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Darfur

March 14, 2023

For other uses, see Darfur (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 13°00′N 25°00′E / 13.000°N 25.000°E / 13.000; 25.000

Darfur (/dɑːrˈfʊər/ dar-FOOR; Arabic: دار فور, romanized: Dār Fūr, lit. 'Realm of the Fur') is a region of western Sudan. Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" – the region was named Dardaju (Arabic: دار داجو, romanized: Dār Dājū) while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë c. 350 AD, and it was renamed Dartunjur (Arabic: دار تنجر, romanized: Dār Tunjur) when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years[2] until it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. As an administrative region, Darfur is divided into five federal states: Central Darfur, East Darfur, North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur. Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.[3]

Darfur Region
دار فور
CapitalAl-Fashir, North Darfur
Official languagesArabic, Fur
Demonym(s)Darfuri, Darfurian and Darfurese
Government
Minni Minawi[1]
Area
• Total
493,180 km2 (190,420 sq mi)
Population
• 2017 estimate
9,241,369
• Density
18.7/km2 (48.4/sq mi)
CurrencySudanese pound
Time zoneUTC+2:00 (CAT)
Website
Official website

The first historical mention of the word Fur occurs in 1664 in the account by J. M. Vansleb, a German traveler, of a visit to Egypt (Petermann (1862-3). Mittheilungen, Erganzungsband II). It is claimed that, like sūdān, fūr means "blacks", and was the name given by the early light-colored Berber sultans of Darfur to the original inhabitants of the country such as the Binga, Banda, etc. As the historic dynasty's physical appearance became more "Africanized" from intermarriage with black wives and concubines, the appearance of the sultans darkened correspondingly and they became known by the appellation of their subjects, Fūr.[4]

Geography

 
Deriba Crater is at the highest point of the Marrah Mountains
 
Overland trucks en route near Jebel Marra, 2019

Darfur covers an area of 493,180 square kilometers (190,420 sq mi),[5] approximately the size of mainland Spain.[6][7][8] It is largely a semi-desert plateau with the Marrah Mountains (Jebel Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to 3,042 meters (9,980 ft) of topographic prominence,[9] in the center of the region. The region's main towns are Al Fashir, Geneina, and Nyala.

There are four main features of its physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with plains and low hills of sandy soils, known as goz, and sandstone hills. In many places the goz is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes. While dry, goz may also support rich pasture and arable land. To the north the goz is overtaken by the desert sands of the Sahara. A second feature are the wadis, which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during the wet season to large wadis that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of kilometres west to Lake Chad. Many wadis have pans of alluvium with rich heavy soil that are also difficult to cultivate. Western Darfur is dominated by the third feature, basement rock, sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature are the Marrah Mountains and Daju Hills, volcanic plugs created by a massif, that rise up to a peak at Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate, high rainfall and permanent springs of water.[citation needed]

Remote sensing has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur. The potential water deposits are estimated at 49,500 km2 (19,110 sq mi). The lake, during epochs when the region was more humid, would have contained about 2,500 km3 (600 cubic miles) of water.[10] It may have dried up thousands of years ago.[11]

History

Main article: History of Darfur
 
Flag of the rebel Sudan Liberation Movement/Army

Most of the region consists of a semi-arid plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex civilization. But the Marrah Mountains offer plentiful water, and by the 12th century the Daju people, succeeding the semi-legendary Tora culture, created the first historical attestable kingdom. They were centered in the Marrah Mountains and left records of valuable rock engravings, stone architecture and a (orally preserved) list of kings. The Tunjur replaced the Daju in the fourteenth century and the Daju established new headquarters in Abyei, Denga, Darsila and Mongo in the current Chad. The Tunjur sultans intermarried with the Fur and sultan Musa Sulayman (reigned c.1667 to c.1695) is considered[by whom?] the founder of the Keira dynasty. Darfur became a great power of the Sahel under the Keira dynasty, expanding its borders as far east as the Atbarah River and attracting immigrants from Bornu and Bagirmi. During the mid-18th century conflict between rival factions wracked the country, and external war pitted Darfur against Sennar and Wadai. In 1875, the weakened kingdom was destroyed by the Egyptian ruler set up in Khartoum,[2] largely through the machinations of Sebehr Rahma, a slave-trader, who was competing with the dar over access to ivory in Bahr el Ghazal to the south of Darfur.

