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Chipewyan

March 13, 2024

Not to be confused with Chippewa.
For the language, see Chipewyan language.

The Chipewyan (/ˌtʃɪpəˈwaɪən/ CHIP-ə-WY-ən, also called Denésoliné or Dënesųłı̨né or Dënë Sųłınë́, meaning "the original/real people")[2][3] are a Dene Indigenous Canadian people of the Athabaskan language family, whose ancestors are identified with the Taltheilei Shale archaeological tradition.[4][5][6] They are part of the Northern Athabascan group of peoples, and hail from what is now Western Canada.

Dënesųłı̨ne
A Chipewyan woman and child set out to hunt muskrat in Garson Lake, Saskatchewan
Total population
30,910 (2016 census)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Canada
Saskatchewan12,875
Northwest Territories7,820
Alberta6,350
Manitoba1,905
British Columbia1,225
Languages
English, Denesuline
Religion
Christianity, Animism
Related ethnic groups
Dene, Yellowknives, Tłı̨chǫ, Slavey, Sahtu
PeopleDënë Sųłinë́
LanguageDënë Sųłinë́ Yatıé
CountryDënë Sųłinë́ Nëné,
Denendeh
ᑌᓀᐣᑌᐧ

Terminology edit

The term Chipewyan (ᒌᐯᐘᔮᐣ) is a Cree exonym meaning 'pointed hides', referring to the design of their parkas.[7]

The French-speaking missionaries to the northwest of the Red River Colony referred to the Chipewyan people as Montagnais in their documents written in French.[8] Montagnais simply means 'mountain people' or 'highlanders' in French and has been applied to many unrelated nations across North America over time. For example, the Neenolino Innu of northern Quebec are also called Montagnais.

 
Album with photos of Chipewyan woman and boy

Demographics edit

Chipewyan peoples live in the region spanning the western Canadian Shield to the Northwest Territories, including northern parts of the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan. There are also many burial and archaeological sites in Nunavut which are part of the Dënesųłı̨ne group.

The following list of First Nations band governments had in August 2016 a total registered membership of 25,519, with 11,315 in Saskatchewan, 6,952 in Alberta, 3,038 in Manitoba and 4,214 in the Northwest Territories. All had Denesuline populations; however, several had a combination of Cree and Denesuline members (see the Barren Lands First Nation in Manitoba and the Fort McMurray First Nation in Alberta).

There are also many Dene (Dënesųlı̨ne)-speaking Métis communities located throughout the region. The Saskatchewan village of La Loche, for example, had 2,300 residents who in the 2011 census identified as speaking Dene (Denesuline) as their native language.[9] About 1,800 of the residents were Métis and about 600 were members of the Clearwater River Dene Nation.[10]

Commemorations edit

The relocation of the Sayisi Dene is commemorated by the Dene Memorial in Churchill Manitoba. [11]

Governance edit

The Dënesųłı̨ne people are part of many band governments spanning Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.

Alberta edit

Athabasca Tribal Council
Tribal Chiefs Association (TCA)[18]
Akaitcho Territory Government (ATG) (Ɂákéchógh nęnę)
  • Smith's Landing First Nation. 'Thebati Dene Suhne' Tthëbátthı́ dënesųłı̨ne, Thebacha Tthëbáchághë - 'beside the rapids', the Dene name for Fort Smith. Reserves and communities: ?ejere K'elni Kue #196I, Hokedhe Túe #196E, K'i Túe #196D, Li Dezé #196C, Thabacha Náre #196A, Thebathi #196, Tsu K'adhe Túe #196F, Tsu Nedehe Túe #196H, Tsu Túe Ts'u tué #196G, Tthe Jere Ghaili #196B, c. 100 km². Population: 357[21]

Manitoba edit

Keewatin Tribal Council[22]

Northwest Territories edit

Akaitcho Territory Government (ATG)

Saskatchewan edit

Meadow Lake Tribal Council (Tł'ogh tué)[30]
  • Buffalo River Dene Nation (Ɂëjëre dësché) located at Dillon. The reserve is about 84 km north east of Île-à-la-Crosse (Kuę́ ). Reserve: Buffalo River Dene Nation No. 193, c. 83 km2. Population: 1,405[31]
  • Clearwater River Dene Nation (Tı̨tëlase tué) Its most populous reserve Clearwater River borders the village of La Loche to the north. Reserves: Clearwater River Dene Nos. 222, 221, and 223, La Loche Indian Settlement c. 95 km2. Population: 2,042[32]
  • English River First Nation with offices at Patuanak signed Treaty 10 in 1906 under Chief William Apesis. The name originates from the English River where the "poplar house people" (Kés-ye-hot'ı̨në) inhabited the area for periods during the year. Most families, who now reside in Patuanak (Bëghą́nı̨ch'ërë) and La Plonge 192 by Beauval had traditionally lived down river at Primeau Lake, Knee Lake and Dipper Lake. Reserves: Cree Lake No. 192G, Porter Island No. 192H, Elak Dase No. 192A, Knee Lake No. 192B, Dipper Rapids No. 192C, Wapachewunak No. 192D, LaPlonge No. 192, c. 200 km2. Population: 1,528[33]
  • Birch Narrows First Nation (K'ı́t'ádhı̨ká ) located at Turnor Lake, most populous Reserve No. 193B is about 124 km northeast of Île-à-la-Crosse, the reserve originated from Treaty 6 in 1906, Reserves: Churchill Lake No. 193A, Turnor Lake Nos. 193B and 194, c. 30 km2. Population: 771[34]
Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC)[35]

Historical Chipewyan regional groups edit

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
class=notpageimage|
Villages in Canada with a Denesuline speaking population
class=notpageimage|
15 communities in Canada with Denesuline populations. Flashing dots are villages with over 1,000 speakers.

