Foreign relations of Colombia

Colombia seeks diplomatic and commercial relations with all countries, regardless of their ideologies or political or economic systems. For this reason, the Colombian economy is quite open, relying on international trade and following guidelines given by international law.

Since 2008, Colombia's Ministry of Trade and Commerce has either reached or strengthened Bilateral Trade Agreements with South Korea, Japan and China^[1] building stronger commerce interchange and development in the Pacific Rim.

Regional relations have also vastly improved under the Santos Administration (2010–2018). Issues however remain regarding spillover of the FARC leftist-terrorist group, being chased out of hiding in rural areas of Colombia and finding safe havens in non-monitored areas of bordering states. The FARC numbers have significantly diminished in the last decade, to an estimated 5,000–7,000. And while joint military collaboration has steadily increased with the bordering countries of Brazil, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela, there have been tensions between Colombia and Ecuador regarding the issue. In 2002, the Ecuadorian government closed its main border crossing with Colombia, restricting its hours of operation. Ecuador continues to voice its concerns over an influx of émigrés stemming from guerilla activity at its borders. Evidence has since emerged however, suggesting that a significant number of the FARC's foot soldiers in and around the Colombia–Ecuador border consist of Ecuadorian émigrés who joined the leftist terrorist group out of need.^[2] Returning Ecuadorian émigrés have faced re-entry restrictions.

In 2012, relations with Nicaragua and Venezuela were tested over territorial island disputes. Bilateral committees are negotiating the dispute with Venezuela over waters in the Gulf of Venezuela.

Background

In 1969, Colombia formed what is now the Andean Community along with Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru (Venezuela joined in 1973, and Chile left in 1976).

In the 1980s, Colombia broadened its bilateral and multilateral relations, joining the Contadora Group, the Group of Eight (now the Rio Group), and the Non-Aligned Movement, which it chaired from 1994 until September 1998. In addition, it has signed free trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Colombia has traditionally played an active role in the United Nations and the Organization of American States and in their subsidiary agencies. Former President César Gaviria became Secretary General of the OAS in September 1994 and was reelected in 1999. Colombia was a participant in the December 1994 and April 1998 Summits of the Americas and followed up on initiatives developed at the summit by hosting two post-summit, ministerial-level meetings on trade and science and technology.

Colombia regularly participates in international fora, including CICAD, the Organization of American States' body on money laundering, chemical controls, and drug abuse prevention. Although the Colombian Government ratified the 1988 UN Convention on Narcotics in 1994—the last of the Andean governments to do so—it took important reservations, notably to the anti-money-laundering measures, asset forfeiture and confiscation provisions, maritime interdiction, and extradition clauses. Colombia subsequently withdrew some of its reservations, most notably a reservation on extradition.

International relations

Disputes – international

Maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; territorial disputes with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andrés y Providencia and Quita Sueño Bank.^[3] The United States disputes sovereignty with Colombia over the Serranilla Bank and the Bajo Nuevo Bank. Quita Sueño Bank is claimed by the United States to be a submerged reef, and thus does not recognize the sovereignty of any nation over the bank.

Membership of international organizations

The major organizations in which Colombia is a member include: the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, Andean Pact, Caribbean Development Bank Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Group of 3, Group of 11, Group of 24, Group of 77, Inter-American Development Bank, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Chamber of Commerce, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Maritime Satellite Organization, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Migration, International Organization for Standardization, International Telecommunication Union, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, International Trade Union Confederation, Latin American Economic System, Latin American Integration Association, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of American States (OAS), Permanent Court of Arbitration, Rio Group, United Nations (UN), UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNESCO, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, Universal Postal Union, World Confederation of Labour, World Federation of Trade Unions, World Health Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization, and World Trade Organization.^[4] An OAS observer has monitored the government's peace process with the paramilitaries, lending the negotiations much-needed international credibility.^[4] The United States helps Colombia secure favorable treatment from the IMF.^{[citation needed]}

Major international treaties

Regional treaties include the Andean Pact, now known as the Andean Community, which also includes Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, the bodies and institutions making up the Andean Integration System (AIS). Colombia has signed free-trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Its recent trade agreements with Korea, China and Japan, have focused on economic and technical cooperation between those nations.^{[citation needed]} Within the regional Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom), Colombia has also deepened economic and medical science research collaboration agreements.^{[citation needed]} Colombia has also signed and ratified 105 international treaties or agreements relating to the protection of the environment.^[4] These include the Antarctic Treaty and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and conventions on Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, and Wetlands.^[4] It has signed, but not ratified, the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol and conventions on Law of the Sea and Marine Dumping.^[4] Colombia also has signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Tlatelolco Treaty.^[4] By 1975 signatories to the 1974 Declaration of Ayacucho, of which Colombia was one, had decided on limitations to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.^[4]

Gaining all 186 votes, Colombia served on the U.N. Security Council from 2011 to 2012 representing Latin American and the Caribbean.

Colombia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States-military (as covered under Article 98).