The Darfuris were restive under Egyptian rule, but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, when in 1882 his Emir of Darfur, who came from the Southern Darfur Arab Rizeigat tribe led by Sheikh Madibbo, defeated the Ottoman forces led by Slatin Pasha (that had just invaded Egypt earlier that year) in Darfur. When Ahmad's successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, himself an Arab of Southern Darfur from the Ta’isha tribe, demanded that the pastoralist tribes provide soldiers, several tribes rose up in revolt. Following the defeat of Abdallahi at Omdurman in 1899 by an Anglo-Egyptian expeditionary force, the new Anglo-Egyptian government recognized Ali Dinar as the sultan of Darfur and largely left the Dar to its own affairs except for a nominal annual tribute. In 1916, after the British government suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the Ottoman government, launched an expedition from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near Khartoum - while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored.[2]

Under Sudanese rule

See also: War in Darfur
 
Camp of Darfuris internally displaced by the ongoing War in Darfur.
 
A village in South Darfur
 
A villager in Darfur, Sudan, crosses the overflowing stream.
 
Sudanese children in an IDP camp in Darfur.

A pattern of skewed economic development continued after Sudan achieved political independence in 1956. The proxy wars between Sudan, Libya and Chad added an element of political instability.[12] Darfurians, mainly those who self-identified as "Arab" and "African" people, began to respond to the ideology of Arab supremacy propagated by Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi (in power 1969–2011). A famine in the mid-1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris. A low-level conflict continued for the next fifteen years, with the government co-opting and arming Arab Janjaweed militias against its enemies.[2] The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the Darfur conflict, in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. Human-rights groups and the UN, March, 2004,[13] came to regard the conflict as one of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world.[13] Insurgency and counter-insurgency have led to 480,000 deaths (the Khartoum government disputes the numbers). This has been labeled as Darfur genocide.[14] "By 2010 about 300,000 had died, according to the UN best estimate, and about 3,000,000 were forced into refugee camps."[15] Over 2.8 million people have become displaced since 2003, many of whom were children (see Lost Boys of Sudan). Many of these refugees have gone into camps where emergency aid has created conditions that, although extremely basic, are better than in the villages, which offer no protection against the various militias that operate in the region.[2]

Nearly two-thirds of the population continues to struggle to survive in remote villages. Virtually no foreigners visit the region because of the fear of kidnapping, and only some non-governmental organizations continue to provide long-term grass-roots assistance. As of 2015 the United Nations is in discussion with the Government of Sudan over the withdrawal of UNAMID, the peacekeeping force, which is the largest in the world.[16] Other UN agencies (such as the WFP) might exit.[17]

During the existence of the Calais Jungle refugee camp, Darfur was listed as a major source of the camp's inhabitants.[18]

Peace process

Darfur Peace Agreement (also known as Abuja Agreement)

The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Movement of Minni Minnawi signed a Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006. Only one rebel group, the Sudan Liberation Movement, subscribed to the agreement; the Justice and Equality Movement rejected it, resulting in a continuation of the conflict. The agreement includes provisions for wealth-sharing and power-sharing and established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority to help administer Darfur until a referendum could take place on the future of the region. The leader of the Sudan Liberation Movement, Minni Minnawi, was appointed Senior Assistant to the President of Sudan and Chairman of the transitional authority in 2007.[citation needed].