The Chipewyan moved in small groups or bands, consisting of several extended families, alternating between winter and summer camps. The groups participated in hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering in Canada's boreal forest and around the many lakes of their territory. Later, with the emerging North American fur trade, they organized into several major regional groups in the vicinity of the European trading posts to control, as middleman, the carrying trade in furs and the hunting of fur-bearing animals. The new social groupings also enabled the Chipewyan to dominate their Dene neighbors and to better defend themselves against their rifle-armed Cree enemies, who were advancing to the Peace River and Lake Athabasca.

  • Kaí-theli-ke-hot!ínne (K'aı́tëlı́ hót'ı̨ne) ('willow flat-country up they-dwell') lived on the western shore of Lake Athabasca at Fort Chipewyan. Their tribal area extended northward to Fort Smith on the Slave River and south to Fort McMurray on the Athabasca River)[39]
  • Kés-ye-hot!ínne (K'ësyëhót'ı̨ne) ('aspen house they-dwell' or 'poplar house they-dwell') lived on the upper reaches of the Churchill River, along the Lac Île-à-la-Crosse, Methye Portage, Cold Lake, Heart Lake and Onion Lake. The tribal name is probably a description of adjacent Chipewyan groups for this major regional group and takes literally reference to the Lac Ile à la Crosse established European trading forts which were built with Poplar or Aspen wood.
  • Hoteladi Hótthę̈nádé dëne ('northern people') lived north of the Kés-ye-hot!ínne between Cree Lake, west of Reindeer Lake on the south and on the east shore of Lake Athabasca in the north.
  • Hâthél-hot!inne (Hátthëlót'ı̨ne) ('lowland they-dwell') lived in the Reindeer Lake (ɂëtthën tué) Region which drains south into the Churchill River.
  • Etthen eldili dene (Etthén heldélį Dené, Ethen-eldeli - 'Caribou-Eaters') lived in the Taiga east of Lake Athabasca far east to Hudson Bay, at Reindeer Lake, Hatchet Lake, Wollaston Lake and Lac Brochet
  • Kkrest'ayle kke ottine ('dwellers among the quaking aspens' or 'trembling aspen people') lived in the boreal forests between Great Slave Lake in the south and Great Bear Lake in the north.
  • Sayisi Dene (Saı́yısı́ dëne) (or Saw-eessaw-dinneh - 'people of the east') traded at Fort Chipewyan. Their hunting and tribal areas extended between Lake Athabasca and Great Slave Lake, and along the Churchill River.
  • Gáne-kúnan-hot!ínne (Gąnı̨ kuę hót'ı̨ne) ('jack-pine home they-dwell') lived in the taiga east of Lake Athabasca and were particularly centered along the eastern Fond-du-Lac area.
  • Des-nèdhè-kkè-nadè (Dësnëdhé k'e náradé dëne) (Desnedekenade, Desnedhé hoį́é nadé hot'įnę́ - 'people along the great river') were also known as Athabasca Chipewyan. They lived between Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca along the Slave River near Fort Resolution (Deninoo Kue - 'moose Island').
  • Thilanottine (Tthı́lą́ne hót'ı̨ne) (Tu tthílá hot'įnę́ - 'those who dwell at the head of the lakes' or 'people of the end of the head') lived along the lakes of the Upper Churchill River area, along the Churchill River and Athabasca River, from Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca in the north to Cold Lake and Lac la Biche in the southwest.[40]
  • Tandzán-hot!ínne (Tálzą́hót'ı̨ne) ('dwellers at the dirty lake', also known as Dení-nu-eke-tówe - 'moose island up lake-on') lived on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake and along the Yellowknife River, and before their expulsion by the Tłı̨chǫ along Coppermine River. They were often regarded as a Chipewyan group, but form as "Yellowknives" historically an independent First Nation and called themselves T'atsaot'ine (T'átsąnót'ı̨ne).

Ethnography edit

 
Denesuline children by canoe in La Loche

Historically, the Denesuline were allied to some degree with the southerly Cree, and warred against Inuit and other Dene peoples to the north of Chipewyan lands.

An important historic Denesuline is Thanadelthur ("Marten Jumping"), a young woman who early in the 18th century helped her people to establish peace with the Cree, and to get involved with the fur trade (Steckley 1999).

