuilding program to improve broadcast with better technical capabilities. During the implementation of the Martial law in Poland between 1981 and 1983, VOA's Polish broadcasts expanded to seven hours daily. Throughout the 1980s, VOA focused on covering events from the 'American hinterland', such as 150th anniversary of the Oregon Trail.^[43] Also in the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, Radio Martí and TV Martí. Cuba has consistently attempted to jam such broadcasts and has vociferously protested U.S. broadcasts directed at Cuba. In September 1980, VOA started broadcasting to Afghanistan in Dari and in Pashto in 1982.^[52] In 1985, VOA Europe was created as a special service in English that was relayed via satellite to AM, FM, and cable affiliates throughout Europe. With a contemporary format including live disc jockeys, the network presented top musical hits as well as VOA news and features of local interest (such as "EuroFax") 24 hours a day. VOA Europe was closed down without advance public notice in January 1997 as a cost-cutting measure.^[53] It was followed by VOA Express, which from July 4, 1999, revamped into VOA Music Mix.^[54] Since November 1, 2014, stations are offered VOA1 (which is a rebranding of VOA Music Mix).^{[citation needed]}

In 1989, Voice of America expanded its Mandarin and Cantonese programming to reach the millions of Chinese and inform the country about the pro-democracy movement within the country, including the demonstration in Tiananmen Square.^[55] Starting in 1990, the U.S. consolidated its international broadcasting efforts, with the establishment of the Bureau of Broadcasting.^[56]

Post–Cold War

With the breakup of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe, VOA added many additional language services to reach those areas. This decade was marked by the additions of Standard Tibetan, Kurdish (to Iran and Iraq), Serbo-Croatian (Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian), Macedonian, and Rwanda-Rundi language services.^[57][58]

In 1993, the Clinton administration advised cutting funding for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty as it was felt post-Cold War information and influence was not needed in Europe. This plan was not well received, and he then proposed the compromise of the International Broadcasting Act. The Broadcasting Board of Governors was established and took control from the Board for International Broadcasters which previously oversaw funding for RFE/RL.^[59]

In 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the International Broadcasting Act into law. This law established the International Broadcasting Bureau as a part of the U.S. Information Agency and created the Broadcasting Board of Governors with oversight authority. In 1998, the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act was signed into law and mandated that the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or BBG, become an independent federal agency as of October 1, 1999. This act also abolished the United States Information Agency (USIA) and merged most of its functions with those of the State Department.^{[citation needed]}

In 1994, Voice of America became the first broadcast-news organization to offer continuously updated programs on the Internet.^[60]

Cuts in services

The Arabic Service was abolished in 2002 and replaced by a new radio service, called the Middle East Radio Network or Radio Sawa, with an initial budget of $22 million. Radio Sawa offered mostly Western and Middle Eastern popular songs with periodic brief news bulletins. Today, the network has expanded to television with Alhurra and to various social media and websites.^[61]

On May 16, 2004, Worldnet, a satellite television service, was merged into the VOA network.

Radio programs in Russian ended in July 2008.^[62] In September 2008, VOA eliminated the Hindi-language service after 53 years.^[62] Broadcasts in Ukrainian, Serbian, Macedonian and Bosnian also ended.^[63] These reductions were part of American efforts to concentrate more resources to broadcast to the Muslim world.^[62][63]

In September 2010, VOA began its radio broadcasts in Sudan. As U.S. interests in South Sudan have grown, there is a desire to provide people with free information.^[64]

In 2013, VOA ended foreign language transmissions on shortwave and medium wave to Albania, Georgia, Iran and Latin America, as well as English-language broadcasts to the Middle East and Afghanistan.^[65] The movement was done due to budget cuts.^[65]

On July 1, 2014, VOA cut most of its shortwave transmissions in English to Asia.^[66] Shortwave broadcasts in Azerbaijani, Bengali, Khmer, Kurdish, Lao, and Uzbek were dropped too.^[66] On August 11, 2014, the Greek service ended after 72 years on air.^[67][68]