Domestic politics and foreign policy

International Relations scholars long emphasized international constraints, and particularly Colombia's relationship with the United States, as central to its foreign policy.^[5] In terms of foreign policy process, presidents have broad constitutional authorities, in consultation with their foreign ministers. However, since the 2000s, the influence of other domestic actors in Colombian foreign policy-making has increased. Long, Bitar, and Jiménez-Peña examine the role of the Colombian Constitutional Court, congressional politics, social movements, and electoral challengers. They find that Colombian institutions permit increasing challenges to presidential authority, and that in important cases Colombian presidents have been forced to drop their preferred foreign policies.^[6]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries with which Colombia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]
1	United States	19 June 1822
2	Peru	6 July 1822
3	Chile	21 October 1822
4	Argentina	8 March 1823
5	Mexico	3 October 1823
6	Guatemala	8 March 1825
7	El Salvador	8 March 1825
8	Honduras	8 March 1825
9	Nicaragua	8 March 1825
10	United Kingdom	18 April 1825
11	Netherlands	1 May 1829^[12]
12	Venezuela	27 November 1831
13	Ecuador	10 February 1832
—	Holy See	1835
14	Costa Rica	11 June 1856
15	Portugal	9 April 1857
16	Italy	13 March 1864
17	Paraguay	27 July 1870
18	Belgium	1873
19	Germany	1 June 1872
20	Sweden	11 December 1874
21	Spain	30 January 1881
22	Uruguay	25 August 1888
23	France	30 May 1892^[13]
24	Cuba	1902
25	Brazil	24 April 1907
26	Switzerland	14 March 1908
27	Japan	25 May 1908^[14]
28	Bolivia	19 March 1912
29	Austria	10 January 1920
30	Panama	9 July 1924^[15]
31	Denmark	18 May 1931
32	Poland	18 November 1933^[16]
33	Russia	25 June 1935
34	Norway	6 September 1935
35	Haiti	7 August 1936^[17]
36	Dominican Republic	1936
37	Ethiopia	1 January 1937
38	Greece	1 January 1942
39	Philippines	1 January 1946
40	Lebanon	14 June 1949
41	Canada	6 October 1952^[18]
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	28 January 1953
42	Finland	26 May 1954
43	Egypt	23 January 1957
44	Israel	1 July 1957
45	Turkey	10 April 1959
46	India	19 January 1959
47	South Korea	10 March 1962
48	Kuwait	26 December 1964
49	Ivory Coast	22 February 1965^[19]
50	Rwanda	22 February 1965
51	Jamaica	24 February 1965
52	Cyprus	11 February 1966
53	Serbia	December 1966
54	Romania	15 November 1967
55	Trinidad and Tobago	22 February 1968
56	Pakistan	19 June 1970
57	Guyana	18 December 1970
58	Luxembourg	21 April 1971^[20]
59	Barbados	1 February 1972
60	Cambodia	16 December 1972
61	Hungary	28 March 1973
62	Bulgaria	8 May 1973
63	Australia	9 January 1975
64	Kenya	27 January 1975
65	Iran	28 April 1975
66	United Arab Emirates	1 January 1976
67	Bahamas	16 August 1977
68	New Zealand	1 May 1978
69	Suriname	22 June 1978^[21]
70	Algeria	1 January 1979
71	Iraq	1 January 1979
72	Morocco	1 January 1979
73	Nigeria	1 January 1979
74	Vietnam	1 January 1979
75	Thailand	22 January 1979
76	Albania	5 December 1979
77	China	7 February 1980
78	Indonesia	15 September 1980
79	Dominica	9 December 1980
80	Grenada	9 January 1981
81	Tunisia	20 January 1981
82	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	17 March 1981
83	Equatorial Guinea	6 May 1981^[22]
84	Gabon	14 July 1981
85	Senegal	1 August 1981^[23]
86	Iceland	11 September 1981
87	Tanzania	28 October 1981^[24]
88	Belize	15 February 1982
89	Jordan	22 October 1982
90	Singapore	15 December 1982
91	Antigua and Barbuda	18 March 1982
92	Saint Lucia	18 March 1982
93	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1 January 1984