The Sayisi Dene of northern Manitoba are a Chipewyan band notable for hunting migratory caribou. They were historically located at Little Duck Lake and known as the "Duck Lake Dene". In 1956, the government forcibly relocated them to the port of Churchill on the shore of Hudson Bay and a small village north of Churchill called North Knife River, joining other Dene and becoming members of "Fort Churchill Chipewyan Band". In the 1970s, the "Duck Lake Dene" opted for self-reliance, a return to caribou hunting, and relocated to Tadoule Lake, Manitoba, legally becoming "Sayisi Dene First Nation (Tadoule Lake, Manitoba)" in the 1990s.[41] https://uofmpress.ca/books/detail/night-spirits

Culture edit

The Chipewyan used to be largely nomadic, organized into small bands and temporarily lived in tepees. They wore one-piece pants and moccasin outfits. However, their nomadic lifestyle began to erode since 1717 when they encountered English entrepreneurs. The Chipewyan subsequently became important in the subarctic trade by exchanging furs and hides for metal tools, guns and cloth.[42]

Modern Chipewyan are either fluidly sedentary or semi-nomadic in lifestyle. Many still practice their traditional lifestyle for subsistence like fishing or hunting caribou although this process is modernized with the use of modern nets, tools, transportation and more.[42]

Language edit

 
Historical distribution of the Denesuline language
Main article: Chipewyan language

Denesuline (Chipewyan) speak the Denesuline language, of the Athabaskan linguistic group. Denesuline is spoken by Aboriginal people in Canada whose name for themselves is a cognate of the word dene ("people"): Denésoliné (or Dënesųłiné). Speakers of the language speak different dialects but understand each other. There is a 'k', t dialect that most people speak. For example, people in Fond du lac, Gąnı kuę́ speak the 'k' and say yaki ku while others who use the 't' say yati tu.

 
Sign in Denesuline at La Loche Airport

The name Chipewyan is, like many people of the Canadian prairies, of Algonquian origin. It is derived from the Plains Cree name for them, Cīpwayān (ᒌᐘᔮᐣ), "pointed skin", from cīpwāw (ᒌᐚᐤ), "to be pointed"; and wayān (ᐘᔮᐣ), "skin" or "hide" - a reference to the cut and style of Chipewyan parkas.[43]

Most Chipewyan people now use Dene and Denesuline to describe themselves and their language. The Saskatchewan communities of Fond-du-Lac,[44] Black Lake[45] and Wollaston Lake[46] are a few.

Despite the superficial similarity of the names, the Chipewyan are not related to the Chippewa (Ojibwa) people.

In 2015, Shene Catholique-Valpy, a Chipewyan woman in the Northwest Territories, challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit her to use the letter ⟨ʔ⟩ in her daughter's name, Sahaiʔa. The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the letter. Sahaiʔa's mother finally registered her name with a hyphen in place of the ⟨ʔ⟩, while continuing to challenge the policy. Shortly afterward, another woman named Andrea Heron also challenged the territory on the same grounds, for refusing to accept the letter ⟨ʔ⟩ in her daughter's Slavey name, Sakaeʔah (actually a cognate of Sahaiʔa).[47]

Notable Chipewyan edit

References edit

  1. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (25 October 2017). "Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-11-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Cook, Eung-Do (2004), A Grammar of Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan), Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, ISBN 0-921064-17-9
  3. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. ^ "Taltheilei Culture". Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  5. ^ . canoesaskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  6. ^ . Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  7. ^ "Chipewyan". 27 September 2021.
  8. ^ Petitot, Émile Fortuné Stanislas Joseph (1876). Dictionnaire de la langue Dènè-Dindjié, dialectes montagnais ou chippewayan, peaux de lièvre et loucheux, renfermant en outre un grand nombre de termes propres à sept autres dialectes de la même langue; précédé d'une monographie des Dènè-Dindjié, d'une grammaire et de tableaux synoptiques des conjugaisons (see preface). Paris: E. Leroux. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
  9. ^ "Community Profiles (Canada Census 2011)". 8 February 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-29.
  10. ^ "2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (La Loche)". 15 January 2008. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  11. ^ "Dene Memorial". 27 February 2014.
  12. ^ "AANDC (Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  13. ^ "AANDC (Fort McKay First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  14. ^ "AANDC (Chipewyan Prairie First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  15. ^ Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation
  16. ^ "AANDC (Fort McMurray #468 First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  17. ^ Brown, Jesse; Morin, Brandy (December 12, 2022). "#840 The Taking of Wood Buffalo". Canadaland (Podcast). Canadaland. Event occurs at 12:20.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  19. ^ "AANDC (Cold Lake First Nations)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
  21. ^ "AANDC (Smith's Landing First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  22. ^ Keewatin Tribal Council
  23. ^ "AANDC (Barren Lands)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  24. ^ "AANDC (Northlands)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  25. ^ "AANDC (Sayisi Dene First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  26. ^ "AANDC (Deninu Kue First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  27. ^ "AANDC (Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  28. ^ "AANDC (Salt River First Nation #195)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  29. ^ "AANDC (Yellowknives Dene First Nation )". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  30. ^ Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC) 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "AANDC (Buffalo River Dene Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  32. ^ "AANDC (Clearwater River Dene)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  33. ^ "AANDC (English River First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  34. ^ "AANDC (Birch Narrows First Nation)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  35. ^ Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC) 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "AANDC (Black Lake)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  37. ^ "AANDC (Hatchet Lake)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  38. ^ "AANDC (Fond du Lac)". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  39. ^ The Chipewyan
  40. ^ Dene 2004-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ . Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on May 2, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  42. ^ a b Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 353. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  43. ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 395
  44. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  45. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  46. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  47. ^ Browne, Rachel (12 March 2015). "What's in a name? A Chipewyan's battle over her native tongue". Maclean's. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