Doha Agreement

In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement, an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups, formed in February of that year,[19] started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in Doha, Qatar. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur, was formed and the Justice and Equality Movement planned further talks.[20] The talks ended on December 19 without a new peace agreement, but participants agreed on basic principles, including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed.[21][22]

In January 2011, the leader of the Liberation and Justice Movement, Dr. Tijani Sese, stated that the movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document proposed by the joint-mediators in Doha; the proposals included a $300,000,000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to conduct trials of persons accused of human-rights violations. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were also included; this authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. The current three Darfur states and state governments would also continue to exist during this period.[23][24] In February 2011 the Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region.[25]

On 29 January, the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups.[26] Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month.[27] On 25 February, both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document.[28]

At the Doha Peace Forum in June, the Joint Mediators proposed a new Darfur Peace Agreement, which would supersede the Abuja Agreement of 2005 and if signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum.[29] The proposal included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that includes both the three states and a strategic regional authority, the Darfur Regional Authority, to oversee Darfur as a whole.[30] The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July.[31] The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished.[citation needed]

2020 peace agreement (Juba Agreement)

A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 in Juba, South Sudan, between the Sudanese authorities and rebel factions to end armed hostilities.[32]

However, further tribal clashes have continued during 2021.

Languages

Languages of Darfur include Fur, Daju, Erenga (or Sungor), Fongoro, Fulbe (or Fulfulde), Fur (thus the name of the region), Masalit, Sinyar, Tama, Midob, and Zaghawa.

Other than Fur, the following languages are spoken in Darfur according to Ethnologue.[33]

Government

Main article: Darfur Regional Government

The region is divided into five federal states: Central Darfur, East Darfur, North Darfur, South Darfur and West Darfur. The Darfur Peace Agreement of 2006 established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority as an interim authority for the region.[34] The agreement stated that a referendum on the status of Darfur should be held no later than 2011.[34] Minni Minnawi was the first chair of this authority, holding that office from April 2007 until December 2010, when he was succeeded by Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam. The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the Darfur Regional Authority with executive and legislative functions. The chairperson of the Darfur Regional Authority, Tijani Sese, assumed the post on 20 September 2011. The regional authority was dissolved in July 2016 following a referendum, on the status of the Darfur region within Sudan.[35][36] As part of the Sudanese transition to democracy, a Darfur Regional Government was created in August 2021 with Minni Minawi as Regional Governor.[37]

Demographics and economy

In 2008, Darfur's population was 7.5 million.[38] This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 (1.3 million).[38] 52% are aged 16 years or younger.[38]

Darfur's budget was US$286 million in 2008.[38]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darfur.

References

  1. ^ "Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur".
  2. ^ a b c d e Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. ISBN 978-0-300-16273-8
  3. ^ Veronika Danielová, "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day." Ethnologia Actualis 1.14 (2014): 37-59.
  4. ^ Arkell, A.J. (1955). A history of the Sudan from the earliest times to 1821. London: University of London the Athlone Press. P.214.
  5. ^ . Globaldreamers.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  6. ^ R. S. O'Fahey (2004-05-15). "Darfur: A complex ethnic reality with a long history". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  7. ^ . Pbs.org. 2005-02-17. Archived from the original on 2014-01-19. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  8. ^ "Quick guide: Darfur - BBC News, 2006-09-06". BBC News. 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  9. ^ "Africa Ultra-Prominences". Peaklist.org. 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  10. ^ "Underground lake may bring Darfur peace: scientist" by Tanzina Vega, Reuters, July 18, 2007
  11. ^ Ancient Darfur lake 'is dried up', BBC, July 20, 2007
  12. ^ Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge." Review of African Political Economy 33.109 (2006): 467-482. online
  13. ^ a b Un.org
  14. ^ Mayroz, E. (2019). "Reluctant Interveners: America's Failed Responses to Genocide from Bosnia to Darfur". Genocide Studies and Prevention. Rutgers University Press. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  15. ^ Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. p, 191. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. ISBN 978-0-300-16273-8
  16. ^ Un.org
  17. ^ Brendan Bromwich, and Margie Buchanan-Smith. "Preparing for peace: An analysis of Darfur, Sudan." in Carl Bruch, Carroll Muffett, and Sandra S. Nichols, eds. Governance, Natural Resources and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (Routledge, 2016). 183-206.
  18. ^ "Calais 'Jungle': Migrants hit dead end in journey to UK". .. among those fleeing Darfur, Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Eritrea and other zones of conflict or poverty.
  19. ^ . Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  20. ^ "Sudan Peace Watch-December 21, 2010 | Enough". Enoughproject.org. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  21. ^ . Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  22. ^ . 195.190.28.213. Archived from the original on 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  23. ^ . 195.190.28.213. 2011-07-09. Archived from the original on 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  24. ^ . Monsters and Critics. 2011-01-03. Archived from the original on 2011-12-27. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  25. ^ . SHRIG. 2011-02-07. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  26. ^ Stephen Kinzer (2010-01-24). "End human rights imperialism now". Sudanjem.com. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  27. ^ "Sudan government to return chief negotiator to Doha | Radio Dabanga". 195.190.28.213. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  28. ^ "Darfur movements reject Doha peace proposal | Radio dabanga". 195.190.28.213. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  29. ^ "Under peace deal, Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum". Radio Dabanga. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  30. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  31. ^ . Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  32. ^ "Sudan signs peace deal with rebel groups from Darfur". Al Jazeera. 31 August 2020.
  33. ^ Languages of Sudan. Ethnologue, 22nd edition.
  34. ^ a b . Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2019-02-04. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  35. ^ "Darfur referendum: 'States option' wins by a landslide".
  36. ^ "Darfur votes for five-state status quo: Referendum chief".
  37. ^ "Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur".
  38. ^ a b c d (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-26. Retrieved 11 January 2014.

