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Cornwall

February 04, 2023

This article is about Cornwall in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation).
"Cornouailles" redirects here. Not to be confused with Cornouaille.

Cornwall (/ˈkɔːrnwɔːl, -wəl/;[3] Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]) is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, with the River Tamar forming the border between them. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain. The southwesternmost point is Land's End and the southernmost Lizard Point. Cornwall has a population of 568,210 and an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi).[4][5][6][7] The county has been administered since 2009 by the unitary authority, Cornwall Council. The ceremonial county of Cornwall also includes the Isles of Scilly, which are administered separately. The administrative centre of Cornwall is Truro, its only city.

Cornwall
Kernow (Cornish)
Ceremonial county
Flag
Motto(s): 

Onen hag oll (Cornish)
One and all
Coordinates: 50°24′N 4°54′W / 50.400°N 4.900°W / 50.400; -4.900Coordinates: 50°24′N 4°54′W / 50.400°N 4.900°W / 50.400; -4.900
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionSouth West England
EstablishedAncient
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (British Summer Time)
Members of Parliament
6
PoliceDevon and Cornwall Police
Ceremonial county
Lord LieutenantColonel Edward Bolitho OBE
High SheriffKate Holborow (2020–21) [1]
Area3,562 km2 (1,375 sq mi)
 • Ranked12th of 48
Population (2021)568,210
 • Ranked40th of 48
Density160/km2 (410/sq mi)
Ethnicity95.7% White British, 4.3% Other[2]
Unitary authority
CouncilCornwall Council
ExecutiveConservative
Admin HQNew County Hall, Truro
Area3,546 km2 (1,369 sq mi)
 • Ranked2nd of 326
Population570,305
 • Ranked3rd of 326
Density161/km2 (420/sq mi)
ISO 3166-2GB-CON
ONS code00HE
GSS codeE06000052
ITLUKK30
Websitewww.cornwall.gov.uk
Districts

Districts of Cornwall
Districts
  1. Cornwall (unitary)
  2. Isles of Scilly (sui generis unitary)

Cornwall was formerly a Brythonic kingdom and subsequently a royal duchy. It is the cultural and ethnic origin of the Cornish diaspora. The Cornish nationalist movement contests the present constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly with powers similar to those in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[8][9] In 2014, Cornish people were granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities,[10] giving them recognition as a distinct ethnic group.[11][12]

Recent discoveries of Roman remains in Cornwall indicate a greater Roman presence there than once thought.[13] After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Cornwall (along with Devon, parts of Dorset and Somerset, and the Scilly Isles) was a part of the Brittonic kingdom of Dumnonia, ruled by chieftains of the Cornovii who may have included figures regarded as semi-historical or legendary, such as King Mark of Cornwall and King Arthur, evidenced by folklore traditions derived from the Historia Regum Britanniae. The Cornovii division of the Dumnonii tribe were separated from their fellow Brythons of Wales after the Battle of Deorham in AD 577, and often came into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex. The regions of Dumnonia outside of Cornwall (and Dartmoor) had been annexed by the English by AD 838.[14] King Athelstan in 936 AD set the boundary between the English and Cornish at the high water mark of the eastern bank of the River Tamar.[15] From the Early Middle Ages, language and culture were shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, resulting in the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonée and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both areas.

Tin mining was important in the Cornish economy from the High Middle Ages, and expanded greatly in the 19th century when rich copper mines were also in production. In the mid-19th century, tin and copper mines entered a period of decline and china clay extraction became more important. Mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Fishing and agriculture were the other important sectors of the economy, but railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century after the decline of the mining and fishing industries.[16] Since the late 2010s there have been hopes of a resurgence of mining in Cornwall after the discovery of 'globally significant' deposits of lithium to help power the electric car revolution.[17][18]

Cornwall is noted for its geology and coastal scenery. A large part of the Cornubian batholith is within Cornwall. The north coast has many cliffs where exposed geological formations are studied. The area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwall's coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[19]

Name

 
"Cornweallas" shown on an early 19th-century map of "Saxon England" (and Wales) based on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
 
Cliffs at Land's End

The modern English name Cornwall is a compound of two ancient demonyms coming from two different language groups:

In the Cornish language, Cornwall is Kernow which stems from the same Proto-Celtic root.

History

Main article: History of Cornwall
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Cornish history.

Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods

See also: Dumnonia

Humans reoccupied Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then by Bronze Age people.

According to John T. Koch and others, Cornwall in the Late Bronze Age formed part of a maritime trading-networked culture which researchers have dubbed the Atlantic Bronze Age and which extended over the areas of present-day Ireland, England, Wales, France, Spain, and Portugal.[26][27]

During the British Iron Age, Cornwall, like all of Britain (modern England, Scotland, Wales, and the Isle of Man), was inhabited by a Celtic people known as the Britons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Brittany. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time eventually developed into several distinct tongues, including Cornish, Welsh, Breton, Cumbric and Pictish.[28]

The first written account of Cornwall comes from the 1st-century BC Sicilian Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the 4th-century BCE geographer Pytheas, who had sailed to Britain:

The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion (or Land's End) from their intercourse with foreign merchants, are civilised in their manner of life. They prepare the tin, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced ... Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to Gaul, and after travelling overland for about thirty days, they finally bring their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhône.[29]

 
Celtic tribes of Southern Britain

The identity of these merchants is unknown. It has been theorised that they were Phoenicians, but there is no evidence for this.[30] Professor Timothy Champion, discussing Diodorus Siculus's comments on the tin trade, states that "Diodorus never actually says that the Phoenicians sailed to Cornwall. In fact, he says quite the opposite: the production of Cornish tin was in the hands of the natives of Cornwall, and its transport to the Mediterranean was organised by local merchants, by sea and then over land through France, passing through areas well outside Phoenician control."[31] Isotopic evidence suggests that tin ingots found off the coast of Haifa, Israel, came from Cornwall.[32][33] Tin, required for the production of bronze, was a relatively rare and precious commodity in the Bronze Age – hence the interest shown in Devon and Cornwall's tin resources. (For further discussion of tin mining see the section on the economy below.)

In the first four centuries CE, during the time of Roman dominance in Britain, Cornwall was rather remote from the main centres of Romanisation – the nearest being Isca Dumnoniorum, modern day Exeter. However, the Roman road-system extended into Cornwall with four significant Roman sites based on forts: Tregear near Nanstallon was discovered in the early 1970s, two others were found at Restormel Castle, Lostwithiel in 2007, and a third fort near Calstock was also discovered early in 2007. In addition, a Roman-style villa was found at Magor Farm, Illogan in 1935. However, after 410 CE, Cornwall appears to have reverted to rule by Romano-Celtic chieftains of the Cornovii tribe as part of the Brittonic kingdom of Dumnonia (which also included present-day Devonshire and the Scilly Isles), including the territory of one Marcus Cunomorus, with at least one significant power base at Tintagel in the early 6th century.

"King" Mark of Cornwall is a semi-historical figure known from Welsh literature, from the Matter of Britain, and, in particular, from the later Norman-Breton medieval romance of Tristan and Yseult, where he appears as a close relative of King Arthur, himself usually considered to be born of the Cornish people in folklore traditions derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae.

Archaeology supports ecclesiastical, literary and legendary evidence for some relative economic stability and close cultural ties between the sub-Roman Westcountry, South Wales, Brittany, the Channel Islands, and Ireland through the fifth and sixth centuries.[34]

Conflict with Wessex

The Battle of Deorham in 577 saw the separation of Dumnonia (and therefore Cornwall) from Wales, following which the Dumnonii often came into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex. The Annales Cambriae report that in AD 722 the Britons of Cornwall won a battle at "Hehil".[35] It seems likely that the enemy the Cornish fought was a West Saxon force, as evidenced by the naming of King Ine of Wessex and his kinsman Nonna in reference to an earlier Battle of Llongborth in 710.[36]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle stated in 815 (adjusted date) "and in this year king Ecgbryht raided in Cornwall from east to west." this has been interpreted to mean a raid from the Tamar to Land's End, and the end of Cornish independence.[37] However, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that in 825 (adjusted date) a battle took place between the Wealas (Cornish) and the Defnas (men of Devon) at Gafulforda. The Cornish giving battle here, and the later battle at Hingston Down, casts doubt on any claims of control Wessex had at this stage.[38]

In 838, the Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert in the Battle of Hingston Down at Hengestesdune. In 875, the last recorded king of Cornwall, Dumgarth, is said to have drowned.[39] Around the 880s, Anglo-Saxons from Wessex had established modest land holdings in the north eastern part of Cornwall; notably Alfred the Great who had acquired a few estates.[40] William of Malmesbury, writing around 1120, says that King Athelstan of England (924–939) fixed the boundary between English and Cornish people at the east bank of the River Tamar.[15] While elements of William's story, like the burning of Exeter, have been cast in doubt by recent writers[38] Athelstan did re-establish a separate Cornish Bishop and relations between Wessex and the Cornish elite improved from the time of his rule.

Eventually King Edgar was able to issue charters the width of Cornwall, and frequently sent emissaries or visited personally as seen by his appearances in the Bodmin Manumissions.

Breton–Norman period

 
The ancient Hundreds of Cornwall

One interpretation of the Domesday Book is that by this time the native Cornish landowning class had been almost completely dispossessed and replaced by English landowners, particularly Harold Godwinson himself. However, the Bodmin manumissions show that two leading Cornish figures nominally had Saxon names, but these were both glossed with native Cornish names.[41] In 1068, Brian of Brittany may have been created Earl of Cornwall, and naming evidence cited by medievalist Edith Ditmas suggests that many other post-Conquest landowners in Cornwall were Breton allies of the Normans, the Bretons being descended from Britons who had fled to what is today Brittany during the early years of the Anglo-Saxon conquest.[42] She also proposed this period for the early composition of the Tristan and Iseult cycle by poets such as Béroul from a pre-existing shared Brittonic oral tradition.[43]

Soon after the Norman conquest most of the land was transferred to the new Breton–Norman aristocracy, with the lion's share going to Robert, Count of Mortain, half-brother of King William and the largest landholder in England after the king with his stronghold at Trematon Castle near the mouth of the Tamar.[44]

Later medieval administration and society

Subsequently, however, Norman absentee landlords became replaced by a new Cornish-Norman ruling class including scholars such as Richard Rufus of Cornwall. These families eventually became the new rulers of Cornwall, typically speaking Norman French, Breton-Cornish, Latin, and eventually English, with many becoming involved in the operation of the Stannary Parliament system, the Earldom and eventually the Duchy of Cornwall.[45] The Cornish language continued to be spoken and acquired a number of characteristics establishing its identity as a separate language from Breton.

Stannary parliaments

Main article: Stannary law

The stannary parliaments and stannary courts were legislative and legal institutions in Cornwall and in Devon (in the Dartmoor area). The stannary courts administered equity for the region's tin-miners and tin mining interests, and they were also courts of record for the towns dependent on the mines. The separate and powerful government institutions available to the tin miners reflected the enormous importance of the tin industry to the English economy during the Middle Ages. Special laws for tin miners pre-date written legal codes in Britain, and ancient traditions exempted everyone connected with tin mining in Cornwall and Devon from any jurisdiction other than the stannary courts in all but the most exceptional circumstances.

Piracy and smuggling

Cornish piracy was active during the Elizabethan era on the west coast of Britain.[46] Cornwall is well known for its wreckers who preyed on ships passing Cornwall's rocky coastline. During the 17th and 18th centuries Cornwall was a major smuggling area.

Heraldry

Main articles: Cornish heraldry and Cornish corporate heraldry

In later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as "West Wales" to distinguish it from "North Wales" (the modern nation of Wales).[47] The name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum. In the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c. 1198 as Cornwal.[48][b] Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia (first appears in a mid-9th-century deed purporting to be a copy of one dating from c. 705), and as Cornugallia in 1086.

Physical geography

Main articles: Geography of Cornwall and Geology of Cornwall
 
Satellite image of Cornwall

Cornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is composed mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to tall cliffs. Cornwall has a border with only one other county, Devon, which is formed almost entirely by the River Tamar, and the remainder (to the north) by the Marsland Valley.

Coastal areas

The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast on the Celtic Sea, part of the Atlantic Ocean, is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The prosaically named High Cliff, between Boscastle and St Gennys, is the highest sheer-drop cliff in Cornwall at 223 metres (732 ft).[50] However, there are also many extensive stretches of fine golden sand which form the beaches important to the tourist industry, such as those at Bude, Polzeath, Watergate Bay, Perranporth, Porthtowan, Fistral Beach, Newquay, St Agnes, St Ives, and on the south coast Gyllyngvase beach in Falmouth and the large beach at Praa Sands further to the south-west. There are two river estuaries on the north coast: Hayle Estuary and the estuary of the River Camel, which provides Padstow and Rock with a safe harbour. The seaside town of Newlyn is a popular holiday destination, as it is one of the last remaining traditional Cornish fishing ports, with views reaching over Mount's Bay.