Further reading edit

  • Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation. Footprints on the Land: Tracing the Path of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation. Fort Chipewyan, Alta: Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, 2003. ISBN 0-9733293-0-0
  • Birket-Smith, Kaj. Contributions to Chipewyan Ethnology. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1930.
  • Bone, Robert M., Earl N. Shannon, and Stewart Raby. The Chipewyan of the Stony Rapids Region; A Study of Their Changing World with Special Attention Focused Upon Caribou. Mawdsley memoir, 1. Saskatoon: Institute for Northern Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 1973. ISBN 0-88880-003-7
  • Bussidor, Ila, Usten Bilgen-Reinart. "Night Spirits: The Story of the Relocation of the Sayisi Dene." University of Manitoba Press, March 16, 2000. (Memoir of a Dene Woman's experiences in Churchill, Manitoba.)
  • Clayton-Gouthro, Cecile M. Patterns in Transition: Moccasin Production and Ornamentation of the Janvier Band Chipewyan. Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1994. ISBN 0-660-14023-3
  • Cook, Eung-Do. 2006. The Patterns of Consonantal Acquisition and Change in Chipewyan (Dene Suline). International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 2: 236.
  • Dramer, Kim, and Frank W. Porter. The Chipewyan. New York: Chelsea House, 1996. ISBN 1-55546-139-5
  • Elford, Leon W., and Marjorie Elford. English-Chipewyan Dictionary. Prince Albert, Sask: Northern Canada Evangelical Mission, 1981.
  • Goddard, Pliny Earle. Texts and Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 10, pt. 1–2. New York: Published by order of the Trustees [of the American Museum of Natural History], 1912.
  • Grant, J. C. Boileau. Anthropometry of the Chipewyan and Cree Indians of the Neighbourhood of Lake Athabaska. Ottawa: F.A. Acland, printer, 1930.
  • Human Relations Area Files, inc. Chipewyan ND07. EHRAF collection of ethnography. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files, 2001.
  • Irimoto, Takashi. Chipewyan Ecology: Group Structure and Caribou Hunting System. Senri ethnological studies, no. 8. Suita, Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, 1981.
  • Li, Fang-kuei, and Ronald Scollon. Chipewyan Texts. Nankang, Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 1976.
  • Lowie, Robert Harry. Chipewyan Tales. New York: The Trustees, 1912.
  • Paul, Simon. Introductory Chipewyan: Basic Vocabulary. Saskatoon: Indian and Northern Education, University of Saskatchewan, 1972.
  • Scollon, Ronald, and Suzanne B. K. Scollon. Linguistic Convergence: An Ethnography of Speaking at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. New York: Academic Press, 1979. ISBN 0-12-633380-7
  • Shapiro, Harry L. The Alaskan Eskimo; A Study of the Relationship between the Eskimo and the Chipewyan Indians of Central Canada. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1931.
  • Sharp, Henry S. Chipewyan Marriage. Mercury series. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1979.
  • Sharp, Henry S. The Transformation of Bigfoot: Maleness, Power, and Belief Among the Chipewyan. Smithsonian series in ethnographic inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988. ISBN 0-87474-848-8
  • VanStone, James W. The Changing Culture of the Snowdrift Chipewyan. Ottawa: [Queen's Printer], 1965.
  • Wilhelm, Andrea. Telicity and Durativity: A Study of Aspect in Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan) and German. New York: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 0-415-97645-6

