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Husainid dynasty

January 31, 2023

For other uses, see Husaynids.

The Husainid dynasty or Husaynid dynasty (Arabic: الحسينيون) was a ruling dynasty of the Beylik of Tunis, which was of Greek origin from the island of Crete.[1][2][3][4][5] It came to power under al-Husayn I ibn Ali in 1705, succeeding the Muradid dynasty. After taking power, the Husainids ruled as Beys and ruled Tunisia until 1957.[3]

Husainid dynasty
CountryBeylik of Tunis
Kingdom of Tunisia
Founded15 July 1705
FounderHussein I
Current headMuhammad XI Habib
Final rulerMuhammad VIII al-Amin
TitlesBey, King of Tunisia
Deposition25 July 1957

The Husainids originally ruled under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman sultans officially regarded them as beylerbeyis (provincial governors) and recognized their rights to hereditary succession.[5] Their succession to the throne was in theory determined by male primogeniture,[5][6] but this was not always followed and, especially in later periods, the throne was often granted to an older male family member along the collateral branches of the family.[5] The heir apparent to the Bey held the title Bey al-Mahalla and led the mahalla, a biannual tax collection expedition around the country.[7]

History

See also: History of Tunisia

After Husayn I ibn Ali was granted the title of beylerbeyi by Sultan Ahmed III in 1705, the Husaynid beys ruled with effective independence from the Ottomans, even going so far as to form separate diplomatic agreements with European powers such as France, England, and the Italian states.[5] Their independence was strengthened in the 19th century, especially after Hammuda Pasha suppressed the local Janissary Corps in 1811 after a revolt.[5][6] Nonetheless, they were able to retain advantageous relations with the Ottomans, sometimes requesting protection from them and at other times sending troops to assist in Ottoman wars.[5]

Under the reigns of Ahmed I Bey (r. 1837–1855), Muhammad II Bey (r. 1855–1859), and Muhammad III as-Sadiq (r. 1859–1882), efforts were made at significant reforms.[6] In 1845, with French support, Ahmad I Bey ended the regular payments of tribute to Istanbul, but continued to receive the official titles of wali and mushir and to maintain a semblance of Ottoman authority.[5][6] Ahmad also abolished slavery and removed the statutes that kept Tunisian Jews legally inferior. The abolition of the slave trade and the commission of major public works incurred large debts, which were mainly held by European (especially French) interests and businessmen.[6] On 10 September 1857, Muhammad II Bey enacted the "Fundamental Pact" (Arabic: عهد الأمان, romanized: 'Ahd al-Amān, lit. 'Security Covenant'), modeled on the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms.[6][8] In 1861 Muhammad III as-Sadiq promulgated a new constitution which transformed Tunisia into a constitutional monarchy, with a legislative assembly.[6] The state's financial situation worsened, however, which led to raised taxes, rebellions, and larger debts. In 1869 Muhammad as-Sadiq was forced to consent to the creation of an "international financial commission" (composed of Tunisia, France, England and Italy) that oversaw management of the country's debt.[6][5]

French intervention and pressure continued to increase. In 1881, following a French invasion and occupation, the Treaty of Bardo was signed and Tunisia came under the control of France as a protectorate.[6] Following independence from France on 20 March 1956, the Bey Muhammad VIII al-Amin assumed the title of King and reigned as such until the Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba deposed the dynasty and declared Tunisia a republic on 25 July 1957.[9]

Since June 2013, the current head of the dynasty is Prince Muhammad al-Habib Bey (born 1929), who is a grandson of Muhammad VI al-Habib.[citation needed]

Ruling heads of the dynasty

Main article: List of Beys of Tunis

Non ruling heads of the dynasty

  • Muhammad al-Amin (Muhammad VIII al-Amin) (July 25, 1957 – September 30, 1962)
  • Crown Prince Husain Bey (Husain III) (September 30, 1962 – April 9, 1969)
  • Prince Mustafa Bey (Mustafa II) (April 9, 1969 – July 15, 1974)
  • Prince Muhammad al-Taib Bey (Muhammad IX al-Taib) (July 15, 1974 – April 29, 1989)
  • Prince Sulaiman Bey (Sulaiman I) (April 29, 1989 – 1992)
  • Prince 'Allalah Bey (Allalah I) (1992 – 2001)
  • Prince Shazli Bey (Shazli I) (2001 – July 2, 2004)
  • Prince Muhi ud-din Bey (Muhi I ud-din) (July 2, 2004 – October 2006)
  • Prince Muhammad Bey (Muhammad X) (October 2006 – June 17, 2013)
  • Prince Muhammad al-Habib Bey (Muhammad XI al-Habib) (since June 17, 2013)