List of languages

Language^[69]	Target audience	from	to	Website	Remarks
English	Worldwide	1942	present	www.voanews.com
Mandarin Chinese	Republic of China (1941–1949)   People's Republic of China (1949–present)	1941	present	美国之音	see also Radio Free Asia
Cantonese	Guangdong Guangxi   Hong Kong (1997–present)   Macau (1999–present)	1941 1949 1987	1945 1963 present	美國之音	see also Radio Free Asia
Brazilian Portuguese	Brazil	1941 1946 1961	1945 1948 2001	–
Amoy	Fujian (1941–1945, 1951–1963)   Japanese Taiwan (1941–1945)   Taiwan (1951–1963)	1941 1951	1945 1963	–
Tagalog/Filipino	Commonwealth of the Philippines (1941–1942, 1945–1946)   Philippine Executive Commission (1942–1943)   Republic of the Philippines (1943–1945)	1941	1946	–
Korean	Japanese Korea (1942–1945)   People's Republic of Korea (1945)   Soviet Civil Administration in North Korea (1945–1948)   North Korea (1948–present)   United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948)   South Korea (1948–present)	1942	present	VOA 한국어	see also Radio Free Asia
Indonesian	Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies (1942–1945)   Dutch East Indies (1945–1949)   Netherlands New Guinea (1949–1962)   West New Guinea (UN Protectorate) (1962–1963)   Republic of Indonesia (1945–1949)   United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)   Indonesia (1950–present)	1942	present	VOA Indonesia
Turkish	Turkey	1942 1948	1945 present	Amerika'nın Sesi VOA Türkçe
Spanish	Latin America	1942 1946 1953 1961	1945 1948 1956 present	Voz de América	see also Radio y Televisión Martí
Persian	Imperial State of Iran (1942–1945, 1949–1960, 1964–1966)   Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)	1942 1949 1964 1979	1945 1960 1966 present	صدای آمریکا	see also Radio Farda
Thai	Thailand	1942 1962 1988	1958 1988 present	วอยซ์ ออฟ อเมริกา
Greek	Hellenic State (1942–1944) Axis-occupied Greece (1942–1944)   Italian Islands of the Aegean (1942–1945)   Kingdom of Greece (1944–1973)   Hellenic Republic (1973–2014)	1942	2014	Φωνή της Αμερικής (no longer active, kept for historical reasons)
Bulgarian	Kingdom of Bulgaria (1942–1946)   Bulgarian People's Republic (1946–1989)   Bulgaria (1989–2004)	1942	2004	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Czech	Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1942–1945) Czech-inhabited lands of   Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960) Czech-inhabited lands of   Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1969)   Czech SR (1969–1990)   Czech Republic (1990–2004)	1942	2004	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Hungarian	Kingdom of Hungary   Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)   Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)   Hungary (1989–1993)	1942	2004	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Polish	General Government of Polish Region (1942–1944) Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany   Republic of Poland (1944–1945)   Republic of Poland (1945–1947)   Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)   Poland (1990–2004)	1942	2004	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Romanian	Kingdom of Romania (1942–1947)   Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)   Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)   Romania (1989–2004)	1942	2004	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Slovak	Slovak Republic (1942–1945) Slovak-inhabited lands of   Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1960) Slovak-inhabited lands of   Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1969)   Slovak SR (1969–1990)   Slovakia (1990–2004)	1942	2004	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Arabic	Arab World	1942 1950	1945 2002	–	see also Radio Sawa and Alhurra
Spanish	Spanish State (1942–1955, 1955–1975)   Spain (1975–1993)	1942 1955	1955 1993	– (for local radio stations)
Portuguese	Portugal (1942–1945, 1951–1953)   Portugal (1976–1987, 1987–1993)	1942 1951 1976 1987	1945 1953 1987 1993	–     (for local radio stations)
German	German Reich (1942–1943)   German-occupied Austria (1942–1945)   Greater German Reich (1943–1945)   Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)   Saar Protectorate (1947–1956)   Federal Republic of Germany (1949–1960)   Allied-occupied Berlin (1949–1960)   German Democratic Republic (1949–1960)   Germany (1991–1993)	1942 1991	1960 1993	–
Japanese	Empire of Japan (1942–1945)  Occupied Japan (1951–1952)   Japan (1952–1962)	1942 1951	1945 1962	–
French	French State (1942–1944)   Free France (1942–1944)   Military Administration in France (1942–1944) French- and Walloon-inhabited lands of   Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France (1942–1944) French- and Walloon-inhabited lands of   Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France (1944)   Italian Military Administration in France (1942–1943)   Occupied Corsica (1942–1943)   French Republic (1944-1946)   French Republic (1946–1958)   French Republic (1958–1961)	1942	1961	–
Italian	Kingdom of Italy (1942–1945)   Italian Republic (1951–1957)   Free Territory of Trieste (1951–1954)	1942 1951	1945 1957	–
Finnish	Finland	1942 1951	1945 1953	–
Afrikaans	Union of South Africa	1942	1949	–
Danish	Denmark	1942	1945	–
Flemish	Flemish-inhabited lands of   Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France (1942–1944) Flemish-inhabited lands of   Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France (1944)   Reichsgau Flandern (1944–1945)	1942	1945	–
Norwegian	Reichskommissariat Norwegen	1942	1945	–
Serbian	Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia +   German-occupied Montenegro (1943–1944)   Federated State of Serbia +   Federated State of Montenegro (1944–1946)   People's Republic of Serbia +   People's Republic of Montenegro (1946–1963)   Socialist Republic of Serbia +   Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1963–1992)   Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)   State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)   Serbia (2006–present)   Montenegro (2006–present)	1943	present	Glas Amerike	see also Radio Free Europe
Albanian	Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)   Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1945)   People's Republic of Albania (1951–1976)   People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1998)   Republic of Albania (1998–present)	1943 1951	1945 present	Zëri i Amerikës	see also Radio Free Europe
Burmese	State of Burma (1943–1945)   Union of Burma (1951–1974)   Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1974–1988)   Union of Myanmar (1988–2011)   Myanmar (2011–present)	1943 1951	1945 present	ဗီြအိုေအသတင္းဌာန	see also Radio Free Asia
Vietnamese	French Indochina (1943–1945)   Empire of Vietnam (1945)   Protectorate of Tonkin +   Protectorate of Annam +   French Cochinchina (1945–1946)   State of Vietnam (1951–1955)   North Vietnam (1955–1976)   South Vietnam (1955–1975)   Occupied South Vietnam (1969–1976)   Vietnam (1976–present)	1943 1951	1946 present	Ðài Tiếng nói Hoa Kỳ	see also Radio Free Asia
Croatian	Independent State of Croatia (1943–1945)   Federated State of Croatia (1945–1946)   People's Republic of Croatia (1946–1963)   Socialist Republic of Croatia (1963–1990)   Republic of Croatia (1990–1991)   Croatia (1991–2011)	1943	2011	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Swedish	Sweden	1943	1945	–
Slovene	Slovenian-inhabited lands of   Reichsgau Steiermark, Reichsgau Kärnten and Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (1944–1945)   People's Republic of Slovenia (1949–1963)   Socialist Republic of Slovenia (1963–1990)   Slovenia (1990–2004)	1944 1949	1945 2004	–
Wu Chinese	Shanghai	1944	1946	–
Dutch	Reichskommissariat Niederlande	1944	1945	–
Icelandic	Kingdom of Iceland	1944	1944	–
Russian	Russian SFSR (1947–1991)   Russia (1991–present)	1947	present	Голос Америки	see also Radio Liberty
Ukrainian	Ukrainian SSR (1949–1991)   Ukraine (1991–present)	1949	present	Голос Америки	see also Radio Liberty
Armenian	Armenian SSR (1951–1991)   Armenia (1991–present)	1951	present (web)	Ամերիկայի Ձայն	see also Radio Liberty
Georgian	Georgian SSR (1951–1991)   Georgia (1991–present)	1951	present (web)	–	see also Radio Liberty
Urdu	Pakistan	1951 1954	1953 present	وائس آف امریکہ
Azerbaijani	Azeri SSR (1951–1953, 1982–1991)   Azerbaijan (1991–present)	1951 1982	1953 present (web)	Amerikanın Səsi	see also Radio Liberty
Hindi	Northern   India	1951 1954	1953 2008	–
Estonian	Soviet-occupied Estonia (1951–1990)   Estonia (1990–2004)	1951	2004	–	see also Radio Liberty
Latvian	Soviet-occupied Latvia (1951–1990)   Latvia (1990–2004)	1951	2004	–	see also Radio Liberty
Lithuanian	Soviet-occupied Lithuania (1951–1990)   Lithuania (1990–2004)	1951	2004	–	see also Radio Liberty
Malayan	Federation of Malaya	1951	1955	–
Hakka	Hakka-inhabited lands of Southern   People's Republic of China	1951	1954	–
Hebrew	Israel	1951	1953	–
Swatow	Shantou	1951	1953	–
Tatar	Tatar ASSR	1951	1953	–	see also Radio Liberty
Tamil	Madras State (1954–1969)   Tamil Nadu (1969–1970)   Dominion of Ceylon (Sri Lanka, ex-Ceylon)	1954	1970	–
Khmer	Kingdom of Cambodia (1955–1957, 1962–1970)   Khmer Republic (1970–1975)   Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979)   People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)   State of Cambodia (1989–1993)   Kingdom of Cambodia (1993–present)	1955 1962	1957 present	វីអូអេ www.voacambodia.com	see also Radio Free Asia
Malayalam	Kerala Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands	1956	1961	–
Gujarati	Gujarati-inhabited lands of Bombay State	1956	1958	–
Telugu	Andhra Pradesh	1956	1958	–
Belarusian	Byelorussian SSR	1956	1957	–	see also Radio Liberty
Bengali	Bangladesh	1958	present	ভয়েস অফ আমেরিকা
French (to Africa)		1960	present	VOA Afrique
Sindhi	Pakistan	2022 July	present	VOA Sindhi
Lao	Kingdom of Laos (1962–1975)   Lao People's Democratic Republic (1975–present)	1962	present	ສຽງອາເມຣິກາ ວີໂອເອ	see also Radio Free Asia
Swahili		1962	present	Sauti ya Amerika
English (to Africa)		1963 August 4	present	www.voaafrica.com www.voazimbabwe.com
Uzbek	Uzbek SSR (1972–1991)   Uzbekistan (1991–present)	1972	present	Amerika Ovozi	see also Radio Liberty
Portuguese (to Africa)		1976	present	Voz da América
Hausa	Nigeria	1979 January 21	present	Muryar Amurka
Dari	Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1980–1987) Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992)   Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–1996, 2001–2002)   Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)   Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004)   Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)	1980	present	صدای امریکا
Amharic	Ethiopia	1982 September	present	የአሜሪካ ድምፅ
Pashto	Pashtun-inhabited lands of   Afghanistan	1982	present	اشنا راډیو
Creole		1987	present	Lavwadlamerik
Tibetan	Tibet Autonomous Region Qinghai   Bhutan	1991	present	ཨ་རིའི་རླུང་འཕྲིན་ཁང་། www.voatibetanenglish.com	see also Radio Free Asia
Kurdish	Iraqi Kurdistan   Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Kurdish inhabited lands of Turkey Kurdish inhabited lands of Iran	1992	present	ده‌نگی ئه‌مه‌ریکا Dengê Amerîka
Somali	Somalia   Somaliland	1992 2007	1995 present	VOA Somali
Nepali	Kingdom of Nepal	1992	1993	–
Afaan Oromo	Oromia Region	1996 July	present	Sagalee Ameerikaa
Bosnian	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1996	present	Glas Amerike	see also Radio Free Europe
Kinyarwanda/Kirundi	Rwanda   Burundi Eastern   Democratic Republic of the Congo Southern   Uganda Northwestern   Tanzania	1996 July	present	Ijwi ry'Amerika
Tigrinya	Eritrea	1996 July	present	ድምፂ ረድዮ ኣሜሪካ
Macedonian	Republic of Macedonia	1999	2008	–	see also Radio Free Europe
Ndebele	Zimbabwe	2003	present	VOA Ndebele
Shona	Zimbabwe   Mozambique	2003	present	VOA Shona
Pashto	Pashtun-inhabited lands of   Pakistan	2006	present	ډیوه ریډیو
Bambara	Mali	2013 March	present	VOA Bambara