External links edit

March 13, 2024
chipewyan, confused, with, chippewa, language, language, chip, also, called, denésoliné, dënesųłı, dënë, sųłınë, meaning, original, real, people, dene, indigenous, canadian, people, athabaskan, language, family, whose, ancestors, identified, with, taltheilei, . Not to be confused with Chippewa For the language see Chipewyan language The Chipewyan ˌ tʃ ɪ p e ˈ w aɪ e n CHIP e WY en also called Denesoline or Denesuli ne or Dene Suline meaning the original real people 2 3 are a Dene Indigenous Canadian people of the Athabaskan language family whose ancestors are identified with the Taltheilei Shale archaeological tradition 4 5 6 They are part of the Northern Athabascan group of peoples and hail from what is now Western Canada Denesuli neA Chipewyan woman and child set out to hunt muskrat in Garson Lake SaskatchewanTotal population30 910 2016 census 1 Regions with significant populationsCanadaSaskatchewan12 875Northwest Territories7 820Alberta6 350Manitoba1 905British Columbia1 225LanguagesEnglish DenesulineReligionChristianity AnimismRelated ethnic groupsDene Yellowknives Tli chǫ Slavey SahtuPeopleDene Suline LanguageDene Suline YatieCountryDene Suline Nene Denendehᑌᓀᐣᑌᐧ Contents 1 Terminology 2 Demographics 3 Commemorations 4 Governance 4 1 Alberta 4 2 Manitoba 4 3 Northwest Territories 4 4 Saskatchewan 5 Historical Chipewyan regional groups 6 Ethnography 7 Culture 8 Language 9 Notable Chipewyan 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksTerminology editThe term Chipewyan ᒌᐯᐘᔮᐣ code cre promoted to code cr is a Cree exonym meaning pointed hides referring to the design of their parkas 7 The French speaking missionaries to the northwest of the Red River Colony referred to the Chipewyan people as Montagnais in their documents written in French 8 Montagnais simply means mountain people or highlanders in French and has been applied to many unrelated nations across North America over time For example the Neenolino Innu of northern Quebec are also called Montagnais nbsp Album with photos of Chipewyan woman and boyDemographics editChipewyan peoples live in the region spanning the western Canadian Shield to the Northwest Territories including northern parts of the provinces of Manitoba Alberta and Saskatchewan There are also many burial and archaeological sites in Nunavut which are part of the Denesuli ne group The following list of First Nations band governments had in August 2016 a total registered membership of 25 519 with 11 315 in Saskatchewan 6 952 in Alberta 3 038 in Manitoba and 4 214 in the Northwest Territories All had Denesuline populations however several had a combination of Cree and Denesuline members see the Barren Lands First Nation in Manitoba and the Fort McMurray First Nation in Alberta There are also many Dene Denesuli ne speaking Metis communities located throughout the region The Saskatchewan village of La Loche for example had 2 300 residents who in the 2011 census identified as speaking Dene Denesuline as their native language 9 About 1 800 of the residents were Metis and about 600 were members of the Clearwater River Dene Nation 10 Commemorations editThe relocation of the Sayisi Dene is commemorated by the Dene Memorial in Churchill Manitoba 11 Governance editThe Denesuli ne people are part of many band governments spanning Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba and the Northwest Territories Alberta edit Athabasca Tribal CouncilAthabasca Chipewyan First Nation Reserves Fort Chipewyan K ai tel koe Chipewyan 201 201A 201B 201C 201D 201E 201F 201G c 348 km2 Population 1 200 12 Fort McKay First Nation Reserves Fort McKay 174 174C 174D Namur Lake 174B 174A c 149 km2 Population 851 13 Chipewyan Prairie First Nation Tl ogh teli denesuli ne Reserves Cowper Lake 194A Janvier 194 Winefred Lake Ɂuldaze tue 194B c 31 km2 Population 923 14 15 Fort McMurray First Nation Tthi dli kue Reserves Fort McMurray 468 Clearwater 175 Gregoire Lake 176 176A 176B c 31 km2 Population 763 16 Mikisew Cree First Nation despite the name the population of this band is mixed with a little over fifty percent having Chipewyan ancestry in 2020 according to a former chief whose own mother was Dene 17 Tribal Chiefs Association TCA 18 Cold Lake First Nations Lue chogh tue Reserves Cold Lake 149 149A 149B 149C c 209 km2 Population 2 858 19 20 Akaitcho Territory Government ATG Ɂakechogh nene Smith s Landing First Nation Thebati Dene Suhne Tthebatthi denesuli ne Thebacha Tthebachaghe beside the rapids the Dene name for Fort Smith Reserves and communities ejere K elni Kue 196I Hokedhe Tue 196E K i Tue 196D Li Deze 196C Thabacha Nare 196A Thebathi 196 Tsu K adhe Tue 196F Tsu Nedehe Tue 196H Tsu Tue Ts u tue 196G Tthe Jere Ghaili 196B c 100 km Population 357 21 Manitoba edit Keewatin Tribal Council 22 Barren Lands Brochet Kue First Nation has a Cree and Dene population Reserve Brochet 197 c 43 km2 Population 1 139 23 Northlands First Nation also known as Northlands Denesuline First Nation Reserves and communities Lac Brochet Dalu tue Lac Brochet 197A Sheth chok Thuycholeeni Thuycholeeni aze Tthekale nu c 22 km2 Population 1 082 24 Sayisi Dene First Nation formerly known as Fort Churchill Indian Band Reserve Churchill 1 c 2 km2 Population 817 25 Northwest Territories edit Akaitcho Territory Government ATG Deninu Kue First Nation Deneh noo kweh People of moose island formerly known as Fort Resolution Dene Reserve Fort Resolution Settlement Population 2015 910 26 Lutsel K e Dene First Nation Lutselk e Loot sel kk ay place of the Lutsel fish formerly known as Snowdrift Band Reserve Snowdrift Settlement Population 2015 782 27 Salt River First Nation 195 Reserves Fort Smith Settlement Salt Plains 195 Salt River 195 Fitzgerald 196 Alberta c 230 km2 Population 2015 971 28 Yellowknives Dene First Nation Reserves Dettah Settlement N Dilo Settlement Yellowknife Settlement Population 2015 