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Baghdad

Baghdad (/ˈbæɡdæd, bəɡˈdæd/; Arabic: بَغْدَاد [bɐʁˈdɑːd] (listen) ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon. In 762 CE, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".

Baghdad
بغداد
Mayoralty of Baghdad
Top-bottom, L-R:
Aerial view of the Green Zone;
Haydar-Khana Mosque • Statue of Karim Qasim
Iraq Museum • House of Sassoon Eskell
Atraqchi for Art & cultural heritage • View over Baghdad
Nickname: 
City of Peace (مدينة السلام)[1]
Baghdad
Location of Baghdad within Iraq
Baghdad
Baghdad (Arab world)
Baghdad
Baghdad (Asia)
Coordinates: 33°18′55″N 44°21′58″E / 33.31528°N 44.36611°E / 33.31528; 44.36611Coordinates: 33°18′55″N 44°21′58″E / 33.31528°N 44.36611°E / 33.31528; 44.36611
Country Iraq
GovernorateBaghdad
EstablishedJuly 30, 762 CE
Founded byCaliph al-Mansur
Districts11
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyBaghdad City Advisory Council
 • MayorAlaa Al-Amari
Area
 • Total673 km2 (260 sq mi)
Elevation
34 m (112 ft)
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)
8,126,755[2]
 • Rank1st in Iraq
DemonymBaghdadi
Time zoneUTC+3 (Arabian Standard Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (No DST)
Postal code
10001 to 10090
Websiteamanatbaghdad.gov.iq (in Arabic)

Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age, peaking at a population of more than a million.[3] The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1932, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arab culture, with a population variously estimated at 6 or over 7 million.[note 1] Compared to its large population, it has a small area at just 673 square kilometers (260 sq mi).

The city has faced severe infrastructural damage due to the Iraq War, which began with the United States-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 and lasted until 2011, and the subsequent insurgency and renewed war that lasted until 2017, resulting in a substantial loss of cultural heritage and historical artifacts. During this period, Baghdad had one of the highest rates of terrorist attacks in the world. However, terrorist attacks are rare and have been declining since the territorial defeat of the Islamic State militant group in Iraq in 2017.[8]

Name

The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic, and its origin is disputed.[9] The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia. By the eighth century, several villages had developed there, including a Sasanian[10][11] hamlet called Baghdad, the name which would come to be used for the Abbasid metropolis.[12][13]

Arab authors, realizing the pre-Islamic origins of Baghdad's name, generally looked for its roots in Middle Persian.[9] They suggested various meanings, the most common of which was "bestowed by God".[9][14] Modern scholars generally tend to favor this etymology,[9] which views the word as a Persian compound of bagh ( ) "god" and dād ( ) "given".[15][16] In Old Persian the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to Indo-Iranian bhag and Slavic bog "god."[9][17] A similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradāt (Mehrdad in New Persian), known in English by its borrowed Hellenistic form Mithridates, meaning "Given by Mithra" (dāt is the more archaic form of dād, related to Sanskrit dāt, Latin dat and English donor[9]), ultimately borrowed from Persian Mehrdad. There are a number of other locations whose names are compounds of the Middle Persian word bagh, including Baghlan and Bagram in Afghanistan, Baghshan in Iran itself,[18] and Baghdati in Georgia, which likely share the same etymological Iranic origins.[19][20]

A few authors have suggested older origins for the name, in particular the name Bagdadu or Hudadu that existed in Old Babylonian (spelled with a sign that can represent both bag and hu), and the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic name of a place called "Baghdatha" (בגדתא.[9][21][22] Some scholars suggested Aramaic derivations.[9] In Hindu Puranas, It is mentioned that the city was named after King Bhagadatta.

Christophe Wall-Romana has suggested that name of "Baghdad" is derived from none other than "Akkad" because the cuneiform logogram for Akkad (𒀀𒂵𒉈𒆠) is actually pronounced "a-ga-dèKI" ("Agade") and its resemblance to "Baghdad" is compelling.[23][24]

When the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name City of Peace, which now refers to the Round city of Baghdad proper. This was the official name on coins, weights, and other official usage, although the common people continued to use the old name.[25][26][unreliable source?] By the 11th century, "Baghdad" became almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis.


Christophe Wall-Romana has suggested that al-Mansur's choice to found his 'new city' at Baghdad because of its strategic location was the same criteria which influenced Sargon's choice to found the original city of Akkad in the exact same location.[27][28]


History

Foundation

 
An 1808 picture of Baghdad from the print collection in Travels in Asia and Africa, etc. (ed. J. P. Berjew, British Library)

After the fall of the Umayyads, the first Muslim dynasty, the victorious Abbasid rulers wanted their own capital from which they could rule. They chose a site north of the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, and on 30 July 762[29] the caliph Al-Mansur commissioned the construction of the city. It was built under the guidance of the Barmakids.[30] Mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic Empire under the Abbasids. The Muslim historian al-Tabari reported an ancient prediction by Christian monks that a lord named Miklas would one day build a spectacular city around the area of Baghdad. When Mansur heard the story, he became very joyful, for legend has it, he was called Miklas as a child.[31] Mansur loved the site so much he is quoted saying: "This is indeed the city that I am to found, where I am to live, and where my descendants will reign afterward".[32]

The city's growth was helped by its excellent location, based on at least two factors: it had control over strategic and trading routes along the Tigris, and it had an abundance of water in a dry climate. Water exists on both the north and south ends of the city, allowing all households to have a plentiful supply, which was quite uncommon during this time. The city of Baghdad quickly became so large that it had to be divided into three judicial districts: Madinat al-Mansur (the Round City), al-Sharqiyya (Karkh) and Askar al-Mahdi (on the West Bank).[33]

Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanians, which was located some 30 km (19 mi) to the southeast. Today, all that remains of Ctesiphon is the shrine town of Salman Pak, just to the south of Greater Baghdad which is where Salman the Persian is believed to have been buried. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia, the first capital of the Seleucid Empire, which had earlier replaced the city of Babylon.

 
An 1468 painting of Floods in Baghdad by Shirwan

According to the traveler Ibn Battuta, Baghdad was one of the largest cities, not including the damage it has received. The residents are mostly Hanbal. Baghdad is also home to the grave of Abu Hanifa where there is a cell and a mosque above it. The Sultan of Baghdad, Abu Said Bahadur Khan, was a Tatar king who embraced Islam.[34]

In its early years, the city was known as a deliberate reminder of an expression in the Qur'an, when it refers to Paradise.[35] It took four years to build (764–768). Mansur assembled engineers, surveyors, and art constructionists from around the world to come together and draw up plans for the city. Over 100,000 construction workers came to survey the plans; many were distributed salaries to start the building of the city.[36] July was chosen as the starting time because two astrologers, Naubakht Ahvazi and Mashallah, believed that the city should be built under the sign of the lion, Leo.[37] Leo is associated with fire and symbolizes productivity, pride, and expansion.

The bricks used to make the city were 18 in (460 mm) on all four sides. Abu Hanifah was the counter of the bricks and he developed a canal, which brought water to the work site for both human consumption and the manufacture of the bricks. Marble was also used to make buildings throughout the city, and marble steps led down to the river's edge.

 
The Round city of Baghdad between 767 and 912 AD
 
Baghdad Museum is a local history museum. It features 70 scenes from different periods using lifesize models presenting Baghdad life

The basic framework of the city consists of two large semicircles about 19 km (12 mi) in diameter. The inner city connecting them was designed as a circle about 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter, leading it to be known as the "Round City". The original design shows a single ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls, but the final construction added another ring inside the first.[38] Within the city there were many parks, gardens, villas, and promenades.[39] There was a large sanitation department, many fountains and public baths, and unlike contemporary European cities at the time, streets were frequently washed free of debris and trash.[40] In fact, by the time of Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad had a few thousand hammams. These baths increased public hygiene and served as a way for the religious to perform ablutions as prescribed by Islam. Moreover, entry fees were usually so low that almost everyone could afford them.[41] In the center of the city lay the mosque, as well as headquarters for guards. The purpose or use of the remaining space in the center is unknown. The circular design of the city was a direct reflection of the traditional Persian Sasanian urban design. The Sasanian city of Gur in Fars, built 500 years before Baghdad, is nearly identical in its general circular design, radiating avenues, and the government buildings and temples at the center of the city. This style of urban planning contrasted with Ancient Greek and Roman urban planning, in which cities are designed as squares or rectangles with streets intersecting each other at right angles.

Baghdad was a hectic city during the day and had many attractions at night. There were cabarets and taverns, halls for backgammon and chess, live plays, concerts, and acrobats. On street corners, storytellers engaged crowds with tales such as those later told in Arabian Nights.[41]

Surrounding walls
 
Contemporary sketch of Baghdad published by Carsten Niebuhr in 1778

The four surrounding walls of Baghdad were named Kufa, Basra, Khurasan, and Syria; named because their gates pointed in the directions of these destinations. The distance between these gates was a little less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi). Each gate had double doors that were made of iron; the doors were so heavy it took several men to open and close them. The wall itself was about 44 m thick at the base and about 12 m thick at the top. Also, the wall was 30 m high, which included merlons, a solid part of an embattled parapet usually pierced by embrasures. This wall was surrounded by another wall with a thickness of 50 m. The second wall had towers and rounded merlons, which surrounded the towers. This outer wall was protected by a solid glacis, which is made out of bricks and quicklime. Beyond the outer wall was a water-filled moat.[citation needed]

Golden Gate Palace

The Golden Gate Palace, the residence of the caliph and his family, was in the heart of Baghdad, in the central square. In the central part of the building, there was a green dome that was 39 m high. Surrounding the palace was an esplanade, a waterside building, in which only the caliph could come riding on horseback. In addition, the palace was near other mansions and officer's residences. Near the Gate of Syria, a building served as the home for the guards. It was made of brick and marble. The palace governor lived in the latter part of the building and the commander of the guards in the front. In 813, after the death of caliph Al-Amin, the palace was no longer used as the home for the caliph and his family.[42] The roundness points to the fact that it was based on Arabic script.[43][44] The two designers who were hired by Al-Mansur to plan the city's design were Naubakht, a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and Mashallah, a Jew from Khorasan, Iran.[45]

Center of learning (8th–9th centuries)

 
Courtyard of Mustansiriya madrasa, established in 1227, was one of the oldest universities in the world. Its building survived the Mongol invasion of 1258. The modern Mustansiriyah University was established in1963.