Bibliography

  • Arkell, A. J., "A History of Darfur. Part II: The Tunjur etc", Sudan Notes and Records, 32, 2 (1951), 207–238.
  • Asher, M.J.,"In Search of the Forty Days Road" Penguin. 1984
  • Daly, M.W., Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide, Cambridge 2010.
  • Elliesie, Hatem, "Sudan under the Constraints of (International) Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law: The Case of Darfur", in Hatem Elliesie (ed.), Islam and Human Rights / al-islam wa-huquq al-insan, Frankfurt, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Vienna 2010, pp. 193–217 ISBN 978-3-631-57848-3
  • Elliesie, Hatem et al., "Different Approaches to Genocide Trials under National Jurisdiction on the African Continent: The Rwandan, Ethiopian and Sudanese Cases", in Recht in Afrika, Cologne 2009, 12/1, pp. 21–67. ISBN 978-3-89645-804-9
  • Foerstel, K. "Crisis in Darfur" CQ Global Researcher (2008). 2, 243-270. online
  • Herr, Alexis, Darfur Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide (2020) excerpt
  • Johnson, Douglas H. The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars (Indiana UP, 2003), ISBN 0-253-21584-6
  • Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (2009) excerpt
  • O'Fahey, R. S., The Darfur Sultanate: A History, London 2008.
  • Young, Osman, Abusin, Asher, Egemi "Livelihoods, Power, and Choice: The Vulnerability of the Northern Rizaygat, Darfur, Sudan" Feinstein Centre for Marginalized Peoples. Tufts University January 2009