Family tree

  • Sidi Ali al-Turki (d. 1676)
    • Muhammad (c. 1665-1735)
      •   II. Ali I (1688-1756; r. 1735-1756)
    •   I. Hussein I (1675-1740; r. 1705-1735)
      •   III. Muhammad I (1710-1759; r. 1756-1759)
        •   VII. Mahmud I (1757-1824; r. 1814-1824)
          •   VIII. Hussein II (1784-1835; r. 1824-1835)
            •   XI. Muhammad II (1811-1859; r. 1855-1859)
              • Prince Hussein Bey (1839-1890)
                • Prince Muhammad as-Said Bey (1873-1918)
                  • XXI. Mustafa II (1900-1974; family head: 1969-1974)
              •   XV. Muhammad V (1855-1922; r. 1906-1922)
                •   XVIII. Muhammad VII (1881-1948; r. 1942-1943)
                  • Prince Salah ud-din Bey (1902-1938)
                    • Crown Prince Zainal-Abidin (b. 1930)
                • XX. Hussein III (1893-1969; Crown Prince: 1943–1957; family head: 1962-1969)
                • Prince Muhammad Bey (1897-1953)
                  • XXVII. Muhammad X (1928-2013; family head: 2006-2013)
            •   XII. Muhammad III (1813-1882; r. 1859-1882)
            •   XIII. Ali III (1817-1902; r. 1882-1902)
              • Prince Mustafa Bey (1844-1895)
                • Prince Iz ud-din Bey (1882-1953)
                  • XXIII. Suleiman I (1909-1992; family head: 1989-1992)
                  • XXIV. Al'Allah I (1910-2001; family head: 1992-2001)
                  • XXVI. Muhi ud-din I (1911-2006; family head: 2004-2006)
              •   XIV. Muhammad IV (1855-1906; r. 1902-1906)
              •   XVII. Ahmad II (1862-1942; r. 1929-1942)
                • XXII. Muhammad IX (1902-1989; family head: 1974-1989)
            • Prince Muhammad Mamun Bey (1819-1861)
              •   XVI. Muhammad VI (1858-1929; r. 1922-1929)
                • Prince Muhammad Iz ud-din Bey (1875-1931)
                  • XXVIII. Muhammad XI (b. 1929; family head: 2013-present)
                •   XIX. Muhammad VIII (1881-1962; r. 1943–1957; family head: 1957-1962)
                  • XXV. Shazli I (1910-2004; family head: 2001-2004)
          •   IX. Mustafa I (1786-1837; r. 1835-1837)
            •   X. Ahmad I (1806-1855; r. 1837-1855)
      •   IV. Ali II (1712-1782; r. 1759-1782)
        •   V. Hammud I (1759-1814; r. 1782-1814)
        •   VI. Uthman I (1763-1814; r. 1814)

See also

References

  1. ^ Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 531. The Husaynid dynasty was founded by al-Husayn ibn Ali, a Turkish officer of Greek origin.
  2. ^ Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann (2011). Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, C. 1800-1900. University of California Press. p. 699. ISBN 978-0-520-25923-2. In his speeches, Bourgouiba frequently claimed that the Husaynids...were not really Tunisians, often referring to them as Greeks.
  3. ^ a b Choueiri, Youssef (2013-10-08). Modern Arab Historiography: Historical Discourse and the Nation-State. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-136-86869-6. The dynasty of the Husaynids, founded by Husayn Ibn 'All, an Ottoman agha of Greek origin, ruled Tunisia until 1957 when, after independence, it was abolished and a republic was announced.
  4. ^ Tucker, Judith E. (2019). The Making of the Modern Mediterranean: Views from the South. University of California Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-520-97320-6. Founded by the son of a Muslim from Venetian-ruled and subsequently Ottoman-controlled Crete, the Husaynid dynasty (1705-1957) mirrored the larger play of trans-Mediterranean politics for two and a half centuries.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Husaynid Beys". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748696482.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mantran, R. (1960–2007). "Ḥusaynids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. ISBN 9789004161214.
  7. ^ Brown, Leon Carl (2015). The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837-1855. Princeton University Press. pp. 72, 128. ISBN 978-1-4008-4784-6.
  8. ^ Tsur, Yaron (2010). "'Ahd al-Amān". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill. ISBN 9789004161214.
  9. ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0521337674.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Husainid dynasty.
  • Cornell University Library