94	Bangladesh	14 February 1984
—	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	27 February 1984^[25]
95	Oman	1 August 1985
96	Malta	16 April 1986
97	Nepal	6 May 1987
98	Mauritania	1 July 1987
99	Cape Verde	27 July 1987^[26]
100	Malaysia	19 August 1987
101	Fiji	10 September 1987
102	Samoa	1 December 1987
103	Papua New Guinea	2 March 1988
104	Zambia	21 April 1988
105	Angola	29 April 1988
106	Mozambique	10 May 1988^[26]
107	Syria	24 May 1988
108	Ghana	23 June 1988
109	Seychelles	5 August 1988^[26]
110	Mongolia	8 August 1988
111	Sao Tome and Principe	12 August 1988^[26]
112	Maldives	14 August 1988
113	Burkina Faso	27 September 1988^[26]
114	Liberia	28 September 1988
115	Chad	29 September 1988^[26]
116	Djibouti	29 September 1988^[26]
117	Mali	29 September 1988
118	Togo	29 September 1988^[26]
119	Guinea	30 September 1988^[26]
120	Laos	30 September 1988
121	Mauritius	30 September 1988
122	Sri Lanka	30 September 1988
123	Central African Republic	3 October 1988^[26]
124	Comoros	3 October 1988^[26]
—	State of Palestine	3 October 1988
125	Gambia	3 October 1988^[26]
126	Somalia	3 October 1988^[26]
127	Sudan	3 October 1988^[26]
128	Yemen	3 October 1988
129	Niger	5 October 1988
130	Zimbabwe	10 October 1988
131	North Korea	24 October 1988^[26]
132	Burundi	11 November 1988^[26]
133	Sierra Leone	16 November 1988^[26]
134	Myanmar	22 November 1988
135	Benin	30 November 1988^[26]
136	Cameroon	8 March 1989^[26]
137	Guinea-Bissau	23 March 1989^[26]
138	Bahrain	18 April 1989
139	Uganda	5 May 1989^[26]
140	Botswana	25 April 1990^[26]
141	Namibia	28 April 1990^[26]
142	Afghanistan	3 August 1990
143	Brunei	24 March 1992
144	Kazakhstan	23 July 1992
145	Marshall Islands	5 August 1992^[27]
146	Ukraine	20 August 1992
147	Federated States of Micronesia	8 September 1992^[28]
148	Belarus	9 December 1992
149	Czech Republic	January 1993
150	Slovakia	1 January 1993
151	Lithuania	5 August 1993
152	Kyrgyzstan	6 October 1993
153	Estonia	23 March 1994
154	South Africa	12 April 1994
155	Slovenia	19 July 1994
156	Azerbaijan	13 December 1994
157	Armenia	22 December 1994
158	Eritrea	22 December 1994^[26]
159	Croatia	25 April 1995
160	Qatar	9 May 1995
161	Madagascar	15 June 1995^[26]
162	Latvia	19 July 1995^[26]
163	Bosnia and Herzegovina	19 October 1995
164	Andorra	27 November 1995
165	Libya	16 May 1996
166	Turkmenistan	27 August 1996
167	Georgia	6 June 1997
168	Moldova	14 October 1997
169	Malawi	30 March 1998
170	Lesotho	17 April 1998
171	Republic of Congo	1 July 1999
172	Ireland	10 November 1999
173	North Macedonia	22 June 2000
174	Monaco	15 December 2000
175	Liechtenstein	24 October 2001
176	San Marino	15 April 2002
177	East Timor	20 May 2002
178	Montenegro	12 August 2011
179	Saudi Arabia	8 September 2011
180	Tuvalu	3 April 2012
181	Uzbekistan	2 October 2012
182	Tajikistan	5 October 2012
183	Bhutan	21 December 2012
—	Kosovo	3 March 2019
184	Democratic Republic of Congo	Unknown
185	Eswatini	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Algeria	1 January 1979	Algeria has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Algiers.
Egypt	23 January 1957	Colombia has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Bogotá.
Ghana	23 June 1988	Colombia has an embassy in Accra. Ghana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Kenya	27 January 1975	Colombia has an embassy in Nairobi. Kenya is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Morocco	1 January 1979	Colombia has an embassy in Rabat. Morocco has an embassy in Bogotá.
South Africa	12 April 1994	Colombia has an embassy in Pretoria. South Africa is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.