List of directors

•   1941–1942 Robert E. Sherwood (Foreign Information Service)

1. 1942–1943 John Houseman
2. 1943–1945 Louis G. Cowan
3. 1945–1946 John Ogilvie
4. 1948–1949 Charles W. Thayer
5. 1949–1952 Foy D. Kohler
6. 1952–1953 Alfred H. Morton
7. 1953–1954 Leonard Erikson
8. 1954–1956 John R. Poppele
9. 1956–1958 Robert E. Burton
10. 1958–1965 Henry Loomis
11. 1965–1967 John Chancellor
12. 1967–1968 John Charles Daly
13. 1969–1977 Kenneth R. Giddens
14. 1977–1979 R. Peter Straus
15. 1980–1981 Mary G. F. Bitterman
16. 1981–1982 James B. Conkling
17. 1982 John Hughes
18. 1982–1984 Kenneth Tomlinson
19. 1985 Gene Pell
20. 1986–1991 Dick Carlson
21. 1991–1993 Chase Untermeyer
22. 1994–1996 Geoffrey Cowan
23. 1997–1999 Evelyn S. Lieberman
24. 1999–2001 Sanford J. Ungar
25. 2001–2002 Robert R. Reilly
26. 2002–2006 David S. Jackson
27. 2006–2011 Danforth W. Austin
28. 2011–2015 David Ensor
29. 2016–2020 Amanda Bennett
30. 2020–2021 Robert R. Reilly
31. 2021–present (vacant)

Agencies

Voice of America has been a part of several agencies. From its founding in 1942 to 1945, it was part of the Office of War Information, and then from 1945 to 1953 as a function of the State Department. VOA was placed under the U.S. Information Agency in 1953. When the USIA was abolished in 1999, VOA was placed under the BBG which is an autonomous U.S. government agency, with bipartisan membership. The Secretary of State has a seat on the BBG.^[70] The BBG was established as a buffer to protect VOA and other U.S.-sponsored, non-military, international broadcasters from political interference. It replaced the Board for International Broadcasting (BIB) that oversaw the funding and operation of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, a branch of VOA.^[59]

52 Documentary

In 2021, Voice of America launched 52 Documentary, a series that publishes weekly films about human experiences.^[71] They publish on the streaming app, VOA+, and YouTube. Films average 10-15 minutes and are translated with captions in several languages, including Russian, Persian, Mandarin, Urdu, and English. Euna Lee directs the program.^[72]

Laws

Smith–Mundt Act

From 1948 until its amendment in 2013, Voice of America was forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens under § 501 of the Smith–Mundt Act.^[73] The act was amended as a result of the passing of the Smith-Mundt Modernization Act provision of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2013.^[74] The intent of the legislation in 1948 was to protect the American public from propaganda actions by their own government and to have no competition with private American companies.^[75] The amendment had the intent of adapting to the Internet and allow American citizens to request access to VOA content.^[76]

Internal policies

VOA charter

Under the Eisenhower administration in 1959, VOA Director Henry Loomis commissioned a formal statement of principles to protect the integrity of VOA programming and define the organization's mission, and was issued by Director George V. Allen as a directive in 1960 and was endorsed in 1962 by USIA director Edward R. Murrow.^[77] The principles were signed into law on July 12, 1976, by President Gerald Ford. It reads:

The long-range interests of the United States are served by communicating directly with the peoples of the world by radio. To be effective, the Voice of America must win the attention and respect of listeners. These principles will therefore govern Voice of America (VOA) broadcasts. 1. VOA will serve as a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news. VOA news will be accurate, objective, and comprehensive. 2. VOA will represent America, not any single segment of American society, and will therefore present a balanced and comprehensive projection of significant American thought and institutions. 3. VOA will present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively, and will also present responsible discussions and opinion on these policies.^[9]

"Firewall"

The Voice of America Firewall was put in place with the 1976 VOA Charter and laws passed in 1994 and 2016 as a way of ensuring the integrity of VOA's journalism. This policy fights against propaganda and promotes unbiased and objective journalistic standards in the agency. The charter is one part of this firewall and the other laws assist in ensuring high standards of journalism.^[78][79]

"Two-source rule"

According to former VOA correspondent Alan Heil, the internal policy of VOA News is that any story broadcast must have two independently corroborating sources or have a staff correspondent witness an event.^[80]

Censorship

On 30 June 2022, VOA Turkish's (Amerika'nın Sesi) domain name "amerikaninsesi.com" was blocked in Turkey upon the request of the Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK). RTÜK had already ordered VOA in February 2022 to pay a license fee or to terminate their service in Turkey.^[81] In order to circumvent censorship, they moved to "voaturkce.com" domain name.

VOA Radiogram

VOA Radiogram was an experimental Voice of America program starting in March 2013 which transmitted digital text and images via shortwave radiograms.^[82] There were 220 editions of the program, transmitted each weekend from the Edward R. Murrow transmitting station. The audio tones that comprised the bulk of each 30 minute program were transmitted via an analog transmitter, and could be decoded using a basic AM shortwave receiver with freely downloadable software of the Fldigi family. This software is available for Windows, Apple (macOS), Linux, and FreeBSD systems.

Broadcasts can also be decoded using the free TIVAR app from the Google Play store using any Android device.

The mode used most often on VOA Radiogram, for both text and images, was MFSK32, but other modes were also occasionally transmitted.

The final edition of VOA Radiogram was transmitted during the weekend of June 17–18, 2017, a week before the retirement of the program producer from VOA. An offer to continue the broadcasts on a contract basis was declined,^[83] so a follow-on show called Shortwave Radiogram began transmission on June 25, 2017, from the WRMI transmitting site in Okeechobee, Florida.^[84]

Shortwave Radiogram program schedule^[85]

Day	Time (UTC)	Shortwave frequency (MHz)	Origin
Saturday	1600–1630	9.4	Space Line, Bulgaria
Sunday	0600–0630	7.73	WRMI, Florida
Sunday	2030–2100	11.58	WRMI, Florida
Sunday	2330–2400	11.58	WRMI, Florida

Transmission facilities

The Bethany Relay Station, operational from 1944 to 1994,^[86] was based on a 625-acre (2.53 km²) site in Union Township (now West Chester Township) in Butler County, Ohio, near Cincinnati. The site is now a recreational park with a lake, lodge, dog park, and Voice of America museum. Major transmitter upgrades first happened around 1963, when shortwave and medium-wave transmitters were built, upgraded or rebuilt.^[43] Other former sites include California (Dixon and Delano), Hawaii, Okinawa, Liberia (Monrovia), Costa Rica, Belize, and at least two in Greece (Kavala and Rhodos).