1 551 29 Saskatchewan edit Meadow Lake Tribal Council Tl ogh tue 30 Buffalo River Dene Nation Ɂejere desche located at Dillon The reserve is about 84 km north east of Ile a la Crosse Kue Reserve Buffalo River Dene Nation No 193 c 83 km2 Population 1 405 31 Clearwater River Dene Nation Ti telase tue Its most populous reserve Clearwater River borders the village of La Loche to the north Reserves Clearwater River Dene Nos 222 221 and 223 La Loche Indian Settlement c 95 km2 Population 2 042 32 English River First Nation with offices at Patuanak signed Treaty 10 in 1906 under Chief William Apesis The name originates from the English River where the poplar house people Kes ye hot i ne inhabited the area for periods during the year Most families who now reside in Patuanak Begha ni ch ere and La Plonge 192 by Beauval had traditionally lived down river at Primeau Lake Knee Lake and Dipper Lake Reserves Cree Lake No 192G Porter Island No 192H Elak Dase No 192A Knee Lake No 192B Dipper Rapids No 192C Wapachewunak No 192D LaPlonge No 192 c 200 km2 Population 1 528 33 Birch Narrows First Nation K i t adhi ka located at Turnor Lake most populous Reserve No 193B is about 124 km northeast of Ile a la Crosse the reserve originated from Treaty 6 in 1906 Reserves Churchill Lake No 193A Turnor Lake Nos 193B and 194 c 30 km2 Population 771 34 Prince Albert Grand Council PAGC 35 Black Lake Dene Nation Tazen tue located at Black Lake most populous reserve Chicken No 224 about c 170 km southeast of Uranium City Tsoki ne formerly known as Stony Rapids Deschaghe Band Reserves Chicken Nos 224 225 and 226 c 322 km2 Population 2 111 36 Hatchet Lake Dene Nation Ttheltue also known as Lac la Hache Denesuline First Nation is located at Wollaston Lake c 354 km north of Flin Flon Reserve Lac la Hache No 220 c 110 km2 Population 1 829 37 Fond du Lac Dene Nation Gani kue is located at Fond du Lac The most populous reserve Fond Du Lac No 227 is east of Lake Athabasca Reserves Fond Du Lac Nos 227 228 229 231 232 233 c 368 km2 Population 1 989 38 Historical Chipewyan regional groups editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp class notpageimage Villages in Canada with a Denesuline speaking population nbsp nbsp Patuanak nbsp Fond du Lac nbsp Stony Rapids nbsp Black Lake nbsp Wollaston Lake nbsp La Loche nbsp Turnor Lake nbsp Dillon nbsp Patuanak nbsp Lac Brochet nbsp Tadoule Lake nbsp Cold Lake nbsp Janvier nbsp Fort Smith nbsp Fort Chipewyan nbsp La Plongeclass notpageimage 15 communities in Canada with Denesuline populations Flashing dots are villages with over 1 000 speakers The Chipewyan moved in small groups or bands consisting of several extended families alternating between winter and summer camps The groups participated in hunting trapping fishing and gathering in Canada s boreal forest and around the many lakes of their territory Later with the emerging North American fur trade they organized into several major regional groups in the vicinity of the European trading posts to control as middleman the carrying trade in furs and the hunting of fur bearing animals The new social groupings also enabled the Chipewyan to dominate their Dene neighbors and to better defend themselves against their rifle armed Cree enemies who were advancing to the Peace River and Lake Athabasca Kai theli ke hot inne K ai teli hot i ne willow flat country up they dwell lived on the western shore of Lake Athabasca at Fort Chipewyan Their tribal area extended northward to Fort Smith on the Slave River and south to Fort McMurray on the Athabasca River 39 Kes ye hot inne K esyehot i ne aspen house they dwell or poplar house they dwell lived on the upper reaches of the Churchill River along the Lac Ile a la Crosse Methye Portage Cold Lake Heart Lake and Onion Lake The tribal name is probably a description of adjacent Chipewyan groups for this major regional group and takes literally reference to the Lac Ile a la Crosse established European trading forts which were built with Poplar or Aspen wood Hoteladi Hotthe nade dene northern people lived north of the Kes ye hot inne between Cree Lake west of Reindeer Lake on the south and on the east shore of Lake Athabasca in the north Hathel hot inne Hatthelot i ne lowland they dwell lived in the Reindeer Lake ɂetthen tue Region which drains south into the Churchill River Etthen eldili dene Etthen heldelį Dene Ethen eldeli Caribou Eaters lived in the Taiga east of Lake Athabasca far east to Hudson Bay at Reindeer Lake Hatchet Lake Wollaston Lake and Lac Brochet Kkrest ayle kke ottine dwellers among the quaking aspens or trembling aspen people lived in the boreal forests between Great Slave Lake in the south and Great Bear Lake in the north Sayisi Dene Sai yisi dene or Saw eessaw dinneh people of the east traded at Fort Chipewyan Their hunting and tribal areas extended between Lake Athabasca and Great Slave Lake and along the Churchill River Gane kunan hot inne Gani kue hot i ne jack pine home they dwell lived in the taiga east of Lake Athabasca and were particularly centered along the eastern Fond du Lac area Des nedhe kke nade Desnedhe k e narade dene Desnedekenade Desnedhe hoį e nade hot įne people along the great river were also known as Athabasca Chipewyan They lived between Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca along the Slave River near Fort Resolution Deninoo Kue moose Island Thilanottine Tthi la ne hot i ne Tu tthila hot įne those who dwell at the head of the lakes or people of the end of the head lived along the lakes of the Upper Churchill River area along the Churchill River and Athabasca River from Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca in the north to Cold Lake and Lac la Biche in the southwest 40 Tandzan hot inne Talza hot i ne dwellers at the dirty lake also known as Deni nu eke towe moose island up lake on lived on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake and along the Yellowknife River and before their expulsion by the Tli chǫ along Coppermine River They were often regarded as a Chipewyan group but form as Yellowknives historically an independent First Nation and called themselves T atsaot ine T atsanot i ne Ethnography edit nbsp Denesuline children by canoe in La LocheHistorically the Denesuline were allied to some degree with the southerly Cree and warred against Inuit and other Dene peoples to the north of Chipewyan lands An important historic Denesuline is Thanadelthur Marten Jumping a young woman who early in the 18th century helped her people to establish peace with the Cree and to get involved with the fur trade Steckley 1999 The Sayisi Dene of northern Manitoba are a Chipewyan band notable for hunting migratory caribou They were historically located at Little Duck Lake and known as the Duck Lake Dene In 1956 the government forcibly relocated them to the port of Churchill on the shore of Hudson Bay and a small village north of Churchill called North Knife River joining other Dene and becoming members of Fort Churchill Chipewyan Band In the 1970s the Duck Lake Dene opted for self reliance a return to caribou hunting and relocated to Tadoule Lake Manitoba legally becoming Sayisi Dene First Nation Tadoule Lake Manitoba in the 1990s 41 https uofmpress ca books detail night spiritsCulture editThe Chipewyan used to be largely nomadic organized into small bands and temporarily lived in tepees They wore one piece pants and moccasin outfits However their nomadic lifestyle began to erode since 1717 when they encountered English entrepreneurs The Chipewyan subsequently became important in the subarctic trade by exchanging furs and hides for metal tools guns and cloth 42 Modern Chipewyan are either fluidly sedentary or semi nomadic in lifestyle Many still practice their traditional lifestyle for subsistence like fishing or hunting caribou although this process is modernized with the use of modern nets tools transportation and more 42 Language edit nbsp Historical distribution of the Denesuline languageMain article Chipewyan language Denesuline Chipewyan speak the Denesuline language of the Athabaskan linguistic group Denesuline is spoken by Aboriginal people in Canada whose name for themselves is a cognate of the word dene people Denesoline or Denesuline Speakers of the language speak different dialects but understand each other There is a k t dialect that most people speak For example people in Fond du lac Gani kue speak the k and say yaki ku while others who use the t say yati tu nbsp Sign in Denesuline at La Loche AirportThe name Chipewyan is like many people of the Canadian prairies of Algonquian origin It is derived from the Plains Cree name for them Cipwayan ᒌᐘᔮᐣ pointed skin from cipwaw ᒌᐚᐤ to be pointed and wayan ᐘᔮᐣ skin or hide a reference to the cut and style of Chipewyan parkas 43 Most Chipewyan people now use Dene and Denesuline to describe themselves and their language The Saskatchewan communities of Fond du Lac 44 Black Lake 45 and Wollaston Lake 46 are a few Despite the superficial similarity of the names the Chipewyan are not related to the Chippewa Ojibwa people In 2015 Shene Catholique Valpy a Chipewyan woman in the Northwest Territories challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit her to use the letter ʔ in her daughter s name Sahaiʔa The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the letter Sahaiʔa s mother finally registered her name with a hyphen in place of the ʔ while continuing to challenge the policy Shortly afterward another woman named Andrea Heron also challenged the territory on the same grounds for refusing to accept the letter ʔ in her daughter s Slavey name Sakaeʔah actually a cognate of Sahaiʔa 47 Notable Chipewyan editMatonabbee Matanebi Matooskie Thanadelthur Thanadeltth er Louis Riel was a grandson of a Chipewyan Jimmy Herman actor from Cold Lake First Nation References edit Canada Government of Canada Statistics 25 October 2017 Aboriginal Ancestry Responses 73 Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses 4 Residence on or off reserve 3 Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat 7 Age 8A and Sex 3 for the Population in Private Households of Canada Provinces and Territories 2016 Census 25 Sample Data www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 2017 11 22 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Cook Eung Do 2004 A Grammar of Dene Suline Chipewyan Winnipeg Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics ISBN 0 921064 17 9 Laurie Bauer 2007 The Linguistics Student s Handbook Edinburgh Taltheilei Culture Retrieved 2013 03 26 Archeological Traditions canoesaskatchewan Archived from the original on 2007 12 15 Retrieved 2007 10 12 Denesuline Dene Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Archived from the original on 2017 08 10 Retrieved 2008 10 27 Chipewyan 27 September 2021 Petitot Emile Fortune Stanislas Joseph 1876 Dictionnaire de la langue Dene Dindjie dialectes montagnais ou chippewayan peaux de lievre et loucheux renfermant en outre un grand nombre de termes propres a sept autres dialectes de la meme langue precede d une monographie des Dene Dindjie d une grammaire et de tableaux synoptiques des conjugaisons see preface Paris E Leroux Retrieved 2014 12 05 Community Profiles Canada Census 2011 8 February 2012 Retrieved 2013 06 29 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile La Loche 15 January 2008 Retrieved 2014 05 11 Dene Memorial 27 February 2014 AANDC Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Fort McKay First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Chipewyan Prairie First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation AANDC Fort McMurray 468 First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Brown Jesse Morin Brandy December 12 2022 840 The Taking of Wood Buffalo Canadaland Podcast