Americas

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Argentina	8 March 1823	Argentina has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Buenos Aires.^[29] Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States, Latin American Economic System, Latin American Integration Association, Rio Group and Union of South American Nations. (in Spanish)
Bolivia	19 March 1912	See Bolivia–Colombia relations Bolivia has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in La Paz.
Brazil	24 April 1907	See Brazil–Colombia relations Brazil has an embassy in Bogotá and a vice-consulate in Leticia. Colombia has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Manaus, São Paulo and in Tabatinga.
Canada	6 October 1952	See Canada–Colombia relations Canada has an embassy in Bogotá.^[30] Colombia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.^[31]
Chile	21 October 1822	See Chile–Colombia relations Both nations are members of the Pacific Alliance. Chile has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Santiago.
Costa Rica	11 June 1856	Colombia has an embassy in San José. Costa Rica has an embassy in Bogotá.
Cuba	1902	Colombia has an embassy in Havana. Cuba has an embassy in Bogotá.
Dominican Republic	1936	Colombia has an embassy in Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic has an embassy in Bogotá.
Ecuador	10 February 1832	See Colombia–Ecuador relations Present-day Colombia and Ecuador trace back established official diplomatic relations to December, 1831 with the signing of the Treaty of Pasto, in which both countries recognized each other as sovereign states. The Ecuadorean diplomatic mission in New Granada (Colombia) did not open until 1837. It wasn't until 1939 that Ecuador raised the diplomatic mission's status to an official embassy. Colombia did the same the following year, in 1940.^[32] Colombia has an embassy in Quito. Ecuador has an embassy in Bogotá.
El Salvador	8 March 1825	Colombia has an embassy in San Salvador. El Salvador has an embassy in Bogotá.
Guatemala	8 March 1825	Colombia has an embassy in Guatemala City. Guatemala has an embassy in Bogotá.
Guyana	18 December 1970	Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1970.^[33] Both countries are full members of Organization of American States, Association of Caribbean States and Union of South American Nations. Colombia is accredited to Guyana from its embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Guyana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
Haiti	7 August 1936	Colombia has consulate in Port-au-Prince. Haiti has an embassy in Bogotá.
Honduras	8 March 1825	Colombia has an embassy in Tegucigalpa. Honduras has an embassy in Bogotá.
Mexico	3 October 1823	See Colombia–Mexico relations Colombia has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates in Cancún and Guadalajara.^[34] Mexico has an embassy in Bogotá.^[35] Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States and the Pacific Alliance.
Nicaragua	8 March 1825	See Colombia–Nicaragua relations The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150,000 km^2 (57,915 sq mi) that included the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed 82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing.^[36] Colombia has an embassy in Managua. Nicaragua has an embassy in Bogotá.
Panama	9 July 1924	See Colombia–Panama relations Colombia has an embassy in Panama City and consulates in Colón, Jaqué and in Puerto Obaldía. Panama has an embassy in Bogotá and a consulate-general in Barranquilla.
Paraguay	27 July 1870	See Colombia–Paraguay relations Colombia has an embassy in Asunción. Paraguay has an embassy in Bogotá. Both countries are full members of Union of South American Nations, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, Rio Group, Group of 77, Latin American Economic System and Latin American Integration Association.
Peru	6 July 1822	See Colombia–Peru relations Both nations are members of the Pacific Alliance. Colombia has an embassy in Lima and a consulate-general in Iquitos. Peru has an embassy in Bogotá and a consulate-general in Leticia.
Suriname	22 June 1978	Colombia is accredited to Suriname from its embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Suriname is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
Trinidad and Tobago	22 February 1968	Colombia has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
United States	19 June 1822	See Colombia–United States relations The country traditionally has had good relations with the United States. Relations were strained during the presidency of Ernesto Samper (1994–98) due to accusations of receiving illegal campaign funding from the Cali Cartel. Relations between the two countries greatly improved during the Pastrana administration (1998–2002). In January 2000, the Clinton administration pledged more than US$1 billion of mainly military assistance to Colombia to assist the antidrug component of President Pastrana's strategy known as Plan Colombia. Relations with the United States became a foreign policy priority for the Uribe administration, and Colombia became an important ally in the "War on Terrorism". In March 2002, in response to a request from U.S. President George W. Bush, the U.S. Congress lifted restrictions on U.S. assistance to Colombia to allow it to be used for counterinsurgency in addition to antidrug operations. U.S. support for Colombia's antidrug-trafficking efforts included slightly more than US$2.5 billion between 2000 and 2004, as compared with only about US$300 million in 1998. Some critics of current US policies in Colombia, such as Law Professor John Barry, claim that US influences have catalyzed internal conflicts. Colombia rejects threats and blackmail of the United States of America after the threat of Donald Trump to decertify the country as a partner in counter-narcotics efforts.^[37] For more than 30 years Colombia has demonstrated its commitment – paying a very high cost in human lives – with overcoming the drug problem. This commitment stems from the profound conviction that the consumption, production and trafficking of drugs constitute a serious threat to the well-being and security of citizens. Colombia is undoubtedly the country that has fought the most drugs and with more successes on this front. No one has to threaten us to meet this challenge. — Colombia’s National Government ^[37] The problem of drugs is global. Overcoming it can only be achieved through cooperation and under the principle of joint responsibility. Consumer countries’ authorities have a fundamental responsibility to their fellow citizens and the world to reduce consumption and to attack trafficking and distribution organizations in their own countries. — Colombia’s National Government ^[37] Latin America rejects Trump's military threat against Venezuela.^[38] Brazil, Colombia and other countries in the region prefer to play a constructive role that would prevent a civil war in Venezuela.^[39] Colombia's Foreign Ministry said that all efforts to resolve Venezuela's crisis should be peaceful.^[40] Colombia proposed the idea of the Sustainable Development Goals and a final document was adopted by the United Nations.^[41] Colombia has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, New York, Orlando, San Francisco and in San Juan, Puerto Rico.^[42] United States has an embassy in Bogotá.^[43]