Between 1983 and 1990, VOA made significant upgrades to transmission facilities in Botswana (Selebi-Phikwe), Morocco, Thailand (Udon Thani), Kuwait, and Sao Tome (Almas).^[87] Some of them are shared with Radio Liberty and Radio Free Asia.

Currently, VOA and USAGM continue to operate shortwave radio transmitters and antenna farms at International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station (known as "Site B") in the United States, close to Greenville, North Carolina. They do not use FCC-issued call signs, since the FCC does not regulate communications by other federal government agencies. (The FCC regulates broadcasting by private companies and other businesses, state governments, nonprofit organizations [NPOs] and non-government organizations [NGOs], and private individuals.) The IBB also operates transmission facilities on São Tomé and Tinang, Concepcion, Tarlac, Philippines for VOA.^[88]

•  

  Edward R. Murrow Greenville Transmitting Station, the last operational VOA broadcasting station in the US, located in North Carolina's Inner Banks.

•  

  The Delano Transmitting Station, which used a very large curtain array, was closed in October 2007.

Controversies

Mullah Omar interview

In late September 2001, VOA aired a report that contained brief excerpts of an interview with then Taliban leader Mullah Omar Mohammad, along with segments from President Bush's post-9/11 speech to Congress, an expert in Islam from Georgetown University,^[who?] and comments by the foreign minister of Afghanistan's anti-Taliban Northern Alliance. State Department officials including Richard Armitage and others argued that the report amounted to giving terrorists a platform to express their views.^{[citation needed]} In response, reporters and editors argued for the VOA's editorial independence from its governors.^{[citation needed]} VOA received praise from press organizations for its protests, and the following year in 2002, it won the University of Oregon's Payne Award for Ethics in Journalism.^[89]

Abdul Malik Rigi interview

On April 2, 2007, Abdul Malik Rigi, the leader of Jundullah, a militant group with possible links to al-Qaeda, appeared on Voice of America's Persian language service. The interview resulted in public condemnation by the Iranian-American community, as well as the Iranian government.^[90][91] Jundullah is a militant organization that has been linked to numerous attacks on civilians, such as the 2009 Zahedan bombing.^[92][93]

Tibetan protester interview

In February 2013, a documentary released by China Central Television interviewed a Tibetan self-immolator who failed to kill himself. The interviewee said he was motivated by Voice of America's broadcasts of commemorations of people who committed suicide in political self-immolation. VOA denied any allegations of instigating self-immolations and demanded that the Chinese station retract its report.^[94]

Trump presidency politicization efforts

After the inauguration of US President Donald Trump, several tweets by Voice of America (one of which was later removed) seemed to support the widely criticized statements by White House press secretary Sean Spicer about the crowd size and biased media coverage. This first raised concerns over possible attempts by Trump to politicize the state-funded agency.^{[95][96][97][98]} This amplified already growing propaganda concerns over the provisions in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, signed into law by Barack Obama, which replaced the board of the Broadcasting Board of Governors with a CEO appointed by the president. Trump sent two of his political aides, Matthew Ciepielowski and Matthew Schuck, to the agency to aid its current CEO during the transition to the Trump administration. Criticism was raised over Trump's choice of aides; Schuck was a staff writer for right-wing website The Daily Surge until April 2015, while Ciepielowski was a field director at the conservative advocacy group Americans for Prosperity.^[95] VOA officials responded with assurances that they would not become "Trump TV".^[95] BBG head John F. Lansing told NPR that it would be illegal for the administration to tell VOA what to broadcast, while VOA director Amanda Bennett stressed that while "government-funded", the agency is not "government-run".^[97]

On April 10, 2020, the White House published an article in its daily newsletter critical of VOA coverage of the coronavirus pandemic.^[99] Emails revealed in a Freedom of Information Act request showed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) press official Michawn Rich had sent a memo to agency employees stating in part, "as a rule, do not send up [interview] requests for Greta Van Susteren or anyone affiliated with Voice of America," referencing the White House story.^[100] On April 30, The Washington Post reported Vice President Mike Pence's office "threatened to retaliate against a reporter who revealed that Pence's office had told journalists they would need masks for Pence's visit to the Mayo Clinic — a requirement Pence himself did not follow."^[101]

On June 3, 2020, the Senate confirmed Michael Pack, a maker of conservative documentaries and close ally of Steve Bannon, to serve as head of the United States Agency for Global Media, which oversees VOA.^[102] Subsequently, Director Bennet and deputy director Sandy Sugawara resigned from VOA. CNN reported on June 16 that plans for a leadership shakeup at VOA were being discussed, including the possibility that controversial former White House aide Sebastian Gorka would be given a leadership role at VOA.^[103] On June 17, the heads of VOA's Middle East Broadcasting, Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and the Open Technology Fund were all fired, their boards were dissolved and external communications from VOA employees made to require approval from senior agency personnel in what one source described as an "unprecedented" move, while Jeffrey Shapiro, like Pack a Bannon ally, was rumored to be in line to head the Office of Cuba Broadcasting.^[104] Four former members of the advisory boards subsequently filed suit challenging Pack's standing to fire them.^[105] On July 9, NPR reported VOA would not renew the work visas of dozens of non-resident reporters, many of whom could face repercussions in their home countries.^[106] In late July, four contractors and the head of VOA's Urdu language service were suspended after a video featuring extensive clips from a Muslim-American voter conference, including a campaign message from then-Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden, was determined not to meet editorial standards and taken down.^[107]

On August 12, 2020, USAGM chief financial officer Grant Turner and general counsel David Kligerman were removed from their positions and stripped of their security clearances, reportedly for their opposition to what Turner called "gross mismanagement," along with four other senior agency officials.^[108] Politico reported on August 13 that Trump administration official and former shock jock Frank Wuco had been hired as a USAGM senior advisor, responsible for auditing the agency's office of policy and research.^[109] As a radio host, Wuco issued insults and groundless claims against former US President Barack Obama, CIA Director John O. Brennan and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi.^[110] VOA's Twitter account during this period featured stories favorable to Vice President Mike Pence and White House advisor Ivanka Trump.^[111]

In response to Pack's August 27 interview with The Federalist website, a group of VOA journalists sent a letter to VOA Acting Director Elez Biberaj complaining that his "comments and decisions 'endanger the personal security of VOA reporters at home and abroad, as well as threatening to harm U.S. national security objectives.'"^[112] VOA's response was that "it would not respond directly to the letter because it was 'improper' and 'failed to follow procedure.' Instead, the leadership of USAGM and VOA 'are handling the choice of complaint transmission as an administrative issue,' which suggested that the journalists could face sanctions for their letter," according to The Washington Post. In the same story, the Post reported that VOA Spanish-language service White House correspondent's Brigo Segovia's interview with an official about the administration's response to Pack's personnel and other moves had been censored and his own access to VOA's computer system restricted.^[113]