Within a generation of its founding, Baghdad became a hub of learning and commerce. The city flourished into an unrivaled intellectual center of science, medicine, philosophy, and education, especially with the Abbasid translation movement began under the second caliph Al-Mansur and thrived under the seventh caliph Al-Ma'mun.[46] Baytul-Hikmah or the "House of Wisdom" was among the most well known academies,[47] and had the largest selection of books in the world by the middle of the 9th century.[citation needed] Notable scholars based in Baghdad during this time include translator Hunayn ibn Ishaq, mathematician al-Khwarizmi, and philosopher Al-Kindi.[47] Although Arabic was used as the international language of science, the scholarship involved not only Arabs, but also Persians, Syriacs,[48] Nestorians, Jews, Arab Christians,[49][50] and people from other ethnic and religious groups native to the region.[51][52][53][54][55] These are considered among the fundamental elements that contributed to the flourishing of scholarship in the Medieval Islamic world.[56][57][58] Baghdad was also a significant center of Islamic religious learning, with Al-Jahiz contributing to the formation of Mu'tazili theology, as well as Al-Tabari culminating in the scholarship on the Quranic exegesis.[46] Baghdad is likely to have been the largest city in the world from shortly after its foundation until the 930s, when it tied with Córdoba.[59] Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak.[60] Many of the One Thousand and One Nights tales, widely known as the Arabian Nights, are set in Baghdad during this period. It would surpass even Constantinople in prosperity and size.[61]

 
Khan Murjan, built in the 14th century as a caravanserai

Among the notable features of Baghdad during this period were its exceptional libraries. Many of the Abbasid caliphs were patrons of learning and enjoyed collecting both ancient and contemporary literature. Although some of the princes of the previous Umayyad dynasty had begun to gather and translate Greek scientific literature, the Abbasids were the first to foster Greek learning on a large scale. Many of these libraries were private collections intended only for the use of the owners and their immediate friends, but the libraries of the caliphs and other officials soon took on a public or a semi-public character.[62] Four great libraries were established in Baghdad during this period. The earliest was that of the famous Al-Ma'mun, who was caliph from 813 to 833. Another was established by Sabur ibn Ardashir in 991 or 993 for the literary men and scholars who frequented his academy.[62] Unfortunately, this second library was plundered and burned by the Seljuks only seventy years after it was established. This was a good example of the sort of library built up out of the needs and interests of a literary society.[62] The last two were examples of madrasa or theological college libraries. The Nezamiyeh was founded by the Persian Nizam al-Mulk, who was vizier of two early Seljuk sultans.[62] It continued to operate even after the coming of the Mongols in 1258. The Mustansiriyah madrasa, which owned an exceedingly rich library, was founded by Al-Mustansir, the second last Abbasid caliph, who died in 1242.[62] This would prove to be the last great library built by the caliphs of Baghdad.

Stagnation and invasions (10th–16th centuries)

 
Al Khulafa mosque retains an Abbasid-era minaret
 
Zumurrud Khatun Tomb in Baghdad (built in 1202 AD)

By the 10th century, the city's population was between 1.2 million[63] and 2 million.[64] Baghdad's early meteoric growth eventually slowed due to troubles within the Caliphate, including relocations of the capital to Samarra (during 808–819 and 836–892), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the Iranian Buwayhids (945–1055) and Seljuk Turks (1055–1135).

The Seljuks were a clan of the Oghuz Turks from Central Asia that converted to the Sunni branch of Islam. In 1040, they destroyed the Ghaznavids, taking over their land and in 1055, Tughril Beg, the leader of the Seljuks, took over Baghdad. The Seljuks expelled the Buyid dynasty of Shiites that had ruled for some time and took over power and control of Baghdad. They ruled as Sultans in the name of the Abbasid caliphs (they saw themselves as being part of the Abbasid regime). Tughril Beg saw himself as the protector of the Abbasid Caliphs.[65]

Sieges and wars in which Baghdad was involved are listed below:

In 1058, Baghdad was captured by the Fatimids under the Turkish general Abu'l-Ḥārith Arslān al-Basasiri, an adherent of the Ismailis along with the 'Uqaylid Quraysh.[66] Not long before the arrival of the Saljuqs in Baghdad, al-Basasiri petitioned to the Fatimid Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir to support him in conquering Baghdad on the Ismaili Imam's behalf. It has recently come to light that the famed Fatimid da'i, al-Mu'ayyad al-Shirazi, had a direct role in supporting al-Basasiri and helped the general to succeed in taking Mawṣil, Wāsit and Kufa. Soon after,[67] by December 1058, a Shi'i adhān (call to prayer) was implemented in Baghdad and a khutbah (sermon) was delivered in the name of the Fatimid Imam-Caliph.[67] Despite his Shi'i inclinations, Al-Basasiri received support from Sunnis and Shi'is alike, for whom opposition to the Saljuq power was a common factor.[68]

 
Conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 CE

On 10 February 1258, Baghdad was captured by the Mongols led by Hulegu, a grandson of Chingiz Khan (Genghis Khan), during the siege of Baghdad.[69] Many quarters were ruined by fire, siege, or looting. The Mongols massacred most of the city's inhabitants, including the caliph Al-Musta'sim, and destroyed large sections of the city. The canals and dykes forming the city's irrigation system were also destroyed. During this time, in Baghdad, Christians and Shia were tolerated, while Sunnis were treated as enemies.[70] The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate.[71] It has been argued that this marked an end to the Islamic Golden Age and served a blow from which Islamic civilization never fully recovered.[72]

 
Central Asian Turko-Mongol conqueror Timur sacked the city and spared almost no one

At this point, Baghdad was ruled by the Ilkhanate, a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, ruling from Iran. In August 1393, Baghdad was occupied by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror Timur ("Tamerlane"),[73] by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned.

In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked, by Timur.[74] When his forces took Baghdad, he spared almost no one, and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back two severed human heads.[75] Baghdad became a provincial capital controlled by the Mongol Jalayirid (1400–1411), Turkic Kara Koyunlu (1411–1469), Turkic Ak Koyunlu (1469–1508), and the Iranian Safavid (1508–1534) dynasties.

Ottoman era (16th–19th centuries)

In 1534, Baghdad was captured by the Ottoman Empire. Under the Ottomans, Baghdad continued into a period of decline, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and Iranian Safavids, which did not accept the Sunni control of the city. Between 1623 and 1638, it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague and cholera,[76] and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.[77]

For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East. The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century, under a Mamluk government. Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by Ali Rıza Pasha in 1831. From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed Namık Pasha.[78] The Nuttall Encyclopedia reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000.

Modern era

 
The Shabandar Café in Baghdad, 1923

Baghdad and southern Iraq remained under Ottoman rule until 1917, when they were captured by the British during World War I. In 1920, Baghdad became the capital of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, with several architectural and planning projects commissioned to reinforce this administration.[79] After receiving independence in 1932, the city became capital of the Kingdom of Iraq.

During this period, the substantial Jewish community (probably exceeding 100,000 people) comprised between a quarter[80] and a third of the city's population.[81] On 1 April 1941, members of the "Golden Square" and Rashid Ali staged a coup in Baghdad. Rashid Ali installed a pro-German and pro-Italian government to replace the pro-British government of Regent Abdul Ilah. On 31 May, after the resulting Anglo-Iraqi War and after Rashid Ali and his government had fled, the Mayor of Baghdad surrendered to British and Commonwealth forces. On June 1–2, during the ensuing power vacuum, Jewish residents were attacked following rumors they had aided the British. In what became known as the Farhud, over 180 Jews were killed, 1,000 injured and hundreds of Jewish properties were ransacked.[82][83] Between 300 and 400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence.[84]

 
Three Iraqi Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph Odisho.

The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950. On 14 July 1958, members of the Iraqi Army, under Abd al-Karim Qasim, staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq. King Faisal II, former Prime Minister Nuri as-Said, former Regent Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, members of the royal family, and others were brutally killed during the coup. Many of the victim's bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad.[citation needed]

 
Freedom Monument, Tahrir Square in Downtown Baghdad

During the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the price of petroleum, Iraq's main export. New infrastructure including modern sewerage, water, and highway facilities were built during this period. The masterplans of the city (1967, 1973) were delivered by the Polish planning office Miastoprojekt-Kraków, mediated by Polservice.[85] However, the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money was diverted by Saddam Hussein to the army and thousands of residents were killed. Iran launched a number of missile attacks against Baghdad in retaliation for Saddam Hussein's continuous bombardments of Tehran's residential districts. In 1991 and 2003, the Gulf War and the US invasion of Iraq caused significant damage to Baghdad's transportation, power, and sanitary infrastructure as the US-led coalition forces launched massive aerial assaults in the city in the two wars. Also in 2003, a minor riot in the city (which took place on 21 July) caused some disturbance in the population. The historic "Assyrian Quarter" of the city, Dora, which boasted a population of 150,000 Assyrians in 2003, made up over 3% of the capital's Assyrian population then. The community has been subject to kidnappings, death threats, vandalism, and house burnings by al-Qaeda and other insurgent groups. As of the end of 2014, only 1,500 Assyrians remained in Dora.[86] The Iraq War took place from 2003 to 2011, but an Islamist insurgency lasted until 2013. It was followed by another war from 2013 to 2017 and a low-level insurgency from 2017, which included suicide bombings in January 2018 and January 2021.[87] Priceless collection of artifacts in the National Museum of Iraq was looted by the Iraqi citizens during the 2003 US-led invasion. Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the National Library were destroyed.

Reconstruction efforts

Most Iraqi reconstruction efforts have been devoted to the restoration and repair of badly damaged urban infrastructure. More visible efforts at reconstruction through private development, like architect and urban designer Hisham N. Ashkouri's Baghdad Renaissance Plan and the Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center have also been made.[88] A plan was proposed by a Government agency to rebuild a tourist island in 2008.[89] Investors were sought to develop a "romantic island" on the River Tigris that was once a popular honeymoon spot for newlyweds. The project would include a six-star hotel, spa, an 18-hole golf course and a country club. In addition, the go-ahead has been given to build numerous architecturally unique skyscrapers along the Tigris that would develop the city's financial center in Kadhehemiah.[90] In late 2009, a construction plan was proposed to rebuild the heart of Baghdad, but the plan was never realized because corruption was involved in it.[91]

 
View of downtown Baghdad, March 2017

The Baghdad Eye Ferris wheel, proposed in August 2008,[90][92][93][94][95] was installed at the Al-Zawraa Park in March 2011.[96] In May 2010, a new large scale residential and commercial project called Baghdad Gate was announced.[97][98]

In August 2010, Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid, was appointed to design a new headquarters for the Central Bank in Baghdad. Initial talks about the project were held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 14 August 2010, in the presence of the Central Bank Governor Sinan Al Shabibi. On 2 February 2012, Zaha Hadid joined Sinan Al Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the Central Bank of Iraq and Zaha Hadid Architects for the design stages of the new CBI Headquarters building. The construction was postponed in 2015 due to economical problems, but started again in 2019.