Uruguay	25 August 1888	See Colombia–Uruguay relations Colombia has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Bogotá.
Venezuela	27 November 1831	See Colombia–Venezuela relations The relationship has developed since the early 16th century, when Spanish empire colonizers created the Province of Santa Marta (now Colombia)^[unreliable source?]^[44] and the Province of New Andalucia (now Venezuela).^[45] The countries share a history for achieving their independence under Simón Bolívar and becoming one nation—the Gran Colombia—which dissolved in the 19th century.^[46] Following then, the overall relationship between the two countries has vacillated between cooperation and bilateral struggle. In February 2019, Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro cut diplomatic relations with Colombia after Colombian President Ivan Duque helped Venezuelan opposition politicians deliver humanitarian aid to their country. Colombia recognized Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido as the country’s legitimate president. In January 2020, Colombia rejected Maduro’s proposal that the two countries restore diplomatic relations.^[47] Following the election of Colombian President Gustavo Petro, the two countries restored diplomatic relations in August 2022.^[48] Colombia has an embassy in Caracas and maintains several consulates throughout the country. Venezuela has an embassy in Bogotá and maintains several consulates throughout the country.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Armenia	22 December 1994	Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 22, 1994.^[49] Armenia is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil. Colombia is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Azerbaijan	13 December 1994	See Azerbaijan–Colombia relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Baku.^[50]
China	7 February 1980	See China–Colombia relations China has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
India	19 January 1959	Main article: Colombia–India relations The relationship between the two countries has been gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges. Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin America for Indian companies.^[51] India has an embassy in Bogotá.^[52] Colombia has an embassy in New Delhi.^[53]^[54]
Indonesia	15 September 1980	Main article: Colombia–Indonesia relations Both countries are members of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, the Cairns Group, and the CIVETS block. Colombia has an embassy in Jakarta. Indonesia has an embassy in Bogotá.
Israel	1 July 1957	Main article: Colombia–Israel relations In an article in the Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Marcos Peckel, a Colombian scholar noted that Colombian-Israeli relations can be looked through the lenses of military cooperation, trade links, education and culture, and recognition of Palestine.^[55] Militarily, Colombia was one of the first countries to give Israel weapons and engage in arms deals, which has since been an ongoing bilateral agreement. Since, Israel and Colombia have shared intelligence, and as Peckel explains, several pieces of Israeli technology. Trade-wise, too, both countries have a strong relationship. The Free Trade Agreement, a pending agreement between Colombia and Israel, has the potential to further strengthen these relationships by boosting Colombian imports in Israel and increasing the presence of Israeli technology in Colombia. The spheres of education and culture between Colombia and Israel are deeply interwoven through Israeli scholarships to Colombians and a presence of media in each country. "Colombia supports the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel within mutually agreed-upon borders. It considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal but strongly condemns Palestinian terrorism, and it advocates for a lasting peace based on the two-state solution". On resolutions in the UN General Assembly that compared Zionism to racism and wanted to establish a "right to return" for Palestinians, Colombia abstained. In 2018, Colombia officially recognized the State of Palestine. Despite creating a bump in the relations between the countries, the two have re-established strong relations. Colombia has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Israel has an embassy in Bogotá.
Japan	25 May 1908	Main article: Colombia–Japan relations The relationship was officially established in 1908, only interrupted between 1942 and 1954 with the surge of World War II. Relations are mostly based on commercial trade that has favored Japan interests, cultural exchanges and technological and philanthropic aid to Colombia.^[56] Colombia has an embassy in Tokyo. Japan has an embassy in Bogotá.
Lebanon	14 June 1949	Colombia has an embassy in Beirut. Lebanon has an embassy in Bogotá.
Malaysia	19 August 1987^[57]	Main article: Colombia–Malaysia relations Ambassador of Colombia in Malaysia also accredited to Vietnam, while Malaysian Embassy in Lima, Peru, accredited to Colombia. Both are members of United Nations, Movement of Non-Aligned Cooperation Forum Asia-Latin America (FEALAC) and Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC). Colombia has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
Pakistan	19 June 1970	Both Pakistan and Colombia do not enjoy cordial dealings with some of their neighbours. Another common aspect that makes the task of both Colombian and Pakistan Armed forces even tougher is the difficult terrain they have been encountering. Poverty, income inequality, destruction and degradation of other vital organs of the state have consequently been the natural by-products of insubordination and rebellions in both Colombia and Pakistan. Both the countries have similar Gross Domestic Products (GDPs) too. While the Colombian Purchasing Power Parity GDP stands at $460.406 billion, Pakistan s GDP stands at $464.897 billion (latest IMF statistics). Like Colombia, Pakistan too also witnesses a large presence of the US military personnel and civilian contractors on its territory. Colombia established diplomatic relations with Pakistan in 1980, but bilateral trade between the two countries was negligible which needed to be improved for the benefit of both nations. Colombia is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey. Pakistan is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Philippines	1 January 1946	See Colombia-Philippines relations Colombia has an embassy in Manila. Philippines is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
South Korea	10 March 1962^[58]	See Colombia–South Korea relations Formal diplomatic relations between South Korea and Colombia started on 10 March 1962. Colombia sent about 1,000 men to Korea to assist South Korea during the Korean War. Colombia has an embassy in Seoul. South Korea has an embassy in Bogotá.
Turkey	10 April 1959^[59]	See Colombia–Turkey relations Colombia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Direct flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016. Trade volume between the two countries was US$1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Colombian exports/imports: 1.46/0.25 billion USD.^[60]
United Arab Emirates	1 January 1976	Colombia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Bogotá.
Vietnam	1 January 1979	Colombia has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.