On July 20, 2020, District of Columbia Attorney General Karl A. Racine filed suit under the District's Nonprofit Corporations Act to reverse Pack's replacement of the Open Technology Fund (OTF) board.^[114] Beginning in August 2020, OTF came under increasing pressure from Peck and USAGM leadership. According to Axios,^[115][116] this was related to OTF's reluctance to extend grants to Falun Gong-related enterprises working on technology directed against China's Great Firewall; The New York Times noted Falun Gong and its Epoch Times media group frequently supported the Trump administration.^[117] On August 18, USAGM announced it was setting up its own Office of Internet Freedom with less strict grant requirements and began soliciting OTF's grantees to apply to the new office.^[118][119] On August 20, OTF sued USAGM in the US Court for Federal Claims for withholding nearly $20 million in previously-agreed grant funds.^[120] On October 15, summary judgment was granted nullifying Pack's attempt to replace the OTF board.^[121]

On September 29, six senior USAGM officials filed a whistleblower complaint in which they alleged that Pack or one of his aides had ordered research conducted into the voting history of at least one agency employee, which would be a violation of laws protecting civil servants from undue political influence.^[122] NPR reported that two Pack aides had compiled a report on VOA White House bureau chief Steven L. Herman's social media postings and other writings in an attempt to charge him with a conflict of interest, and that the agency released a conflict of interest policy stating in part that a "journalist who on Facebook 'likes' a comment or political cartoon that aggressively attacks or disparages the President must recuse themselves from covering the President."^[123] A preliminary injunction issued on November 20 barred Pack "from making personnel decisions involving journalists at the networks; from directly communicating with editors and journalists employed by them; and from investigating any editors or news stories produced by them" and characterized the investigation of Herman as an "unconstitutional prior restraint" of his, his editors' and fellow journalists' free speech.^[124]

Suspended officials from Voice of America sued the agency news outlet on October 8. They accused its chief operating officer, Michael Pack, of using Voice of America as a vehicle to promote the personal agenda of President Trump and of violating a statutory firewall intended to prevent political interference with the agency, and they are seeking their reinstatement.^[125]

Then-Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden's campaign told Vox News in June 2020 that Biden would fire Pack if he won election.^[126] In November 2020, US District Judge Beryl Howell found Pack violated the First Amendment rights of Voice of America journalists.^[127]

In December 2020, the Washington Post reported Pack was refusing to cooperate with President-elect Biden's transition team^[128] and, in an end run around the court order, had persuaded VOA Acting Director Biberaj to step down,^[129] replacing him with Robert Reilly, a former VOA director who had written critically of Muslims, gays and lesbians. On December 19, 33 days before President-elect Biden's inauguration, Pack named Ted Lipien, a former VOA veteran journalist who headed the Polish Service during the final struggle for democracy in Poland in the 1980s^[130] and a former acting associate director of VOA who, according to NPR, "became a sharp critic of USAGM, VOA and the other affiliated networks on a pair of blogs" and "of the three network presidents affected, the only one without established partisan ties,"^[131] – as head of RFE/RL, and Jeffrey Scott Shapiro, a writer for Breitbart and The Washington Times who had claimed President Obama "hates America," as head of the Office of Cuba Broadcasting.^[132][133] On December 30, NPR reported Pack was attempting to add contractual language that would make it impossible to fire the broadcasting board members he had installed for two years, after which they could only be fired "for cause." Reportedly the new contracts had been withdrawn after inquiries from media and Congress.^[134]

 

Secretary of State Mike Pompeo speaks at VOA headquarters in January 2021

On January 11, 2021, VOA interim director Reilly ordered veteran reporter Patsy Widakuswara off the White House beat. Earlier that day, Widakuswara had followed US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo out of the building after his speech criticizing the VOA^[135] and his VOA-sponsored interview with VOA Director Robert Reilly during which reporters were not allowed to ask questions.^[136] Widakuswara asked Pompeo what he was doing to repair the international reputation of the U.S. and whether he regretted saying there would be a second Trump administration.^[137][138] The theme of the preceding interview with VOA Director Robert Reilly was reportedly the dangers of censorship.^[139] In response, dozens of VOA journalists, including Widakuswara, wrote and circulated a petition calling on Reilly and public affairs specialist Elizabeth Robbins to resign.^[140] In a statement, U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Gregory Meeks and ranking member Michael McCaul said, "Absent a legitimate reason for this move, which has not been provided, we believe she should be reinstated".^[136] Widakuswara was reinstated to the White House beat after President Biden requested the resignation of Michael Pack.^[135]

On January 19, the Government Accountability Project, representing fired USAGM employees and whistleblowers, sent a letter to the Congressional foreign affairs committees, the U.S. Office of Special Counsel and the Inspector General of the US Department of State. The letter reported that Pack had hired the McGuireWoods law firm to investigate USAGM employees and the OTF at a cost of over $2 million in the last quarter of 2020 alone, bypassing US government investigators including USAGM's own Office of Human Resources, and called for further investigation of what it termed a gross misuse of taxpayer dollars.^[141] The Washington Post later reported a second law firm, Caplin & Drysdale, had also been granted a similar no-bid contract in possible violation of Federal contracting regulations for a total cost of $4 million.^[142]

Also on January 19, the last full day of the Trump presidency, Pack named a slate of five directors to head each of the three USAGM boards for RFE/RL, Radio Free Asia and Middle East Broadcasting Networks: conservative radio talk show host Blanquita Cullum, Liberty Counsel officer Johnathan Alexander, former White House staffer Amanda Milius, conservative writer Roger Simon and Center for the National Interest Fellow Christian Whiton.^[143]

The following day, Pack resigned at the request of the Biden administration.^[144] Shapiro resigned from the Office of Cuba Broadcasting on January 21. Biden named veteran VOA journalist Kelu Chao to replace Pack. Chao in turn dismissed Riley and Robbins from VOA, naming Yolanda Lopez, another VOA veteran, as acting director; Lopez had also been reassigned in the wake of the Pompeo interview.^[145] On January 22, the Biden administration fired Victoria Coates and her deputy Robert Greenway from the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, naming Kelley Sullivan as acting head.^[146][147]

Guo Wengui interview

On April 19, 2017, VOA interviewed the Chinese real estate tycoon Guo Wengui in a live broadcast. The whole interview was scheduled for 3 hours. After Guo Wengui alleged to own evidence of corruption among the members of the Politburo Standing Committee of China, the highest political authority of China, the interview was abruptly cut off, after only one hour and seventeen minutes of broadcasting. Guo's allegations involved Fu Zhenhua and Wang Qishan, the latter being a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and the leader of the massive anti-graft movement.^[148] It was reported that the Government of China warned VOA's representatives not to interview Guo for his "unsubstantiated allegations".^[149][150] Four members of the U.S. Congress requested the Office of Inspector General to conduct an investigation into this interruption on August 27, 2017.^[151] The OIG investigation concluded that the decision to curtail the Guo interview was based solely on journalistic best practices rather than any pressure from the Chinese government.^[152]

Another investigation,^[152] by Mark Feldstein, Chair of Broadcast Journalism at the University of Maryland, College Park and a journalist with decades of experiences as an award-winning television investigative reporter, concluded that "The failure to comply with leadership's instructions during the Guo interview "was a colossal and unprecedented violation of journalistic professionalism and broadcast industry standards." The report also said that "There had been a grossly negligent approach" to pre-interview vetting and failure to "corroborate the authenticity of Guo's evidence or interview other sources" in violation of industry standards. The interview team apparently "demonstrated greater loyalty to its source than to its employer — at the expense of basic journalistic standards of accuracy, verification, and fairness," the Feldstein report concluded.^[153][154]