 
St Michael's Mount in Marazion

The south coast, dubbed the "Cornish Riviera", is more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries offering safe anchorages, such as at Falmouth and Fowey. Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarser sand and shingle, interspersed with rocky sections of wave-cut platform. Also on the south coast, the picturesque fishing village of Polperro, at the mouth of the Pol River, and the fishing port of Looe on the River Looe are both popular with tourists.

Inland areas

The interior of the county consists of a roughly east–west spine of infertile and exposed upland, with a series of granite intrusions, such as Bodmin Moor, which contains the highest land within Cornwall. From east to west, and with approximately descending altitude, these are Bodmin Moor, Hensbarrow north of St Austell, Carnmenellis to the south of Camborne, and the Penwith or Land's End peninsula. These intrusions are the central part of the granite outcrops that form the exposed parts of the Cornubian batholith of south-west Britain, which also includes Dartmoor to the east in Devon and the Isles of Scilly to the west, the latter now being partially submerged.

 
Cornwall is known for its beaches (Porthcurno Beach illustrated) and rugged coastline

The intrusion of the granite into the surrounding sedimentary rocks gave rise to extensive metamorphism and mineralisation, and this led to Cornwall being one of the most important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century. It is thought tin was mined here as early as the Bronze Age, and copper, lead, zinc and silver have all been mined in Cornwall. Alteration of the granite also gave rise to extensive deposits of China Clay, especially in the area to the north of St Austell, and the extraction of this remains an important industry.

The uplands are surrounded by more fertile, mainly pastoral farmland. Near the south coast, deep wooded valleys provide sheltered conditions for flora that like shade and a moist, mild climate. These areas lie mainly on Devonian sandstone and slate. The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. In places these have been subjected to severe folding, as can be seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven and in several other locations.

Lizard Peninsula

Main article: Lizard complex

The geology of the Lizard peninsula is unusual, in that it is mainland Britain's only example of an ophiolite, a section of oceanic crust now found on land.[c] Much of the peninsula consists of the dark green and red Precambrian serpentinite, which forms spectacular cliffs, notably at Kynance Cove, and carved and polished serpentine ornaments are sold in local gift shops. This ultramafic rock also forms a very infertile soil which covers the flat and marshy heaths of the interior of the peninsula. This is home to rare plants, such as the Cornish Heath, which has been adopted as the county flower.[51]

Hills and high points

Main article: List of hills of Cornwall

Settlements and transport

See also: List of settlements in Cornwall by population and Transport in Cornwall
 
Truro, Cornwall's administrative centre and only city.

Cornwall's only city, and the home of the council headquarters, is Truro. Nearby Falmouth is notable as a port. St Just in Penwith is the westernmost town in England, though the same claim has been made for Penzance, which is larger. St Ives and Padstow are today small vessel ports with a major tourism and leisure sector in their economies. Newquay on the north coast is another major urban settlement which is known for its beaches and is a popular surfing destination, as is Bude further north, but Newquay is now also becoming important for its aviation-related industries. Camborne is the county's largest town and more populous than the capital Truro. Together with the neighbouring town of Redruth, it forms the largest urban area in Cornwall, and both towns were significant as centres of the global tin mining industry in the 19th century; nearby copper mines were also very productive during that period. St Austell is also larger than Truro and was the centre of the china clay industry in Cornwall. Until four new parishes were created for the St Austell area on 1 April 2009 St Austell was the largest settlement in Cornwall.[52]

Cornwall borders the county of Devon at the River Tamar. Major roads between Cornwall and the rest of Great Britain are the A38 which crosses the Tamar at Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge and the town of Saltash, the A39 road (Atlantic Highway) from Barnstaple, passing through North Cornwall to end in Falmouth, and the A30 which connects Cornwall to the M5 motorway at Exeter, crosses the border south of Launceston, crosses Bodmin Moor and connects Bodmin, Truro, Redruth, Camborne, Hayle and Penzance. Torpoint Ferry links Plymouth with Torpoint on the opposite side of the Hamoaze. A rail bridge, the Royal Albert Bridge built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1859), provides the other main land transport link. The city of Plymouth, a large urban centre in south west Devon, is an important location for services such as hospitals, department stores, road and rail transport, and cultural venues, particularly for people living in east Cornwall.

Cardiff and Swansea, across the Bristol Channel, have at some times in the past been connected to Cornwall by ferry, but these do not operate now.[53]

The Isles of Scilly are served by ferry (from Penzance) and by aeroplane, having its own airport: St Mary's Airport. There are regular flights between St Mary's and Land's End Airport, near St Just, and Newquay Airport; during the summer season, a service is also provided between St Mary's and Exeter Airport, in Devon.

Ecology

Flora and fauna

See also: Flora and fauna of Cornwall

Cornwall has varied habitats including terrestrial and marine ecosystems. One noted species in decline locally is the Reindeer lichen, which species has been made a priority for protection under the national UK Biodiversity Action Plan.[54][55]

 
The red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax), once commonly seen throughout Cornwall, experienced a severe decline in its population in the 20th century.

Botanists divide Cornwall and Scilly into two vice-counties: West (1) and East (2). The standard flora is by F. H. Davey Flora of Cornwall (1909). Davey was assisted by A. O. Hume and he thanks Hume, his companion on excursions in Cornwall and Devon, and for help in the compilation of that Flora, publication of which was financed by him.

Climate

Main article: Geography of Cornwall § Climate

Cornwall has a temperate Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), with mild winters and cool summers. Cornwall has the mildest and one of the sunniest climates of the United Kingdom, as a result of its oceanic setting and the influence of the Gulf Stream.[56] The average annual temperature in Cornwall ranges from 11.6 °C (52.9 °F) on the Isles of Scilly to 9.8 °C (49.6 °F) in the central uplands. Winters are among the warmest in the country due to the moderating effects of the warm ocean currents, and frost and snow are very rare at the coast and are also rare in the central upland areas. Summers are, however, not as warm as in other parts of southern England.[57] The surrounding sea and its southwesterly position mean that Cornwall's weather can be relatively changeable.

Cornwall is one of the sunniest areas in the UK. It has more than 1,541 hours of sunshine per year, with the highest average of 7.6 hours of sunshine per day in July.[58] The moist, mild air coming from the southwest brings higher amounts of rainfall than in eastern Great Britain, at 1,051 to 1,290 mm (41.4 to 50.8 in) per year. However, this is not as much as in more northern areas of the west coast.[59] The Isles of Scilly, for example, where there are on average fewer than two days of air frost per year, is the only area in the UK to be in the Hardiness zone 10. The islands have, on average, less than one day of air temperature exceeding 30 °C per year and are in the AHS Heat Zone 1. Extreme temperatures in Cornwall are particularly rare; however, extreme weather in the form of storms and floods is common.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Cornwall

Language

Further information: Languages of England
See also: Languages of the United Kingdom § Cornwall

Cornish language

Main article: Cornish language
 
A welcome sign to Penzance, in the English and Cornish languages

Cornish, a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic language family, is a revived language that died out as a first language in the late 18th century. It is closely related to the other Brythonic languages, Breton and Welsh, and less so to the Goidelic languages. Cornish has no legal status in the UK.

There has been a revival of the language by academics and optimistic enthusiasts since the mid-19th century that gained momentum from the publication in 1904 of Henry Jenner's Handbook of the Cornish Language. It is a social networking community language rather than a social community group language.[60] Cornwall Council encourages and facilitates language classes within the county, in schools and within the wider community.[61]

In 2002, Cornish was named as a UK regional language in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[62] As a result, in 2005 its promoters received limited government funding.[63] Several words originating in Cornish are used in the mining terminology of English, such as costean, gossan,[64] gunnies, kibbal,[65] kieve[66] and vug.[67]

English dialect

Main articles: Cornish dialect and West Country English

The Cornish language and culture influenced the emergence of particular pronunciations and grammar not used elsewhere in England. The Cornish dialect is spoken to varying degrees; however, someone speaking in broad Cornish may be practically unintelligible to one not accustomed to it. Cornish dialect has generally declined, as in most places it is now little more than a regional accent and grammatical differences have been eroded over time. Marked differences in vocabulary and usage still exist between the eastern and western parts of Cornwall.

Flag

Main article: Saint Piran's Flag
 
Souvenir flags outside a Cornish café

Saint Piran's Flag is the national flag and ancient banner of Cornwall,[68][69][70] and an emblem of the Cornish people. It is regarded as the county flag by Cornwall Council. The banner of Saint Piran is a white cross on a black background (in terms of heraldry 'sable, a cross argent'). According to legend Saint Piran adopted these colours from seeing the white tin in the black coals and ashes during his discovery of tin.[68][71] The Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former Breton black cross national flag and is known by the same name "Kroaz Du".[72][73]

Arts and media

See also: Media in Cornwall
 
Tate Gallery at St Ives
 
Artwork in the Barbara Hepworth Museum in St Ives

Since the 19th century, Cornwall, with its unspoilt maritime scenery and strong light, has sustained a vibrant visual art scene of international renown. Artistic activity within Cornwall was initially centred on the art-colony of Newlyn, most active at the turn of the 20th century. This Newlyn School is associated with the names of Stanhope Forbes, Elizabeth Forbes,[74] Norman Garstin and Lamorna Birch.[75] Modernist writers such as D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf lived in Cornwall between the wars,[76] and Ben Nicholson, the painter, having visited in the 1920s came to live in St Ives with his then wife, the sculptor Barbara Hepworth, at the outbreak of the Second World War.[77] They were later joined by the Russian emigrant Naum Gabo,[78] and other artists. These included Peter Lanyon, Terry Frost, Patrick Heron, Bryan Wynter and Roger Hilton. St Ives also houses the Leach Pottery, where Bernard Leach, and his followers championed Japanese inspired studio pottery.[79] Much of this modernist work can be seen in Tate St Ives.[80] The Newlyn Society and Penwith Society of Arts continue to be active, and contemporary visual art is documented in a dedicated online journal.[81]

Local television programmes are provided by BBC South West[82] & ITV West Country.[83] Radio programmes are produced by BBC Radio Cornwall in Truro for the entire county, Heart West, Source FM for the Falmouth and Penryn areas, Coast FM for west Cornwall, Radio St Austell Bay for the St Austell area, NCB Radio for north Cornwall & Pirate FM.[84]

Music

Main article: Music of Cornwall

Cornwall has a folk music tradition that has survived into the present and is well known for its unusual folk survivals such as Mummers Plays, the Furry Dance in Helston played by the famous Helston Town Band, and Obby Oss in Padstow.

Newlyn is home to a food and music festival[85] that hosts live music, cooking demonstrations, and displays of locally caught fish.

As in other former mining districts of Britain, male voice choirs and brass bands, such as Brass on the Grass concerts during the summer at Constantine, are still very popular in Cornwall. Cornwall also has around 40 brass bands, including the six-times National Champions of Great Britain, Camborne Youth Band, and the bands of Lanner and St Dennis.

Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several inter-Celtic festivals such as Perranporth's Lowender Peran folk festival.[86]

Contemporary musician Richard D. James (also known as Aphex Twin) grew up in Cornwall, as did Luke Vibert and Alex Parks, winner of Fame Academy 2003. Roger Taylor, the drummer from the band Queen was also raised in the county, and currently lives not far from Falmouth. The American singer-songwriter Tori Amos now resides predominantly in North Cornwall not far from Bude with her family.[87] The lutenist, composer and festival director Ben Salfield lives in Truro. Mick Fleetwood of Fleetwood Mac was born in Redruth.

Literature

Cornwall's rich heritage and dramatic landscape have inspired numerous writers.

Fiction

See also: Poldark and Winston Graham

Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, author of many novels and works of literary criticism, lived in Fowey: his novels are mainly set in Cornwall. Daphne du Maurier lived at Menabilly near Fowey and many of her novels had Cornish settings: The Loving Spirit, Jamaica Inn, Rebecca, Frenchman's Creek, The King's General (partially), My Cousin Rachel, The House on the Strand and Rule Britannia.[88] She is also noted for writing Vanishing Cornwall. Cornwall provided the inspiration for The Birds, one of her terrifying series of short stories, made famous as a film by Alfred Hitchcock.[89]

 
Remains of Tintagel Castle, reputedly King Arthur's birthplace

Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Devil's Foot featuring Sherlock Holmes is set in Cornwall.[90] Winston Graham's series Poldark, Kate Tremayne's Adam Loveday series, Susan Cooper's novels Over Sea, Under Stone[91] and Greenwitch, and Mary Wesley's The Camomile Lawn are all set in Cornwall. Writing under the pseudonym of Alexander Kent, Douglas Reeman sets parts of his Richard Bolitho and Adam Bolitho series in the Cornwall of the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, particularly in Falmouth. Gilbert K. Chesterton placed the action of many of his stories there.