Climate

Baghdad has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh), featuring extremely hot, prolonged, dry summers and mild to cool, slightly wet, short winters. In the summer, from June through August, the average maximum temperature is as high as 44 °C (111 °F) and accompanied by sunshine. Rainfall has been recorded on fewer than half a dozen occasions at this time of year and has never exceeded 1 mm (0.04 in).[99] Even at night, temperatures in summer are seldom below 24 °C (75 °F). Baghdad's record highest temperature of 51.8 °C (125.2 °F) was reached on 28 July 2020.[100][101] The humidity is typically under 50% in summer due to Baghdad's distance from the marshy southern Iraq and the coasts of Persian Gulf, and dust storms from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence during the summer.

Winter temperatures are typical of hot desert climates. From December through February, Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), though highs above 21 °C (70 °F) are not unheard of. Lows below freezing occur a couple of times per year on average.[102]

Annual rainfall, almost entirely confined to the period from November through March, averages approximately 150 mm (5.91 in), but has been as high as 338 mm (13.31 in) and as low as 37 mm (1.46 in).[99] On 11 January 2008, light snow fell across Baghdad for the first time in 100 years.[103] Snowfall was again reported on 11 February 2020, with accumulations across the city.[104]

Climate data for Baghdad
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.8
(76.6)
27.1
(80.8)
30.9
(87.6)
38.6
(101.5)
43.5
(110.3)
48.8
(119.8)
51.8
(125.2)
49.9
(121.8)
47.7
(117.9)
40.2
(104.4)
35.6
(96.1)
25.3
(77.5)
51.8
(125.2)
Average high °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9)
18.5
(65.3)
23.6
(74.5)
29.9
(85.8)
36.5
(97.7)
41.3
(106.3)
44.0
(111.2)
43.5
(110.3)
40.2
(104.4)
33.4
(92.1)
23.7
(74.7)
17.2
(63.0)
30.6
(87.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.7
(49.5)
12.0
(53.6)
16.6
(61.9)
22.6
(72.7)
28.3
(82.9)
32.3
(90.1)
34.8
(94.6)
34.0
(93.2)
30.5
(86.9)
24.7
(76.5)
16.5
(61.7)
11.2
(52.2)
22.8
(73.0)
Average low °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8)
5.5
(41.9)
9.6
(49.3)
15.2
(59.4)
20.1
(68.2)
23.3
(73.9)
25.5
(77.9)
24.5
(76.1)
20.7
(69.3)
15.9
(60.6)
9.2
(48.6)
5.1
(41.2)
14.9
(58.8)
Record low °C (°F) −11.0
(12.2)
−10.0
(14.0)
−5.5
(22.1)
−0.6
(30.9)
8.3
(46.9)
14.6
(58.3)
22.4
(72.3)
20.6
(69.1)
15.3
(59.5)
6.2
(43.2)
−1.5
(29.3)
−8.7
(16.3)
−11.0
(12.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26
(1.0)
28
(1.1)
28
(1.1)
17
(0.7)
7
(0.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
3
(0.1)
21
(0.8)
26
(1.0)
156
(6.1)
Average rainy days 5 5 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 34
Average relative humidity (%) 71 61 53 43 30 21 22 22 26 34 54 71 42
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.2 203.4 244.9 255.0 300.7 348.0 347.2 353.4 315.0 272.8 213.0 195.3 3,240.9
Average ultraviolet index 3 4 6 8 10 11 11 10 8 6 4 3 7
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[105]
Source 2: Climate & Temperature[106][107]

Geography

The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the Tigris river. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called "Risafa" and the Western half known as "Karkh". The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low-lying, being of quaternary alluvial origin due to the periodic large floods which have occurred on the river.

 
Panoramic view of the Tigris as it flows through Baghdad

Administrative divisions

 
Baghdad as seen from the International Space Station

Administratively, Baghdad Governorate is divided into districts which are further divided into sub-districts. Municipally, the governorate is divided into 9 municipalities, which have responsibility for local issues. Regional services, however, are coordinated and carried out by a mayor who oversees the municipalities. The governorate council is responsible for the governorate-wide policy. These official subdivisions of the city served as administrative centers for the delivery of municipal services but until 2003 had no political function. Beginning in April 2003, the U.S. controlled Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) began the process of creating new functions for these. The process initially focused on the election of neighborhood councils in the official neighborhoods, elected by neighborhood caucuses. The CPA convened a series of meetings in each neighborhood to explain local government, to describe the caucus election process and to encourage participants to spread the word and bring friends, relatives and neighbors to subsequent meetings. Each neighborhood process ultimately ended with a final meeting where candidates for the new neighborhood councils identified themselves and asked their neighbors to vote for them. Once all 88 (later increased to 89) neighborhood councils were in place, each neighborhood council elected representatives from among their members to serve on one of the city's nine district councils. The number of neighborhood representatives on a district council is based upon the neighborhood's population. The next step was to have each of the nine district councils elect representatives from their membership to serve on the 37 member Baghdad City Council. This three tier system of local government connected the people of Baghdad to the central government through their representatives from the neighborhood, through the district, and up to the city council. The same process was used to provide representative councils for the other communities in Baghdad Province outside of the city itself. There, local councils were elected from 20 neighborhoods (Nahia) and these councils elected representatives from their members to serve on six district councils (Qada). As within the city, the district councils then elected representatives from among their members to serve on the 35 member Baghdad Regional Council. The first step in the establishment of the system of local government for Baghdad Province was the election of the Baghdad Provincial Council. As before, the representatives to the Provincial Council were elected by their peers from the lower councils in numbers proportional to the population of the districts they represent. The 41 member Provincial Council took office in February 2004 and served until national elections held in January 2005, when a new Provincial Council was elected. This system of 127 separate councils may seem overly cumbersome; however, Baghdad Province is home to approximately seven million people. At the lowest level, the neighborhood councils, each council represents an average of 75,000 people. The nine District Advisory Councils (DAC) are as follows:[108]

The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above. The following is a selection (rather than a complete list) of these neighborhoods:

Notable streets

 
Abu Nawas Street
  • Haifa Street
  • Hilla Road – Runs from the north into Baghdad via Yarmouk (Baghdad)
  • Caliphs Street – site of historical mosques and churches
  • Sadoun Street – stretching from Liberation Square to Masbah
  • Abu Nawas Street – runs along the Tigris from the Jumhouriya Bridge to 14 July Suspended Bridge
  • Damascus Street – goes from Damascus Square to the Baghdad Airport Road
  • Mutanabbi Street – A street with numerous bookshops, named after the 10th century Iraqi poet Al-Mutanabbi
  • Rabia Street
  • 14th July Street (Mosul Road)
  • Muthana al-Shaibani Street
  • Bor Saeed (Port Said) Street
  • Thawra Street
  • Al Qanat Street – runs through Baghdad north-south
  • Al Khat al Sare'a – Mohammed al Qasim (high speed lane) – runs through Baghdad, north–south
  • Industry Street runs by the University of Technology – center of the computer trade in Baghdad
  • Al Nidhal Street
  • Al Rasheed Street – city center Baghdad
  • Al Jamhuriah Street – city center Baghdad
  • Falastin Street
  • Tariq el Muaskar – (Al Rasheed Camp Road)
  • Akhrot street
  • Baghdad Airport Road[116]

Demographics

Baghdad's population was estimated at 7.22 million in 2015. The city historically had a predominantly Sunni population, but by the early 21st century around 52% of the city's population were Iraqi Shi'ites. At the beginning of the 21st century, some 1.5 million people migrated to Baghdad. Sunni Muslims make up 29–34% of Iraq's population and they are still a majority in west and north Iraq. As early as 2003, about 20 percent of the population of the city was the result of mixed marriages between Shi'ites and Sunnis.[117] Following the civil war between the Sunni and Shia militia groups during the U.S. occupation of Iraq, the population of Sunnis significantly decreased as they were pushed out of many neighborhoods. The War in Iraq following the Islamic State's invasion in 2014 caused hundreds of thousands of Iraqi internally displaced people to flee to the city. The city has Shia, Sunni, Kurdish, Turkmen, Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriacs, Armenians and mixed neighborhoods. The city was also home to a large Jewish community and regularly visited by Sikh pilgrims.

Religion

Baghdad is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups with an Arab majority, as well as Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Yazidis, Shabakis, Armenians and Mandaeans. The majority of the citizens are Muslims with minorities of Christians, Yezidis and Mandeans also present. There are many religious centers distributed around the city including mosques, churches and Mashkhannas cultic huts.

Masjid Al-Kadhimain is a shrine that is located in the Kādhimayn suburb of Baghdad. It contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Twelver Shi'ite Imams, Musa al-Kadhim and Muhammad at-Taqi respectively, upon whom the title of Kādhimayn ("Two who swallow their anger") was bestowed.[118][119][120] Many Shi'ites travel to the mosque from far away places to commemorate those imams.

In the Kadhimiya district of Baghdad, was the house of Baháʼu'lláh, (Prophet Founder of the Baha'i Faith) also known as the "Most Great House" (Bayt-i-Aʻzam) and the "House of God," where Baháʼu'lláh mostly resided from 1853 to 1863. It is considered a holy place and a place of pilgrimage by Baha'i's according to their "Most Holy Book".[121] On the 23rd of June 2013, the house was destroyed under unclear circumstances.[122]

Economy

 
Al-Ma'mun's Telecommunication Center in downtown Baghdad

Baghdad accounts for 22.2% of Iraq's population and 40% of the country's gross domestic product (PPP).

Tourism

Baghdad was once one of the main destinations in the country and the region with a wealth of cultural attractions. Tourism has diminished since the Iraq-Iran war and later during the US invasion, but in recent years Baghdad has become a main tourist destination although it is still facing challenges.

There are numerous historic, scientific and artistic museums in Baghdad which include, Iraq Museum, Baghdadi Museum, Natural History Museum and several others.