Relay station used as a CIA black site

It has been reported that a Voice of America relay station in Udon Thani Province Thailand was used as a CIA black site referred to as "Cat's Eye" or "Detention Site Green".^[155][156]

In different regions

DEEWA Radio's impact

DEEWA Radio, of the VOA, airs in Pakistan. Although some listeners are suspicious that the program is promoting an American agenda, others claim to be experiencing a positive effect. Some listeners feel that the programs are giving a voice to the voiceless, leading them to a sense of empowerment.^[12]

Kurdistan and Iran

VOA's service in Iran has had a negative impact on Kurds and Kurdistan according to the publication, Kurdish Life. They claim that the VOA has exacerbated the conflict between the Talabani and the Barzani.^[157] They further claim that the VOA is covering up wrongful imprisonments, wrongful arrests, and the building of extremist mosques. According to the same publication, Kurds are being turned into fanatics, and a new generation of terrorists is forming because of the VOA. They claim the VOA is doing this to help PUK.^[158]

China

A study was done on Chinese students in America. It found that through the VOA, they disapproved of the actions of the Chinese government.^[13] Another study was done on Chinese scholars in America, and found that the VOA had an effect on their political beliefs. Their political beliefs did not change in relation to China, though, as they did not tend to believe the VOA's reports on China.^[159]

Russia

In response to the request of the United States Department of Justice that RT register as a foreign agent under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, Russia's Justice Ministry Konovalov labeled Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty as foreign agents in December 2017.^[160][161]

See also

• BBC World Service
• China Media Group
• Deutsche Welle
• France 24
• Frank Shozo Baba
• George Kao
• List of world news channels
• Radio propaganda
• Radio Rebelde
• Telesur
• Voice of America Indonesia
• Voice of Russia