January 31, 2023
husainid, dynasty, other, uses, husaynids, husaynid, dynasty, arabic, الحسينيون, ruling, dynasty, beylik, tunis, which, greek, origin, from, island, crete, came, power, under, husayn, 1705, succeeding, muradid, dynasty, after, taking, power, husainids, ruled, . For other uses see Husaynids The Husainid dynasty or Husaynid dynasty Arabic الحسينيون was a ruling dynasty of the Beylik of Tunis which was of Greek origin from the island of Crete 1 2 3 4 5 It came to power under al Husayn I ibn Ali in 1705 succeeding the Muradid dynasty After taking power the Husainids ruled as Beys and ruled Tunisia until 1957 3 Husainid dynastyCountryBeylik of Tunis Kingdom of TunisiaFounded15 July 1705FounderHussein ICurrent headMuhammad XI HabibFinal rulerMuhammad VIII al AminTitlesBey King of TunisiaDeposition25 July 1957The Husainids originally ruled under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman sultans officially regarded them as beylerbeyis provincial governors and recognized their rights to hereditary succession 5 Their succession to the throne was in theory determined by male primogeniture 5 6 but this was not always followed and especially in later periods the throne was often granted to an older male family member along the collateral branches of the family 5 The heir apparent to the Bey held the title Bey al Mahalla and led the mahalla a biannual tax collection expedition around the country 7 Contents 1 History 2 Ruling heads of the dynasty 3 Non ruling heads of the dynasty 3 1 Family tree 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditSee also History of Tunisia After Husayn I ibn Ali was granted the title of beylerbeyi by Sultan Ahmed III in 1705 the Husaynid beys ruled with effective independence from the Ottomans even going so far as to form separate diplomatic agreements with European powers such as France England and the Italian states 5 Their independence was strengthened in the 19th century especially after Hammuda Pasha suppressed the local Janissary Corps in 1811 after a revolt 5 6 Nonetheless they were able to retain advantageous relations with the Ottomans sometimes requesting protection from them and at other times sending troops to assist in Ottoman wars 5 Under the reigns of Ahmed I Bey r 1837 1855 Muhammad II Bey r 1855 1859 and Muhammad III as Sadiq r 1859 1882 efforts were made at significant reforms 6 In 1845 with French support Ahmad I Bey ended the regular payments of tribute to Istanbul but continued to receive the official titles of wali and mushir and to maintain a semblance of Ottoman authority 5 6 Ahmad also abolished slavery and removed the statutes that kept Tunisian Jews legally inferior The abolition of the slave trade and the commission of major public works incurred large debts which were mainly held by European especially French interests and businessmen 6 On 10 September 1857 Muhammad II Bey enacted the Fundamental Pact Arabic عهد الأمان romanized Ahd al Aman lit Security Covenant modeled on the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms 6 8 In 1861 Muhammad III as Sadiq promulgated a new constitution which transformed Tunisia into a constitutional monarchy with a legislative assembly 6 The state s financial situation worsened however which led to raised taxes rebellions and larger debts In 1869 Muhammad as Sadiq was forced to consent to the creation of an international financial commission composed of Tunisia France England and Italy that oversaw management of the country s debt 6 5 French intervention and pressure continued to increase In 1881 following a French invasion and occupation the Treaty of Bardo was signed and Tunisia came under the control of France as a protectorate 6 Following independence from France on 20 March 1956 the Bey Muhammad VIII al Amin assumed the title of King and reigned as such until the Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba deposed the dynasty and declared Tunisia a republic on 25 July 1957 9 Since June 2013 the current head of the dynasty is Prince Muhammad al Habib Bey born 1929 who is a grandson of Muhammad VI al Habib citation needed Ruling heads of the dynasty EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article List of Beys of Tunis Al Husayn I ibn Ali 15 July 1705 7 September 1735 Abu l Hasan Ali I 7 September 1735 22 September 1756 Muhammad I ar Rashid 22 September 1756 11 February 1759 Ali II ibn Hussein 11 February 1759 26 May 1782 Hammuda ibn Ali 26 May 1782 15 September 1814 Uthman ibn Ali 15 September 21 November 1814 Mahmud ibn Muhammad 21 November 1814 28 March 1824 Al Husayn II ibn Mahmud 28 March 1824 20 May 1835 Al Mustafa ibn Mahmud 20 May 1835 10 October 1837 Ahmad I ibn Mustafa 10 October 1837 30 May 1855 Muhammad II ibn al Husayn 30 May 1855 22 September 1859 Muhammad III as Sadiq 22 September 1859 27 