Baghdad is known for its famous Mutanabbi street which is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literary and intellectual community. The annual International Book Fair in Baghdad is well known to the international publishing world as a promising publishing event in the region after years of instability.

Transport

Iraqi Airways, the national airline of Iraq, has its headquarters on the grounds of Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad.[123]

Education

The House of Wisdom was a major academy and public center in Baghdad. The Mustansiriya Madrasah was established in 1227 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir. The name was changed to Al-Mustansiriya University in 1963. The University of Baghdad is the largest university in Iraq and the second largest in the Arab world. Prior to the Gulf War, multiple international schools operated in Baghdad, including:

Universities

Culture

 
The Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra performing in July 2007
 
The National Ballet performing in 2007
 
The Baghdad Convention Center

Baghdad has always played a significant role in the broader Arab cultural sphere, contributing several significant writers, musicians and visual artists. Famous Arab poets and singers such as Nizar Qabbani, Umm Kulthum, Fairuz, Salah Al-Hamdani, Ilham al-Madfai and others have performed for the city. The dialect of Arabic spoken in Baghdad today differs from that of other large urban centers in Iraq, having features more characteristic of nomadic Arabic dialects (Versteegh, The Arabic Language). It is possible that this was caused by the repopulating of the city with rural residents after the multiple sackings of the late Middle Ages. For poetry written about Baghdad, see Reuven Snir (ed.), Baghdad: The City in Verse (Harvard, 2013).[127] Baghdad joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Literature in December 2015.[128]

Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include the National Theater, which was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but efforts are underway to restore the theater.[129] The live theater industry received a boost during the 1990s, when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 movie theaters were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions.[130] Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad and the Institute of Fine Arts Baghdad. The Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra is a government funded symphony orchestra in Baghdad. The INSO plays primarily classical European music, as well as original compositions based on Iraqi and Arab instruments and music. Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed artifacts and relics of ancient civilization; many of these were stolen, and the museums looted, during the widespread chaos immediately after United States forces entered the city.

During US occupation of Iraq, AFN Iraq ("Freedom Radio") broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations. There is also a private radio station called "Dijlah" (named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River) that was created in 2004 as Iraq's first independent talk radio station. Radio Dijlah offices, in the Jamia neighborhood of Baghdad, have been attacked on several occasions.[131]

Sights of interest

  • The National Museum of Iraq whose collection of artifacts was looted during the 2003 US invasion, and the iconic Hands of Victory arches. Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled. Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the National Library were destroyed under Saddam's command.
  • Mutanabbi Street is located near the old quarter of Baghdad; at Al Rasheed Street. It is the historic center of Baghdadi book-selling, a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls. It was named after the 10th-century classical Iraqi poet Al-Mutanabbi.[132] This street is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literacy and intellectual community.
  • Baghdad Zoo used to be the largest zoological park in the Middle East. Within eight days following the 2003 invasion, however, only 35 of the 650 animals in the facility survived. This was a result of theft of some animals for human food, and starvation of caged animals that had no food. Conservationist Lawrence Anthony and some of the zoo keepers cared for the animals and fed the carnivores with donkeys they had bought locally.[133][134] Eventually Paul Bremer, Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq after the invasion, ordered protection for the zoo and enlisted U.S. engineers to help reopen the facility.[133]
  • Grand Festivities Square is the main square where public celebrations are held and is also the home to three important monuments commemorating Iraqi's fallen soldiers and victories in war; namely Al-Shaheed Monument, the Victory Arch and the Unknown Soldier's Monument.[135]
  • Al-Shaheed Monument, also known as the Martyr's Memorial, is a monument dedicated to the Iraqi soldiers who died in the Iran–Iraq War. However, now it is generally considered by Iraqis to be for all of the martyrs of Iraq, especially those allied with Iran and Syria fighting ISIS, not just of the Iran–Iraq War. The monument was opened in 1983, and was designed by the Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and the Iraqi sculptor and artist Ismail Fatah Al Turk. During the 1970s and 1980s, Saddam Hussein's government spent a lot of money on new monuments, which included the al-Shaheed Monument.[citation needed]
 
Qushla Square
  • Qushla or Qishla is a public square and the historical complex located in Rusafa neighborhood at the riverbank of Tigris. Qushla and its surroundings is where the historical features and cultural capitals of Baghdad are concentrated, from the Mutanabbi Street, Abbasid-era palace and bridges, Ottoman-era mosques to the Mustansariyah Madrasa. The square developed during the Ottoman era as a military barracks. Today, it is a place where the citizens of Baghdad find leisure such as reading poetry in gazebos.[136] It is characterized by the iconic clock tower which was donated by George V. The entire area is submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative list.[137]
  • A'dhamiyyah is a predominantly Sunni area with a Masjid that is associated with the Sunni Imam Abu Hanifah. The name of Al-Aʿẓamiyyah is derived from Abu Hanifah's title, al-Imām al-Aʿẓam (the Great Imam).[138][139]
  • Firdos Square is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of two of the best-known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad.[140] The square was the site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was pulled down by U.S.-led coalition forces in a widely televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Sport

Baghdad is home to some of the most successful football (soccer) teams in Iraq, the biggest being Al-Shorta (Police), Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya (Air Force), Al-Zawraa, and Al-Talaba (Students). The largest stadium in Baghdad is Al-Shaab Stadium, which was opened in 1966. In recent years, the capital has seen the building of several football stadiums which are meant be opened in near future. The city has also had a strong tradition of horse racing ever since World War I, known to Baghdadis simply as 'Races'. There are reports of pressures by the Islamists to stop this tradition due to the associated gambling.[141]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Estimates of total population differ substantially. The CIA World Factbook estimated the 2020 population of Baghdad at 7,144,000[4] The Encyclopedia Britannica estimated the 2005 population at 5,904,000;[5] the 2006 Lancet Report states a population of 7,216,050;[6] Mongabay gives a figure of 6,492,200 as of 2002.[7]

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Further reading

Articles

  • , being the adventures of an official artist in the Garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2005. (7.53 MB) format)
  • , by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins), 1908 (1909 ed) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2005. (11.3 MB) format)
  • Miastoprojekt goes abroad: the transfer of architectural labour from socialist Poland to Iraq (1958–1989) by Lukasz Stanek, The Journal of Architecture, Volume 17, Issue 3, 2012

Books

  • Caecilia Pieri, Bagdad, la construction d'une capitale moderne, 1914–1960, Presses de l'Ifpo, 2015, 440 pages, about 800 illustrations (ISBN 978-2-35159-399-8) (ISSN 2225-7578).
  • Mina Marefat, Caecilia Pieri, Gilles Ragot, Le Corbusier's Gymnasium in Bagdad, 2014, Éditions du patrimoine, collection Regards ( French and English versions), Presses de l'Ifpo (Arabic version) (ISBN 2757703013).
  • Pieri, Caecilia (2011). Baghdad Arts Deco: Architectural Brickwork, 1920–1950 (1st ed.). The American University in Cairo Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-9774163562.
  • "Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-135" by Ibn Battuta.
  • "Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries,1913–1914." by Bell Gertrude Lowthian, and O'Brien, Rosemary.
  • "Historic Cities of the Islamic World". by Bosworth, Clifford Edmund.
  • "Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890–1908." by Cetinsaya, Gokhan.
  • "Naked in Baghdad." by Garrels, Anne, and Lawrence, Vint.
  • "A memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson." by Rawlinson, George.
  • Stanek, Łukasz (2020). Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-19455-4.

External links

  • Map of Baghdad 30 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  • National Commission for Investment in Iraq
  • Interactive map
  • Iraq – Urban Society
  • – Baghdad government websites 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  • Envisioning Reconstruction In Iraq
  • Ethnic and sectarian map of Baghdad – Healingiraq
  • UAE Investors Keen On Taking Part In Baghdad Renaissance Project[permanent dead link]
  • Reports, maps and assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit
  •   Geographic data related to Baghdad at OpenStreetMap