Medieval Cornwall is the setting of the trilogy by Monica Furlong, Wise Child, Juniper and Colman, as well as part of Charles Kingsley's Hereward the Wake.

Hammond Innes's novel, The Killer Mine;[92] Charles de Lint's novel The Little Country;[93] and Chapters 24–25 of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows take place in Cornwall (Shell Cottage, on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth).[94]

David Cornwell, who wrote espionage novels under the name John le Carré, lived and worked in Cornwall.[95] Nobel Prize-winning novelist William Golding was born in St Columb Minor in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993.[96] D. H. Lawrence spent a short time living in Cornwall. Rosamunde Pilcher grew up in Cornwall, and several of her books take place there.

St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall (under the fictional name of Mount Polbearne) is the setting of the Little Beach Street Bakery series by Jenny Colgan,[97] who spent holidays in Cornwall as a child.[98] The book series includes Little Beach Street Bakery (2014), Summer at Little Beach Street Bakery (2015), Christmas at Little Beach Street Bakery (2016), and Sunrise by the Sea (2021).

In the Paddington Bear novels by Michael Bond the title character is said to have landed at an unspecified port in Cornwall having travelled in a lifeboat aboard a cargo ship from darkest Peru. From here he travels to London on a train and eventually arrives at Paddington Station.[99]

Poetry

 
'FOR THE FALLEN' plaque with the Rumps promontory beyond

The late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman was famously fond of Cornwall and it featured prominently in his poetry. He is buried in the churchyard at St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick.[100]Charles Causley, the poet, was born in Launceston and is perhaps the best known of Cornish poets. Jack Clemo and the scholar A. L. Rowse were also notable Cornishmen known for their poetry; The Rev. R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow wrote some poetry which was very popular in the Victorian period.[101] The Scottish poet W. S. Graham lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986.[102]

The poet Laurence Binyon wrote "For the Fallen" (first published in 1914) while sitting on the cliffs between Pentire Point and The Rumps and a stone plaque was erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact. The plaque bears the inscription "FOR THE FALLEN / Composed on these cliffs, 1914". The plaque also bears below this the fourth stanza (sometimes referred to as "The Ode") of the poem:

They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn
At the going down of the sun and in the morning
We will remember them

Other literary works

Cornwall produced a substantial number of passion plays such as the Ordinalia during the Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language. See also Cornish literature

Colin Wilson, a prolific writer who is best known for his debut work The Outsider (1956) and for The Mind Parasites (1967), lived in Gorran Haven, a small village on the southern Cornish coast. The writer D. M. Thomas was born in Redruth but lived and worked in Australia and the United States before returning to his native Cornwall. He has written novels, poetry, and other works, including translations from Russian.

Thomas Hardy's drama The Queen of Cornwall (1923) is a version of the Tristan story; the second act of Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde takes place in Cornwall, as do Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore.

Clara Vyvyan was the author of various books about many aspects of Cornish life such as Our Cornwall. She once wrote: "The Loneliness of Cornwall is a loneliness unchanged by the presence of men, its freedoms a freedom inexpressible by description or epitaph. Your cannot say Cornwall is this or that. Your cannot describe it in a word or visualise it in a second. You may know the country from east to west and sea to sea, but if you close your eyes and think about it no clear-cut image rises before you. In this quality of changefulness have we possibly surprised the secret of Cornwall's wild spirit—in this intimacy the essence of its charm? Cornwall!".[103] A level of Tomb Raider: Legend, a game dealing with Arthurian Legend, takes place in Cornwall at a museum above King Arthur's tomb. The adventure game The Lost Crown is set in the fictional town of Saxton, which uses the Cornish settlements of Polperro, Talland and Looe as its model.[104]

The fairy tale Jack the Giant Killer takes place in Cornwall.[105]

The Mousehole Cat, a children's book written by Antonia Barber and illustrated by Nicola Bayley, is set in the Cornish village Mousehole and based on the legend of Tom Bawcock and the continuing tradition of Tom Bawcock's Eve.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Cornwall

The main sports played in Cornwall are rugby, football and cricket. Athletes from Truro have done well in Olympic and Commonwealth Games fencing, winning several medals. Surfing is popular, particularly with tourists, thousands of which take to the water throughout the summer months. Some towns and villages have bowling clubs, and a wide variety of British sports are played throughout Cornwall. Cornwall is also one of the few places in England where shinty is played; the English Shinty Association is based in Penryn.

The Cornwall County Cricket Club plays as one of the minor counties of English cricket.[106] Truro, and all of the towns and some villages have football clubs belonging to the Cornwall County Football Association.

Rugby football

Main articles: Rugby union in Cornwall and Rugby league in Cornwall

Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affiliation", rugby union has become a sport strongly tied to notions of Cornishness.[107] and since the 20th century, rugby union has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall (perhaps the most popular), with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable force",[106] "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion".[108]

In 1985, sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began.[108] Among Cornwall's native sports are a distinctive form of Celtic wrestling related to Breton wrestling, and Cornish hurling, a kind of mediaeval football played with a silver ball (distinct from Irish Hurling). Cornish Wrestling is Cornwall's oldest sport and as Cornwall's native tradition it has travelled the world to places like Victoria, Australia and Grass Valley, California following the miners and gold rushes. Cornish hurling now takes place at St. Columb Major, St Ives, and less frequently at Bodmin.[d]

In rugby league, Cornwall R.L.F.C., founded in 2021, will represent the county in the professional league system. The semi-pro club will start in the third tier RFL League 1.[109] At amateur level, the county is represented by Cornish Rebels.

Surfing and watersports

 
The world pilot gig rowing championships take place annually in the Isles of Scilly.
 
Cornwall's north coast is known as a centre for surfing.

Due to its long coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and surfing. International events in both are held in Cornwall. Cornwall hosted the Inter-Celtic Watersports Festival in 2006. Surfing in particular is very popular, as locations such as Bude and Newquay offer some of the best surf in the UK. Pilot gig rowing has been popular for many years and the World championships takes place annually on the Isles of Scilly. On 2 September 2007, 300 surfers at Polzeath beach set a new world record for the highest number of surfers riding the same wave as part of the Global Surf Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about global warming.[110]

Fencing

As its population is comparatively small, and largely rural, Cornwall's contribution to British national sport in the United Kingdom has been limited;[106] the county's greatest successes have come in fencing. In 2014, half of the men's GB team fenced for Truro Fencing Club, and 3 Truro fencers appeared at the 2012 Olympics.[111]

Cuisine

Main article: Cornish cuisine

Cornwall has a strong culinary heritage. Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood readily available; Newlyn is the largest fishing port in the UK by value of fish landed, and is known for its wide range of restaurants.[112] Television chef Rick Stein has long operated a fish restaurant in Padstow for this reason, and Jamie Oliver chose to open his second restaurant, Fifteen, in Watergate Bay near Newquay. MasterChef host and founder of Smiths of Smithfield, John Torode, in 2007 purchased Seiners in Perranporth. One famous local fish dish is Stargazy pie, a fish-based pie in which the heads of the fish stick through the piecrust, as though "star-gazing". The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for Tom Bawcock's Eve, but is not generally eaten at any other time.

 
A Cornish pasty

Cornwall is perhaps best known though for its pasties, a savoury dish made with pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. "Turmut, 'tates and mate" (i.e. "Turnip, potatoes and meat", turnip being the Cornish and Scottish term for swede, itself an abbreviation of 'Swedish Turnip', the British term for rutabaga) describes a filling once very common. For instance, the licky pasty contained mostly leeks, and the herb pasty contained watercress, parsley, and shallots.[113] Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies. Historically, pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam, apple and blackberry, plums or cherries.[114] The wet climate and relatively poor soil of Cornwall make it unsuitable for growing many arable crops. However, it is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying, leading to the production of Cornwall's other famous export, clotted cream. This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream. Cornish clotted cream has Protected Geographical Status under EU law,[115] and cannot be made anywhere else. Its principal manufacturer is A. E. Rodda & Son of Scorrier.

Local cakes and desserts include Saffron cake, Cornish heavy (hevva) cake, Cornish fairings biscuits, figgy 'obbin, Cream tea and whortleberry pie.[116][117][118]

There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall—those produced by Sharp's Brewery, Skinner's Brewery, Keltek Brewery and St Austell Brewery are the best known—including stouts, ales and other beer types. There is some small scale production of wine, mead and cider.

Politics and administration

Main article: Politics of Cornwall

Cornish national identity

Further information: Cornish nationalism
 
The percentage of respondents who gave "Cornish" as an answer to the National Identity question in the 2011 census

Cornwall is recognised by Cornish and Celtic political groups as one of six Celtic nations, alongside Brittany, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales.[119][120][121][122] (The Isle of Man Government and the Welsh Government also recognise Asturias and Galicia.[123][124]) Cornwall is represented, as one of the Celtic nations, at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient, an annual celebration of Celtic culture held in Brittany.[125]

Cornwall Council consider Cornwall's unique cultural heritage and distinctiveness to be one of the area's major assets. They see Cornwall's language, landscape, Celtic identity, political history, patterns of settlement, maritime tradition, industrial heritage, and non-conformist tradition, to be among the features making up its "distinctive" culture.[126] However, it is uncertain exactly how many of the people living in Cornwall consider themselves to be Cornish; results from different surveys (including the national census) have varied. In the 2001 census, 7 per cent of people in Cornwall identified themselves as Cornish, rather than British or English. However, activists have argued that this underestimated the true number as there was no explicit "Cornish" option included in the official census form.[127] Subsequent surveys have suggested that as many as 44 per cent identify as Cornish.[128] Many people in Cornwall say that this issue would be resolved if a Cornish option became available on the census.[129] The question and content recommendations for the 2011 census provided an explanation of the process of selecting an ethnic identity which is relevant to the understanding of the often quoted figure of 37,000 who claimed Cornish identity.[130] The 2021 census found that 17% of people in Cornwall identified as being Cornish (89,000), with 14% of people in Cornwall identifying as Cornish-only (80,000).[131] Again there was no tick-box provided, and "Cornish" had to be written-in as "Other".[131][132]

On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people have been granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.[10]

Local politics

 
Cornwall Council's headquarters in Truro
 
From the 2010 general election, Cornwall has had six parliamentary constituencies.

With the exception of the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall is governed by a unitary authority, Cornwall Council, based in Truro. The Crown Court is based at the Courts of Justice in Truro. Magistrates' Courts are found in Truro (but at a different location to the Crown Court) and at Bodmin.

The Isles of Scilly form part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall,[133] and have, at times, been served by the same county administration. Since 1890 they have been administered by their own unitary authority, the Council of the Isles of Scilly. They are grouped with Cornwall for other administrative purposes, such as the National Health Service and Devon and Cornwall Police.[134][135][136]

Before reorganisation on 1 April 2009, council functions throughout the rest of Cornwall were organised in two tiers, with Cornwall County Council and district councils for its six districts, Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North Cornwall, Penwith, and Restormel. While projected to streamline services, cut red tape and save around £17 million a year, the reorganisation was met with wide opposition, with a poll in 2008 showing 89% disapproval from Cornish residents.[137][138][139]

The first elections for the unitary authority were held on 4 June 2009. The council has 123 seats; the largest party (in 2017) is the Conservatives, with 46 seats. The Liberal Democrats are the second-largest party, with 37 seats, with the Independents the third-largest grouping with 30.[140]

Before the creation of the unitary council, the former county council had 82 seats, the majority of which were held by the Liberal Democrats, elected at the 2005 county council elections. The six former districts had a total of 249 council seats, and the groups with greatest numbers of councillors were Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Independents.

Parliament and national politics

Following a review by the Boundary Commission for England taking effect at the 2010 general election, Cornwall is divided into six county constituencies to elect MPs to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

Before the 2010 boundary changes Cornwall had five constituencies, all of which were won by Liberal Democrats at the 2005 general election. In the 2010 general election Liberal Democrat candidates won three constituencies and Conservative candidates won three other constituencies. At the 2015 general election all six Cornish seats were won by Conservative candidates; all these Conservative MPs retained their seats at the 2017 general election, and the Conservatives won all six constituencies again at the 2019 general election.