External links

  • Darfur Regional Government
  • Darfur Regional Government on Facebook

March 14, 2023
darfur, other, uses, disambiguation, coordinates, ɑːr, ʊər, foor, arabic, دار, فور, romanized, dār, fūr, realm, region, western, sudan, dār, arabic, word, meaning, home, region, named, dardaju, arabic, دار, داجو, romanized, dār, dājū, while, ruled, daju, migra. For other uses see Darfur disambiguation Coordinates 13 00 N 25 00 E 13 000 N 25 000 E 13 000 25 000 Darfur d ɑːr ˈ f ʊer dar FOOR Arabic دار فور romanized Dar Fur lit Realm of the Fur is a region of western Sudan Dar is an Arabic word meaning home of the region was named Dardaju Arabic دار داجو romanized Dar Daju while ruled by the Daju who migrated from Meroe c 350 AD and it was renamed Dartunjur Arabic دار تنجر romanized Dar Tunjur when the Tunjur ruled the area Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years 2 until it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo Egyptian forces in 1916 As an administrative region Darfur is divided into five federal states Central Darfur East Darfur North Darfur South Darfur and West Darfur Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003 The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry and the rivalry between farmers and herders 3 Darfur Regionدار فورCoat of armsCapitalAl Fashir North DarfurOfficial languagesArabic FurDemonym s Darfuri Darfurian and DarfureseGovernment Regional GovernorMinni Minawi 1 Area Total493 180 km2 190 420 sq mi Population 2017 estimate9 241 369 Density18 7 km2 48 4 sq mi CurrencySudanese poundTime zoneUTC 2 00 CAT WebsiteOfficial websiteThe first historical mention of the word Fur occurs in 1664 in the account by J M Vansleb a German traveler of a visit to Egypt Petermann 1862 3 Mittheilungen Erganzungsband II It is claimed that like sudan fur means blacks and was the name given by the early light colored Berber sultans of Darfur to the original inhabitants of the country such as the Binga Banda etc As the historic dynasty s physical appearance became more Africanized from intermarriage with black wives and concubines the appearance of the sultans darkened correspondingly and they became known by the appellation of their subjects Fur 4 Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2 1 Under Sudanese rule 2 2 Peace process 2 2 1 Darfur Peace Agreement also known as Abuja Agreement 2 2 2 Doha Agreement 2 2 3 2020 peace agreement Juba Agreement 3 Languages 4 Government 5 Demographics and economy 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksGeography EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Darfur news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Deriba Crater is at the highest point of the Marrah Mountains Overland trucks en route near Jebel Marra 2019 Darfur covers an area of 493 180 square kilometers 190 420 sq mi 5 approximately the size of mainland Spain 6 7 8 It is largely a semi desert plateau with the Marrah Mountains Jebel Marra a range of volcanic peaks rising up to 3 042 meters 9 980 ft of topographic prominence 9 in the center of the region The region s main towns are Al Fashir Geneina and Nyala There are four main features of its physical geography The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with plains and low hills of sandy soils known as goz and sandstone hills In many places the goz is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes While dry goz may also support rich pasture and arable land To the north the goz is overtaken by the desert sands of the Sahara A second feature are the wadis which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during the wet season to large wadis that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of kilometres west to Lake Chad Many wadis have pans of alluvium with rich heavy soil that are also difficult to cultivate Western Darfur is dominated by the third feature basement rock sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals The fourth and final feature are the Marrah Mountains and Daju Hills volcanic plugs created by a massif that rise up to a peak at Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate high rainfall and permanent springs of water citation needed Remote sensing has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur The potential water deposits are estimated at 49 500 km2 19 110 sq mi The lake during epochs when the region was more humid would have contained about 2 500 km3 600 cubic miles of water 10 It may have dried up thousands of years ago 11 History EditMain article History of Darfur This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Darfur news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Flag of the rebel Sudan Liberation Movement Army Most of the region consists of a semi arid plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex civilization But the Marrah Mountains offer plentiful water and by the 12th century the Daju people succeeding the semi legendary Tora culture created the first historical attestable kingdom They were centered in the Marrah Mountains and left records of valuable rock engravings stone architecture and a orally preserved list of kings The Tunjur replaced the Daju in the fourteenth century and the Daju established new headquarters in Abyei Denga Darsila and