October 1882 Ali III Muddat ibn al Husayn 28 October 1882 11 June 1902 Muhammad IV al Hadi 11 June 1902 11 May 1906 Muhammad V an Nasir 11 May 1906 10 July 1922 Muhammad VI al Habib 10 July 1922 11 February 1929 Ahmad II ibn Ali 11 February 1929 19 June 1942 Muhammad VII al Munsif 19 June 1942 15 May 1943 Muhammad VIII al Amin 15 May 1943 25 July 1957 Non ruling heads of the dynasty EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Muhammad al Amin Muhammad VIII al Amin July 25 1957 September 30 1962 Crown Prince Husain Bey Husain III September 30 1962 April 9 1969 Prince Mustafa Bey Mustafa II April 9 1969 July 15 1974 Prince Muhammad al Taib Bey Muhammad IX al Taib July 15 1974 April 29 1989 Prince Sulaiman Bey Sulaiman I April 29 1989 1992 Prince Allalah Bey Allalah I 1992 2001 Prince Shazli Bey Shazli I 2001 July 2 2004 Prince Muhi ud din Bey Muhi I ud din July 2 2004 October 2006 Prince Muhammad Bey Muhammad X October 2006 June 17 2013 Prince Muhammad al Habib Bey Muhammad XI al Habib since June 17 2013 Family tree Edit Sidi Ali al Turki d 1676 Muhammad c 1665 1735 II Ali I 1688 1756 r 1735 1756 I Hussein I 1675 1740 r 1705 1735 III Muhammad I 1710 1759 r 1756 1759 VII Mahmud I 1757 1824 r 1814 1824 VIII Hussein II 1784 1835 r 1824 1835 XI Muhammad II 1811 1859 r 1855 1859 Prince Hussein Bey 1839 1890 Prince Muhammad as Said Bey 1873 1918 XXI Mustafa II 1900 1974 family head 1969 1974 XV Muhammad V 1855 1922 r 1906 1922 XVIII Muhammad VII 1881 1948 r 1942 1943 Prince Salah ud din Bey 1902 1938 Crown Prince Zainal Abidin b 1930 XX Hussein III 1893 1969 Crown Prince 1943 1957 family head 1962 1969 Prince Muhammad Bey 1897 1953 XXVII Muhammad X 1928 2013 family head 2006 2013 XII Muhammad III 1813 1882 r 1859 1882 XIII Ali III 1817 1902 r 1882 1902 Prince Mustafa Bey 1844 1895 Prince Iz ud din Bey 1882 1953 XXIII Suleiman I 1909 1992 family head 1989 1992 XXIV Al Allah I 1910 2001 family head 1992 2001 XXVI Muhi ud din I 1911 2006 family head 2004 2006 XIV Muhammad IV 1855 1906 r 1902 1906 XVII Ahmad II 1862 1942 r 1929 1942 XXII Muhammad IX 1902 1989 family head 1974 1989 Prince Muhammad Mamun Bey 1819 1861 XVI Muhammad VI 1858 1929 r 1922 1929 Prince Muhammad Iz ud din Bey 1875 1931 XXVIII Muhammad XI b 1929 family head 2013 present XIX Muhammad VIII 1881 1962 r 1943 1957 family head 1957 1962 XXV Shazli I 1910 2004 family head 2001 2004 IX Mustafa I 1786 1837 r 1835 1837 X Ahmad I 1806 1855 r 1837 1855 IV Ali II 1712 1782 r 1759 1782 V Hammud I 1759 1814 r 1782 1814 VI Uthman I 1763 1814 r 1814 See also EditBeylik of Tunis Kingdom of Tunisia Ottoman Crete Cretan Turks List of Sunni Muslim dynastiesReferences Edit Prokhorov Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich 1973 Great Soviet Encyclopedia Macmillan p 531 The Husaynid dynasty was founded by al Husayn ibn Ali a Turkish officer of Greek origin Clancy Smith Julia Ann 2011 Mediterraneans North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration C 1800 1900 University of California Press p 699 ISBN 978 0 520 25923 2 In his speeches Bourgouiba frequently claimed that the Husaynids were not really Tunisians often referring to them as Greeks a b Choueiri Youssef 2013 10 08 Modern Arab Historiography Historical Discourse and the Nation State Routledge p 74 ISBN 978 1 136 86869 6 The dynasty of the Husaynids founded by Husayn Ibn All an Ottoman agha of Greek origin ruled Tunisia until 1957 when after independence it was abolished and a republic was announced Tucker Judith E 2019 The Making of the Modern Mediterranean Views from the South University of California Press pp 40 41 ISBN 978 0 520 97320 6 Founded by the son of a Muslim from Venetian ruled and subsequently Ottoman controlled Crete the Husaynid dynasty 1705 1957 mirrored the larger play of trans Mediterranean politics for two and a half centuries a b c d e f g h i Bosworth Clifford Edmund 2004 The Husaynid Beys The New Islamic Dynasties A Chronological and Genealogical Manual Edinburgh University Press ISBN 9780748696482 a b c d e f g h i Mantran R 1960 2007 Ḥusaynids In Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Brill ISBN 9789004161214 Brown Leon Carl 2015 The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey 1837 1855 Princeton University Press pp 72 128 ISBN 978 1 4008 4784 6 Tsur Yaron 2010 Ahd al Aman In Stillman Norman A ed Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Brill ISBN 9789004161214 Abun Nasr Jamil 1987 A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 368 ISBN 0521337674 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Husainid dynasty Website of Prince Rafet Bey Cornell University Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Husainid dynasty amp oldid 1117288893, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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