Until 1832, Cornwall had 44 MPs—more than any other county—reflecting the importance of tin to the Crown.[141] Most of the increase in numbers of MPs came between 1529 and 1584 after which there was no change until 1832.[142]

Devolution movement

Main article: Cornish devolution

Cornish nationalists have organised into two political parties: Mebyon Kernow, formed in 1951, and the Cornish Nationalist Party. In addition to the political parties, there are various interest groups such as the Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament and the Celtic League. The Cornish Constitutional Convention was formed in 2000 as a cross-party organisation including representatives from the private, public and voluntary sectors to campaign for the creation of a Cornish Assembly,[8][143] along the lines of the National Assembly for Wales, Northern Ireland Assembly and the Scottish Parliament. Between 5 March 2000 and December 2001, the campaign collected the signatures of 41,650 Cornish residents endorsing the call for a devolved assembly, along with 8,896 signatories from outside Cornwall. The resulting petition was presented to the Prime Minister, Tony Blair.[8]

Emergency services

Economy

Main article: Economy of Cornwall
 
Falmouth Docks is the major port of Cornwall, and one of the largest natural harbours in the world
 
The Eden Project near St Austell, Cornwall's largest tourist attraction in terms of visitor numbers

Cornwall is one of the poorest parts of the United Kingdom in terms of per capita GDP and average household incomes. At the same time, parts of the county, especially on the coast, have high house prices, driven up by demand from relatively wealthy retired people and second-home owners.[144] The GVA per head was 65% of the UK average for 2004.[145] The GDP per head for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly was 79.2% of the EU-27 average for 2004, the UK per head average was 123.0%.[146] In 2011, the latest available figures, Cornwall's (including the Isles of Scilly) measure of wealth was 64% of the European average per capita.[147]

Historically mining of tin (and later also of copper) was important in the Cornish economy. The first reference to this appears to be by Pytheas: see above. Julius Caesar was the last classical writer to mention the tin trade, which appears to have declined during the Roman occupation.[148] The tin trade revived in the Middle Ages and its importance to the Kings of England resulted in certain privileges being granted to the tinners; the Cornish rebellion of 1497 is attributed to grievances of the tin miners.[149] In the mid-19th century, however, the tin trade again fell into decline. Other primary sector industries that have declined since the 1960s include china clay production, fishing and farming.

Today, the Cornish economy depends heavily on its tourist industry, which makes up around a quarter of the economy. The official measures of deprivation and poverty at district and 'sub-ward' level show that there is great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some areas among the poorest in England and others among the top half in prosperity. For example, the ranking of 32,482 sub-wards in England in the index of multiple deprivation (2006) ranged from 819th (part of Penzance East) to 30,899th (part of Saltash Burraton in Caradon), where the lower number represents the greater deprivation.[150][151]

Cornwall is one of two UK areas designated as 'less developed regions' which qualify for Cohesion Policy grants from the European Union.[152] It was granted Objective 1 status by the European Commission for 2000 to 2006,[153] followed by further rounds of funding known as 'Convergence Funding' from 2007 to 2013[154] and 'Growth Programme' for 2014 to 2020.[155]

Tourism

 
The cliffs at Bedruthan

Cornwall has a tourism-based seasonal economy which is estimated to contribute up to[clarification needed] 24% of Cornwall's gross domestic product.[156] In 2011 tourism brought £1.85 billion into the Cornish economy.[157] Cornwall's unique culture, spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination, despite being somewhat distant from the United Kingdom's main centres of population. Surrounded on three sides by the English Channel and Celtic Sea, Cornwall has many miles of beaches and cliffs; the South West Coast Path follows a complete circuit of both coasts. Other tourist attractions include moorland, country gardens, museums, historic and prehistoric sites, and wooded valleys. Five million tourists visit Cornwall each year, mostly drawn from within the UK.[158] Visitors to Cornwall are served by the airport at Newquay, whilst private jets, charters and helicopters are also served by Perranporth airfield; nightsleeper and daily rail services run between Cornwall, London and other regions of the UK.

Newquay and Porthtowan are popular destinations for surfers. In recent years, the Eden Project near St Austell has been a major financial success, drawing one in eight of Cornwall's visitors in 2004.[159]

In the summer of 2018, due to the recognition of its beaches and weather through social media and the marketing of travel companies, Cornwall received about 20 per cent more visitors than the usual 4.5 million figure. The sudden rise and demand of tourism in Cornwall caused multiple traffic and safety issues in coastal areas.[160]

In October 2021, Cornwall was longlisted for the UK City of Culture 2025, but failed to make the March 2022 shortlist.[161]

Fishing

 
Tin mines between Camborne and Redruth, c. 1890

Other industries include fishing, although this has been significantly re-structured by EU fishing policies (as of 2010 the Southwest Handline Fishermen's Association has started to revive the fishing industry).[162]

Agriculture

Agriculture, once an important part of the Cornish economy, has declined significantly relative to other industries. However, there is still a strong dairy industry, with products such as Cornish clotted cream.

Mining

Main article: Mining in Cornwall
See also: Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
 
Levant Mine in St Just Mining District

Mining of tin and copper was also an industry, but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a World Heritage Site.[163] However, the Camborne School of Mines, which was relocated to Penryn in 2004, is still a world centre of excellence in the field of mining and applied geology[164] and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding for conservation and heritage tourism.[165] China clay extraction has also been an important industry in the St Austell area, but this sector has been in decline, and this, coupled with increased mechanisation, has led to a decrease in employment in this sector, although the industry still employs around 2,133 people in Cornwall, and generates over £80 million to the local economy.[166]

In March 2016, a Canadian company, Strongbow Exploration, had acquired, from administration, a 100% interest in the South Crofty tin mine and the associated mineral rights in Cornwall with the aim of reopening the mine and bringing it back to full production.[167] Work is currently ongoing to build a water filtration plant in order to dewater the mine.

Internet

Cornwall is the landing point for twenty-two of the world's fastest high-speed undersea and transatlantic fibre optic cables, making Cornwall an important hub within Europe's Internet infrastructure.[168] The Superfast Cornwall project completed in 2015,[169] and saw 95% of Cornish houses and businesses connected to a fibre-based broadband network, with over 90% of properties able to connect with speeds above 24 Mbit/s.[170]

Aerospace

The county's newest industry is aviation: Newquay Airport is the home of a growing business park with Enterprise Zone status, known as Aerohub. There are also plans to establish Spaceport Cornwall at Newquay, in partnership with Goonhilly satellite tracking station near Helston in south Cornwall.[171]

Demographics

Main articles: Demography of Cornwall and List of settlements in Cornwall by population
See also: Cornish diaspora
 
Graph showing Cornwall's population from 1800 to 2000

Cornwall's population was 537,400 in the 2011 census, with a population density of 144 people per square kilometre, ranking it 40th and 41st, respectively,[clarification needed] among the 47 counties of England. Cornwall's population was 95.7% White British and has a relatively high rate of population growth. At 11.2% in the 1980s and 5.3% in the 1990s, it had the fifth-highest population growth rate of the counties of England.[172] The natural change has been a small population decline, and the population increase is due to inward migration into Cornwall.[173] According to the 1991 census, the population was 469,800.

Cornwall has a relatively high retired population, with 22.9% of pensionable age, compared with 20.3% for the United Kingdom as a whole.[174] This may be due partly to Cornwall's rural and coastal geography increasing its popularity as a retirement location, and partly to outward migration of younger residents to more economically diverse areas.[original research?]

Education

See also: List of schools in Cornwall
 
Landewednack Primary School

Over 10,000 students attend Cornwall's two universities, Falmouth University and the University of Exeter (including Camborne School of Mines). Falmouth University is a specialist public university for the creative industries and arts, while the University Of Exeter has two campuses in Cornwall, Truro and Penryn, the latter shared with Falmouth. Penryn campus is home to educational departments such as the rapidly growing Centre for Ecology and Conservation (CEC), the Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), and the Institute of Cornish Studies.

Cornwall has a comprehensive education system, with 31 state and eight independent secondary schools. There are three further education colleges: Truro and Penwith College, Cornwall College and Callywith College which opened in September 2017. The Isles of Scilly only has one school, while the former Restormel district has the highest school population, and school year sizes are around 200, with none above 270. Before the introduction of comprehensive schools there were a number of grammar schools and secondary modern schools, e.g. the schools that later became Sir James Smith's School and Wadebridge School. There are also primary schools in many villages and towns: e.g. St Mabyn Church of England Primary School.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Eilert Ekwall who studied the place-names of England in the 1930s and 40s gives the following forms: Cornubia in Vita Melori &c.; Middle Welsh Cerniu; Welsh Cernyw; Cornish: Kernow; (on) Cornwalum ASC 891; Cornwealum ASC(E) 997; "The Brit name goes back to *Cornavia probably derived from the tribal name Cornovii. OE Cornwealas means 'the Welsh in Cornwall' this folk-name later became the name of the district".[24]
  2. ^ "Wales" is derived from the Proto-Germanic word Walhaz, meaning "Romanised foreigner"; through Old English welisċ, wælisċ, wilisċ, meaning "Romano-British"; to Modern English Welsh. The same etymology applies to Cornwall and to Wallonia in Belgium.[49]
  3. ^ Britain's only other example of an ophiolite, the Shetland ophiolite, is older, and linked to the Grampian Orogeny.
  4. ^ The Bodmin hurl is held whenever the ceremony of beating the bounds takes place: each occasion must be five years or more after the last one.

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Sources

  • Clegg, David (2005). Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly: the complete guide (2nd ed.). Leicester: Matador. ISBN 1-904744-99-0.
  • Halliday, Frank Ernest (1959). A History of Cornwall. London: Gerald Duckworth. ISBN 0-7551-0817-5. A second edition was published in 2001 by the House of Stratus, Thirsk: the original text new illustrations and an afterword by Halliday's son
  • Payton, Philip (2004). Cornwall: A History (2nd ed.). Fowey: Cornwall Editions Ltd. ISBN 1-904880-00-2.

Further reading

  • Balchin, W. G. V. (1954). Cornwall: an illustrated essay on the history of the landscape (The Making of the English Landscape). London: Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Boase, George Clement; Courtney, William Prideaux (1874–1882). Bibliotheca Cornubiensis: a catalogue of the writings, both manuscript and printed, of Cornishmen, and of works relating to the county of Cornwall, with biographical memoranda and copious literary references. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. 3 vols.
  • du Maurier, Daphne (1967). Vanishing Cornwall. London: Doubleday. (illustrated edition Published by Victor Gollancz, London, 1981, ISBN 0-575-02844-0, photographs by Christian Browning)
  • Ellis, Peter Berresford (1974). The Cornish Language and its Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. ISBN 0-7100-7928-1. (Available online on Google Books).
  • Graves, Alfred Perceval (1928). The Celtic Song Book: Being Representative Folk Songs of the Six Celtic Nations. London: Ernest Benn. (Available online on Digital Book Index)
  • Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. London: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. (Available online on Google Books).
  • Payton, Philip (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates. ISBN 1-899526-60-9.
  • Stoyle, Mark (2001). "BBC – History – The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?". BBC History website. BBC. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
  • Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2009). Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500: Politics, Governance, and the Wars of the Roses. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-77344-714-1.
  • Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2013), "The Duchy of Cornwall and the Wars of the Roses: Patronage, Politics, and Power, 1453–1502", Cornish Studies, 2nd Series, 21: 104–50, doi:10.1386/corn.21.1.104_1
  • Stoyle, Mark (2002). West Britons: Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 0-85989-688-9.
  • Williams, Michael, ed. (1973). My Cornwall. St Teath: Bossiney Books. ISBN 0-85989-688-9. (eleven chapters by various hands, including three previously published essays)