Canadaland Event occurs at 12 20 Tribal Chiefs Association TCA Archived from the original on 2015 10 19 Retrieved 2013 03 27 AANDC Cold Lake First Nations Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Cold Lake First Nations Denesuline Archived from the original on 2011 08 03 Retrieved 2011 05 07 AANDC Smith s Landing First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Keewatin Tribal Council AANDC Barren Lands Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Northlands Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Sayisi Dene First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Deninu Kue First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Lutsel K e Dene First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Salt River First Nation 195 Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Yellowknives Dene First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Meadow Lake Tribal Council MLTC Archived 2011 08 22 at the Wayback Machine AANDC Buffalo River Dene Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Clearwater River Dene Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC English River First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Birch Narrows First Nation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 Prince Albert Grand Council PAGC Archived 2012 02 07 at the Wayback Machine AANDC Black Lake Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Hatchet Lake Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 AANDC Fond du Lac Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada Government of Canada 14 November 2008 Retrieved 2016 09 09 The Chipewyan Dene Archived 2004 06 22 at the Wayback Machine The Sayisi Dene Manitoba Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Archived from the original on May 2 2006 Retrieved 2007 10 12 a b Winston Robert ed 2004 Human The Definitive Visual Guide New York Dorling Kindersley p 353 ISBN 0 7566 0520 2 Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America Oxford Oxford University Press pg 395 Prince Albert Grand Council Fond du Lac Archived from the original on 2012 02 12 Retrieved 2013 05 26 Prince Albert Grand Council Black Lake Archived from the original on 2014 04 08 Retrieved 2013 05 26 Prince Albert Grand Council Wollaston Lake Archived from the original on 2012 02 12 Retrieved 2013 05 26 Browne Rachel 12 March 2015 What s in a name A Chipewyan s battle over her native tongue Maclean s Retrieved 5 April 2015 Further reading editAthabasca Chipewyan First Nation Footprints on the Land Tracing the Path of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation Fort Chipewyan Alta Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation 2003 ISBN 0 9733293 0 0 Birket Smith Kaj Contributions to Chipewyan Ethnology Copenhagen Gyldendal 1930 Bone Robert M Earl N Shannon and Stewart Raby The Chipewyan of the Stony Rapids Region A Study of Their Changing World with Special Attention Focused Upon Caribou Mawdsley memoir 1 Saskatoon Institute for Northern Studies University of Saskatchewan 1973 ISBN 0 88880 003 7 Bussidor Ila Usten Bilgen Reinart Night Spirits The Story of the Relocation of the Sayisi Dene University of Manitoba Press March 16 2000 Memoir of a Dene Woman s experiences in Churchill Manitoba Clayton Gouthro Cecile M Patterns in Transition Moccasin Production and Ornamentation of the Janvier Band Chipewyan Mercury series Hull Quebec Canadian Museum of Civilization 1994 ISBN 0 660 14023 3 Cook Eung Do 2006 The Patterns of Consonantal Acquisition and Change in Chipewyan Dene Suline International Journal of American Linguistics 72 no 2 236 Dramer Kim and Frank W Porter The Chipewyan New York Chelsea House 1996 ISBN 1 55546 139 5 Elford Leon W and Marjorie Elford English Chipewyan Dictionary Prince Albert Sask Northern Canada Evangelical Mission 1981 Goddard Pliny Earle Texts and Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect Chipewyan Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History v 10 pt 1 2 New York Published by order of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History 1912 Grant J C Boileau Anthropometry of the Chipewyan and Cree Indians of the Neighbourhood of Lake Athabaska Ottawa F A Acland printer 1930 Human Relations Area Files inc Chipewyan ND07 EHRAF collection of ethnography New Haven Conn Human Relations Area Files 2001 Irimoto Takashi Chipewyan Ecology Group Structure and Caribou Hunting System Senri ethnological studies no 8 Suita Osaka Japan National Museum of Ethnology 1981 Li Fang kuei and Ronald Scollon Chipewyan Texts Nankang Taipei Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica 1976 Lowie Robert Harry Chipewyan Tales New York The Trustees 1912 Paul Simon Introductory Chipewyan Basic Vocabulary Saskatoon Indian and Northern Education University of Saskatchewan 1972 Scollon Ronald and Suzanne B K Scollon Linguistic Convergence An Ethnography of Speaking at Fort Chipewyan Alberta New York Academic Press 1979 ISBN 0 12 633380 7 Shapiro Harry L The Alaskan Eskimo A Study of the Relationship between the Eskimo and the Chipewyan Indians of Central Canada New York American Museum of Natural History 1931 Sharp Henry S Chipewyan Marriage Mercury series Ottawa National Museum of Canada 1979 Sharp Henry S The Transformation of Bigfoot Maleness Power and Belief Among the Chipewyan Smithsonian series in ethnographic inquiry Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press 1988 ISBN 0 87474 848 8 VanStone James W The Changing Culture of the Snowdrift Chipewyan Ottawa Queen s Printer 1965 Wilhelm Andrea Telicity and Durativity A Study of Aspect in Dene Suline Chipewyan and German New York Routledge 2007 ISBN 0 415 97645 6External links edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chipewyan amp oldid 1212872036, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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