References

1. "Biden Administration requests USAGM CEO Pack's resignation". U.S. Agency for Global Media. January 21, 2021. from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
2. "VOA". U.S. Agency for Global Media. from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
3. * "RCFP urges Congress to protect Voice of America's editorial independence". Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. April 28, 2020. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
   • "Voice of America directors resign". Association for International Broadcasting. June 16, 2020. from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020. by
   • Wright, Kate; Scott, Martin; Bunce, Mel (June 25, 2020). "Voice of America struggle for independence highlights issue of state role in government-backed media". The Conversation. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
4. HEIL, ALAN L. (2003). Voice of America: A History. Columbia University Press. JSTOR 10.7312/heil12674. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
5. Farhi, Paul. "Trump appointee sweeps aside rule that ensured 'firewall' at Voice of America". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
6. "VOA Launches Programming in Sindhi". Inside VOA. July 1, 2022. from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
7. "Mission and Values". insidevoa.com. from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
8. 90 Stat. 823 October 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, 108 Stat. 4299 October 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
9. VOA Public Relations. "VOA Charter". InsideVOA.com. Voice of America. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016.
10. Borchers, Callum (January 26, 2017). "Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV". The Washington Post. from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
11. VOA Public Relations (December 5, 2016). "The Largest U.S. International Broadcaster" (PDF). VOANews.com. Voice of America. (PDF) from the original on September 6, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
12. Jan, F (2015). "International Broadcasting as Component of U.S. Public Diplomacy (A Case Study of Voice of America's DEEWA Radio)" (PDF). Dialogue. 10. (PDF) from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
13. Zhang, Lena Liqing (2002). "Are They Still Listening? Reconceptualizing the Chinese Audience of the Voice of America in the Cyber Era". Journal of Radio Studies. 9 (2): 317–337. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
14. Robinson, Dan (March 30, 2017). "Spare the indignation: Voice of America has never been independent". Columbia Journalism Review. from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
15. . bbg.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
16. "VOA Languages" (PDF). Voice of America. (PDF) from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
17. Berg, Jerome S. On the Short Waves, 1923–1945: Broadcast Listening in the Pioneer Days of Radio. 1999, McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0506-6, 105
18. Library of Congress. "NBC Resources Held by the Recorded Sound Section." Library of Congress July 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
19. Chamberlain, A.B. "CBS International Broadcast Facilities". Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 30, Issue 3, March 1942 pp. 118–29.
20. Dizard (2004), p. 24
21. Rose, Cornelia Bruère. National Policy for Radio Broadcasting. 1971, Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0-405-03580-2. p. 244
22. . Time.com. Time Magazine. Archived from the original on March 22, 2008.
23. Dissonant Divas In Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 ISBN 978-0-8166-7316-2 p. 152-153 Edmund Chester, CBS, Franklin Roosevelt and "La Cadena De Las Americas" on google.books.com
24. Settel, Irving (1967) [1960]. A Pictorial History of Radio. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. p. 146. LCCN 67-23789. OCLC 1475068.
25. Bronfman, Alejandra; Wood, Andrew Grant (2012). Media Sound & Culture in Latin America. Editors: Bronfman, Alejanda & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2012. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8229-6187-1.
26. Anthony, Edwin D. (1973). "Records of the Radio Division" (PDF). Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs. Vol. Inventory of Record Group 229. Washington D.C.: National Archives and Record Services - General Services Administration. pp. 25–26. LCCN 73-600146. (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
27. Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 p. 152-155 ISBN 978-0-8166-7316-2 OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, Viva America, La Cadena de las Americas on google.books.com
28. Roberts, Walter R. . Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
29. Roberts, Walter R. UNC.edu April 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine See also: Kern, Chris. "A Belated Correction: The Real First Broadcast of the Voice of America". from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
30. Dizard (2004), pp. 24–25
31. Dizard (2004), p. 25
32. Sterling, Christopher H.; Kittross, John Michael (2001). Stay Tuned: a History of American Broadcasting. LEA's Communication Series (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-8058-2624-1.
33. Rugh (2006), p. 13
34. Kohler, Foy (1951). "The Effectiveness of the Voice of America". He Quarterly of Film Radio and Television. 6 (1): 20–29. doi:10.2307/1209931. hdl:2027/hvd.32044057212938. JSTOR 1209931.
35. Kohler, Foy (1951). "Voice Of America". Naval War College Information Service for Officers. 3 (9): 1–20. JSTOR 44792598.
36. Herzog, H. (1952). "Listener Mail to the Voice of America". The Public Opinion Quarterly. 16 (4): 607–611. doi:10.1086/266423. JSTOR 2746119.
37. Tobia, S (2013). "Did the RAI buy it? The role and limits of American broadcasting in Italy in the Cold War". Cold War History. 13 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1080/14682745.2012.746665. S2CID 154534690.
38. John B. Whitton (1951). "Cold War propaganda". American Journal of International Law. 45 (1): 151–53. doi:10.2307/2194791. JSTOR 2194791. S2CID 146989731.
39. "Charles Thayer (1948-1949)". VOA. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
40. Andrew Glass. "Voice of America begins broadcasts to the Soviet Union, Feb. 17, 1947". POLITICO. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
41. Appy, Christian G. Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of United States Imperialism. 2000, University of Massachusetts Press; ISBN 1-55849-218-6, p. 126.
42. Folsom, Merrill (May 28, 1953). "'Voice' to Drop Boy's Broadcasts; Can't Afford to Answer Fan Mail". The New York Times. No. Vol CII, No 34823, pg 1.
43. Cold War broadcasting : impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe : a collection of studies and documents. A. Ross Johnson, R. Eugene Parta, Timothy Garton Ash. Budapest: Central European University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4416-7708-2. OCLC 671648365.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
44. Uttaro, Ralph A. (1982). "The Voices of America in International Radio Propaganda". Law and Contemporary Problems. 45 (1): 103–122. doi:10.2307/1191297. ISSN 0023-9186. JSTOR 1191297. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
45. Varis, Tapio (1970). "The Control of Information by Jamming Radio Broadcasts". Cooperation and Conflict. 5 (3): 168–184. doi:10.1177/001083677000500303. ISSN 0010-8367. JSTOR 45083158. S2CID 145418504. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
46. Broadcasting Yearbook, 1976 and 1979 editions.
47. Conference Report, Cold War Impact of VOA Broadcasts, Hoover Institution and the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 13–16, 2004
48. Bihlmayer, Ulrich (September 12, 2006). "Fighting the Chinese Government "Firedragon" – Music Jammer AND "Sound of Hope" Broadcasting (SOH), Taiwan" (PDF). IARU Region 1 Monitoring System. (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
49. . Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
50. Jackson, David. "The Future of Radio II." World Radio TV Handbook, 2007 edition. 2007, Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-5997-9. p 38.
51. Heil, Alan L. (2003). Voice of America: A History. ISBN 9780231126748.
52. "VOA Broadcasting to Afghanistan". VOA. from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
53. Holland, Bill (March 8, 1997). "VOA Europe: A Victim of Bureaucracy?". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 10.
54. HEIL, ALAN L. (2003). Voice of America: A History. Columbia University Press. p. 299. JSTOR 10.7312/heil12674. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
55. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. (1992). The Radio Free China Act, S. 2985 : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, September 15, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O. ISBN 0-16-039614-X. OCLC 27408482. from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
56. "USAGM". USAGM. from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
57. "Voice of America broadcasts in 52 languages". VOA Guide: Voice of America English Broadcasts Worldwide. University of Minnesota. January 1998. p. 8.
58. "VOA Language Service Fact Sheets". www.insidevoa.com. Voice of America Public Relations. from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
59. Raghavan, Sudarsan V., Stephen S. Johnson, and Kristi K. Bahrenburg. "Sending cross-border static: on the fate of Radio Free Europe and the influence of international broadcasting," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 47, 1993, access on March 25, 2011.
60. Kern, Chris. "The Voice of America: First on the Internet". from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
61. "USAGM". from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
62. Lakshmi, Rama (September 12, 2008). "India Set to Lose Voice of America". The Washington Post. from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
63. "Voice of America to Cut Language Services". propublica.org. July 3, 2008. from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
64. Abedje, Ashenafi. "Voice of America Expands its Sudan Programming," Voice of America News, September 17, 2010. Retrieved on March 25, 2011
65. "VOA Reducing Radio Frequencies". insidevoa.com. March 26, 2013. from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
66. "Voice of America Makes More Cuts to International Shortwave Broadcast Schedule". arrl.org. July 1, 2014. from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
67. "Voice of America Ends Greek Broadcasts". bbg.gov. August 11, 2014. from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
68. "After 72 years on air, VOA's Greek Service goes silent". Kathimerini. August 12, 2014. from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
69. Voice of America History September 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, VOA Language Service Fact Sheets September 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
70. Rugh (2006), p. 14
71. "VOA Launches New Documentary Series". VOA. from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
72. Shahbaz, Ali. "Looking For Diverse Human Stories? Watch This Compelling New Documentary". Forbes. from the original on August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
73. Chuck, Elizabeth (July 20, 2013). . NBC News. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013.
74. Hudson, John (July 14, 2013). "U.S. Repeals Propaganda Ban, Spreads Government-Made News to Americans". Foreign Policy. from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
75. Broderick, James F., and Darren W. Miller. Consider the Source: A Critical Guide to 100 prominent news and information sites on the Web. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2007. ISBN 0-910965-77-3, ISBN 978-0-910965-77-4, p. 388.
76. "VOA Through the Years". from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
77. Rugh (2006), pp. 13–14
78. "VOA and the Firewall — Law for More than 40 Years" (PDF). VOA. July 2, 2019. (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
79. Beitsch, Rebecca (April 6, 2021). "In departure from Trump, State affirms editorial freedom of Voice of America". The Hill. from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
80. Columbia University Press. Interview with Alan Heil, author of Voice of America July 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
81. Reuters (June 30, 2022). "Turkey blocks access to Deutsche Welle, Voice of America for not getting licenses -official". Reuters. from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
82. "VOA Radiogram". VOA Radiogram. from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
83. "VOA Radiogram, 20–21 May 2017: Special doomed edition". VOA Radiogram. from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
84. Shortwave Radiogram, 25 June 2017: First show. Holding my breath. June 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine VOA Radiogram Official Site
85. "Shortwave Radiogram Tumblr Site". swradiogram.net. from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
86. "Voice of America - Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
87. "VOA Through the Years". VOA. from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
88. "Report of Inspection: The International Broadcasting Bureau's Philippines Transmitting Station" (PDF). United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General. September 2007. (PDF) from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