baghdad, other, uses, disambiguation, arabic, اد, bɐʁˈdɑːd, listen, help, info, capital, iraq, second, largest, city, arab, world, after, cairo, located, tigris, near, ruins, ancient, city, babylon, chosen, capital, abbasid, caliphate, became, most, notable, m. For other uses see Baghdad disambiguation Baghdad ˈ b ae ɡ d ae d b e ɡ ˈ d ae d Arabic ب غ د اد bɐʁˈdɑːd listen help info is the capital of Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab world after Cairo It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon In 762 CE Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and became its most notable major development project Within a short time the city evolved into a significant cultural commercial and intellectual center of the Muslim world This in addition to housing several key academic institutions including the House of Wisdom as well as a multiethnic and multi religious environment garnered it a worldwide reputation as the Center of Learning Baghdad بغدادMetropolis and capital cityMayoralty of BaghdadTop bottom L R Aerial view of the Green Zone Haydar Khana Mosque Statue of Karim Qasim Iraq Museum House of Sassoon Eskell Atraqchi for Art amp cultural heritage View over BaghdadFlagSealNickname City of Peace مدينة السلام 1 BaghdadLocation of Baghdad within IraqShow map of IraqBaghdadBaghdad Arab world Show map of Arab worldBaghdadBaghdad Asia Show map of AsiaCoordinates 33 18 55 N 44 21 58 E 33 31528 N 44 36611 E 33 31528 44 36611 Coordinates 33 18 55 N 44 21 58 E 33 31528 N 44 36611 E 33 31528 44 36611Country IraqGovernorateBaghdadEstablishedJuly 30 762 CEFounded byCaliph al MansurDistricts11Government TypeMayor council BodyBaghdad City Advisory Council MayorAlaa Al AmariArea Total673 km2 260 sq mi Elevation34 m 112 ft Population Estimate 2018 8 126 755 2 Rank1st in IraqDemonymBaghdadiTime zoneUTC 3 Arabian Standard Time Summer DST UTC 3 No DST Postal code10001 to 10090Websiteamanatbaghdad gov iq in Arabic Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age peaking at a population of more than a million 3 The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258 resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia in 1932 Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arab culture with a population variously estimated at 6 or over 7 million note 1 Compared to its large population it has a small area at just 673 square kilometers 260 sq mi The city has faced severe infrastructural damage due to the Iraq War which began with the United States led invasion of Iraq in 2003 and lasted until 2011 and the subsequent insurgency and renewed war that lasted until 2017 resulting in a substantial loss of cultural heritage and historical artifacts During this period Baghdad had one of the highest rates of terrorist attacks in the world However terrorist attacks are rare and have been declining since the territorial defeat of the Islamic State militant group in Iraq in 2017 8 Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Foundation 2 2 Center of learning 8th 9th centuries 2 3 Stagnation and invasions 10th 16th centuries 2 4 Ottoman era 16th 19th centuries 2 5 Modern era 2 6 Reconstruction efforts 3 Climate 4 Geography 5 Administrative divisions 6 Notable streets 7 Demographics 8 Religion 9 Economy 9 1 Tourism 10 Transport 11 Education 11 1 Universities 12 Culture 13 Sights of interest 14 Sport 15 Twin towns sister cities 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 19 1 Articles 19 2 Books 20 External linksName EditThe name Baghdad is pre Islamic and its origin is disputed 9 The site where the city of Baghdad developed has been populated for millennia By the eighth century several villages had developed there including a Sasanian 10 11 hamlet called Baghdad the name which would come to be used for the Abbasid metropolis 12 13 Arab authors realizing the pre Islamic origins of Baghdad s name generally looked for its roots in Middle Persian 9 They suggested various meanings the most common of which was bestowed by God 9 14 Modern scholars generally tend to favor this etymology 9 which views the word as a Persian compound of bagh god and dad given 15 16 In Old Persian the first element can be traced to boghu and is related to Indo Iranian bhag and Slavic bog god 9 17 A similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradat Mehrdad in New Persian known in English by its borrowed Hellenistic form Mithridates meaning Given by Mithra dat is the more archaic form of dad related to Sanskrit dat Latin dat and English donor 9 ultimately borrowed from Persian Mehrdad There are a number of other locations whose names are compounds of the Middle Persian word bagh including Baghlan and Bagram in Afghanistan Baghshan in Iran itself 18 and Baghdati in Georgia which likely share the same etymological Iranic origins 19 20 A few authors have suggested older origins for the name in particular the name Bagdadu or Hudadu that existed in Old Babylonian spelled with a sign that can represent both bag and hu and the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic name of a place called Baghdatha בגדתא 9 21 22 Some scholars suggested Aramaic derivations 9 In Hindu Puranas It is mentioned that the city was named after King Bhagadatta Christophe Wall Romana has suggested that name of Baghdad is derived from none other than Akkad because the cuneiform logogram for Akkad 𒀀𒂵𒉈𒆠 is actually pronounced a ga deKI Agade and its resemblance to Baghdad is compelling 23 24 When the Abbasid caliph al Mansur founded a completely new city for his capital he chose the name City of Peace which now refers to the Round city of Baghdad proper This was the official name on coins weights and other official usage although the common people continued to use the old name 25 26 unreliable source By the 11th century Baghdad became almost the exclusive name for the world renowned metropolis Christophe Wall Romana has suggested that al Mansur s choice to found his new city at Baghdad because of its strategic location was the same criteria which influenced Sargon s choice to found the original city of Akkad in the exact same location 27 28 History EditMain article History of Baghdad For a chronological guide see Timeline of Baghdad Foundation Edit An 1808 picture of Baghdad from the print collection in Travels in Asia and Africa etc ed J P Berjew British Library After the fall of the Umayyads the first Muslim dynasty the victorious Abbasid rulers wanted their own capital from which they could rule They chose a site north of the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon and on 30 July 762 29 the caliph Al Mansur commissioned the construction of the city It was built under the guidance of the Barmakids 30 Mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic Empire under the Abbasids The Muslim historian al Tabari reported an ancient prediction by Christian monks that a lord named Miklas would one day build a spectacular city around the area of Baghdad When Mansur heard the story he became very joyful for legend has it he was called Miklas as a child 31 Mansur loved the site so much he is quoted saying This is indeed the city that I am to found where I am to live and where my descendants will reign afterward 32 The city s growth was helped by its excellent location based on at least two factors it had control over strategic and trading routes along the Tigris and it had an abundance of water in a dry climate Water exists on both the north and south ends of the city allowing all households to have a plentiful supply which was quite uncommon during this time The city of Baghdad quickly became so large that it had to be divided into three judicial districts Madinat al Mansur the Round City al Sharqiyya Karkh and Askar al Mahdi on the West Bank 33 Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon the capital of the Sassanians which was located some 30 km 19 mi to the southeast Today all that remains of Ctesiphon is the shrine town of Salman Pak just to the south of Greater Baghdad which is where Salman the Persian is believed to have been buried Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia the first capital of the Seleucid Empire which had earlier replaced the city of Babylon An 1468 painting of Floods in Baghdad by Shirwan According to the traveler Ibn Battuta Baghdad was one of the largest cities not including the damage it has received The residents are mostly Hanbal Baghdad is also home to the grave of Abu Hanifa where there is a cell and a mosque above it The Sultan of Baghdad Abu Said Bahadur Khan was a Tatar king who embraced Islam 34 In its early years the city was known as a deliberate reminder of an expression in the Qur an when it refers to Paradise 35 It took four years to build 764 768 Mansur assembled engineers surveyors and art constructionists from around the world to come together and draw up plans for the city Over 100 000 construction workers came to survey the plans many were distributed salaries to start the building of the city 36 July was chosen as the starting time because two astrologers Naubakht Ahvazi and Mashallah believed that the city should be built under the sign of the lion Leo 37 Leo is associated with fire and symbolizes productivity pride and expansion The bricks used to make the city were 18 in 460 mm on all four sides Abu Hanifah was the counter of the bricks and he developed a canal which brought water to the work site for both human consumption and the manufacture of the bricks Marble was also used to make buildings throughout the city and marble steps led down to the river s edge The Round city of Baghdad between 767 and 912 AD This article may be confusing or unclear to readers In particular The city can t be both 19 km and 2 km wide It s also unclear what a framework is in this context Please help clarify the article There might be a discussion about this on the talk page March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Baghdad Museum is a local history museum It features 70 scenes from different periods using lifesize models presenting Baghdad life The basic framework of the city consists of two large semicircles about 19 km 12 mi in diameter The inner city connecting them was designed as a circle about 2 km 1 2 mi in diameter leading it to be known as the Round City The original design shows a single ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls but the final construction added another ring inside the first 38 Within the city there were many parks gardens villas and promenades 39 There was a large sanitation department many fountains and public baths and unlike contemporary European cities at the time streets were frequently washed free of debris and trash 40 In fact by the time of Harun al Rashid Baghdad had a few thousand hammams These baths increased public hygiene and served as a way for the religious to perform ablutions as prescribed by Islam Moreover entry fees were usually so low that almost everyone could afford them 41 In the center of the city lay the mosque as well as headquarters for guards The purpose or use of the remaining space in the center is unknown The circular design of the city was a direct reflection of the traditional Persian Sasanian urban design The Sasanian city of Gur in Fars built 500 years before Baghdad is nearly identical in its general circular design radiating avenues and the government buildings and temples at the center of the city This style of urban planning contrasted with Ancient Greek and Roman urban planning in which cities are designed as squares or rectangles with streets intersecting each other at right angles Baghdad was a hectic city during the day and had many attractions at night There were cabarets and taverns halls for backgammon and chess live plays concerts and acrobats On street corners storytellers engaged crowds with tales such as those later told in Arabian Nights 41 Surrounding wallsSee also Gates of Baghdad Contemporary sketch of Baghdad published by Carsten Niebuhr in 1778 The four surrounding walls of Baghdad were named Kufa Basra Khurasan and Syria named because their gates pointed in the directions of these destinations The distance between these gates was a little less than 2 4 km 1 5 mi Each gate had double doors that were made of iron the doors were so heavy it took several men to open and close them The wall itself was about 44 m thick at the base and about 12 m thick at the top Also the wall was 30 m high which included merlons a solid part of an embattled parapet usually pierced by embrasures This wall was surrounded by another wall with a thickness of 50 m The second wall had towers and rounded merlons which surrounded the towers This outer wall was protected by a solid glacis which is made out of bricks and quicklime Beyond the outer wall was a water filled moat citation needed Golden Gate PalaceThe Golden Gate Palace the residence of the caliph and his family was in the heart of Baghdad in the central square In the central part of the building there was a green dome that was 39 m high Surrounding the palace was an esplanade a waterside building in which only the caliph could come riding on horseback In addition the palace was near other mansions and officer s residences