Europe

Under the Uribe administration, Colombia's relations with the European Union (EU) have been cordial. Representatives of the EU have been critical of Colombia's antiguerrilla and antidrug strategies in several respects. The EU is particularly concerned about the potential for increased human rights abuses within Colombia at the hands of both government forces and illegal armed groups, and it has continued to distance itself from Plan Colombia. The EU is in favor of a negotiated solution to the nation's internal conflict. EU aid to Colombia has mainly consisted of social, economic and development investments.

In 2004, the EU as an entity did not offer unrestricted support for the Uribe government's peace initiative with paramilitaries, citing concerns over the possible lack of a credible and comprehensive peace strategy and its application, but it did approve US$2 million in aid for the process. Individual EU members such Sweden, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands also provided limited support on their own.^[61]

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Andorra	27 November 1995	Andorra does not have an accreditation to Colombia. Colombia's embassy in Madrid, Spain is accredited to the Principality of Andorra. In February 2013, Colombia's Foreign Minister at the time made an official visit to Andorra in order to strengthen relations between the two countries.^[62]
Austria	10 January 1920	See Austria–Colombia relations Austria has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Vienna.
Belarus	9 December 1992	On May 19, 1998, Colombia and Belarus signed a collaboration agreement between both countries.^[63] Belarus is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Quito, Ecuador. Colombia is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Belgium	1873	Belgium has an embassy in Bogotá.^[64] Colombia has an embassy in Brussels^[65]
Czech Republic	January 1993	Colombia is accredited to the Czech Republic from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.(^[66] Austria).^[67] Czech Republic has an embassy in Bogotá. The first connections between Czechia and Colombia occurred in the times of colonial era, during missionary activities of Jesuits in that area.^[68] In 1860/1870s the Czech botanist Benedikt Roezl discovered the cycad plant Zamia roezlii on the Pacific coast in Colombia. The plant is named after him. In 1922 began the consulary activities between Czechoslovakia and Colombia. Since 1926 the Colombian consul had his seat in Prague. In 1935 both countries agreed to interchange the ambassadors.^[68] In 2008, during his visit in Colombia, the Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek negotiated a possible sale of Aero L-159 Alca combat aircraft with Colombian President Álvaro Uribe.^[69]^[70]
Finland	26 May 1954	Colombia has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Bogotá.
France	30 May 1892	See Colombia–France relations Officially the relations between Colombian and France began on May 30, 1892 with the signature of an agreement intended to establish French nationals in Colombia, increase commerce and navigation between the two nations.^[71] Colombia has an embassy in Paris. France has an embassy in Bogotá.
Germany	1 June 1872	See Colombia–Germany relations Colombia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Bogotá.
Hungary	28 March 1973	See Colombia–Hungary relations Colombia has an embassy in Budapest. Hungary has an embassy in Bogotá.
Iceland	11 September 1981	Colombia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Iceland is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada.^[72] Iceland and Colombia have a Free Trade Agreement through the EFTA^[73]
Ireland	10 November 1999	See Colombia–Ireland relations Colombia has an embassy in Dublin. Ireland has an embassy in Bogotá.^[74]
Italy	13 March 1864	Colombia has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.^[75] Italy has an embassy in Bogotá.
Kosovo	3 March 2019	Main article: Colombia–Kosovo relations Colombia recognized Kosovo on August 6, 2008.^[76] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 2019.^[77] Kosovo will open an embassy in Bogotá.^[78]
Liechtenstein	24 October 2001	Colombia is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland. Liechtenstein and Colombia have a Free Trade Agreement through the EFTA.^[79]
Monaco	15 December 2000	Colombia is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France. Monaco has an honorary consulate in Bogotá. Colombia and Monaco first stablished diplomatic relations in December 2000. In 2012, Colombia's ambassador to France at the time, presented to Monaco its credentials becoming the first non-resident ambassador to the country.^[80] In August, 2012, Colombia's flagship ARC Gloria visited the port of Monte Carlo and received over 3,000 visitors on its visit.
Montenegro	12 August 2011	Colombia recognized Montenegro on September 30, 2006 and established diplomatic relations on August 12, 2011. Colombia is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Vienna, Austria. Montenegro does not have an accreditation to Colombia.
Netherlands	1 May 1829	On 16 and 17 February 2022 president Iván Duque visited the Netherlands. There were talks about trade and judicial cooperation. Also a bilateral treaty for the elimination of double taxation with respect to taxes on income and the prevention of tax evasion and avoidance was signed by Dutch PM Mark Rutte and president Duque.^[81] Colombia has an embassy in The Hague, a consulate-general in Amsterdam, and consulates in Willemstad (Curaçao) and in Oranjestad (Aruba). Netherlands has an embassy in Bogotá.
Poland	18 November 1933	See Colombia–Poland relations Colombia has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Bogotá.
Portugal	9 April 1857	Colombia has an embassy in Lisbon. Portugal has an embassy in Bogotá.
Russia	25 June 1935	See Colombia–Russia relations Colombia has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Bogotá.
Serbia	December 1966	Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1966.^[82] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.^[83] Colombia is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria. Serbia is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Spain	30 January 1881	See Colombia–Spain relations Colombia has an embassy in Madrid; consulates-general in Barcelona and Seville and consulates in Bilbao, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia.^[84] Spain has an embassy in Bogotá.^[85]
Sweden	11 December 1874	Colombia has an embassy in Stockholm.^[86] Sweden has an embassy in Bogotá.
Switzerland	14 March 1908	Colombia has an embassy in Bern. Switzerland has an embassy in Bogotá.
United Kingdom	18 April 1825	Main article: Colombia–United Kingdom relations Colombia has an embassy in London. United Kingdom has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia, as well as the United States and Chile, declared Argentina to be the aggressors of the Falklands War See also Colombians in the United Kingdom

Oceania

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Australia	9 January 1975	Australia has an embassy in Bogotá.^[87] Colombia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[88]
New Zealand	1 May 1978	See Colombia–New Zealand relations Colombia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia^[88] and maintains a consulate-general in Auckland.^[89] New Zealand has an embassy in Bogotá.^[90]

Transnational issues

Narcotics and terrorism

By the 1990s, Colombia had become the world's leading supplier of refined cocaine and a growing source for heroin. More than 90% of the cocaine that entered in the 1990s the United States was produced, processed, or transshipped in Colombia. The cultivation of coca dropped between 1995 and 1999 from 3,020 to 1,100 km² (425 sq mi), primarily in areas where government control was more active.

Despite the death of Medellín cartel drug kingpin Pablo Escobar in 1993 and the arrests of major Cali cartel leaders in 1995 and 1996, Colombian drug cartels remain among the most sophisticated criminal organizations in the world, controlling cocaine processing, international wholesale distribution chains, and markets. In 1999 Colombian police arrested over 30 narcotraffickers, most of them extraditable, in "Operation Millennium" involving extensive international cooperation. More arrests were made in a following "Operation Millennium II."