Mongo in the current Chad The Tunjur sultans intermarried with the Fur and sultan Musa Sulayman reigned c 1667 to c 1695 is considered by whom the founder of the Keira dynasty Darfur became a great power of the Sahel under the Keira dynasty expanding its borders as far east as the Atbarah River and attracting immigrants from Bornu and Bagirmi During the mid 18th century conflict between rival factions wracked the country and external war pitted Darfur against Sennar and Wadai In 1875 the weakened kingdom was destroyed by the Egyptian ruler set up in Khartoum 2 largely through the machinations of Sebehr Rahma a slave trader who was competing with the dar over access to ivory in Bahr el Ghazal to the south of Darfur The Darfuris were restive under Egyptian rule but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad when in 1882 his Emir of Darfur who came from the Southern Darfur Arab Rizeigat tribe led by Sheikh Madibbo defeated the Ottoman forces led by Slatin Pasha that had just invaded Egypt earlier that year in Darfur When Ahmad s successor Abdallahi ibn Muhammad himself an Arab of Southern Darfur from the Ta isha tribe demanded that the pastoralist tribes provide soldiers several tribes rose up in revolt Following the defeat of Abdallahi at Omdurman in 1899 by an Anglo Egyptian expeditionary force the new Anglo Egyptian government recognized Ali Dinar as the sultan of Darfur and largely left the Dar to its own affairs except for a nominal annual tribute In 1916 after the British government suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the Ottoman government launched an expedition from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo Egyptian Sudan The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near Khartoum while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored 2 Under Sudanese rule Edit See also War in Darfur Camp of Darfuris internally displaced by the ongoing War in Darfur A village in South Darfur A villager in Darfur Sudan crosses the overflowing stream Sudanese children in an IDP camp in Darfur A pattern of skewed economic development continued after Sudan achieved political independence in 1956 The proxy wars between Sudan Libya and Chad added an element of political instability 12 Darfurians mainly those who self identified as Arab and African people began to respond to the ideology of Arab supremacy propagated by Libyan leader Muammar al Gaddafi in power 1969 2011 A famine in the mid 1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris A low level conflict continued for the next fifteen years with the government co opting and arming Arab Janjaweed militias against its enemies 2 The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the Darfur conflict in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement Human rights groups and the UN March 2004 13 came to regard the conflict as one of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world 13 Insurgency and counter insurgency have led to 480 000 deaths the Khartoum government disputes the numbers This has been labeled as Darfur genocide 14 By 2010 about 300 000 had died according to the UN best estimate and about 3 000 000 were forced into refugee camps 15 Over 2 8 million people have become displaced since 2003 many of whom were children see Lost Boys of Sudan Many of these refugees have gone into camps where emergency aid has created conditions that although extremely basic are better than in the villages which offer no protection against the various militias that operate in the region 2 Nearly two thirds of the population continues to struggle to survive in remote villages Virtually no foreigners visit the region because of the fear of kidnapping and only some non governmental organizations continue to provide long term grass roots assistance As of 2015 update the United Nations is in discussion with the Government of Sudan over the withdrawal of UNAMID the peacekeeping force which is the largest in the world 16 Other UN agencies such as the WFP might exit 17 During the existence of the Calais Jungle refugee camp Darfur was listed as a major source of the camp s inhabitants 18 Peace process Edit Darfur Peace Agreement also known as Abuja Agreement Edit The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Movement of Minni Minnawi signed a Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006 Only one rebel group the Sudan Liberation Movement subscribed to the agreement the Justice and Equality Movement rejected it resulting in a continuation of the conflict The agreement includes provisions for wealth sharing and power sharing and established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority to help administer Darfur until a referendum could take place on the future of the region The leader of the Sudan Liberation Movement Minni Minnawi was appointed Senior Assistant to the President of Sudan and Chairman of the transitional authority in 2007 citation needed Doha Agreement Edit In December 2010 representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups formed in February of that year 19 started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in Doha Qatar A new rebel group the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur was formed and the Justice and Equality