Near the Gate of Syria a building served as the home for the guards It was made of brick and marble The palace governor lived in the latter part of the building and the commander of the guards in the front In 813 after the death of caliph Al Amin the palace was no longer used as the home for the caliph and his family 42 The roundness points to the fact that it was based on Arabic script 43 44 The two designers who were hired by Al Mansur to plan the city s design were Naubakht a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious and Mashallah a Jew from Khorasan Iran 45 Center of learning 8th 9th centuries Edit Further information Islamic Golden Age Courtyard of Mustansiriya madrasa established in 1227 was one of the oldest universities in the world Its building survived the Mongol invasion of 1258 The modern Mustansiriyah University was established in1963 Within a generation of its founding Baghdad became a hub of learning and commerce The city flourished into an unrivaled intellectual center of science medicine philosophy and education especially with the Abbasid translation movement began under the second caliph Al Mansur and thrived under the seventh caliph Al Ma mun 46 Baytul Hikmah or the House of Wisdom was among the most well known academies 47 and had the largest selection of books in the world by the middle of the 9th century citation needed Notable scholars based in Baghdad during this time include translator Hunayn ibn Ishaq mathematician al Khwarizmi and philosopher Al Kindi 47 Although Arabic was used as the international language of science the scholarship involved not only Arabs but also Persians Syriacs 48 Nestorians Jews Arab Christians 49 50 and people from other ethnic and religious groups native to the region 51 52 53 54 55 These are considered among the fundamental elements that contributed to the flourishing of scholarship in the Medieval Islamic world 56 57 58 Baghdad was also a significant center of Islamic religious learning with Al Jahiz contributing to the formation of Mu tazili theology as well as Al Tabari culminating in the scholarship on the Quranic exegesis 46 Baghdad is likely to have been the largest city in the world from shortly after its foundation until the 930s when it tied with Cordoba 59 Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak 60 Many of the One Thousand and One Nights tales widely known as the Arabian Nights are set in Baghdad during this period It would surpass even Constantinople in prosperity and size 61 Khan Murjan built in the 14th century as a caravanserai Among the notable features of Baghdad during this period were its exceptional libraries Many of the Abbasid caliphs were patrons of learning and enjoyed collecting both ancient and contemporary literature Although some of the princes of the previous Umayyad dynasty had begun to gather and translate Greek scientific literature the Abbasids were the first to foster Greek learning on a large scale Many of these libraries were private collections intended only for the use of the owners and their immediate friends but the libraries of the caliphs and other officials soon took on a public or a semi public character 62 Four great libraries were established in Baghdad during this period The earliest was that of the famous Al Ma mun who was caliph from 813 to 833 Another was established by Sabur ibn Ardashir in 991 or 993 for the literary men and scholars who frequented his academy 62 Unfortunately this second library was plundered and burned by the Seljuks only seventy years after it was established This was a good example of the sort of library built up out of the needs and interests of a literary society 62 The last two were examples of madrasa or theological college libraries The Nezamiyeh was founded by the Persian Nizam al Mulk who was vizier of two early Seljuk sultans 62 It continued to operate even after the coming of the Mongols in 1258 The Mustansiriyah madrasa which owned an exceedingly rich library was founded by Al Mustansir the second last Abbasid caliph who died in 1242 62 This would prove to be the last great library built by the caliphs of Baghdad Stagnation and invasions 10th 16th centuries Edit Al Khulafa mosque retains an Abbasid era minaret Zumurrud Khatun Tomb in Baghdad built in 1202 AD By the 10th century the city s population was between 1 2 million 63 and 2 million 64 Baghdad s early meteoric growth eventually slowed due to troubles within the Caliphate including relocations of the capital to Samarra during 808 819 and 836 892 the loss of the western and easternmost provinces and periods of political domination by the Iranian Buwayhids 945 1055 and Seljuk Turks 1055 1135 The Seljuks were a clan of the Oghuz Turks from Central Asia that converted to the Sunni branch of Islam In 1040 they destroyed the Ghaznavids taking over their land and in 1055 Tughril Beg the leader of the Seljuks took over Baghdad The Seljuks expelled the Buyid dynasty of Shiites that had ruled for some time and took over power and control of Baghdad They ruled as Sultans in the name of the Abbasid caliphs they saw themselves as being part of the Abbasid regime Tughril Beg saw himself as the protector of the Abbasid Caliphs 65 Sieges and wars in which Baghdad was involved are listed below Siege of Baghdad 812 813 Fourth Fitna Caliphal Civil War Siege of Baghdad 865 Abbasid civil war 865 866 Battle of Baghdad 946 Buyid Hamdanid War Siege of Baghdad 1157 Abbasid Seljuq Wars Siege of Baghdad 1258 Mongol conquest of Baghdad Siege of Baghdad 1393 by Tamerlane Siege of Baghdad 1401 by Tamerlane Capture of Baghdad 1534 Ottoman Safavid Wars Capture of Baghdad 1623 Ottoman Safavid Wars Capture of Baghdad 1638 Ottoman Safavid WarsIn 1058 Baghdad was captured by the Fatimids under the Turkish general Abu l Ḥarith Arslan al Basasiri an adherent of the Ismailis along with the Uqaylid Quraysh 66 Not long before the arrival of the Saljuqs in Baghdad al Basasiri petitioned to the Fatimid Imam Caliph al Mustansir to support him in conquering Baghdad on the Ismaili Imam s behalf It has recently come to light that the famed Fatimid da i al Mu ayyad al Shirazi had a direct role in supporting al Basasiri and helped the general to succeed in taking Mawṣil Wasit and Kufa Soon after 67 by December 1058 a Shi i adhan call to prayer was implemented in Baghdad and a khutbah sermon was delivered in the name of the Fatimid Imam Caliph 67 Despite his Shi i inclinations Al Basasiri received support from Sunnis and Shi is alike for whom opposition to the Saljuq power was a common factor 68 Conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 CE On 10 February 1258 Baghdad was captured by the Mongols led by Hulegu a grandson of Chingiz Khan Genghis Khan during the siege of Baghdad 69 Many quarters were ruined by fire siege or looting The Mongols massacred most of the city s inhabitants including the caliph Al Musta sim and destroyed large sections of the city The canals and dykes forming the city s irrigation system were also destroyed During this time in Baghdad Christians and Shia were tolerated while Sunnis were treated as enemies 70 The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate 71 It has been argued that this marked an end to the Islamic Golden Age and served a blow from which Islamic civilization never fully recovered 72 Central Asian Turko Mongol conqueror Timur sacked the city and spared almost no one At this point Baghdad was ruled by the Ilkhanate a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire ruling from Iran In August 1393 Baghdad was occupied by the Central Asian Turkic conqueror Timur Tamerlane 73 by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur s envoys Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas ud to govern Baghdad but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned In 1401 Baghdad was again sacked by Timur 74 When his forces took Baghdad he spared almost no one and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back two severed human heads 75 Baghdad became a provincial capital controlled by the Mongol Jalayirid 1400 1411 Turkic Kara Koyunlu 1411 1469 Turkic Ak Koyunlu 1469 1508 and the Iranian Safavid 1508 1534 dynasties Ottoman era 16th 19th centuries Edit See also Baghdad Eyalet Baghdad Vilayet and History of Baghdad 1831 1917 In 1534 Baghdad was captured by the Ottoman Empire Under the Ottomans Baghdad continued into a period of decline partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and Iranian Safavids which did not accept the Sunni control of the city Between 1623 and 1638 it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague and cholera 76 and sometimes two thirds of its population has been wiped out 77 For a time Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century under a Mamluk government Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by Ali Riza Pasha in 1831 From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867 Baghdad was governed under the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed Namik Pasha 78 The Nuttall Encyclopedia reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185 000 Baghdad Eyalet in 1609 CE Baghdad Vilayet in 1900 CE Souk in Baghdad 1876 CE Modern era Edit See also Mandate for Mesopotamia Kingdom of Iraq and Mandatory Iraq The Shabandar Cafe in Baghdad 1923 Baghdad and southern Iraq remained under Ottoman rule until 1917 when they were captured by the British during World War I In 1920 Baghdad became the capital of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia with several architectural and planning projects commissioned to reinforce this administration 79 After receiving independence in 1932 the city became capital of the Kingdom of Iraq During this period the substantial Jewish community probably exceeding 100 000 people comprised between a quarter 80 and a third of the city s population 81 On 1 April 1941 members of the Golden Square and Rashid Ali staged a coup in Baghdad Rashid Ali installed a pro German and pro Italian government to replace the pro British government of Regent Abdul Ilah On 31 May after the resulting Anglo Iraqi War and after Rashid Ali and his government had fled the Mayor of Baghdad surrendered to British and Commonwealth forces On June 1 2 during the ensuing power vacuum Jewish residents were attacked following rumors they had aided the British In what became known as the Farhud over 180 Jews were killed 1 000 injured and hundreds of Jewish properties were ransacked 82 83 Between 300 and 400 non Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence 84 Three Iraqi Levies who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool Left to right they are Sergeant Macko Shmos Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph Odisho The city s population grew from an estimated 145 000 in 1900 to 580 000 in 1950 On 14 July 1958 members of the Iraqi Army under Abd al Karim Qasim staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq King Faisal II former Prime Minister Nuri as Said former Regent Prince Abd al Ilah members of the royal family and others were brutally killed during the coup Many of the victim s bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad citation needed Freedom Monument Tahrir Square in Downtown Baghdad During the 1970s Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the price of petroleum Iraq s main export New infrastructure including modern sewerage water and highway facilities were built during this period The masterplans of the city 1967 1973 were delivered by the Polish planning office Miastoprojekt Krakow mediated by Polservice 85 However the Iran Iraq War of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city as money was diverted by Saddam Hussein to the army and thousands of residents were killed Iran launched a number of missile attacks against Baghdad in retaliation for Saddam Hussein s continuous bombardments of Tehran s residential districts In 1991 and 2003 the Gulf War and the US invasion of Iraq caused significant damage to Baghdad s transportation power and sanitary infrastructure as the US led coalition forces launched massive aerial assaults in the city in the two wars Also in 2003 a minor riot in the city which took place on 21 July caused some disturbance in the population The historic Assyrian Quarter of the city Dora which boasted a population of 150 000 Assyrians in 2003 made up over 3 of the capital s Assyrian population then The community has been subject to kidnappings death threats vandalism and house burnings by al Qaeda and other insurgent groups As of the end of 2014 only 1 500 Assyrians remained in Dora 86 The Iraq War took place from 2003 to 2011 but an Islamist insurgency lasted until 2013 It was followed by another war from 2013 to 2017 and a low level insurgency from 2017 which included suicide bombings in January 2018 and January 2021 87 Priceless collection of artifacts in the National Museum of Iraq was looted by the Iraqi citizens during the 2003 US led invasion Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the National Library were destroyed Reconstruction efforts Edit Further information Investment in post invasion Iraq Most Iraqi reconstruction efforts have been devoted