External links

February 04, 2023
cornwall, this, article, about, united, kingdom, other, uses, disambiguation, cornouailles, redirects, here, confused, with, cornouaille, ɔːr, ɔː, cornish, kernow, ˈkɛrnɔʊ, historic, county, ceremonial, county, south, west, england, recognised, celtic, nations. This article is about Cornwall in the United Kingdom For other uses see Cornwall disambiguation Cornouailles redirects here Not to be confused with Cornouaille Cornwall ˈ k ɔːr n w ɔː l w el 3 Cornish Kernow ˈkɛrnɔʊ is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Cornish people Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean to the south by the English Channel and to the east by the county of Devon with the River Tamar forming the border between them Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain The southwesternmost point is Land s End and the southernmost Lizard Point Cornwall has a population of 568 210 and an area of 3 563 km2 1 376 sq mi 4 5 6 7 The county has been administered since 2009 by the unitary authority Cornwall Council The ceremonial county of Cornwall also includes the Isles of Scilly which are administered separately The administrative centre of Cornwall is Truro its only city Cornwall Kernow Cornish Ceremonial countyFlagMotto s Onen hag oll Cornish One and allCoordinates 50 24 N 4 54 W 50 400 N 4 900 W 50 400 4 900 Coordinates 50 24 N 4 54 W 50 400 N 4 900 W 50 400 4 900Sovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionSouth West EnglandEstablishedAncientTime zoneUTC 00 00 Greenwich Mean Time Summer DST UTC 01 00 British Summer Time Members of Parliament6 George Eustice Con Derek Thomas Con Steve Double Con Sheryll Murray Con Cherilyn Mackrory Con Scott Mann Con PoliceDevon and Cornwall PoliceCeremonial countyLord LieutenantColonel Edward Bolitho OBEHigh SheriffKate Holborow 2020 21 1 Area3 562 km2 1 375 sq mi Ranked12th of 48Population 2021 568 210 Ranked40th of 48Density160 km2 410 sq mi Ethnicity95 7 White British 4 3 Other 2 Unitary authorityCouncilCornwall CouncilExecutiveConservativeAdmin HQNew County Hall TruroArea3 546 km2 1 369 sq mi Ranked2nd of 326Population570 305 Ranked3rd of 326Density161 km2 420 sq mi ISO 3166 2GB CONONS code00HEGSS codeE06000052ITLUKK30Websitewww wbr cornwall wbr gov wbr ukDistrictsDistricts of CornwallDistrictsCornwall unitary Isles of Scilly sui generis unitary Cornwall was formerly a Brythonic kingdom and subsequently a royal duchy It is the cultural and ethnic origin of the Cornish diaspora The Cornish nationalist movement contests the present constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly with powers similar to those in Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland 8 9 In 2014 Cornish people were granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 10 giving them recognition as a distinct ethnic group 11 12 Recent discoveries of Roman remains in Cornwall indicate a greater Roman presence there than once thought 13 After the collapse of the Roman Empire Cornwall along with Devon parts of Dorset and Somerset and the Scilly Isles was a part of the Brittonic kingdom of Dumnonia ruled by chieftains of the Cornovii who may have included figures regarded as semi historical or legendary such as King Mark of Cornwall and King Arthur evidenced by folklore traditions derived from the Historia Regum Britanniae The Cornovii division of the Dumnonii tribe were separated from their fellow Brythons of Wales after the Battle of Deorham in AD 577 and often came into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex The regions of Dumnonia outside of Cornwall and Dartmoor had been annexed by the English by AD 838 14 King Athelstan in 936 AD set the boundary between the English and Cornish at the high water mark of the eastern bank of the River Tamar 15 From the Early Middle Ages language and culture were shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel resulting in the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both areas Tin mining was important in the Cornish economy from the High Middle Ages and expanded greatly in the 19th century when rich copper mines were also in production In the mid 19th century tin and copper mines entered a period of decline and china clay extraction became more important Mining had virtually ended by the 1990s Fishing and agriculture were the other important sectors of the economy but railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century after the decline of the mining and fishing industries 16 Since the late 2010s there have been hopes of a resurgence of mining in Cornwall after the discovery of globally significant deposits of lithium to help power the electric car revolution 17 18 Cornwall is noted for its geology and coastal scenery A large part of the Cornubian batholith is within Cornwall The north coast has many cliffs where exposed geological formations are studied The area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes its long and varied coastline its attractive villages its many place names derived from the Cornish language and its very mild climate Extensive stretches of Cornwall s coastline and Bodmin Moor are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 19 Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Prehistory Roman and post Roman periods 2 2 Conflict with Wessex 2 3 Breton Norman period 2 4 Later medieval administration and society 2 4 1 Stannary parliaments 2 4 2 Piracy and smuggling 2 5 Heraldry 3 Physical geography 3 1 Coastal areas 3 2 Inland areas 3 3 Lizard Peninsula 3 4 Hills and high points 4 Settlements and transport 5 Ecology 5 1 Flora and fauna 5 2 Climate 6 Culture 6 1 Language 6 1 1 Cornish language 6 1 2 English dialect 6 2 Flag 6 3 Arts and media 6 4 Music 6 5 Literature 6 5 1 Fiction 6 5 2 Poetry 6 5 3 Other literary works 6 6 Sports 6 6 1 Rugby football 6 6 2 Surfing and watersports 6 6 3 Fencing 6 7 Cuisine 7 Politics and administration 7 1 Cornish national identity 7 2 Local politics 7 3 Parliament and national politics 7 4 Devolution movement 8 Emergency services 9 Economy 9 1 Tourism 9 2 Fishing 9 3 Agriculture 9 4 Mining 9 5 Internet 9 6 Aerospace 10 Demographics 11 Education 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External linksName Edit Cornweallas shown on an early 19th century map of Saxon England and Wales based on the Anglo Saxon Chronicle Cliffs at Land s End The modern English name Cornwall is a compound of two ancient demonyms coming from two different language groups Corn originates from the Proto Celtic karnos horn or headland is cognate with the English word horn both deriving from the Proto Indo European ker An Iron Age tribe that occupied the Cornish peninsula the Cornovii peninsula people may have also existed 20 21 22 23 a wall derives from the Old English exonym wealh meaning foreigner i e a Welsh person 25 In the Cornish language Cornwall is Kernow which stems from the same Proto Celtic root History EditMain article History of Cornwall For a chronological guide see Timeline of Cornish history Men an Tol Prehistory Roman and post Roman periods Edit See also Dumnonia Humans reoccupied Britain after the last Ice Age The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then by Bronze Age people According to John T Koch and others Cornwall in the Late Bronze Age formed part of a maritime trading networked culture which researchers have dubbed the Atlantic Bronze Age and which extended over the areas of present day Ireland England Wales France Spain and Portugal 26 27 During the British Iron Age Cornwall like all of Britain modern England Scotland Wales and the Isle of Man was inhabited by a Celtic people known as the Britons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Brittany The Common Brittonic spoken at the time eventually developed into several distinct tongues including Cornish Welsh Breton Cumbric and Pictish 28 The first written account of Cornwall comes from the 1st century BC Sicilian Greek historian Diodorus Siculus supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the 4th century BCE geographer Pytheas who had sailed to Britain The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion or Land s End from their intercourse with foreign merchants are civilised in their manner of life They prepare the tin working very carefully the earth in which it is produced Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to Gaul and after travelling overland for about thirty days they finally bring their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhone 29 Celtic tribes of Southern Britain The identity of these merchants is unknown It has been theorised that they were Phoenicians but there is no evidence for this 30 Professor Timothy Champion discussing Diodorus Siculus s comments on the tin trade states that Diodorus never actually says that the Phoenicians sailed to Cornwall In fact he says quite the opposite the production of Cornish tin was in the hands of the natives of Cornwall and its transport to the Mediterranean was organised by local merchants by sea and then over land through France passing through areas well outside Phoenician control 31 Isotopic evidence suggests that tin ingots found off the coast of Haifa Israel came from Cornwall 32 33 Tin required for the production of bronze was a relatively rare and precious commodity in the Bronze Age hence the interest shown in Devon and Cornwall s tin resources For further discussion of tin mining see the section on the economy below In the first four centuries CE during the time of Roman dominance in Britain Cornwall was rather remote from the main centres of Romanisation the nearest being Isca Dumnoniorum modern day Exeter However the Roman road system extended into Cornwall with four significant Roman sites based on forts Tregear near Nanstallon was discovered in the early 1970s two others were found at Restormel Castle Lostwithiel in 2007 and a third fort near Calstock was also discovered early in 2007 In addition a Roman style villa was found at Magor Farm Illogan in 1935 However after 410 CE Cornwall appears to have reverted to rule by Romano Celtic chieftains of the Cornovii tribe as part of the Brittonic kingdom of Dumnonia which also included present day Devonshire and the Scilly Isles including the territory of one Marcus Cunomorus with at least one significant power base at Tintagel in the early 6th century King Mark of Cornwall is a semi historical figure known from Welsh literature from the Matter of Britain and in particular from the later Norman Breton medieval romance of Tristan and Yseult where he appears as a close relative of King Arthur himself usually considered to be born of the Cornish people in folklore traditions derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth s 12th century Historia Regum Britanniae Archaeology supports ecclesiastical literary and legendary evidence for some relative economic stability and close cultural ties between the sub Roman Westcountry South Wales Brittany the Channel Islands and Ireland through the fifth and sixth centuries 34 Conflict with Wessex Edit The Battle of Deorham in 577 saw the separation of Dumnonia and therefore Cornwall from Wales following which the Dumnonii often came into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex The Annales Cambriae report that in AD 722 the Britons of Cornwall won a battle at Hehil 35 It seems likely that the enemy the Cornish fought was a West Saxon force as evidenced by the naming of King Ine of Wessex and his kinsman Nonna in reference to an earlier Battle of Llongborth in 710 36 The Anglo Saxon Chronicle stated in 815 adjusted date and in this year king Ecgbryht raided in Cornwall from east to west this has been interpreted to mean a raid from the Tamar to Land s End and the end of Cornish independence 37 However the Anglo Saxon Chronicle states that in 825 adjusted date a battle took place between the Wealas Cornish and the Defnas men of Devon at Gafulforda The Cornish giving battle here and the later battle at Hingston Down casts doubt on any claims of control Wessex had at this stage 38 In 838 the Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert in the Battle of Hingston Down at Hengestesdune In 875 the last recorded king of Cornwall Dumgarth is said to have drowned 39 Around the 880s Anglo Saxons from Wessex had established modest land holdings in the north eastern part of Cornwall notably Alfred the Great who had acquired a few estates 40 William of Malmesbury writing around 1120 says that King Athelstan of England 924 939 fixed the boundary between English and Cornish people at the east bank of the River Tamar 15 While elements of William s story like the burning of Exeter have been cast in doubt by recent writers 38 Athelstan did re establish a separate Cornish Bishop and relations between Wessex and the Cornish elite improved from the time of his rule Eventually King Edgar was able to issue charters the width of Cornwall and frequently sent emissaries or visited personally as seen by his appearances in the Bodmin Manumissions Breton Norman period Edit The ancient Hundreds of Cornwall One interpretation of the Domesday Book is that by this time the native Cornish landowning class had been almost completely dispossessed and replaced by English landowners particularly Harold Godwinson himself However the Bodmin manumissions show that two leading Cornish figures nominally had Saxon names but these were both glossed with native Cornish names 41 In 1068 Brian of Brittany may have been created Earl of Cornwall and naming evidence cited by medievalist Edith Ditmas suggests that many other post Conquest landowners in Cornwall were Breton allies of the Normans the Bretons being descended from Britons who had fled to what is today Brittany during the early years of the Anglo Saxon conquest 42 She also proposed this period for the early composition of the Tristan and Iseult cycle by poets such as Beroul from a pre existing shared Brittonic oral tradition 43 Soon after the Norman conquest most of the land was transferred to the new Breton Norman aristocracy with the lion s share going to Robert Count of Mortain half brother of King William and the largest landholder in England after the king with his stronghold at Trematon Castle near the mouth of the Tamar 44 Later medieval administration and society Edit Subsequently however Norman absentee landlords became replaced by a new Cornish Norman ruling class including scholars such as Richard Rufus of Cornwall These families eventually became the new rulers of Cornwall typically speaking Norman French Breton Cornish Latin and eventually English with many becoming involved in the operation of the Stannary Parliament system the Earldom and eventually the Duchy of Cornwall 45 The Cornish language continued to be spoken and acquired a number of characteristics establishing its identity as a separate language from Breton Stannary parliaments Edit Main article Stannary law The stannary parliaments and stannary courts were legislative and legal institutions in Cornwall and in Devon in the Dartmoor area The stannary courts administered equity for the region s tin miners and tin mining interests and they were also courts of record for the towns dependent on the mines The separate and powerful government institutions available to the tin miners reflected the enormous importance of the tin industry to the English economy during the Middle Ages Special laws for tin miners pre date written legal codes in Britain and ancient traditions exempted everyone connected with tin mining in Cornwall and Devon from any jurisdiction other than the stannary courts in all but the most exceptional circumstances Piracy and smuggling Edit Cornish piracy was active during the Elizabethan era on the west coast of Britain 46 Cornwall is well known for its wreckers who preyed on ships passing Cornwall s rocky coastline During the 17th and 18th centuries Cornwall was a major smuggling area Heraldry Edit Main articles Cornish heraldry and Cornish corporate heraldry In later times Cornwall was known to the