Movement planned further talks 20 The talks ended on December 19 without a new peace agreement but participants agreed on basic principles including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur The possibility of a Darfuri Vice President was also discussed 21 22 In January 2011 the leader of the Liberation and Justice Movement Dr Tijani Sese stated that the movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document proposed by the joint mediators in Doha the proposals included a 300 000 000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to conduct trials of persons accused of human rights violations Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were also included this authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years The current three Darfur states and state governments would also continue to exist during this period 23 24 In February 2011 the Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice president from the region 25 On 29 January the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups 26 Later in February the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month 27 On 25 February both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice president and compensation for victims The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document 28 At the Doha Peace Forum in June the Joint Mediators proposed a new Darfur Peace Agreement which would supersede the Abuja Agreement of 2005 and if signed would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum 29 The proposal included provisions for a Darfuri Vice President and an administrative structure that includes both the three states and a strategic regional authority the Darfur Regional Authority to oversee Darfur as a whole 30 The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July 31 The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished citation needed 2020 peace agreement Juba Agreement Edit A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 in Juba South Sudan between the Sudanese authorities and rebel factions to end armed hostilities 32 However further tribal clashes have continued during 2021 Languages EditLanguages of Darfur include Fur Daju Erenga or Sungor Fongoro Fulbe or Fulfulde Fur thus the name of the region Masalit Sinyar Tama Midob and Zaghawa Other than Fur the following languages are spoken in Darfur according to Ethnologue 33 Fur language Maban languages Masalit language Taman languages Tama language Sungor language Saharan languages Zaghawa language Kanuri language Bornu Berti language extinct Kresh languages Gbaya language Bongo Bagirmi languages Tar Gula language Yulu language Berber languages Air Tamajeq language Daju languages Daju language Baygo language extinct Nubian languages Midob language Birked language extinct Other languages Fulfulde language Sinyar language extinct Fongoro language extinct Government EditMain article Darfur Regional Government The region is divided into five federal states Central Darfur East Darfur North Darfur South Darfur and West Darfur The Darfur Peace Agreement of 2006 established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority as an interim authority for the region 34 The agreement stated that a referendum on the status of Darfur should be held no later than 2011 34 Minni Minnawi was the first chair of this authority holding that office from April 2007 until December 2010 when he was succeeded by Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the Darfur Regional Authority with executive and legislative functions The chairperson of the Darfur Regional Authority Tijani Sese assumed the post on 20 September 2011 The regional authority was dissolved in July 2016 following a referendum on the status of the Darfur region within Sudan 35 36 As part of the Sudanese transition to democracy a Darfur Regional Government was created in August 2021 with Minni Minawi as Regional Governor 37 Demographics and economy EditIn 2008 Darfur s population was 7 5 million 38 This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 1 3 million 38 52 are aged 16 years or younger 38 Darfur s budget was US 286 million in 2008 38 See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darfur 2010 Sahel famine Ahmed Abdulshafi Bassey Darfur genocideReferences Edit Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur a b c d e Richard Cockett Sudan Darfur and the failure of an African state 2010 Hobbs the Printers Ltd Totten Hampshire ISBN 978 0 300 16273 8 Veronika Danielova Darfur Crisis of 2003 Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day Ethnologia Actualis 1 14 2014 37 59 Arkell A J 1955 A history of the Sudan from the earliest times to 1821 London University of London the Athlone Press P 214 Sudan s Geography Globaldreamers org Archived from the original on 2011 10 05 Retrieved 2010 07 13 R S O Fahey 2004 05 15 Darfur A complex ethnic reality with a long history The New York Times Retrieved 2013 01 19 Congressional Reps Give Update on Troubled Darfur Region of Sudan Pbs org 2005 02 17 Archived from the original on 2014 01 19 Retrieved 2010 07 13 Quick guide Darfur BBC News 2006 09 06 BBC News 2006 09 06 Retrieved 2010 07 13 Africa Ultra Prominences Peaklist org 2007 05 10 Retrieved 2010 07 13 Underground lake may bring