to the restoration and repair of badly damaged urban infrastructure More visible efforts at reconstruction through private development like architect and urban designer Hisham N Ashkouri s Baghdad Renaissance Plan and the Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center have also been made 88 A plan was proposed by a Government agency to rebuild a tourist island in 2008 89 Investors were sought to develop a romantic island on the River Tigris that was once a popular honeymoon spot for newlyweds The project would include a six star hotel spa an 18 hole golf course and a country club In addition the go ahead has been given to build numerous architecturally unique skyscrapers along the Tigris that would develop the city s financial center in Kadhehemiah 90 In late 2009 a construction plan was proposed to rebuild the heart of Baghdad but the plan was never realized because corruption was involved in it 91 View of downtown Baghdad March 2017 The Baghdad Eye Ferris wheel proposed in August 2008 90 92 93 94 95 was installed at the Al Zawraa Park in March 2011 96 In May 2010 a new large scale residential and commercial project called Baghdad Gate was announced 97 98 In August 2010 Iraqi British architect Zaha Hadid was appointed to design a new headquarters for the Central Bank in Baghdad Initial talks about the project were held in Istanbul Turkey on 14 August 2010 in the presence of the Central Bank Governor Sinan Al Shabibi On 2 February 2012 Zaha Hadid joined Sinan Al Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the Central Bank of Iraq and Zaha Hadid Architects for the design stages of the new CBI Headquarters building The construction was postponed in 2015 due to economical problems but started again in 2019 Climate EditBaghdad has a hot desert climate Koppen BWh featuring extremely hot prolonged dry summers and mild to cool slightly wet short winters In the summer from June through August the average maximum temperature is as high as 44 C 111 F and accompanied by sunshine Rainfall has been recorded on fewer than half a dozen occasions at this time of year and has never exceeded 1 mm 0 04 in 99 Even at night temperatures in summer are seldom below 24 C 75 F Baghdad s record highest temperature of 51 8 C 125 2 F was reached on 28 July 2020 100 101 The humidity is typically under 50 in summer due to Baghdad s distance from the marshy southern Iraq and the coasts of Persian Gulf and dust storms from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence during the summer Winter temperatures are typical of hot desert climates From December through February Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging 16 to 19 C 61 to 66 F though highs above 21 C 70 F are not unheard of Lows below freezing occur a couple of times per year on average 102 Annual rainfall almost entirely confined to the period from November through March averages approximately 150 mm 5 91 in but has been as high as 338 mm 13 31 in and as low as 37 mm 1 46 in 99 On 11 January 2008 light snow fell across Baghdad for the first time in 100 years 103 Snowfall was again reported on 11 February 2020 with accumulations across the city 104 Climate data for BaghdadMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 24 8 76 6 27 1 80 8 30 9 87 6 38 6 101 5 43 5 110 3 48 8 119 8 51 8 125 2 49 9 121 8 47 7 117 9 40 2 104 4 35 6 96 1 25 3 77 5 51 8 125 2 Average high C F 15 5 59 9 18 5 65 3 23 6 74 5 29 9 85 8 36 5 97 7 41 3 106 3 44 0 111 2 43 5 110 3 40 2 104 4 33 4 92 1 23 7 74 7 17 2 63 0 30 6 87 1 Daily mean C F 9 7 49 5 12 0 53 6 16 6 61 9 22 6 72 7 28 3 82 9 32 3 90 1 34 8 94 6 34 0 93 2 30 5 86 9 24 7 76 5 16 5 61 7 11 2 52 2 22 8 73 0 Average low C F 3 8 38 8 5 5 41 9 9 6 49 3 15 2 59 4 20 1 68 2 23 3 73 9 25 5 77 9 24 5 76 1 20 7 69 3 15 9 60 6 9 2 48 6 5 1 41 2 14 9 58 8 Record low C F 11 0 12 2 10 0 14 0 5 5 22 1 0 6 30 9 8 3 46 9 14 6 58 3 22 4 72 3 20 6 69 1 15 3 59 5 6 2 43 2 1 5 29 3 8 7 16 3 11 0 12 2 Average precipitation mm inches 26 1 0 28 1 1 28 1 1 17 0 7 7 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 21 0 8 26 1 0 156 6 1 Average rainy days 5 5 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 5 6 34Average relative humidity 71 61 53 43 30 21 22 22 26 34 54 71 42Mean monthly sunshine hours 192 2 203 4 244 9 255 0 300 7 348 0 347 2 353 4 315 0 272 8 213 0 195 3 3 240 9Average ultraviolet index 3 4 6 8 10 11 11 10 8 6 4 3 7Source 1 World Meteorological Organization UN 105 Source 2 Climate amp Temperature 106 107 Geography EditThe city is located on a vast plain bisected by the Tigris river The Tigris splits Baghdad in half with the eastern half being called Risafa and the Western half known as Karkh The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low lying being of quaternary alluvial origin due to the periodic large floods which have occurred on the river Panoramic view of the Tigris as it flows through BaghdadAdministrative divisions EditSee also List of neighborhoods and districts in Baghdad Baghdad as seen from the International Space Station Administratively Baghdad Governorate is divided into districts which are further divided into sub districts Municipally the governorate is divided into 9 municipalities which have responsibility for local issues Regional services however are coordinated and carried out by a mayor who oversees the municipalities The governorate council is responsible for the governorate wide policy These official subdivisions of the city served as administrative centers for the delivery of municipal services but until 2003 had no political function Beginning in April 2003 the U S controlled Coalition Provisional Authority CPA began the process of creating new functions for these The process initially focused on the election of neighborhood councils in the official neighborhoods elected by neighborhood caucuses The CPA convened a series of meetings in each neighborhood to explain local government to describe the caucus election process and to encourage participants to spread the word and bring friends relatives and neighbors to subsequent meetings Each neighborhood process ultimately ended with a final meeting where candidates for the new neighborhood councils identified themselves and asked their neighbors to vote for them Once all 88 later increased to 89 neighborhood councils were in place each neighborhood council elected representatives from among their members to serve on one of the city s nine district councils The number of neighborhood representatives on a district council is based upon the neighborhood s population The next step was to have each of the nine district councils elect representatives from their membership to serve on the 37 member Baghdad City Council This three tier system of local government connected the people of Baghdad to the central government through their representatives from the neighborhood through the district and up to the city council The same process was used to provide representative councils for the other communities in Baghdad Province outside of the city itself There local councils were elected from 20 neighborhoods Nahia and these councils elected representatives from their members to serve on six district councils Qada As within the city the district councils then elected representatives from among their members to serve on the 35 member Baghdad Regional Council The first step in the establishment of the system of local government for Baghdad Province was the election of the Baghdad Provincial Council As before the representatives to the Provincial Council were elected by their peers from the lower councils in numbers proportional to the population of the districts they represent The 41 member Provincial Council took office in February 2004 and served until national elections held in January 2005 when a new Provincial Council was elected This system of 127 separate councils may seem overly cumbersome however Baghdad Province is home to approximately seven million people At the lowest level the neighborhood councils each council represents an average of 75 000 people The nine District Advisory Councils DAC are as follows 108 Adhamiyah Karkh Green Zone 109 Karrada 110 111 Kadhimiya 112 Mansour Sadr City Thawra 113 Al Rashid 114 Rusafa New Baghdad Tisaa Nissan 9 April 115 The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above The following is a selection rather than a complete list of these neighborhoods Al Ghazaliya Al A amiriya Dora Karrada Al Jadriya Al Hebnaa Zayouna Al Saydiya Al Sa adoon Al Shu ala Al Mahmudiyah Bab Al Moatham Al Baya Al Za franiya Hayy Ur Sha ab Hayy Al Jami a Al Adel Al Khadhraa Hayy Al Jihad Hayy Al A amel Hayy Aoor Al Hurriya Hayy Al Shurtta Yarmouk Jesr Diyala Abu Disher Raghiba Khatoun Arab Jibor Al Fathel Al Ubedy Al Washash Al WazireyaNotable streets Edit Abu Nawas Street Mutanabbi Street Haifa Street Hilla Road Runs from the north into Baghdad via Yarmouk Baghdad Caliphs Street site of historical mosques and churches Sadoun Street stretching from Liberation Square to Masbah Abu Nawas Street runs along the Tigris from the Jumhouriya Bridge to 14 July Suspended Bridge Damascus Street goes from Damascus Square to the Baghdad Airport Road Mutanabbi Street A street with numerous bookshops named after the 10th century Iraqi poet Al Mutanabbi Rabia Street 14th July Street Mosul Road Muthana al Shaibani Street Bor Saeed Port Said Street Thawra Street Al Qanat Street runs through Baghdad north south Al Khat al Sare a Mohammed al Qasim high speed lane runs through Baghdad north south Industry Street runs by the University of Technology center of the computer trade in Baghdad Al Nidhal Street Al Rasheed Street city center Baghdad Al Jamhuriah Street city center Baghdad Falastin Street Tariq el Muaskar Al Rasheed Camp Road Akhrot street Baghdad Airport Road 116 Demographics EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Baghdad s population was estimated at 7 22 million in 2015 The city historically had a predominantly Sunni population but by the early 21st century around 52 of the city s population were Iraqi Shi ites At the beginning of the 21st century some 1 5 million people migrated to Baghdad Sunni Muslims make up 29 34 of Iraq s population and they are still a majority in west and north Iraq As early as 2003 about 20 percent of the population of the city was the result of mixed marriages between Shi ites and Sunnis 117 Following the civil war between the Sunni and Shia militia groups during the U S occupation of Iraq the population of Sunnis significantly decreased as they were pushed out of many neighborhoods The War in Iraq following the Islamic State s invasion in 2014 caused hundreds of thousands of Iraqi internally displaced people to flee to the city The city has Shia Sunni Kurdish Turkmen Assyrian Chaldean Syriacs Armenians and mixed neighborhoods The city was also home to a large Jewish community and regularly visited by Sikh pilgrims Religion EditSee also Religion in Iraq Baghdad is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups with an Arab majority as well as Kurds Turkmens Assyrians Yazidis Shabakis Armenians and Mandaeans The majority of the citizens are Muslims with minorities of Christians Yezidis and Mandeans also present There are many religious centers distributed around the city including mosques churches and Mashkhannas cultic huts Masjid Al Kadhimain is a shrine that is located in the Kadhimayn suburb of Baghdad It contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Twelver Shi ite Imams Musa al Kadhim and Muhammad at Taqi respectively upon whom the title of Kadhimayn Two who swallow their anger was bestowed 118 119 120 Many Shi ites travel to the mosque from far away places to commemorate those imams Kadhimiya Mosque Armenian Orthodox Church of Baghdad Saray Mosque Khilani MosqueIn the Kadhimiya district of Baghdad was the house of Bahaʼu llah Prophet Founder of the Baha i Faith also known as the Most Great House Bayt i Aʻzam and the House of God where Bahaʼu llah mostly resided from 1853 to 1863 It is considered a holy place and a place of pilgrimage by Baha i s according to their Most Holy Book 121 On the 23rd of June 2013 the house was destroyed under unclear circumstances 122 Economy Edit Al Ma mun s Telecommunication Center in downtown Baghdad Baghdad accounts for 22 2 of Iraq s population and 40 of the country s gross domestic product PPP Tourism Edit Baghdad was once one of the main destinations in the country and the region with a wealth of cultural attractions Tourism has diminished since the Iraq Iran war and later during the US invasion but in recent years Baghdad has become a main tourist destination although it is still facing challenges There are numerous historic scientific and artistic museums in Baghdad which include Iraq Museum Baghdadi Museum Natural History Museum and several others Baghdad is known for its famous Mutanabbi street which is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literary and intellectual community The annual International Book Fair in Baghdad is well known to the international publishing world as a promising publishing event in the region after years of instability Baghdadi Museum Iraq National Museum Al Zawra a Park Al Salam