Anglo Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales the modern nation of Wales 47 The name appears in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum In the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c 1198 as Cornwal 48 b Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia first appears in a mid 9th century deed purporting to be a copy of one dating from c 705 and as Cornugallia in 1086 Physical geography EditMain articles Geography of Cornwall and Geology of Cornwall Satellite image of Cornwall Cornwall forms the tip of the south west peninsula of the island of Great Britain and is therefore exposed to the full force of the prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean The coastline is composed mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to tall cliffs Cornwall has a border with only one other county Devon which is formed almost entirely by the River Tamar and the remainder to the north by the Marsland Valley Coastal areas Edit The north and south coasts have different characteristics The north coast on the Celtic Sea part of the Atlantic Ocean is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature The prosaically named High Cliff between Boscastle and St Gennys is the highest sheer drop cliff in Cornwall at 223 metres 732 ft 50 However there are also many extensive stretches of fine golden sand which form the beaches important to the tourist industry such as those at Bude Polzeath Watergate Bay Perranporth Porthtowan Fistral Beach Newquay St Agnes St Ives and on the south coast Gyllyngvase beach in Falmouth and the large beach at Praa Sands further to the south west There are two river estuaries on the north coast Hayle Estuary and the estuary of the River Camel which provides Padstow and Rock with a safe harbour The seaside town of Newlyn is a popular holiday destination as it is one of the last remaining traditional Cornish fishing ports with views reaching over Mount s Bay St Michael s Mount in Marazion The south coast dubbed the Cornish Riviera is more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries offering safe anchorages such as at Falmouth and Fowey Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarser sand and shingle interspersed with rocky sections of wave cut platform Also on the south coast the picturesque fishing village of Polperro at the mouth of the Pol River and the fishing port of Looe on the River Looe are both popular with tourists Inland areas Edit The interior of the county consists of a roughly east west spine of infertile and exposed upland with a series of granite intrusions such as Bodmin Moor which contains the highest land within Cornwall From east to west and with approximately descending altitude these are Bodmin Moor Hensbarrow north of St Austell Carnmenellis to the south of Camborne and the Penwith or Land s End peninsula These intrusions are the central part of the granite outcrops that form the exposed parts of the Cornubian batholith of south west Britain which also includes Dartmoor to the east in Devon and the Isles of Scilly to the west the latter now being partially submerged Cornwall is known for its beaches Porthcurno Beach illustrated and rugged coastline The intrusion of the granite into the surrounding sedimentary rocks gave rise to extensive metamorphism and mineralisation and this led to Cornwall being one of the most important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century It is thought tin was mined here as early as the Bronze Age and copper lead zinc and silver have all been mined in Cornwall Alteration of the granite also gave rise to extensive deposits of China Clay especially in the area to the north of St Austell and the extraction of this remains an important industry The uplands are surrounded by more fertile mainly pastoral farmland Near the south coast deep wooded valleys provide sheltered conditions for flora that like shade and a moist mild climate These areas lie mainly on Devonian sandstone and slate The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures In places these have been subjected to severe folding as can be seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven and in several other locations Lizard Peninsula Edit Main article Lizard complex The geology of the Lizard peninsula is unusual in that it is mainland Britain s only example of an ophiolite a section of oceanic crust now found on land c Much of the peninsula consists of the dark green and red Precambrian serpentinite which forms spectacular cliffs notably at Kynance Cove and carved and polished serpentine ornaments are sold in local gift shops This ultramafic rock also forms a very infertile soil which covers the flat and marshy heaths of the interior of the peninsula This is home to rare plants such as the Cornish Heath which has been adopted as the county flower 51 Hills and high points Edit Main article List of hills of CornwallSettlements and transport EditSee also List of settlements in Cornwall by population and Transport in Cornwall Truro Cornwall s administrative centre and only city Cornwall s only city and the home of the council headquarters is Truro Nearby Falmouth is notable as a port St Just in Penwith is the westernmost town in England though the same claim has been made for Penzance which is larger St Ives and Padstow are today small vessel ports with a major tourism and leisure sector in their economies Newquay on the north coast is another major urban settlement which is known for its beaches and is a popular surfing destination as is Bude further north but Newquay is now also becoming important for its aviation related industries Camborne is the county s largest town and more populous than the capital Truro Together with the neighbouring town of Redruth it forms the largest urban area in Cornwall and both towns were significant as centres of the global tin mining industry in the 19th century nearby copper mines were also very productive during that period St Austell is also larger than Truro and was the centre of the china clay industry in Cornwall Until four new parishes were created for the St Austell area on 1 April 2009 St Austell was the largest settlement in Cornwall 52 Cornwall borders the county of Devon at the River Tamar Major roads between Cornwall and the rest of Great Britain are the A38 which crosses the Tamar at Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge and the town of Saltash the A39 road Atlantic Highway from Barnstaple passing through North Cornwall to end in Falmouth and the A30 which connects Cornwall to the M5 motorway at Exeter crosses the border south of Launceston crosses Bodmin Moor and connects Bodmin Truro Redruth Camborne Hayle and Penzance Torpoint Ferry links Plymouth with Torpoint on the opposite side of the Hamoaze A rail bridge the Royal Albert Bridge built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1859 provides the other main land transport link The city of Plymouth a large urban centre in south west Devon is an important location for services such as hospitals department stores road and rail transport and cultural venues particularly for people living in east Cornwall Cardiff and Swansea across the Bristol Channel have at some times in the past been connected to Cornwall by ferry but these do not operate now 53 The Isles of Scilly are served by ferry from Penzance and by aeroplane having its own airport St Mary s Airport There are regular flights between St Mary s and Land s End Airport near St Just and Newquay Airport during the summer season a service is also provided between St Mary s and Exeter Airport in Devon Ecology EditFlora and fauna Edit See also Flora and fauna of Cornwall Cornwall has varied habitats including terrestrial and marine ecosystems One noted species in decline locally is the Reindeer lichen which species has been made a priority for protection under the national UK Biodiversity Action Plan 54 55 The red billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax once commonly seen throughout Cornwall experienced a severe decline in its population in the 20th century Botanists divide Cornwall and Scilly into two vice counties West 1 and East 2 The standard flora is by F H Davey Flora of Cornwall 1909 Davey was assisted by A O Hume and he thanks Hume his companion on excursions in Cornwall and Devon and for help in the compilation of that Flora publication of which was financed by him Climate Edit Main article Geography of Cornwall Climate Cornwall has a temperate Oceanic climate Koppen climate classification Cfb with mild winters and cool summers Cornwall has the mildest and one of the sunniest climates of the United Kingdom as a result of its oceanic setting and the influence of the Gulf Stream 56 The average annual temperature in Cornwall ranges from 11 6 C 52 9 F on the Isles of Scilly to 9 8 C 49 6 F in the central uplands Winters are among the warmest in the country due to the moderating effects of the warm ocean currents and frost and snow are very rare at the coast and are also rare in the central upland areas Summers are however not as warm as in other parts of southern England 57 The surrounding sea and its southwesterly position mean that Cornwall s weather can be relatively changeable Cornwall is one of the sunniest areas in the UK It has more than 1 541 hours of sunshine per year with the highest average of 7 6 hours of sunshine per day in July 58 The moist mild air coming from the southwest brings higher amounts of rainfall than in eastern Great Britain at 1 051 to 1 290 mm 41 4 to 50 8 in per year However this is not as much as in more northern areas of the west coast 59 The Isles of Scilly for example where there are on average fewer than two days of air frost per year is the only area in the UK to be in the Hardiness zone 10 The islands have on average less than one day of air temperature exceeding 30 C per year and are in the AHS Heat Zone 1 Extreme temperatures in Cornwall are particularly rare however extreme weather in the form of storms and floods is common Culture EditMain article Culture of Cornwall Language Edit Further information Languages of England See also Languages of the United Kingdom Cornwall Cornish language Edit Main article Cornish language A welcome sign to Penzance in the English and Cornish languages Cornish a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic language family is a revived language that died out as a first language in the late 18th century It is closely related to the other Brythonic languages Breton and Welsh and less so to the Goidelic languages Cornish has no legal status in the UK There has been a revival of the language by academics and optimistic enthusiasts since the mid 19th century that gained momentum from the publication in 1904 of Henry Jenner s Handbook of the Cornish Language It is a social networking community language rather than a social community group language 60 Cornwall Council encourages and facilitates language classes within the county in schools and within the wider community 61 In 2002 Cornish was named as a UK regional language in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 62 As a result in 2005 its promoters received limited government funding 63 Several words originating in Cornish are used in the mining terminology of English such as costean gossan 64 gunnies kibbal 65 kieve 66 and vug 67 English dialect Edit Main articles Cornish dialect and West Country English The Cornish language and culture influenced the emergence of particular pronunciations and grammar not used elsewhere in England The Cornish dialect is spoken to varying degrees however someone speaking in broad Cornish may be practically unintelligible to one not accustomed to it Cornish dialect has generally declined as in most places it is now little more than a regional accent and grammatical differences have been eroded over time Marked differences in vocabulary and usage still exist between the eastern and western parts of Cornwall Flag Edit Main article Saint Piran s Flag Souvenir flags outside a Cornish cafe Saint Piran s Flag is the national flag and ancient banner of Cornwall 68 69 70 and an emblem of the Cornish people It is regarded as the county flag by Cornwall Council The banner of Saint Piran is a white cross on a black background in terms of heraldry sable a cross argent According to legend Saint Piran adopted these colours from seeing the white tin in the black coals and ashes during his discovery of tin 68 71 The Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former Breton black cross national flag and is known by the same name Kroaz Du 72 73 Arts and media Edit See also Media in Cornwall Tate Gallery at St Ives Artwork in the Barbara Hepworth Museum in St Ives Since the 19th century Cornwall with its unspoilt maritime scenery and strong light has sustained a vibrant visual art scene of international renown Artistic activity within Cornwall was initially centred on the art colony of Newlyn most active at the turn of the 20th century This Newlyn School is associated with the names of Stanhope Forbes Elizabeth Forbes 74 Norman Garstin and Lamorna Birch 75 Modernist writers such as D H Lawrence and Virginia Woolf lived in Cornwall between the wars 76 and Ben Nicholson the painter having visited in the 1920s came to live in St Ives with his then wife the sculptor Barbara Hepworth at the outbreak of the Second World War 77 They were later joined by the Russian emigrant Naum Gabo 78 and other artists These included Peter Lanyon Terry Frost Patrick Heron Bryan Wynter and Roger Hilton St Ives also houses the Leach Pottery where Bernard Leach and his followers championed Japanese inspired studio pottery 79 Much of this modernist work can be seen in Tate St Ives 80 The Newlyn Society and Penwith Society of Arts continue to be active and contemporary visual art is documented in a dedicated online journal 81 Local television programmes are provided by BBC South West 82 amp ITV West Country 83 Radio programmes are produced by BBC Radio Cornwall in Truro for the entire county Heart West Source FM for the Falmouth and Penryn areas Coast FM for west Cornwall Radio St Austell Bay for the St Austell area NCB Radio for north Cornwall amp Pirate FM 84 Music Edit Main article Music of Cornwall Cornwall has a folk music tradition that has survived into the present and is well known for its unusual folk survivals such as Mummers Plays the Furry Dance in Helston played by the famous Helston Town Band and Obby Oss in Padstow Newlyn is home to a food and music festival 85 that hosts live music cooking demonstrations and displays of locally caught fish As in other former mining districts of Britain male voice choirs and brass bands such as Brass on the Grass concerts during the summer at Constantine are still very popular in Cornwall Cornwall also has around 40 brass bands including the six times National Champions of Great Britain Camborne Youth Band and the bands of Lanner and St Dennis Cornish players are regular participants in inter Celtic festivals and Cornwall itself has several inter Celtic festivals such as Perranporth s Lowender Peran folk festival 86 Contemporary musician Richard D James also known as Aphex Twin grew up in Cornwall as did Luke Vibert and Alex Parks winner of Fame Academy 2003 Roger Taylor the drummer from the band Queen was also raised in the county and currently lives not far from Falmouth The American singer songwriter Tori Amos now resides predominantly in North Cornwall not far from Bude with her family 87 The lutenist composer and festival director Ben Salfield lives in Truro Mick Fleetwood of Fleetwood Mac was born in Redruth Literature Edit Cornwall s rich heritage and dramatic landscape have inspired numerous writers Fiction Edit See also Poldark and Winston Graham Sir Arthur Quiller Couch author of many novels and works of literary criticism lived in Fowey his novels are mainly set in Cornwall Daphne du Maurier lived at Menabilly near Fowey and many of her novels had Cornish settings The Loving Spirit Jamaica Inn Rebecca Frenchman s Creek The King s General partially My Cousin Rachel The House on