Colombia is engaged in a broad range of narcotics control activities. Through aerial spraying of herbicide and manual eradication, Colombia has attempted to keep coca, opium poppy, and cannabis cultivation from expanding. The government has committed itself to the eradication of all illicit crops, interdiction of drug shipments, and financial controls to prevent money laundering. Alternative development programs were introduced in 1999.

Corruption and intimidation by traffickers complicate the drug-control efforts of the institutions of government. Colombia passed revised criminal procedures code in 1993 that permits traffickers to surrender and negotiate lenient sentences in return for cooperating with prosecutors. In December 1996 and February 1997, however, the Colombian Congress passed legislation to toughen sentencing, asset forfeiture, and money-laundering penalties.

In November 1997, the Colombian Congress amended the constitution to permit the extradition of Colombian nationals, albeit not retroactively. In late 1999, President Pastrana authorized the first extradition in almost 10 years of a Colombian trafficker to stand trial for U.S. crimes. Three such extraditions to the United States have taken place, the most recent in August 2000, with cases against others pending in Colombian courts. Under the Pastrana administration, Plan Colombia was developed and implemented with U.S. backing.^[91]

During the presidency of Álvaro Uribe, the government applied more military pressure on the FARC and other outlawed groups. After the offensive, many security indicators improved. Colombia achieved a great decrease in cocaine production, leading White House drug czar R. Gil Kerlikowske to announce that Colombia is no longer the world's biggest producer of cocaine.^[92][93]

In addition to the challenge posed to the United States by Colombian drug trafficking, illegal Colombian immigrants in the United States are an issue in Colombia-U.S. relations. According to figures from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Colombia is the fourth-leading source country of illegal immigration to the United States. According to its estimates, the number of illegal Colombian residents in the United States almost tripled from 51,000 in 1990 to 141,000 in 2000.^[94] According to the US Census Bureau, the number of authorized Colombian immigrants in the United States in 2006 was 801,363.^[95]

Colombia rejected threats and blackmail of the United States of America after the threat of Donald Trump to decertify the country as a partner in counter-narcotics efforts.^[37]

For more than 30 years Colombia has demonstrated its commitment – paying a very high cost in human lives – with overcoming the drug problem. This commitment stems from the profound conviction that the consumption, production and trafficking of drugs constitute a serious threat to the well-being and security of citizens. Colombia is undoubtedly the country that has fought the most drugs and with more successes on this front. No one has to threaten us to meet this challenge.

— Colombia’s National Government ^[37]

The problem of drugs is global. Overcoming it can only be achieved through cooperation and under the principle of joint responsibility. Consumer countries’ authorities have a fundamental responsibility to their fellow citizens and the world to reduce consumption and to attack trafficking and distribution organizations in their own countries.

— Colombia’s National Government ^[37]

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Colombia
• List of diplomatic missions of Colombia
• Security issues in Colombia