89. "Ancil Payne Award for Ethics in Journalism". University of Oregon. from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
90. . swissinfo. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
91. (in Persian). Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
92. M. Hersh, Seymour (June 28, 2008). "Preparing the Battlefield". The New Yorker. from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
93. Massoud, Ansari (January 16, 2006). "Sunni Muslim group vows to behead Iranians". The Washington Times. from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
94. Flanagan, Ed (February 7, 2013). . Behind the Wall. NBC News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
95. Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV August 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post
96. Trump moves to put his own stamp on Voice of America March 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Politico
97. Can Donald Trump turn Voice of America into his own private megaphone? March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, LA Times
98. Donald Trump sends two aides to Voice of America studios, raising fears he's going to politicize the outlet March 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Salon
99. "Amid a Pandemic, Voice of America Spends Your Money to Promote Foreign Propaganda". whitehouse.gov. April 10, 2020. from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2020 – via National Archives. Even worse, while much of the U.S. media takes its lead from China, VOA went one step further: It created graphics with Communist government statistics to compare China's Coronavirus death toll to America's.
100. Jerreat, Jessica (June 14, 2020). "CDC Media Guidance Blacklists VOA Interview Requests". Voice of America. from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
101. Farhi, Paul (April 30, 2020). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
102. Edmondson, Catie (June 4, 2020). "Senate Confirms Conservative Filmmaker to Lead U.S. Media Agency". The New York Times. from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
103. Stelter, Brian, and Acosta, Jim (June 16, 2020). "Voice of America top officials resign as Trump-appointed CEO takes over international network". CNN. from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
104. Hansler, Jennifer, and Stelter, Brian (June 18, 2020). "'Wednesday night massacre' as Trump appointee takes over at global media agency". CNN. from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
105. Folkenflik, David (June 26, 2020). "Citing A Breached 'Firewall,' Media Leaders Sue U.S. Official Over Firings". National Public Radio. from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
106. Folkenflik, David (July 9, 2020). "U.S. Broadcasting Agency Will Not Extend Visas For Its Foreign Journalists". National Public Radio. from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
107. Lippman, Daniel (July 30, 2020). "Deleted Biden video sets off a crisis at Voice of America". Politico. from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
108. Lippman, Daniel (August 12, 2020). "Trump appointee deepens purge of U.S. global media agency". Politico. from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
109. Lippman, Daniel (August 13, 2020). "U.S. global media agency hires shock jock who called Obama 'Kenyan'". Politico. from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
110. Kakzynski, Andrew; Massie, Chris; McDermott, Nathan (December 20, 2017). "Senior White House adviser at Homeland Security repeatedly promoted fringe conspiracy theories on the radio". CNN. from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
111. Borger, Julian (August 14, 2020). "Trump administration steps up efforts to turn broadcasters into propaganda outlets". The Guardian. from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
112. Folkenflik, David (August 31, 2020). "Voice of America Journalists: New CEO Endangers Reporters, Harms U.S. Aims". National Public Radio. from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
113. Ellison, Sarah; Farhi, Paul (September 2, 2020). "New Voice of America overseer called foreign journalists a security risk. Now the staff is revolting". The Washington Post. from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
114. "AG Racine Files Lawsuit to Resolve Presence of Dueling Boards at District Nonprofit Open Technology Fund". oag.dc.gov. Office of the Attorney General of the District of Columbia. from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
115. Allen-Ebrahamian, Bethany (June 23, 2020). "In media agency shakeup, conservative groups push for Falun Gong-backed internet tools". Axios.com. from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
116. Sewell, Tia (January 12, 2021). "Trump's War on the U.S. Agency for Global Media". Lawfare. from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
117. Roose, Kevin (February 5, 2020). "Epoch Times, Punished by Facebook, Gets a New Megaphone on YouTube". The New York Times. from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
118. "CEO Pack revives USAGM's Office of Internet Freedom; agency funds internet firewall circumvention technologies". www.usagm.gov. US Agency for Global Media. from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
119. Fischer, Sara (October 13, 2020). "Scoop: USAGM soliciting OTF partners as it withholds funds". Axios.com. from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
120. Fischer, Sara (August 20, 2020). "Scoop: Open Technology Fund sues administration for $20M in missing funds". Axios.com. from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
121. "AG Racine Wins Lawsuit Resolving Leadership Crisis at District Nonprofit Caused by Trump Appointee". oag.dc.gov. Office of the Attorney General of the District of Columbia. from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
122. Lippman, Daniel (September 30, 2020). "6 whistleblowers allege misconduct by government media boss". Politico. from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
123. Folkenflik, David (October 4, 2020). "VOA White House Reporter Investigated For Anti-Trump Bias By Political Appointees". National Public Radio. from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
124. Farhi, Paul (November 20, 2020). "Judge slaps down Trump appointee who has sought to reshape Voice of America and related agencies". The Washington Post. from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
125. Suspended officials sue agency that runs Voice of America October 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press (AP), October 9, 2020
126. Ward, Alex (June 25, 2020). "The head of US broadcasting is leaning toward pro-Trump propaganda. Biden would fire him". Vox News. from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
127. Robertson, Nicky (November 22, 2020). "Judge rules Voice of America head curbed First Amendment rights of journalists". CNN. from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
128. Farhi, Paul (December 8, 2020). "Trump appointee who oversees Voice of America refuses to cooperate with Biden transition team". The Washington Post. from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
129. Farhi, Paul (December 9, 2020). "Voice of America interim director pushed out by Trump-appointed overseer in final flurry of actions to assert control". The Washington Post. from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
130. USAGM (December 18, 2020). "Ted Lipien returns to U.S. international broadcasting as head of RFE/RL". U.S. Agency for Global Media. U.S. Agency for Global Media. from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
131. Folkenflik, David (January 22, 2021). "USAGM Chief Fires Trump Allies Over Radio Free Europe And Other Networks". National Public Radio. from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
132. Farhi, Paul (December 18, 2020). "Trump appointee names conservative allies to run Radio Free Europe and Cuba broadcast agency". The Washington Post. from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
133. Matthew Lee (December 18, 2020). "Pro-Trump shakeups continue at VOA's parent agency". Associated Press. from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
134. Folkenflik, David (December 30, 2020). "Trump Appointee Seeks Lasting Control Over Radio Free Europe, Radio Free Asia". National Public Radio. from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
135. Beitsch, Rebecca (January 22, 2021). "VOA reinstates White House reporter reassigned after questioning Pompeo". The Hill. from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
136. Gaouette, Nicole; Hansler, Jennifer; Atwood, Kylie (January 13, 2021). "Voice of America reassigns White House reporter who tried to ask Mike Pompeo a question". CNN. from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
137. Folkenflik, David (January 12, 2021). "Voice Of America White House Reporter Reassigned After Questioning Pompeo". NPR. from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
138. Oktavianti, Tri Indah (January 16, 2021). "Patsy Widakuswara: Jakarta native asking Trump administration tough questions". The Jakarta Post. from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
139. Farhi, Paul (January 12, 2021). "Voice of America reassigns White House reporter after she sought to question Mike Pompeo". The Washington Post. MSN News. from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
140. Farhi, Paul (January 14, 2021). "Voice of America journalists demand resignation of news agency's top leadership". The Washington Post. from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
141. Seide, David Z. "Protected Whistleblower Disclosure of Gross Misuse of at Least $2 Million in Taxpayer Dollars by the U.S. Agency for Global Media" (PDF). whistleblower.org. Government Accountability Project. (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
142. Farhi, Paul (January 25, 2021). "Former Voice of America overseer hired law firms to $4 million no-bid contracts". The Washington Post. from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
143. "USAGM CEO Michael Pack names Board of Directors". www.usagm.com. US Agency for Global Media. from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
144. Lee, Matthew (January 20, 2021). "Trump global broadcasting chief quits amid VOA staff revolt". Associated Press. from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
145. Farhi, Paul (January 21, 2021). "At Voice of America, a sweeping ouster of Trump officials on Biden's first full day". The Washington Post. from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
146. Lippman, Daniel (January 21, 2021). "Biden administration ousts Victoria Coates, who was falsely accused of being 'Anonymous'". Politico.com. from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
147. Lee, Matthey (January 23, 2021). "More heads roll at US-funded international broadcasters". Associated Press. from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
148. China's most wanted man is in the United States August 31, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Quartz.
149. Shih, Gerry (April 20, 2017). "China says Interpol notice issued for outspoken tycoon Guo". Associated Press. from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
150. . Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018.
151. "Members of Congress request OIG investigation of VOA and BBG handling of Guo Wengui interview EXCLUSIVE". BBG Watch. September 30, 2017. from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
152. "Internal VOA email published on Medium". April 5, 2019. from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
153. "VOA fires journalist over interview with Chinese exile". The Washington Post. from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
154. "VOA Dismisses Mandarin Service Chief Over Interview With Chinese Exile | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
155. "Suspicion over Thai 'black ops' site". November 5, 2005. from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
156. "Time to come clean on secret CIA prison". Bangkok Post. May 27, 2018. from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
157. "The Kurdish Disservice". Kurdish Life. 2000. from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
158. "Revisiting the Kurdish Disservice". Kurdish Life.
159. Zhang, Liquing; Dominick, Joseph R. (1998). "Penetrating the Great Wall: the ideological impact of Voice of America newscasts on young Chinese intellectuals of the 1980s". Journal of Radio Studies. 5 (1): 82–101. doi:10.1080/19376529809384531.
160. Stahl, Lesley (January 7, 2018). "RT's editor-in-chief on election meddling, being labeled Russian propaganda". CBS News. from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
161. Osborn, Andrew (January 14, 2018). "Russia designates Radio Free Europe and Voice of America as 'foreign agents'". Reuters. from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2018.

Bibliography

• Dizard, Wilson P. (2004). Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-288-X.
• Rugh, William A. (2006). American Encounters with Arabs: the "Soft Power" of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98817-3.

External links

•   Media related to Voice of America at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website