Darfur peace scientist by Tanzina Vega Reuters July 18 2007 Ancient Darfur lake is dried up BBC July 20 2007 Roland Marchal Chad Darfur how two crises merge Review of African Political Economy 33 109 2006 467 482 online a b Un org Mayroz E 2019 Reluctant Interveners America s Failed Responses to Genocide from Bosnia to Darfur Genocide Studies and Prevention Rutgers University Press Retrieved 26 October 2020 Richard Cockett Sudan Darfur and the failure of an African state 2010 p 191 Hobbs the Printers Ltd Totten Hampshire ISBN 978 0 300 16273 8 Un org Brendan Bromwich and Margie Buchanan Smith Preparing for peace An analysis of Darfur Sudan in Carl Bruch Carroll Muffett and Sandra S Nichols eds Governance Natural Resources and Post Conflict Peacebuilding Routledge 2016 183 206 Calais Jungle Migrants hit dead end in journey to UK among those fleeing Darfur Afghanistan Syria Iraq Eritrea and other zones of conflict or poverty EXCLUSIVE Darfur new rebel group announces formation of its structure Sudan Tribune Plural news and views on Sudan Sudan Tribune Archived from the original on 2013 08 09 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Sudan Peace Watch December 21 2010 Enough Enoughproject org 2010 12 21 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Sudanese government LJM rebels to sign a peace accord on 19 December Sudan Tribune Plural news and views on Sudan Sudan Tribune Archived from the original on 2013 08 09 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Mediators propose Darfur Authority announce major diplomatic effort Radio Dabanga 195 190 28 213 Archived from the original on 2011 01 13 Retrieved 2011 09 05 DOHA Darfur peace proposals accepted by LJM rebel coalition Radio Dabanga 195 190 28 213 2011 07 09 Archived from the original on 2011 01 13 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Alliance of rebel factions agrees to Darfur peace deal Monsters and Critics 2011 01 03 Archived from the original on 2011 12 27 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Sudan Human Rights Information Gateway SHRIG Office of VP must meet National standards says El Haj Adam SHRIG 2011 02 07 Archived from the original on 2012 01 27 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Stephen Kinzer 2010 01 24 End human rights imperialism now Sudanjem com Retrieved 2011 09 05 Sudan government to return chief negotiator to Doha Radio Dabanga 195 190 28 213 Archived from the original on 2012 07 07 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Darfur movements reject Doha peace proposal Radio dabanga 195 190 28 213 Archived from the original on 2012 07 11 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Under peace deal Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum Radio Dabanga Retrieved 2011 09 05 Sudantribune com PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 03 Retrieved 2011 06 05 Darfur peace agreement to be signed on 14 July Sudan Tribune Plural news and views on Sudan Sudan Tribune Archived from the original on 2021 03 03 Retrieved 2011 09 05 Sudan signs peace deal with rebel groups from Darfur Al Jazeera 31 August 2020 Languages of Sudan Ethnologue 22nd edition a b Sudan Tribune Sudan Tribune Archived from the original on 2019 02 04 Retrieved 2010 07 13 Darfur referendum States option wins by a landslide Darfur votes for five state status quo Referendum chief Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur a b c d Beyond Emergency Relief Longer term trends and priorities for UN agencies in Darfur PDF United Nations Environment Programme 30 September 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 04 26 Retrieved 11 January 2014 Bibliography EditArkell A J A History of Darfur Part II The Tunjur etc Sudan Notes and Records 32 2 1951 207 238 Asher M J In Search of the Forty Days Road Penguin 1984 Daly M W Darfur s Sorrow A History of Destruction and Genocide Cambridge 2010 Elliesie Hatem Sudan under the Constraints of International Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law The Case of Darfur in Hatem Elliesie ed Islam and Human Rights al islam wa huquq al insan Frankfurt Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York Oxford Vienna 2010 pp 193 217 ISBN 978 3 631 57848 3 Elliesie Hatem et al Different Approaches to Genocide Trials under National Jurisdiction on the African Continent The Rwandan Ethiopian and Sudanese Cases in Recht in Afrika Cologne 2009 12 1 pp 21 67 ISBN 978 3 89645 804 9 Foerstel K Crisis in Darfur CQ Global Researcher 2008 2 243 270 online Herr Alexis Darfur Genocide The Essential Reference Guide 2020 excerpt Johnson Douglas H The Root Causes of Sudan s Civil Wars Indiana UP 2003 ISBN 0 253 21584 6 Kiernan Ben Blood and Soil A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur 2009 excerpt O Fahey R S The Darfur Sultanate A History London 2008 Young Osman Abusin Asher Egemi Livelihoods Power and Choice The Vulnerability of the Northern Rizaygat Darfur Sudan Feinstein Centre for Marginalized Peoples Tufts University January 2009External links EditDarfur Regional Government Darfur Regional Government on Facebook Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Darfur amp oldid 1141977913, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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