References

1. Evan Ellis, Robert (2017). "Chinese Advances and Setbacks in Colombia". IndraStra Global (5): 7.
2. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Ecuador". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Retrieved 2013-04-22.
3. Long, Tom; Bitar, Sebastián; Jiménez‐Peña, Gabriel (2019). "Domestic Contestation and Presidential Prerogative in Colombian Foreign Policy". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 39 (4): 10–11. doi:10.1111/blar.12987. ISSN 1470-9856.
4.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Country Profile: Colombia" (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. February 2007. (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
5. Saavedra, Maria Victoria Gonzalez (2017-11-30). "Nuevos enfoques para el estudio de las relaciones internacionales de Colombia". Universidad de los Andes - Colombia - Sitio oficial (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-09-06.
6. Long, Tom; Bitar, Sebastián; Jiménez‐Peña, Gabriel (2019). "Domestic Contestation and Presidential Prerogative in Colombian Foreign Policy". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 39 (4): 466–482. doi:10.1111/blar.12987. ISSN 1470-9856.
7. "Europa" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
8. "América" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
9. "África, Medio Oriente y Asia Central" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
10. "ASIA PACÍFICO" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
11. "Directorio del Cuerpo Diplomático y Consular acreditado en la República de Colombia" (PDF). cancilleria.gov.co (in Spanish). 14 April 2015. pp. 7–12. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
12. Colección de tratados públicos, convenciones y declaraciones diplomáticas de los Estados Unidos de Colombia (in Spanish). 1866. p. 60.
13. "Présentation et historique" (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2022.
14. Barbosa, Fernando (24 October 2018). "Así comenzaron las relaciones diplomáticas entre Japón y Colombia" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
15. (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
16. (PDF) (in Polish). p. 271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
17. Ardila, Daniel Gutiérrez (November 2014). "Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819-1831)". Secuencia (in Spanish). 81.
18. Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
19. Exposición. Colombia. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 1964. p. 103.
20. "Bulletin de documentation_1971_3" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 39. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
21. (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
22. Revista javeriana (in Spanish). Vol. 471–475. Editora L. Canal y Asociados. 1981. p. 482.
23. "Cancilleres de Colombia y Senegal hicieron revisión de la agenda bilateral en Nueva York" (in Spanish). 21 September 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
24. Revista javeriana (in Spanish). Vol. 481–485. Editora L. Canal y Asociados. 1982. p. 86.
25. "Colombia restablece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Saharaui". 11 August 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
26. "Diplomatic relations between Colombia and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
27. . Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
28. "FSM Diplomatic Relations List". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
29. "Colombian embassy in Buenos Aires" (in Spanish).
30. "Embassy of Canada in Colombia".
31. "Embassy of Colombia in Ottawa".
32. mmrree.gov.ec diplomatic relations of Colombia and Ecuador June 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
33. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
34. "Embassy of Colombia in Mexico City".
35. "Embassy of Mexico in Bogotá)".
36. "LA Times: Border tensions rise in Central & South America".
37. "Comunicado del Gobierno Nacional". presidencia.gov.co. 2017-09-14. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
38. "Latin America rejects Trump's military threat against Venezuela". reuters.com. 11 August 2017.
39. "Strongmen Have the Edge With Trump. Why Not Maduro?". nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-01. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
40. "Comunicado de prensa del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores". presidencia.gov.co (in Spanish). 2 June 2017.
41. "A Short History of the SDGS". impakter.com. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
42. "Embassy of Colombia in Washington, DC".
43. . Archived from the original on 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
44. Roa, Alberto Saldarriaga. (in Spanish). Colombialink.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
45. Ruano, Maru. "Cumaná" (in Spanish). Catholic.net. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
46. Mabry, Donald J. . Historical Text Archive. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
47. "Reuters". Reuters.
48. "Venezuela and Colombia restore diplomatic ties after three years". France 24. 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
49. . Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
50. "Embassy of Colombia in Baku".
51. Colombian ministry of foreign affairs: Colombia-India relations December 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Accessed December 14, 2007.
52. . Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
53. . Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
54. "Colombian Embassy in India".
55. Peckel, Marcos (2019). "Colombia and Israel: Toward a Special Relationship". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 13 (3): 353–363. doi:10.1080/23739770.2019.1727222. S2CID 216470716.
56. (in Spanish) Colombian embassy in Japan September 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
57. . Embassy of the Republic of Colombia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
58. . www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
59. "Cancilleria Turkey". 5 November 2011.
60. "Relations between Turkey and Colombia".
61. [1] March 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
62. Principado de Andorra | Cancillería 2014-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
63. "Cancillería".
64. "Belgian embassy in Bogotá (in Spanish)".
65. . Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
66. "Czech embassy in Bogotá (in Czech and Spanish only)".
67. Colombian embassy in Vienna (also accredited to the Czech Republic) January 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
68. "Předseda vlády M. Topolánek v Kolumbii pozval prezidenta A.Uriba na návštěvu ČR" (in Czech). Vláda České republiky (Czech Government – official website). Retrieved 2009-05-13.
69. . Radio Prague – News. Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
70. (in Czech). Novinky.cz. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
71. La France en Colombie: Relations franco-colombiennes » Relations politiques » Présentation et historique (in French)
72. . Archived from the original on 2016-03-17. Retrieved 2016-06-29.
73. "Cancillería".
74. "Embassy of Ireland in Colombia".
75. "Colombian embassy in Rome (in Italian and Spanish only)".
76. (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia. 2008-08-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-13.
77. "Kosova dhe Kolumbia vendosin marrëdhënie diplomatike". KOHA.net (in Albanian). 2019-03-03. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
78. Pacolli, Behgjet (2019-03-02). "Following the meeting w/ #Colombia @CancilleriaCol FM @CarlosHolmesTru last month, #Kosovo and #Colombia have established diplomatic relations by exchanging Amb. #Kosovo will open its resident Emb in Bogota and #Colombia will appoint non-res Amb from Italy. Great coop ahead!pic.twitter.com/4fCHsLlpDe". @pacollibehgjet. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
79. "Cancillería".
80. "Principado de Mónaco | Cancillería".
81. [Koning en minister-president ontvangen president van Colombia (Dutch only]https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/02/14/koning-en-minister-president-ontvangen-president-van-colombia
82. . Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
83. . Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
84. "Colombian embassy in Madrid".
85. Embassy of Spain in Bogotá
86. "Embajada De Colombia En Suecia". Embajadacolombia.se. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
87. "Embassy of Australia in Bogotá".
88. "Embassy of Colombia in Canberra".
89. "Consulate-General of Colombia in Auckland, New Zealand".
90. . Archived from the original on 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
91. Long, Tom (November 2015). Latin America Confronts the United States by Tom Long. doi:10.1017/cbo9781316343890. ISBN 9781316343890. Retrieved 2019-09-06. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
92. "Colombia is no longer the world's biggest producer of cocaine". bbc.co.uk (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 April 2013.
93. "Colombia no longer top cocaine producer". usatoday.com. 2012-07-30. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
94. "Estimates of the illegal immigrant population residing in the United States: 1990 to 2000" (PDF). Office of Policy and Planning U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. (PDF) from the original on 2006-11-01. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
95. U.S. Census Bureau, Selected Population Profile in the United States: Colombians U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. "S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States; Population Group: Colombian; Data Set: 2006 American Community Survey; Survey: 2006 American Community Survey. (Via: Main>Data Sets>American Community Surveys>Selected Population Profiles (Geographic Type=Nation, Ethnic Group=Colombian)".