the Strand and Rule Britannia 88 She is also noted for writing Vanishing Cornwall Cornwall provided the inspiration for The Birds one of her terrifying series of short stories made famous as a film by Alfred Hitchcock 89 Remains of Tintagel Castle reputedly King Arthur s birthplace Conan Doyle s The Adventure of the Devil s Foot featuring Sherlock Holmes is set in Cornwall 90 Winston Graham s series Poldark Kate Tremayne s Adam Loveday series Susan Cooper s novels Over Sea Under Stone 91 and Greenwitch and Mary Wesley s The Camomile Lawn are all set in Cornwall Writing under the pseudonym of Alexander Kent Douglas Reeman sets parts of his Richard Bolitho and Adam Bolitho series in the Cornwall of the late 18th and the early 19th centuries particularly in Falmouth Gilbert K Chesterton placed the action of many of his stories there Medieval Cornwall is the setting of the trilogy by Monica Furlong Wise Child Juniper and Colman as well as part of Charles Kingsley s Hereward the Wake Hammond Innes s novel The Killer Mine 92 Charles de Lint s novel The Little Country 93 and Chapters 24 25 of J K Rowling s Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows take place in Cornwall Shell Cottage on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth 94 David Cornwell who wrote espionage novels under the name John le Carre lived and worked in Cornwall 95 Nobel Prize winning novelist William Golding was born in St Columb Minor in 1911 and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993 96 D H Lawrence spent a short time living in Cornwall Rosamunde Pilcher grew up in Cornwall and several of her books take place there St Michael s Mount in Cornwall under the fictional name of Mount Polbearne is the setting of the Little Beach Street Bakery series by Jenny Colgan 97 who spent holidays in Cornwall as a child 98 The book series includes Little Beach Street Bakery 2014 Summer at Little Beach Street Bakery 2015 Christmas at Little Beach Street Bakery 2016 and Sunrise by the Sea 2021 In the Paddington Bear novels by Michael Bond the title character is said to have landed at an unspecified port in Cornwall having travelled in a lifeboat aboard a cargo ship from darkest Peru From here he travels to London on a train and eventually arrives at Paddington Station 99 Poetry Edit FOR THE FALLEN plaque with the Rumps promontory beyond The late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman was famously fond of Cornwall and it featured prominently in his poetry He is buried in the churchyard at St Enodoc s Church Trebetherick 100 Charles Causley the poet was born in Launceston and is perhaps the best known of Cornish poets Jack Clemo and the scholar A L Rowse were also notable Cornishmen known for their poetry The Rev R S Hawker of Morwenstow wrote some poetry which was very popular in the Victorian period 101 The Scottish poet W S Graham lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986 102 The poet Laurence Binyon wrote For the Fallen first published in 1914 while sitting on the cliffs between Pentire Point and The Rumps and a stone plaque was erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact The plaque bears the inscription FOR THE FALLEN Composed on these cliffs 1914 The plaque also bears below this the fourth stanza sometimes referred to as The Ode of the poem They shall grow not old as we that are left grow old Age shall not weary them nor the years condemn At the going down of the sun and in the morning We will remember themOther literary works Edit Cornwall produced a substantial number of passion plays such as the Ordinalia during the Middle Ages Many are still extant and provide valuable information about the Cornish language See also Cornish literatureColin Wilson a prolific writer who is best known for his debut work The Outsider 1956 and for The Mind Parasites 1967 lived in Gorran Haven a small village on the southern Cornish coast The writer D M Thomas was born in Redruth but lived and worked in Australia and the United States before returning to his native Cornwall He has written novels poetry and other works including translations from Russian Thomas Hardy s drama The Queen of Cornwall 1923 is a version of the Tristan story the second act of Richard Wagner s opera Tristan und Isolde takes place in Cornwall as do Gilbert and Sullivan s operettas The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore Clara Vyvyan was the author of various books about many aspects of Cornish life such as Our Cornwall She once wrote The Loneliness of Cornwall is a loneliness unchanged by the presence of men its freedoms a freedom inexpressible by description or epitaph Your cannot say Cornwall is this or that Your cannot describe it in a word or visualise it in a second You may know the country from east to west and sea to sea but if you close your eyes and think about it no clear cut image rises before you In this quality of changefulness have we possibly surprised the secret of Cornwall s wild spirit in this intimacy the essence of its charm Cornwall 103 A level of Tomb Raider Legend a game dealing with Arthurian Legend takes place in Cornwall at a museum above King Arthur s tomb The adventure game The Lost Crown is set in the fictional town of Saxton which uses the Cornish settlements of Polperro Talland and Looe as its model 104 The fairy tale Jack the Giant Killer takes place in Cornwall 105 The Mousehole Cat a children s book written by Antonia Barber and illustrated by Nicola Bayley is set in the Cornish village Mousehole and based on the legend of Tom Bawcock and the continuing tradition of Tom Bawcock s Eve Sports Edit Main article Sport in Cornwall Cornish wrestling The main sports played in Cornwall are rugby football and cricket Athletes from Truro have done well in Olympic and Commonwealth Games fencing winning several medals Surfing is popular particularly with tourists thousands of which take to the water throughout the summer months Some towns and villages have bowling clubs and a wide variety of British sports are played throughout Cornwall Cornwall is also one of the few places in England where shinty is played the English Shinty Association is based in Penryn The Cornwall County Cricket Club plays as one of the minor counties of English cricket 106 Truro and all of the towns and some villages have football clubs belonging to the Cornwall County Football Association Rugby football Edit Main articles Rugby union in Cornwall and Rugby league in Cornwall Viewed as an important identifier of ethnic affiliation rugby union has become a sport strongly tied to notions of Cornishness 107 and since the 20th century rugby union has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall perhaps the most popular with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a formidable force 106 naturally independent both in thought and deed yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion 108 In 1985 sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began 108 Among Cornwall s native sports are a distinctive form of Celtic wrestling related to Breton wrestling and Cornish hurling a kind of mediaeval football played with a silver ball distinct from Irish Hurling Cornish Wrestling is Cornwall s oldest sport and as Cornwall s native tradition it has travelled the world to places like Victoria Australia and Grass Valley California following the miners and gold rushes Cornish hurling now takes place at St Columb Major St Ives and less frequently at Bodmin d In rugby league Cornwall R L F C founded in 2021 will represent the county in the professional league system The semi pro club will start in the third tier RFL League 1 109 At amateur level the county is represented by Cornish Rebels Surfing and watersports Edit The world pilot gig rowing championships take place annually in the Isles of Scilly Cornwall s north coast is known as a centre for surfing Due to its long coastline various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall notably sailing and surfing International events in both are held in Cornwall Cornwall hosted the Inter Celtic Watersports Festival in 2006 Surfing in particular is very popular as locations such as Bude and Newquay offer some of the best surf in the UK Pilot gig rowing has been popular for many years and the World championships takes place annually on the Isles of Scilly On 2 September 2007 300 surfers at Polzeath beach set a new world record for the highest number of surfers riding the same wave as part of the Global Surf Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about global warming 110 Fencing Edit As its population is comparatively small and largely rural Cornwall s contribution to British national sport in the United Kingdom has been limited 106 the county s greatest successes have come in fencing In 2014 half of the men s GB team fenced for Truro Fencing Club and 3 Truro fencers appeared at the 2012 Olympics 111 Cuisine Edit Main article Cornish cuisine Cornwall has a strong culinary heritage Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood readily available Newlyn is the largest fishing port in the UK by value of fish landed and is known for its wide range of restaurants 112 Television chef Rick Stein has long operated a fish restaurant in Padstow for this reason and Jamie Oliver chose to open his second restaurant Fifteen in Watergate Bay near Newquay MasterChef host and founder of Smiths of Smithfield John Torode in 2007 purchased Seiners in Perranporth One famous local fish dish is Stargazy pie a fish based pie in which the heads of the fish stick through the piecrust as though star gazing The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for Tom Bawcock s Eve but is not generally eaten at any other time A Cornish pasty Cornwall is perhaps best known though for its pasties a savoury dish made with pastry Today s pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak onion potato and swede with salt and white pepper but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings Turmut tates and mate i e Turnip potatoes and meat turnip being the Cornish and Scottish term for swede itself an abbreviation of Swedish Turnip the British term for rutabaga describes a filling once very common For instance the licky pasty contained mostly leeks and the herb pasty contained watercress parsley and shallots 113 Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies Historically pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam apple and blackberry plums or cherries 114 The wet climate and relatively poor soil of Cornwall make it unsuitable for growing many arable crops However it is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying leading to the production of Cornwall s other famous export clotted cream This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream Cornish clotted cream has Protected Geographical Status under EU law 115 and cannot be made anywhere else Its principal manufacturer is A E Rodda amp Son of Scorrier Local cakes and desserts include Saffron cake Cornish heavy hevva cake Cornish fairings biscuits figgy obbin Cream tea and whortleberry pie 116 117 118 There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall those produced by Sharp s Brewery Skinner s Brewery Keltek Brewery and St Austell Brewery are the best known including stouts ales and other beer types There is some small scale production of wine mead and cider Politics and administration EditMain article Politics of Cornwall Cornish national identity Edit Further information Cornish nationalism The percentage of respondents who gave Cornish as an answer to the National Identity question in the 2011 censusCornwall is recognised by Cornish and Celtic political groups as one of six Celtic nations alongside Brittany Ireland the Isle of Man Scotland and Wales 119 120 121 122 The Isle of Man Government and the Welsh Government also recognise Asturias and Galicia 123 124 Cornwall is represented as one of the Celtic nations at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient an annual celebration of Celtic culture held in Brittany 125 Cornwall Council consider Cornwall s unique cultural heritage and distinctiveness to be one of the area s major assets They see Cornwall s language landscape Celtic identity political history patterns of settlement maritime tradition industrial heritage and non conformist tradition to be among the features making up its distinctive culture 126 However it is uncertain exactly how many of the people living in Cornwall consider themselves to be Cornish results from different surveys including the national census have varied In the 2001 census 7 per cent of people in Cornwall identified themselves as Cornish rather than British or English However activists have argued that this underestimated the true number as there was no explicit Cornish option included in the official census form 127 Subsequent surveys have suggested that as many as 44 per cent identify as Cornish 128 Many people in Cornwall say that this issue would be resolved if a Cornish option became available on the census 129 The question and content recommendations for the 2011 census provided an explanation of the process of selecting an ethnic identity which is relevant to the understanding of the often quoted figure of 37 000 who claimed Cornish identity 130 The 2021 census found that 17 of people in Cornwall identified as being Cornish 89 000 with 14 of people in Cornwall identifying as Cornish only 80 000 131 Again there was no tick box provided and Cornish had to be written in as Other 131 132 On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people have been granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 10 Local politics Edit Cornwall Council s headquarters in Truro From the 2010 general election Cornwall has had six parliamentary constituencies With the exception of the Isles of Scilly Cornwall is governed by a unitary authority Cornwall Council based in Truro The Crown Court is based at the Courts of Justice in Truro Magistrates Courts are found in Truro but at a different location to the Crown Court and at Bodmin The Isles of Scilly form part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall 133 and have at times been served by the same county administration Since 1890 they have been administered by their own unitary authority the Council of the Isles of Scilly They are grouped with Cornwall for other administrative purposes such as the National Health Service and Devon and Cornwall Police 134 135 136 Before reorganisation on 1 April 2009 council functions throughout the rest of Cornwall were organised in two tiers with Cornwall County Council and district councils for its six districts Caradon Carrick Kerrier North Cornwall Penwith and Restormel While projected to streamline services cut red tape and save around 17 million a year the reorganisation was met with wide opposition with a poll in 2008 showing 89 disapproval from Cornish residents 137 138 139 The first elections for the unitary authority were held on 4 June 2009 The council has 123 seats the largest party in 2017 is the Conservatives with 46 seats The Liberal Democrats are the second largest party with 37 seats with the Independents the third largest grouping with 30 140 Before the creation of the unitary council the former county council had 82 seats the majority of which were held by the Liberal Democrats elected at the 2005 county council elections The six former districts had a total of 249 council seats and the groups with greatest numbers of councillors were Liberal Democrats Conservatives and Independents Parliament and national politics Edit Following a review by the Boundary Commission for England taking effect at the 2010 general election Cornwall is divided into six county constituencies to elect MPs to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Before the 2010 boundary changes Cornwall had five constituencies all of which were won by Liberal Democrats at the 2005 general election In the 2010 general election Liberal Democrat candidates won three constituencies and Conservative candidates won