Palace Al Faw PalaceTransport EditIraqi Airways the national airline of Iraq has its headquarters on the grounds of Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad 123 Education EditThe House of Wisdom was a major academy and public center in Baghdad The Mustansiriya Madrasah was established in 1227 by the Abbasid Caliph al Mustansir The name was changed to Al Mustansiriya University in 1963 The University of Baghdad is the largest university in Iraq and the second largest in the Arab world Prior to the Gulf War multiple international schools operated in Baghdad including Ecole francaise de Bagdad 124 Deutsche Schule Bagdad 125 Baghdad Japanese School バグダッド日本人学校 a nihonjin gakko 126 Universities Edit University of Baghdad Mustansiriya University Iraqi University Nahrain University Albayan University University of Technology Iraq American University of Iraq Baghdad Al Turath University College Dijlah University CollegeCulture EditSee also Culture of Iraq and Baghdad Arabic The Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra performing in July 2007 The National Ballet performing in 2007 Chaldean Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows The Baghdad Convention Center Baghdad has always played a significant role in the broader Arab cultural sphere contributing several significant writers musicians and visual artists Famous Arab poets and singers such as Nizar Qabbani Umm Kulthum Fairuz Salah Al Hamdani Ilham al Madfai and others have performed for the city The dialect of Arabic spoken in Baghdad today differs from that of other large urban centers in Iraq having features more characteristic of nomadic Arabic dialects Versteegh The Arabic Language It is possible that this was caused by the repopulating of the city with rural residents after the multiple sackings of the late Middle Ages For poetry written about Baghdad see Reuven Snir ed Baghdad The City in Verse Harvard 2013 127 Baghdad joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Literature in December 2015 128 Some of the important cultural institutions in the city include the National Theater which was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq but efforts are underway to restore the theater 129 The live theater industry received a boost during the 1990s when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films As many as 30 movie theaters were reported to have been converted to live stages producing a wide range of comedies and dramatic productions 130 Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad and the Institute of Fine Arts Baghdad The Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra is a government funded symphony orchestra in Baghdad The INSO plays primarily classical European music as well as original compositions based on Iraqi and Arab instruments and music Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed artifacts and relics of ancient civilization many of these were stolen and the museums looted during the widespread chaos immediately after United States forces entered the city During US occupation of Iraq AFN Iraq Freedom Radio broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad among other locations There is also a private radio station called Dijlah named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River that was created in 2004 as Iraq s first independent talk radio station Radio Dijlah offices in the Jamia neighborhood of Baghdad have been attacked on several occasions 131 Sights of interest EditThe National Museum of Iraq whose collection of artifacts was looted during the 2003 US invasion and the iconic Hands of Victory arches Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the National Library were destroyed under Saddam s command Mutanabbi Street is located near the old quarter of Baghdad at Al Rasheed Street It is the historic center of Baghdadi book selling a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls It was named after the 10th century classical Iraqi poet Al Mutanabbi 132 This street is well established for bookselling and has often been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literacy and intellectual community Baghdad Zoo used to be the largest zoological park in the Middle East Within eight days following the 2003 invasion however only 35 of the 650 animals in the facility survived This was a result of theft of some animals for human food and starvation of caged animals that had no food Conservationist Lawrence Anthony and some of the zoo keepers cared for the animals and fed the carnivores with donkeys they had bought locally 133 134 Eventually Paul Bremer Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq after the invasion ordered protection for the zoo and enlisted U S engineers to help reopen the facility 133 Grand Festivities Square is the main square where public celebrations are held and is also the home to three important monuments commemorating Iraqi s fallen soldiers and victories in war namely Al Shaheed Monument the Victory Arch and the Unknown Soldier s Monument 135 Al Shaheed Monument also known as the Martyr s Memorial is a monument dedicated to the Iraqi soldiers who died in the Iran Iraq War However now it is generally considered by Iraqis to be for all of the martyrs of Iraq especially those allied with Iran and Syria fighting ISIS not just of the Iran Iraq War The monument was opened in 1983 and was designed by the Iraqi architect Saman Kamal and the Iraqi sculptor and artist Ismail Fatah Al Turk During the 1970s and 1980s Saddam Hussein s government spent a lot of money on new monuments which included the al Shaheed Monument citation needed Qushla Square Qushla or Qishla is a public square and the historical complex located in Rusafa neighborhood at the riverbank of Tigris Qushla and its surroundings is where the historical features and cultural capitals of Baghdad are concentrated from the Mutanabbi Street Abbasid era palace and bridges Ottoman era mosques to the Mustansariyah Madrasa The square developed during the Ottoman era as a military barracks Today it is a place where the citizens of Baghdad find leisure such as reading poetry in gazebos 136 It is characterized by the iconic clock tower which was donated by George V The entire area is submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tentative list 137 A dhamiyyah is a predominantly Sunni area with a Masjid that is associated with the Sunni Imam Abu Hanifah The name of Al Aʿẓamiyyah is derived from Abu Hanifah s title al Imam al Aʿẓam the Great Imam 138 139 Firdos Square is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of two of the best known hotels the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad 140 The square was the site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was pulled down by U S led coalition forces in a widely televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq Sport Edit Al Shaab Stadium See also Sport in IraqBaghdad is home to some of the most successful football soccer teams in Iraq the biggest being Al Shorta Police Al Quwa Al Jawiya Air Force Al Zawraa and Al Talaba Students The largest stadium in Baghdad is Al Shaab Stadium which was opened in 1966 In recent years the capital has seen the building of several football stadiums which are meant be opened in near future The city has also had a strong tradition of horse racing ever since World War I known to Baghdadis simply as Races There are reports of pressures by the Islamists to stop this tradition due to the associated gambling 141 Club Founded LeagueAl Quwa Al Jawiya SC 1931 Iraqi Premier LeagueAl Shorta SC 1932 Iraqi Premier LeagueAl Zawraa SC 1969 Iraqi Premier LeagueAl Talaba SC 1977 Iraqi Premier LeagueTwin towns sister cities Edit Cairo Egypt 142 Pyongyang North Korea 143 Tehran Iran 144 See also Edit Iraq portalIraqi art List of mosques in Baghdad List of places in Iraq History of the Jews in Baghdad Battle of Baghdad 2003 Notes Edit Estimates of total population differ substantially The CIA World Factbook estimated the 2020 population of Baghdad at 7 144 000 4 The Encyclopedia Britannica estimated the 2005 population at 5 904 000 5 the 2006 Lancet Report states a population of 7 216 050 6 Mongabay gives a figure of 6 492 200 as of 2002 7 References Edit Petersen Andrew 13 September 2011 Baghdad Madinat al Salam Islamic Arts amp Architecture Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 Retrieved 23 August 2016 Central Statistics Organization Iraq Population Projection 2015 2018 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 26 November 2020 Retrieved 31 August 2020 Largest Cities Through History Geography about com 6 April 2011 Archived from the original on 27 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Atlantic Print pp 13 15 Stanek Lukasz 2020 Architecture in global socialism Eastern Europe West Africa and the Middle East in the Cold War Princeton ISBN 978 0 691 19455 4 Spencer Richard 22 December 2014 Iraq crisis The last Christians of Dora Archived from the original on 13 April 2018 Retrieved 5 April 2018 At least 32 killed as first suicide bombing in nearly 2 years rocks Baghdad 21 January 2021 Archived from the original on 22 January 2021 Retrieved 21 January 2021 ARCADD Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 Goode Erica Mohammed Riyadh 20 September 2008 The New York Times The New York Times Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 5 October 2014 a b Yacoub Sameer Baghdad plans to build giant Ferris wheel NBC News Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 Retrieved 27 August 2008 Mohammed Riyadh Leland John 29 December 2009 The New York Times The New York Times Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 5 October 2014 Baghdad Eye To Draw 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race english alaraby co uk Archived from the original on 29 December 2021 Retrieved 29 December 2021 Brotherhood amp Friendship Agreements cairo gov eg Cairo Retrieved 8 March 2023 Corfield Justin 2013 Sister Cities Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang London Anthem Press p 196 ISBN 978 0 85728 234 7 گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا isna ir in Persian Iranian Students News Agency 21 March 2018 Retrieved 8 March 2023 Further reading EditArticles Edit A Dweller in Mesopotamia being the adventures of an official artist in the Garden of Eden by Donald Maxwell 1921 a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries DjVu amp layered PDF PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 September 2005 7 53 MB format By Desert Ways to Baghdad by Louisa Jebb Mrs Roland Wilkins 1908 1909 ed a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries DjVu amp layered PDF PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 September 2005 11 3 MB format Miastoprojekt goes abroad the transfer of architectural labour from socialist Poland to Iraq 1958 1989 by Lukasz Stanek The Journal of Architecture Volume 17 Issue 3 2012Books Edit Caecilia Pieri Bagdad la construction d une capitale moderne 1914 1960 Presses de l Ifpo 2015 440 pages about 800 illustrations ISBN 978 2 35159 399 8 ISSN 2225 7578 Mina Marefat Caecilia Pieri Gilles Ragot Le Corbusier s Gymnasium in Bagdad 2014 Editions du patrimoine collection Regards French and English versions Presses de l Ifpo Arabic version ISBN 2757703013 Pieri Caecilia 2011 Baghdad Arts Deco Architectural Brickwork 1920 1950 1st ed The American University in Cairo Press p 160 ISBN 978 9774163562 Travels in Asia and Africa 1325 135 by Ibn Battuta Gertrude Bell The Arabian Diaries 1913 1914 by Bell Gertrude Lowthian and O Brien Rosemary Historic Cities of the Islamic World by Bosworth Clifford Edmund Ottoman administration of Iraq 1890 1908 by Cetinsaya Gokhan Naked in Baghdad by Garrels Anne and Lawrence Vint A memoir of Major General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson by Rawlinson George Stanek Lukasz 2020 Architecture in Global Socialism Eastern Europe West Africa and the Middle East in the Cold War Princeton ISBN 978 0 691 19455 4 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baghdad Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Baghdad Look up Baghdad in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Bagdad city Amanat Mayoralty of Baghdad Map of Baghdad Archived 30 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Iraq Image Baghdad Satellite Observation National Commission for Investment in Iraq Interactive map Iraq Urban Society Baghdad government websites Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Envisioning Reconstruction In Iraq Description of the original layout of Baghdad Ethnic and sectarian map of Baghdad Healingiraq UAE Investors Keen On Taking Part In Baghdad Renaissance Project permanent dead link Man With A Plan Hisham Ashkouri Behind Baghdad s 9 11 Iraq Inter Agency Information amp Analysis Unit Reports maps and assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter Agency Information amp Analysis Unit Geographic data related to Baghdad at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baghdad amp oldid 1146244943, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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