three other constituencies At the 2015 general election all six Cornish seats were won by Conservative candidates all these Conservative MPs retained their seats at the 2017 general election and the Conservatives won all six constituencies again at the 2019 general election Until 1832 Cornwall had 44 MPs more than any other county reflecting the importance of tin to the Crown 141 Most of the increase in numbers of MPs came between 1529 and 1584 after which there was no change until 1832 142 Devolution movement Edit Main article Cornish devolution Cornish nationalists have organised into two political parties Mebyon Kernow formed in 1951 and the Cornish Nationalist Party In addition to the political parties there are various interest groups such as the Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament and the Celtic League The Cornish Constitutional Convention was formed in 2000 as a cross party organisation including representatives from the private public and voluntary sectors to campaign for the creation of a Cornish Assembly 8 143 along the lines of the National Assembly for Wales Northern Ireland Assembly and the Scottish Parliament Between 5 March 2000 and December 2001 the campaign collected the signatures of 41 650 Cornish residents endorsing the call for a devolved assembly along with 8 896 signatories from outside Cornwall The resulting petition was presented to the Prime Minister Tony Blair 8 Emergency services EditDevon and Cornwall Police Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service South Western Ambulance Service Cornwall Air Ambulance HM Coastguard Cornwall Search amp Rescue Team British Transport PoliceEconomy EditMain article Economy of Cornwall Falmouth Docks is the major port of Cornwall and one of the largest natural harbours in the world The Eden Project near St Austell Cornwall s largest tourist attraction in terms of visitor numbers Cornwall is one of the poorest parts of the United Kingdom in terms of per capita GDP and average household incomes At the same time parts of the county especially on the coast have high house prices driven up by demand from relatively wealthy retired people and second home owners 144 The GVA per head was 65 of the UK average for 2004 145 The GDP per head for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly was 79 2 of the EU 27 average for 2004 the UK per head average was 123 0 146 In 2011 the latest available figures Cornwall s including the Isles of Scilly measure of wealth was 64 of the European average per capita 147 Historically mining of tin and later also of copper was important in the Cornish economy The first reference to this appears to be by Pytheas see above Julius Caesar was the last classical writer to mention the tin trade which appears to have declined during the Roman occupation 148 The tin trade revived in the Middle Ages and its importance to the Kings of England resulted in certain privileges being granted to the tinners the Cornish rebellion of 1497 is attributed to grievances of the tin miners 149 In the mid 19th century however the tin trade again fell into decline Other primary sector industries that have declined since the 1960s include china clay production fishing and farming Today the Cornish economy depends heavily on its tourist industry which makes up around a quarter of the economy The official measures of deprivation and poverty at district and sub ward level show that there is great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some areas among the poorest in England and others among the top half in prosperity For example the ranking of 32 482 sub wards in England in the index of multiple deprivation 2006 ranged from 819th part of Penzance East to 30 899th part of Saltash Burraton in Caradon where the lower number represents the greater deprivation 150 151 Cornwall is one of two UK areas designated as less developed regions which qualify for Cohesion Policy grants from the European Union 152 It was granted Objective 1 status by the European Commission for 2000 to 2006 153 followed by further rounds of funding known as Convergence Funding from 2007 to 2013 154 and Growth Programme for 2014 to 2020 155 Tourism Edit The cliffs at Bedruthan Cornwall has a tourism based seasonal economy which is estimated to contribute up to clarification needed 24 of Cornwall s gross domestic product 156 In 2011 tourism brought 1 85 billion into the Cornish economy 157 Cornwall s unique culture spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination despite being somewhat distant from the United Kingdom s main centres of population Surrounded on three sides by the English Channel and Celtic Sea Cornwall has many miles of beaches and cliffs the South West Coast Path follows a complete circuit of both coasts Other tourist attractions include moorland country gardens museums historic and prehistoric sites and wooded valleys Five million tourists visit Cornwall each year mostly drawn from within the UK 158 Visitors to Cornwall are served by the airport at Newquay whilst private jets charters and helicopters are also served by Perranporth airfield nightsleeper and daily rail services run between Cornwall London and other regions of the UK Newquay and Porthtowan are popular destinations for surfers In recent years the Eden Project near St Austell has been a major financial success drawing one in eight of Cornwall s visitors in 2004 159 In the summer of 2018 due to the recognition of its beaches and weather through social media and the marketing of travel companies Cornwall received about 20 per cent more visitors than the usual 4 5 million figure The sudden rise and demand of tourism in Cornwall caused multiple traffic and safety issues in coastal areas 160 In October 2021 Cornwall was longlisted for the UK City of Culture 2025 but failed to make the March 2022 shortlist 161 Fishing Edit Tin mines between Camborne and Redruth c 1890 Other industries include fishing although this has been significantly re structured by EU fishing policies as of 2010 update the Southwest Handline Fishermen s Association has started to revive the fishing industry 162 Agriculture Edit Agriculture once an important part of the Cornish economy has declined significantly relative to other industries However there is still a strong dairy industry with products such as Cornish clotted cream Mining Edit Main article Mining in Cornwall See also Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Levant Mine in St Just Mining District Mining of tin and copper was also an industry but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a World Heritage Site 163 However the Camborne School of Mines which was relocated to Penryn in 2004 is still a world centre of excellence in the field of mining and applied geology 164 and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding for conservation and heritage tourism 165 China clay extraction has also been an important industry in the St Austell area but this sector has been in decline and this coupled with increased mechanisation has led to a decrease in employment in this sector although the industry still employs around 2 133 people in Cornwall and generates over 80 million to the local economy 166 In March 2016 a Canadian company Strongbow Exploration had acquired from administration a 100 interest in the South Crofty tin mine and the associated mineral rights in Cornwall with the aim of reopening the mine and bringing it back to full production 167 Work is currently ongoing to build a water filtration plant in order to dewater the mine Internet Edit Cornwall is the landing point for twenty two of the world s fastest high speed undersea and transatlantic fibre optic cables making Cornwall an important hub within Europe s Internet infrastructure 168 The Superfast Cornwall project completed in 2015 169 and saw 95 of Cornish houses and businesses connected to a fibre based broadband network with over 90 of properties able to connect with speeds above 24 Mbit s 170 Aerospace Edit The county s newest industry is aviation Newquay Airport is the home of a growing business park with Enterprise Zone status known as Aerohub There are also plans to establish Spaceport Cornwall at Newquay in partnership with Goonhilly satellite tracking station near Helston in south Cornwall 171 Demographics EditMain articles Demography of Cornwall and List of settlements in Cornwall by population See also Cornish diaspora Graph showing Cornwall s population from 1800 to 2000 Cornwall s population was 537 400 in the 2011 census with a population density of 144 people per square kilometre ranking it 40th and 41st respectively clarification needed among the 47 counties of England Cornwall s population was 95 7 White British and has a relatively high rate of population growth At 11 2 in the 1980s and 5 3 in the 1990s it had the fifth highest population growth rate of the counties of England 172 The natural change has been a small population decline and the population increase is due to inward migration into Cornwall 173 According to the 1991 census the population was 469 800 Cornwall has a relatively high retired population with 22 9 of pensionable age compared with 20 3 for the United Kingdom as a whole 174 This may be due partly to Cornwall s rural and coastal geography increasing its popularity as a retirement location and partly to outward migration of younger residents to more economically diverse areas original research Education EditSee also List of schools in Cornwall Falmouth University Penryn Landewednack Primary School Over 10 000 students attend Cornwall s two universities Falmouth University and the University of Exeter including Camborne School of Mines Falmouth University is a specialist public university for the creative industries and arts while the University Of Exeter has two campuses in Cornwall Truro and Penryn the latter shared with Falmouth Penryn campus is home to educational departments such as the rapidly growing Centre for Ecology and Conservation CEC the Environment and Sustainability Institute ESI and the Institute of Cornish Studies Cornwall has a comprehensive education system with 31 state and eight independent secondary schools There are three further education colleges Truro and Penwith College Cornwall College and Callywith College which opened in September 2017 The Isles of Scilly only has one school while the former Restormel district has the highest school population and school year sizes are around 200 with none above 270 Before the introduction of comprehensive schools there were a number of grammar schools and secondary modern schools e g the schools that later became Sir James Smith s School and Wadebridge School There are also primary schools in many villages and towns e g St Mabyn Church of England Primary School See also Edit Geography portal Europe portal United Kingdom portal England portal Cornwall portalChristianity in Cornwall Index of Cornwall related articles Outline of Cornwall overview of the wide range of topics covered by this subject Tamar Valley AONB Duchy of CornwallNotes Edit Eilert Ekwall who studied the place names of England in the 1930s and 40s gives the following forms Cornubia in Vita Melori amp c Middle Welsh Cerniu Welsh Cernyw Cornish Kernow on Cornwalum ASC 891 Cornwealum ASC E 997 The Brit name goes back to Cornavia probably derived from the tribal name Cornovii OE Cornwealas means the Welsh in Cornwall this folk name later became the name of the district 24 Wales is derived from the Proto Germanic word Walhaz meaning Romanised foreigner through Old English welisċ waelisċ wilisċ meaning Romano British to Modern English Welsh The same etymology applies to Cornwall and to Wallonia in Belgium 49 Britain s only other example of an ophiolite the Shetland ophiolite is older and linked to the Grampian Orogeny The Bodmin hurl is held whenever the ceremony of beating the bounds takes place each occasion must be five years or more after the last one References Edit New High Sheriff of Cornwall Business Cornwall 23 March 2020 Archived from the original on 11 April 2020 Retrieved 11 April 2020 Table KS201EW Percentages 2011 Census Ethnic group local authorities in England and Wales xls 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been bidding for Government cash to create a spaceport Newquay has a very long runway a growing airport with national and international connections and easy access to uncongested airspace over the Atlantic Its Aerohub Enterprise Zone offers hundreds of acres for developing the business and manufacturing that will support the spaceport Office for National Statistics 2001 Population Change in England by County 1981 2000 Archived 30 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine Office for National Statistics 2001 Births Deaths and Natural Change in Cornwall 1974 2001 Archived 29 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Office for National Statistics 1996 of Population of Pension Age 1996 Archived 30 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine Sources EditClegg David 2005 Cornwall amp the Isles of Scilly the complete guide 2nd ed Leicester Matador ISBN 1 904744 99 0 Halliday Frank Ernest 1959 A History of Cornwall London Gerald Duckworth ISBN 0 7551 0817 5 A second edition was published in 2001 by the House of Stratus Thirsk the original text new illustrations and an afterword by Halliday s son Payton Philip 2004 Cornwall A History 2nd ed Fowey Cornwall Editions Ltd ISBN 1 904880 00 2 Further reading EditBalchin W G V 1954 Cornwall an illustrated essay on the history of the landscape The Making of the English Landscape London Hodder and Stoughton Boase George Clement Courtney William Prideaux 1874 1882 Bibliotheca Cornubiensis a catalogue of the writings both manuscript and printed of Cornishmen and of works relating to the county of Cornwall with biographical memoranda and copious literary references London Longmans Green Reader and Dyer 3 vols du Maurier Daphne 1967 Vanishing Cornwall London Doubleday illustrated edition Published by Victor Gollancz London 1981 ISBN 0 575 02844 0 photographs by Christian Browning Ellis Peter Berresford 1974 The Cornish Language and its Literature London Routledge amp Kegan Paul Books ISBN 0 7100 7928 1 Available online on Google Books Graves Alfred Perceval 1928 The Celtic Song Book Being Representative Folk Songs of the Six Celtic Nations London Ernest Benn Available online on Digital Book Index Koch John T 2006 Celtic culture a historical encyclopedia London ABC CLIO ISBN 1 85109 440 7 Available online on Google Books Payton Philip 1996 Cornwall Fowey Alexander Associates ISBN 1 899526 60 9 Stoyle Mark 2001 BBC History The Cornish A Neglected Nation BBC History website BBC Retrieved 25 May 2009 Stansfield Cudworth R E 2009 Political Elites in South West England 1450 1500 Politics Governance and the Wars of the Roses Lewiston New York Edwin Mellen Press ISBN 978 0 77344 714 1 Stansfield Cudworth R E 2013 The Duchy of Cornwall and the Wars of the Roses Patronage Politics and Power 1453 1502 Cornish Studies 2nd Series 21 104 50 doi 10 1386 corn 21 1 104 1 Stoyle Mark 2002 West Britons Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State Exeter University of Exeter Press ISBN 0 85989 688 9 Williams Michael ed 1973 My Cornwall St Teath Bossiney Books ISBN 0 85989 688 9 eleven chapters by various hands including three previously published essays External links EditCornwall at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Cornwall Council Cornwall England Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 7 11th ed 1911 The History of Parliament the House of Commons Cornwall County 1386 to 1831 Cornwall at Curlie Images of daily life in late 19th century Cornwall permanent dead link Images of Cornwall permanent dead link at the English Heritage Archive Online books and library resources in your library and in other libraries about Cornwall Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cornwall amp oldid 1135995603, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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